Machine Foundations [ES intropuction All machine foundations, except for very small ones, require special ati = tention, Thi primarily due to the fact that in addition to the static loads due to the weigh is ct it of the «se Ma ‘AMic loads and the foundation itself, the machine foundations are subjected to dyn, nature of the dynamic load depends upon the type of machine. In general, grouped into the following three categories: Reciprocating machines: These machines produce periodic, unbal; reciprocating engines and compressors. The unbalanced force in such sinusoidally. The operating speeds of such machines are usually less th: Impact machines: Machines that produce impact loads, e.g., forge hammers, cane classified in this group, In such machines, the dynamic load builds up in a veg lia period of time and then dies out completely. The speed of operation of such machines jg 5) to 150 blows per minute. Rotary machines: Medium and high speed machines, e, compressors with speeds from 1500 to 10000 rpm can be The type of foundation that is suitable for a machin For the reciprocating machines, a block foundation [Fi block foundation consists of a pedestal integrated with t! a large mass and hence a smaller natural frequency. Ii preferred (as the mass of the foundation reduces, its n: a caisson type of foundation may be provided [Fig. 18.1( are usually complex. These foundations consist of a slabs [Fig. 18.1(c)]. Each element of such a foundatio: a tie Machines a anced force, ¢ machines yo.” ‘an 600 rpm, §., turbo-generators and grouped in this category, e depends on the type of machine, ig. 18.1(a)] is usually provided A he footing. A block foundation has f a relatively lighter foundation is atural frequency increases), box or 6)]. Foundations for steam turbines system of wall columns and beam n is quite flexible. The analysis of a block foundation is different from those of other foundations. Simpl: design principles of a block foundation are discussed in the following sections. [EZ] Terminotocy ‘Time dependent, repeating motion of translational or rotational type of any body posssstf mass and elasticity is ter med as vibration. The vibratory motion of a body can be ofthe types, namely, periodic, random or transient. Some of the terminology in vogue i dynamic analysis of foundations can now be introduced. 626 Scanned with CamScanneroo oe ANG AL = An ta, teins mtn Kgl nae i Nc yscHine FOUNDATIONS Amplitude: The maximum displacement _gsiton of static equilibrium, of a vibrating body from its mean position : ° M: lachine Motor iD Machine tg = 4 (a) Block foundation (0) Box or Caisson foundation Machine Beam or slab Wall and column Base slab (c) Wall foundation Fig. 18.1 Types of machine foundations Period: The time period in which the motion repeats itself. Cycle: The motion completed in one period is the cycle of motion. Damping: It is the resistance to motion due to friction and/or other causes. Viscous damping: When the damping force is proportional to the velocity of the system. Degree of freedom: Number of independent coordinates required to define a vibratory system. Free vibration: Vibration of a system when it is displaced from its equilibrium position and left free to vibrate. Forced vibration: Vibration of a system, when an external force, generally periodic, is impressed on the system. Frequency: The rate at which a motion is repeated in a vibrating system, expressed in radians/second, cycles/second (also called Hertz or Hz) or revolutions/min. Natural frequency: The frequency at which a system vibrates under the effect of forces inherent in the system. Operating frequency: The frequency at which a machine is operating. cy: The frequency at which the maximum response occurs ina Resonant frequen system subjected to steady state, forced vibrations. Scanned with CamScannerBASIC AND APPLIED SOIL MECH) Nicg Frequency ratio: The ratio of the operating frequency to the natural frequency ofa system. Mode of vibration: A characteristic pattern assumed by a system in which th, of every particle is simple harmonic, with the same frequency. Periodic: When the system in motion crosses the equilibrium position at rae intervals of time. Mite Aperiodic: When there is non re} position during motion. ‘Steady state: When a system is under of the system is also sinusoidal. Transient: When a system is subjected to a sudden velocity. Resonance: When the frequency of the exciting force (operating frequency of y machine) equals the natural frequency of the foundation-soil system, the condition op resonance is reached. At resonance, the amplitude of a vibrating system is the maximun, © Motion gularity of the system in crossing its equity um a sinusoidal forced vibration and the reg, mse DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SATISFACTORY ACTION OF A MACHINE FOUNDATION For satisfactory performance of a machine foundation, the foundation should satisfy the following criteria: Under Static Loads: 1. The foundation should be safe against shear failure of soil. 2, The foundation should not settle more than a certain permissible value. Under Dynamic Loads: 1. There should be no resonance, i.e., the natural frequency of the foundation-soil system should cither be larger than or smaller than the operating frequency of the machine. 2. The amplitudes of vibration under the operating frequency of the machine should be within permissible limits. 3. The vibrations should not be annoying to the persons or detrimental to other machines and structures. Richart (1962) developed some criteria for vertical vibrations, which can be taken as a guide for determining permissible limits of frequency and amplitude. IS: 2974 (Part D-1982 also provides guidelines for preliminary design. THEORY OF LINEAR WEIGHTLESS SPRING Single Degree Freedom System - Free Vibration For a spring-mass system (Fig. 18.2) with mass m and spring stiffness k, if th displaced by a distance z, the force acting on the mass is kz. Considering downw: displacement and force as positive, the equation of motion can be written as forces = mass x acceleration e mass is (18.1) Scanned with CamScannerMACHINE FOUNDATIONS x me +kz=Q net Let the solution of Eq. 18.9 he Z=Asin (oe where A and are consta; Ot + a) w(18.3) {radians/s). From Eq, 18.3, ints of integration and @, is the circular natural frequency m m fro sin ot Fig. 18.2 Spring—mass system dt = 2 =A, cos (w,t +0) wf 18.4) -A 0? sin (@,t +0) (18.5) Substituting the value of 2 and z in Eq, 18.2 and simplifying, mo2=k (18.6) k ea [* « nee (18.7) Iff, is the natural frequency in cycles per second, 2 oe ocNer (18.8) fm wn(18. = fe (18.9) Single Degree of Freedom System - Forced Vibration the spring-mass system is acted upon by an exciting force, F, sin wt, the equation of | Motion will be mi +kz=F, sin ot (18.10) Scanned with CamScanner[EEE METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF A BLOCK FOUNDATION ‘There are basically two different methods of analysis of a machine foundation. (a) Method based on linear-elastic-weightless spring. (6) Method based on linear theory of elasticity (elastic half-space). In the first method, the soil mass is replaced by elastic springs. Equation for natural frequencies can be written and compared with operating frequency. To avoid resonance, the frequency ratio should be either less than 0.5 or greater than 1.5. ‘The influence of damping can be introduced in the solution of equations. However, as discussed earlier, the effect of damping on amplitude computed at operating frequency is small as compared to that at resonance. The method is simple, though a proper evaluation of soil constants is rather difficult. The method based on theory of elasticity is more rational but relatively complicated. ee method based on linear-elastic-weightless spring is discussed in the following SOIL SPRING CONSTANTS emesis rhe, as the force causing unit deformation. For the analysis of , one of the approaches is to consider the soil as weightless-elastic sP™™* Scanned with CamScannerock foundation undergoes vertical oscillati, a “ibe Nt ting. On the contrary, if the bt putillations, compression is induced at the Pane L001 ne ced at the bog ‘ck undergoes translation about X or Y-axis presses are In ase of the foundation block. The nature of the equivalent modes of vibration. As X and Y a of interest for the Bitpose cranes nt types of equivalent soil-spring ea Fcient of elastic unif lysis. These are: s nt of elastic uniform i : . (q) Coofficrent 0 compression (C, ); It is ral unife gore t0 the elastic part of the settlement, " Maxaioot ext — of ; Ae #6) Coefficient of elastic uniform shear (C): It is the ratio of average shear stress at ,, foundation contact area to the elastic part of the displacement in sliding we . . - (0) Coefficient of elastic non-uniform shear (Cy): It is the ratio of the external moment jjad to the vertical axis to the product of polar moment of inertia of contact area of base ‘foundation and the angle of rotation of the foundation. @ Coefficient of elastic non-uniform compression (C)): It is the ratio of external goment about a horizontal axis to the product of moment of inertia of contact area of base foundation about the same axis and the corresponding angle of rotation of the foundation yniform pressure to the elastic part of the settlement. a DETERMINATION OF SOIL—SPRING CONSTANTS Soil spring constants can be estimated from several in situ and laboratory tests. However, insitu tests are preferred. IS: 5249 (1992) provides details of tests for the determination of dynamic properties of soil. The following methods are used for in situ determination of the dynamic properties of soil: (a) Cyclic plate load test (6) Block vibration test | (c) Free vibration test | (d) Wave propagation test ‘The more commonly adopted tests, namely, the cyclic plate load test and the block vibration test are discussed below. For other tests, reference may be made to IS: 5249- 1992, Cyclic Plate Load Test The plate load test is carried out as per the specifications in IS: 1888 (1982). In the cyclic Plate load test, the magnitude of load is maintained constant till the settlement of the test Plate is complete. The load is then released to zero and the plate allowed to rebound. The Teading of final settlement is taken. The load is then increased to next higher magnitude ofloading and maintained constant till the settlement is complete, which again is recorded. The load is then reduced to zero and the settlement reading taken. The next increment of load is then applied. The cycles of loading, unloading and reloading are continued till the Tequired final load is reached. From the load-settlement data, a graph is plotted between load intensity p and elastic settlement S,. The slope of the load intensity-settlement data \s the coefficient of elastic uniform compression. Scanned with CamScannerP [aa Gs ie (18, where p = load intensity in kN/m? or keffem? 21) S, = elastic rebound corresponding to p, in m or em C, is expressed in kN/m? units or kgf/em*. Scanned with CamScanner