ISSN: 2455-2631 © May 2016 IJSDR | Volume 1, Issue 5

IR REMOTE BASED WIRELESS SPEED AND

DIRECTION CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
1
TRILOKI KUMAR, 2GARV RAJ, 3ABHISHEK KUMAR

ABSTRACT-DC motor control means direction and speed control of a DC motor. Dc motors are widely used in speed
and direction control because control of these motors are easier than other motors. The motion of a DC motor is
controlled using a DC drive. DC drive changes the speed and direction of motion of the motor. Some of the DC drives are
just a rectifier with a series resistor that converts standard AC supply into DC and gives it to the motor through a switch
and a series resistor to change the speed and direction of rotation of the motor. But many of the DC drives have an inbuilt
microcontroller that provides programmable facilities, message display on LCD, precise control and also protection for
motors.

CONTROLLING WITH MICROCONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION ATMega16 Is a powerful, highly 1. Microcontroller provides us only digital logic (1 or o).
flexible cost-effective solution to many embedded control 2. We can‟t provide polarity from microcontroller.
applications. From traffic control equipment to input 3. We can‟t connect motors to Controller as mostly motors
devices, computer networking products and stepper motor runs on voltage higher that
controllers, ATMega16 microcontrollers deliver a high +5V, and motors demands high current (depends),this
performance with a choice of configurations and options can be remove by use of a “H Bridge ”here a IC L293d
matched to the specific needs of each application. One is used, it‟s a dual half H bridge IC.
major feature of ATMega16 microcontroller is the L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver, so with one IC can
versatility built into the I/O circuits that connect the interface two DC motors which can be controlled in both
microcontroller to the outside world. Ports P0 through P3 of clockwise and counter clockwise direction. L293D has
the microcontroller are not capable of driving loads that output current of 600mA and peak output current of 1.2A
require tens of mill amperes (mA). per channel. Moreover for protection of circuit from back
EMF output diodes are included within the IC. The output
DIRECTION CONTROL OF DC MOTOR supply (VCC2) has a wide range from 4.5V to 36V, which
has made L293D a best choice for DC motor driver.

Vs, 12v Vss, 5v DC MOTOR

Clockwise rotation anticlockwise IN1 8, 16 OUT1

rotation IN2 OUT2
IN3 OUT3
IN4 OUT4
Direction control of a DC motor is very simple; just reverse
the polarity, means every DC motor has two terminals out. 1
EN1
When we apply DC voltage with proper current to a motor, EN2
it rotates in a particular direction but when we reverse the
connection of voltage between two terminals, motor rotates
in another direction.
IC ATMega16 is a low-power, high-performance, 16-bit
microcontroller with 8 kB of Flash programmable and L293D
erasable read-only memory (EPEROM),256 bytes of 2
RAM,32 input/output (I/O)lines, three 16-bit
timers/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, TRUTH TABLE
a full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock
A B Description
circuitry. ATMega16 is designed with static logic for
operation down to zero frequency and supports two
software- selectable power-saving modes. The idle mode 0 0 motor stops
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timers/counters,
serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. 0 1 motor runs anticlockwise
The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes
the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the 1 0 motor runs clockwise
next hardware reset is activated. At the heart of the speed
controller system is microcontroller AT89C52 which creates
1 1 motor stops or break
(using timer 0) pulses of varying width for pulse-width
modulation and controls the motor speed.

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ISSN: 2455-2631 © May 2016 IJSDR | Volume 1, Issue 5

When it comes to speed, weight, size, cost, DC motors are the circuit. If motors are needed to run with high current
always preferred over stepper motor.DC motor when then lot of dissipation is there. So heat sinks are needed to
interfaced with a microcontroller, can control the speed of cool the circuit.
motor, can control the direction of rotation, can also do THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO CONTROL DC
encoding of the rotation made by DC motor i.e. keeping MOTOR SPEED
track of how many turns are made by your motors etc. DC
motors are no less than a stepper motor. By varying supply voltage, and pulse width modulation
technique. First system is not convenient especially in
WORKING THEORY OF H-BRIDGE digital systems. It requires anolog circuit .so second system
The L293D is an H-Bridge type driver. It can easily control is very convenient for digital systems because all controls is
2 DC motors or 1 bipolar stepper motor bidirectional. Peak made using digital signal.
output per channel is 2A. With a continuous current of 1A Pulse width modulation is about the switching speed and
per channel, Great chip for driving little DC motors .The pulse width (duty cycle). The duty cycle is defined as
name "H-Bridge" is derived from the actual shape of the percentage of digital ‘high’ to digital ‘low’ plus digital
switching circuit which controls the motion of the motor. It ‘high’ pulse width. during a PWM period, i.e, the duty
is also known as "Full Bridge". Basically there are four cycle is the ratio of signal Ton/T, where T is the period of
switching elements in the H-Bridge as shown in the figure
below.

(high side left)

(high side right)

(low side left)

Motor (low side right)

H-BRIDGE
(Current flow from high side left to
low side right )

In the above Figure there are four switching elements

named as "High side left", "High side right", "Low side
right", "Low side left". When these switches are turned on in
pairs motor changes its direction accordingly. Like, if switch
on High side left and Low side right then motor rotate in
forward direction, as current flows from Power supply
through the motor coil goes to ground via switch low side
right. Similarly, when switch on low side left and high side
right, the current flows in opposite direction and motor
rotates in backward direction. This is the basic working of
H-Bridge. A truth table according to the switching of H-
Bridge
Explained above is as follows
signal.
Truth Table The PWM signals are produced by the microcontroller itself.
High High Low Low Description An advantage of using the microcontroller to generate the
Left Right Left Right PWM signal for us is that once it has been set up correctly
On Off Off On Motor runs the PWM signal will continue to be generated automatically
clockwise in the background. There is no need to write any
complicated interrupt routine or other timing code. The
Off On On Off Motor runs anti- good thing is that by simply changing the comparator value,
clockwise the duty cycle of the PWM can alter. All of the PWM
On On Off Off Motor stops or facilities are provided by the internal Timers of the
decelerates microcontroller.
Thus these PWM signals are applied to the enable pin of the
Off Off On On Motor stops or L293D motor driver. The duty cycle of square wave output
decelerates from microcontroller is varied to provide a varying DC
output. To run a motor by half of its rated speed, we have to
H-bridge can be made with the help of transistors as well as send 50% duty cycle square wave at the enable pin
MOSFETs; the only thing is the power handling capacity of effectively, and hence we will get 50% on time, but due to

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ISSN: 2455-2631 © May 2016 IJSDR | Volume 1, Issue 5

high frequency and inertia, motor will seem to run

continuously.
Whenever any switch is pressed, the duty cycle of PWM
varies. The software then calculates the appropriate values
for TH0 and TL0 for „on‟ and „off‟ time of the output,
which are copied in TH0 and TL0 on timer interrupts. In
above circuit, timer-0 of the microcontroller is used for
generating PWM pulses, which is clocked using a
12MHzcrystal oscillator. The base frequency is kept
constant at 1 kHz and the duty cycle of this wave is varied
to change the analog level at output pin P1.1 of the
microcontroller. This is the basic Concept behind the speed
and direction control of a DC motor.

CONCLUSION
With this very basic concept of direction and speed control
we can move the motor clockwise and anticlockwise as a
result lift can move in forward and backward direction and
we can vary the speed of a dc motor.

APPLICATIONS In real time functioning In Embedded

system and Space vector modulating signal

REFERENCES

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IJSDR1605008 International Journal of Scientific Development and Research (IJSDR) www.ijsdr.org 42