Experiment-1

POLARITY TEST OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To check the polarity of the given transformer and to find transformation ratio.

THEORY:
A polarity test is carried out to find out the terminals having the same instantaneous
polarity assuming that the terminals are not marked. The relative polarities of the primary and
secondary terminals at any instant must be known for connecting windings of the same
transformer in parallel, or series or for interconnecting two or more transformers in parallel or for
connecting single phase transformers for polyphase transformation of voltages.

For determination of relative polarity of the two windings of a transformer the two
windings are connected in series across a voltmeter, while one of the windings is excited from a
suitable ac voltage source as shown in circuit diagram. When the transformer has a subtractive
polarity, the voltmeter will read the difference of E1 and E2. If the voltmeter reads E1+E2, the
polarity markings of the windings must be interchanged.

Ratio Test: The transformation ratio K is equal to the no: of turns in the secondary divided by
no: of turns in the primary or it is the ratio of induced emf in the secondary to induced emf in the
primary, i.e., K=E2/E1=N2/N

PROCEDURE:
The connections are made as shown in figure. If circuit is connected in addictive polarity,
V3=V1+V2.If it is connected in subtractive polarity, V3=V1-V2.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(i) Additive Polarity

 (ii) Subtractive Polarity

TABULAR COLUMN

Additive polarity:

Sl No V1 V2 V3=V1+V2 K=V2/V1

Subtractive polarity:

Sl No V1 V2 V3=V1-V2 K=V2/V1

CALCULATION:

Additive polarity: Subtractive polarity:

V3=V1+V2 V3=V1-V2

K=V2/V1 K=V2/V1

RESULT

Performed the polarity test and found out transformation ratio.

 Experiment-2
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct load test on a single phase transformer and to determine the following
1) Efficiency curve 2) Regulation curve

THEORY:
When a transformer is loaded the secondary terminal voltage drops from its no load value
due to its internal resistance and leakage reactance drops. Let 0V2 be the secondary terminal
voltage at no load and V2 be the terminal voltage when transformer is loaded. Then the voltage
regulation is 0V2-V2/0V2.The efficiency of the transformer is determined by the ratio of output
power to input power. The wattmeter connected on the input side gives the input power to the
transformer. The output power is determined by voltmeter ammeter method, since the load
connected is resistive in nature.

PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. At starting condition auto
transformer must be at minimum position and load also at minimum. Switch on the supply. By
varying the auto transformer increase the primary voltage to the rated value. Take all the meter
readings. Vary load and tabulate different meter readings for different loads. Load is varied until
rated secondary current is reached. Before switching off the supply makes sure that the auto
transformer and the load are at minimum. Then switch off the supply.

CRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl No Input Input Input Output Output Output Efficiency, Regulation

current, voltage, power, current, voltage, power,
η (%) (%)
I1 V1 W1 I2 V2 W2
up down

CALCULATION:

Efficiency = output/input .x 100

0V 2  V 2
Regulation up = X100
V2

0V 2  V 2
Regulation down = X100
oV 2

where oV2=20 voltage at no load

V2=20 voltage on load

RESULT

Conducted load test on a single phase transformer and plotted efficiency curve and
regulation curve.
 Experiment-3

SC AND OC TEST ON TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct open circuit and short circuit test for a given single phase transformer
and to predetermine the efficiency at different loads and of different power factor.
1) To draw the efficiency curve at full load and no load.
2) To draw the equivalent circuit reffered to high voltage side and low voltage side.
3) To draw the regulation Vs power factor curve.

THEORY:
The testing of large power transformers by direct loading results in the wastage of large
amount of energy. It is also difficult to manage a load large enough for direct loading. The
performance characteristics of such transformers are determined by performing open circuit and
short circuit tests which involves only a very little power consumption. These tests help to
predetermine the transformer efficiency, regulation and equivalent circuit parameters.

Open circuit test: this test is used to determine the no load loss or core loss and no load
current of the transformer. In this test usually high voltage winding is open circuited and low
voltage winding is connected to its normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter, voltmeter and
ammeter is connected to the low voltage winding. When rated voltage is applied to low voltage
side, normal flux will set up on the core, hence normal iron loss will occur which is recorded by
the wattmeter. The secondary is open, so the current drawn by the transformer is small. The core
loss occurring in the transformer is negligible. The wattmeter reading is approximated to the core
loss of the transformer. The no load current taken by the transformer consist of two components
viz. magnetizing component and the working component.

`Short circuit test: this test is conducted to determine the full load copper loss and
equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance referred to the metering side. In this test usually
low voltage side is short circuited. A low voltage at rated frequency is applied and is increased
till full load current flows. Since applied voltage is small, the core loss is negligibly small. The
wattmeter reading is approximated to full load copper loss of the transformer

PROCEDURE:
1. OC TEST
Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram. Switch on supply with auto
transformer at minimum position. Autotransformer is so adjusted that rated voltage is
obtained across the circuit. Note down all meter readings. Switch off the supply with auto
transformer at minimum.
 2. SC TEST
Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. Switch on supply with
autotransformer at minimum. Autotransformer is adjusted until rated current flows. Note
down all meter readings. Switch off the supply with auto transformer at minimum.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(i) Open Circuit Test

(ii) Short Circuit Test

TABULAR COLUMN:

OC test

Vo (V) Io(A) Wo(W)

SC test

Vsc (V) Isc(A) Wsc(W)

For Efficiency

Sl no Load,x Output Iron Copper loss Input power Efficiency,η

power(W) loss,Wo(W) (W) (W) (%)

1 1/4

2 1/2

3 3/4

4 1

For Regulation

Cos Φ Sin Φ % regulation

CALCULATION:
OC test SC test

Wo = Vo Io Cos Φo Wsc = Isc2Ro1

Cos Φo = Wo/VoIo Ro1 = Wsc/ Isc2

Iμ= Io Sin Φo Z o1=Vsc/Isc

Iw = Io Cos Φo Xo1=√ (Z o12 - Ro12)

Ro = Vo/Iw

Xo = Vo/ Iμ

Calculation for efficiency:

x = Fraction of load

output power = x . kVA rating . power factor

Iron loss = Wo

Copper loss = x2.Wsc

Input power = Output power +Iron loss +Copper loss.

Efficiency = Output/Input

Calculation for regulation

% regulation =( I1 R01 .Cos Φ1 + I1 X01 .Sin Φ1.)x 100 / Vo

‘+’ – Lagging

‘– ‘– Leading

RESULT

SC and OC tests are conducted on a single phase transformer, regulation and efficiency
curves are plotted. Found out the equivalent circuit.
 Experiment-4

LOAD TESTOF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To perform load test on DC shunt motor and draw the following.
1. Output power Vs efficiency
2. Output power Vs line current
3. Output power Vs speed
4. Speed Vs torque
5. Armature current Vs torque

THEORY:
The load test is conducted by applying a spring balance load to the break drum of the
machine. A belt is put on the pulley connected to the motor shaft. When load is applied the
machine gets heated, so the machine is cooled frequently by forced water circulation on the
break drum. By tightening the belt over the pulley different loads can be applied. The spring
balance reading S1 and S 2 are noted and the effective radius of the pulley is measured. If N is the
speed of the motor, then torque T = ( S 2 - S1 )r g Nm. The output power can be calculated as
2𝛑NT/60watts.
PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram. Before switching on the supply,
ensure that the motor is on no load, starter is in maximum condition and field rheostat at
minimum. Adjust the field rheostat to get rated speed. Note all meter readings .By varying the
spring balance load different readings are noted for different values of load. Then reduce the load
to minimum and

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:

Spring
Sl Voltage If Ia Speed, N IL balance T Pi Po(W) η(%)
No (V) (A) (A) (rpm) (A) (kg) (Nm) (W)
S1 S2 S

CALCULATION:

If=field current,A

Ia=Armature current,A

Input current, IL = If + Ia

S = S1-S2

Torque,T=sgr

S=spring balance reading

g=acceleration due to gravity,9.81m/s2

r =radius of pulley ,m

power input,Pi = V IL

power output,Po = 2ПNT/60

Efficiency,η = output x 100/Input

RESULT
Performed the load test on dc shunt motor.
 Experiment-5

LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct load test on DC series motor and to plot the performance characteristics
1. torque Vs output 2. Efficiency Vs output 3. Speed Vs output 4. Current Vs output
5. Mechanical chara 6. Electrical chara

THEORY:
In a series motor the field winding is connected in series with armature .The field current
E
and the armature current are the same. Series motor is a variable speed motor, since N∝ b ,

∅∝ I a . When I a very small, speed is becomes dangerously high. So a series motor should never
be started without some mechanical load, otherwise it may develop excessive speed and get
damaged due to heavy centrifugal forces so produced.

The load test is conducted by applying a spring balance load to the break drum of the
machine. A belt is put on the pulley connected to the motor shaft. When load is applied the
machine gets heated, so the machine is cooled frequently by forced water circulation on the
break drum. By tightening the belt over the pulley different loads can be applied. The spring
balance reading S1 and S 2 are noted and the effective radius of the pulley is measured. If N is the
speed of the motor, then torque T =( S 2 - S1 )r g Nm. The output power can be calculated as
2𝛑NT/60watts.

PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as shown in figure. Before switching on the supply make sure that
there is sufficient load on the motor and the starter at maximum. Take all the meter readings up
to rated current by varying the spring balance load. Reduce the load to initial position and switch
off the supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:

Spring
balance
Sl Voltage Ia Speed, N (kg) T Pi Po(W) η(%)
No (V) (A) (rpm) (Nm) (W)

S1 S2 S

CALCULATION:
If=Ia=Armature current,A

S = S1-S2

Torque,T=sgr

s=spring balance reading

g=acceleration due to gravity,9.81m/s2

r =radius of pulley ,m

power input,Pi = V IL

power output,Po = 2ПNT/60

Efficiency,η = output x 100/Input

RESULT

Conducted load test on dc series motor and the performance characteristics are plotted.
 Experiment-6

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY EXCITED

DC GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct OCC test on a separately excited dc generator and
1. To plot OCC corresponding to its rated speed.
2. Find the critical resistance from the graph.
3. To plot the OCC for another speed say 1000 rpm
4. To find critical speed of dc shunt generator.

THEORY:
The OCC of a generator gives the relationship between the no load generated emf and field
current at a particular speed. It is same as the magnetization curve of the machine.
Critical field resistance at a particular speed is the maximum value of field resistance with
which the machine can just excite at that speed .For a shunt generator in order to build up voltage
the field resistance should be less than critical field resistance. Critical speed is the speed at
which the given values of shunt field represent the critical resistance.

PROCEDURE:
Keep the rheostat R1 at minimum, R2 at maximum and switch S is open .Start the motor
generator set by using starter. Adjust R1 and make the motor at rated speed and note the residual
emf on the voltmeter. Close the switch S, adjust R2 and take the voltmeter and ammeter
readings. If R2 varies, the voltmeter reading increases, then the connections are correct.
Otherwise interchange the field windings of generator. Adjust R2 and take all meter readings up
to 125% of rated voltage.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(i) To plot OCC

 (ii) To find field resistance

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl.no. If (A) V (V) E2= E1 N2/N1

RESULT

Conducted the OCC test on a separately excited generator.

 Experiment-7

SWINBURNE’S TEST
AIM:
To conduct a no load test on dc shunt motor and to predetermine the following Efficiency
curve when the machine works as (i) Generator (ii) Motor.

THEORY:
This test is a no load test conducted on a dc machine. In this test the dc machine is run as a
dc shunt motor at rated speed with rated terminal voltage. The input power is used to meet the no
load rotational losses and a small amount off armature cu losses, since there is no output. Since
these losses remain constant from no load to full load, the efficiencies of the machine at any load
can be predetermined by knowing the full load output of the machine.
The advantages of Swinburne’s test are
(i) Low power is required for testing even large machines
(ii) The efficiency of the machine can be calculated at any desired load.
Since it is a no load test its disadvantages are
(i) Stray loss cannot on be accounted.
(ii) It gives no indication whether the commutation on rated load is satisfactory or
whether the temperature rise on rated load is within the specified limits.
As Swinburne’s test is a no load test it cannot be performed on a dc series motor

PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as shown in the figure, before giving supply to the machine starter
rheostat kept at maximum position and field rheostat at minimum position. Switch on the supply,
adjust the field rheostat to make the motor run at rated speed and note the meter readings. Then
bring the field rheostat to initial position and switch off the supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Circuit to conduct Swinburne’s test

Circuit to Plot Field Resistance

TABULAR COLUMN:

Voltage,V(V) Current,Iao(A) Field Input

current,Ish(A) current,Io(A)

II To measure armature resistance

Sl no Voltage(V) Current(A) Ra=V/I

III To predetermine the efficiency of motor

Sl Voltage,V(V) Load,x Output power Input current,IL Input power,Pi Efficiency,η

no (W) (A) (W) (%)
 IV To predetermine the efficiency of generator

Sl Voltage,V Load, Output Armature Total Input Efficiency,η

no (V) x power,Po(W) current,Ia(A) loss(W) power,Pi(W)
(%)

CALCULATION:

Motor

Load fraction =x

Out put power,Po = x . Rated output

Input power , Pi = V(Ia + If)

Output power + losses = input power

ie, Po + (Ia2 Ra+If2 Rf) = V(Ia + If)

So Ia = ……

Input current,IL= Ia + If

Input Power = V IL

Efficiency = Po/Pi
 Generator

Load fraction =x

Out put power,Po = x . Rated output

Ia = If + IL

Copper losses = Ia2 Ra

Total losses = Ia2 Ra+If2 Rf

Input power , Pi = Output power + Total losses

Efficiency = Po/Pi

RESULT

Conducted Swinburne’s test and efficiency is predetermined.

 Experiment-8

SUMPNER’S TEST

AIM:

To conduct the Sumpner’s test on two identical single phase transformer and
(i) Draw the equivalent circuit
(ii) Determine the efficiency
(iii) Determine regulation

THEORY:
A load test on a transformer is conducted if its maximum temperature rise is to be
determined. For transformers of large rating, full load test is difficult, since it involves consider
able wastage of energy and suitable load capable of absorbing full load power may not be
available. But they can be put on full load by conducting Sumpner’s test or back to back test. The
efficiency of transformer can also be determined.
The low voltage side of the two transformers are connected in parallel and energized at
rated voltage and frequency. With the high voltage sides open, the wattmeter gives the core
losses of both the transformers.
The secondaries are connected in series with their polarities in phase opposition, which
can be checked by voltmeter. If they are in phase opposition, the voltmeter indicates zero
reading. Hence in order to flow a current in the secondary circuit an emf must be injected from
an outside supply. By adjusting the autotransformer variable voltage and hence current can be
given to the high voltage side. The voltage is so adjusted that full load current is made to flow in
the high voltage side. The wattmeter on the primary side continues to read the core loss and
wattmeter on the secondary side reads the full load copper loss of both the transformers.

PROCEDURE:

(i) Keep on the autotransformer in minimum position and switch on the supply.
(ii) Adjust the first autotransformer such that the voltmeter V1 reads rated voltage.
(iii) Note the readings of voltmeter V3, if it is zero the polarity of the two transformers
are same. Then close the switch, otherwise interchange the terminals of
transformer.
(iv) Switch on the second supply and adjust the autotransformer such that the ammeter
reads rated current. Then note all other meter readings.
(v) Then bring the autotransformers to initial position and switch off the supply.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

I1(A) V1(V) I2(A) V2(V) W1(W) W2(W) V3(V)

CALCULATION:

Wo/2 = Vo Io Cos Φo
Cos Φo = (Wo/2)/VoIo
Iμ= Io Sin Φo
Iw = Io Cos Φo
Ro = Vo/Iw
Xo = Vo/ Iμ
Wsc/2 = Isc2R01
R01 = (Wsc/2)/ Isc2
Z 01=Vsc/Isc
X01=√ (Z012 – R012)

Calculation for efficiency:

x = Fraction of load

output power = x . kVA rating . power factor

Iron loss = Wo/2

Copper loss = x2.(Wsc/2)

Input power = Output power +Iron loss +Copper loss.

Efficiency = Output/Input

Calculation for regulation

% regulation =( I1 R01 .Cos Φ1 + I1 X01 .Sin Φ1.)x 100 / Vo

‘+’ – Lagging & ‘– ‘– Leading

RESULT

Efficiency and % regulation are found by using Sumpner’s test.

 Experiment- 11

HOPKINSON’S TEST (REGENERATIVE TEST)

AIM:
To conduct a regenerative test on two identical mechanically coupled dc shunt machines
and to determine the efficiency of each machine when the generator delivers a given load.

THEORY:
This test is carried out on two identical machines .They are mechanically coupled and
connected electrically in such a way that one of them acts as generator and the other as motor.

The mechanical output of the motor drives the generator and electrical output of
generator is used in supplying greater part of input to the motor. If there is no loss in the
machine, they would have run without any external power supply. But due to losses generator
output is not sufficient to drive the motor .The losses are supplied electrically from the supply
mains. The electrical output of the generator and small power taken from the supply are taken by
the motor and is given out as a mechanical power after supplying motor losses.

Merits of Hopkinson’s test

1. Power required for the test is small as compared to the full load powers of 2 machines.
2. As machines are being tested under full load condition the temperature rise and the
commutation qualities of the machines can be observed.
3. Because of full load conditions, any change in iron loss due to flux distortion at full load
is being taken into account.

PROCEDURE:
1. Keep rheostat R2 in maximum position and R1 in minimum position and starter at
maximum position
2. Switch on the supply then cut out the starter resistance from maximum to minimum value
and then by adjusting R1 the machine is run to rated speed.
3. Ensure that the generator is generating some voltage by checking voltmeter V3
4. Adjust R2 to get 1-2 V on voltmeter V2. Then close the switch S .If voltmeter shows
double reading, interchange the armature terminals of the generator.
5. Generator is loaded up to rated current of any one of the machine by adjusting the
rheostat R2. Ensure that the motor is always run at the rated speed while loading the
generator. Use the rheostat R1 for maintaining the speed at constant value.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl no V1(V) I1(A) I2(A) I3(A) I4(A)

For generator

Armature Stray loss Total loss Output power

Sl no η (%)
Cu loss (W) (W) (W) (W)

For motor

Armature Stray loss Total loss Output power

Sl no η (%)
Cu loss (W) (W) (W) (W)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 CALCULATION:
IL = I1+I3-(I2+I3)
Motor input current Im = I1+I3
Motor Shunt field current Ishm = I3
Motor armature current Iam = I1
Generator output current Ig = I2+I4
Generator Shunt field current Ishg = I4
Generator armature current Iag = I2
Bus-bar voltage = V
Total Losses = Power drawn from supply
= V x IL = V[I1+I3-(I2+I3)]
Armature cu loss in motor = I12 Ram
Armature cu loss in Generator = I22 Rag
Shunt cu loss in motor = I32 Rshm = VI3
Shunt cu loss in Generator = I42 Rshg = VI4
Total copper loss = I12 Ram + I22 Rag + VI3 + VI4
Stray Power Loss Ps = V x IL – [I12 Ram + I22 Rag + V (I3+I4)]

Stray loss of each machine =

Efficiency of motor ηm

Motor Input VIm = V(I1+I3)

Total losses in motor = Armature Cu Loss + Field Cu Loss + Stray Loss

= I12 Ram + VI3 +

Motor Output = V(I1+I3) – [I12 Ram + VI3 + ]

ηm = x 100
Efficiency of generator ηg

Generator Output VIg = V(I2+I4)

Total losses in generator = Armature Cu Loss + Field Cu Loss + Stray Loss

= I22 Rag + VI4 +

Motor Output = V (I2+I4) + [I22 Rag + VI4 + ]

ηg = x 100

RESULT

Conducted regenerative test on two identical, mechanically coupled DC shunt machine

and determined the efficiency of each machine when the generator delivers a given load.
 Experiment- 12

LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

AIM:
To plot the internal and external characteristics of shunt generator.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl no Instruments Specification Quantity

1 Voltmeter 0-300V,mc 2

2 Rheostat 0-740 ,2A 2

3 Ammeter 0-20A,mc 1

0-2A 1

4 Tachometer 1

THEORY:
Seperately excited Generator means the magnets of the generator being energized from a
separate source.By performing a load test on separately excited generator Internal and external
Characteristics can be plotted.

Internal characteristics : It is a plot between E and Ia.

E – emf actually induced across the armature

Ia – armature current.

External characteristics : It is a plot between V and IL

Where V-terminal voltage and IL load current.

External characteristics is obtained by subtracting IaRa from E

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in figure.
2. Keep the rheostat R1 in Minimum and R2 in maximum position and switch on the supply.
3. Adjust R1 to get the rated speed, R2 to get rated voltage at voltmeter V2.
4. Observe all meter readings.
5. Now close the switch S. Load the machine and note down the corresponding readings up to
full load.
6. Reduce R1 and load to minimum, R2 is made maximum. Switch off the supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

To find Armature resistance

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl no Field current ,If (A) Load current, IL(A) Voltage (V) Generated emf,Eg

CALCULATIONS:

Eg = V + IaRa

RESULT

Plotted the internal and external characteristics of a shunt generator.

 Experiment-10

RETARDATION TEST
AIM :
To determine the stray losses in the DC machine.

THEORY :
This test is also known as running down test. It is used for finding out the stray losses of a
shunt machine.In this test the machine speed is varied and its kinetic energy is utilized to meet
the stray losses.

Kinetic energy of the armature = ½ .J.ω2.

where J=moment of inertia of the armature and ω = angular speed at this instant.

Stray losses, Ps=Rate of change of kinetic energy

= d/dt(½ .J.ω2.) = J ω2 .dω /dt

Since ω = 2ПN/60,where N is the speed of armature in rpm at that instant.

Hence to determine stray losses the values of moment of inertia of armature and rate of change
of speed dω/dt must be known.

PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the circuit as given in figure.Rheostat Rf is in minimum position and switch S is in
closed position,switch on the supply.
2. By varying Rf the machine is run at rated speed and take readings.Then speed is reduced
and take different set of readings.
3. By varying Rf the machine again run at rated speed and then switch S is open.Then speed
is reduced and take the time to reduce the speed from N1 to N2.
4. Bring R1 to maximum and R2 to minimum.Switch off the supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CALCULATION:

P = J ω2 .dω /dt

ω = 2ПN/60

dω /dt = ∆y/∆x J = A + Bω
dω /dt

TABULAR COLUMN:
I.

V If Ia N ω P P/ω

II To measure armature resistance:

Sl No V(v) I (A) Ra=V/I(Ω)

III
Sl No T (s) N(rpm) ω(rad)

RESULT
 Experiment-9

SEPARATION OF LOSSES OF A DC MACHINE

AIM:
To separate the stray losses of a dc shunt machine in to the following components.
(i) Friction loss (ii) Windage loss (iii) Hysterisis loss (iv) Eddy current loss

THEORY:
The no load losses of a dc mahine are i) mechanical losses ii) internal losses iii) copper
losses. Mechanical losses and iron losses are together called the stray losses. Mechanical losses
can be split up into frictional loss and windage loss.
Iron loss can be split up into hysteresis loss and eddycurrent loss. Stray loss components
are functions of speed of a machine.
Mechanical loss = AN+B N 2
Hysterisis loss = CN
Eddy current loss = D N 2
A,B,C,D are constants of a particular machine.
Stry loss W= AN + B N 2 + CN +D N 2
W/N= (A + C) + (B+D)N
If we plot W/N against N , then it is a straight line , with y axis intercept of (A+C) and slope
(B+D). When the excitation is varied , the magnetic losses will change and hence the constants C
and D will change to C’ and D’. Thus stray losses for another excitation W/N = (A+C’) +
(B +D’)N.
i.e., (A+C) is the y axis intercept from graph(1)
(B+D) is the slope of graph (1)
(A+C’) is the y axis intercept of graph (2)
(B+D’) is the slope of graph (2)
Hysterisis loss (Wh) α B max1.6
Wh α Ф 1.6
Wh α E1.6
C/C’ = (Eb1/Eb2)1.6
Eddy current loss (We) α B max 2
We α Ф2
We α E2
D/D’= (Eb1/Eb2)2
Eb1 = V1-Ia1Ra1, Eb2 = V2-Ia2Ra2,
PROCEDURE:
The rheostat R2 is in minimum position and R1 is in maximum position, switch on the
supply. By adjusting R2, the rotor is run at rated speed and by varying R1, a set of readings are
taken. By varying R2, the field excitations are reduced to half of the initial case, and then by
varying R1 a set of readings are taken. Then bring the rheostats to initial position and switch off
the supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

To find Armature resistance

TABULAR COLUMN:

If(A) V(V) Ia(A) Ws= VIa-Ia2Ra N(rpm) Ws/N

Normal
Excitation

Reduced
Excitation

CALCULATION:

B+D = y/x B+D’= y’/x ‘

C/C’= (Eb1/Eb2)1.6

Eb1 = V1-Ia1Ra1, Eb2 = V2-Ia2Ra2,

D/D’= (Eb1/Eb2)2

Mechanical loss = AN+B N 2

Hysterisis loss = CN
Eddy current loss = D N 2

RESULT

The stray loss of a DC shunt machine are separated.