OPTI510R: Photonics

Khanh Kieu
College of Optical Sciences,
University of Arizona
[email protected]
Meinel building R.626

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 Announcements

 Homework #2 is due today, HW#3 is assigned due

Feb. 21st

 No class Monday Feb. 26

 Pre-record lecture Friday Feb. 23 at 2PM

 Mid-term exam will be on Feb. 28

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 Electronics-Photonics

Electrons, Integrated circuit Photonics integrated circuit

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Optoelectronics chip
 Planar waveguides

 Planar mirror waveguide

 Waveguide modes
 Number of modes
 Cut-off condition
 Dispersion

 Dielectric waveguide

 Waveguide modes
 Number of modes
 Cut-off condition
 Dispersion
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Some useful math
 Planar mirror waveguides

  0 / n
k  nk0
c  c0 / n

TEM plane wave

TE: E polarized in x-direction
TM: H polarized in x-direction

• p phase shift for each reflection (boundary conditions)

• Amplitude and polarization do not change (perfect mirror).
• Not practical due to the fact that there is no perfect metal mirror

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 Planar mirror waveguides

 Self-consistency: The wave reflects twice and reproduces itself

 Therefore the phase shift in travelling from A to B must be equal to or
differ by an integer multiple of 2p from the phase shift from A to C
 Modes are fields that maintain the same transverse distribution and
polarization at all locations along the waveguide axis.

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 Planar mirror waveguides
A guided wave consists of the superposition of two plane waves in the y-z plane at
angle ±q with respect to the z axis. The components of the mode wave vector
are:

kym = nk0 sinqm = mp / d

m 2p 2
b =k
2
m
2
zm
=k - 2
2

d
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 Mode field profile
A guided wave consists of the superposition of two plane waves in the y-z plane at
angle ±q with respect to the z axis.

,upward wave
+
,downward wave

,m is odd
=
,m is even

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 Mode field profile

 2 mpy
TE modes  cos( ), m  1,3,5...
 d d
E x ( y, z )  amum ( y ) exp(  j m z ) um ( y )
2 mpy
 sin( ), m  2,4,6...
 d d
or

Modes are orthogonal and normalized 10

 Mode properties

 2 mpy
TE modes  cos( ), m  1,3,5...
 d d
E x ( y, z )  amum ( y ) exp(  j m z ) um ( y )
2 mpy
 sin( ), m  2,4,6...
 d d
or

Modes are orthogonal and normalized

Orthogonal condition Normalized condition

Any field distribution can be discomposed into a sum of modes 11

 Number of modes, Cutoff
Number of modes
sin q m  m / 2d  1, M  2d /  Reduce to
nearest integer

Dispersion relation Cutoff wavelength and frequency

 m2   / c 2  m 2p 2 / d 2 c  2d , n c  c / 2d

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For  > c or n < nc there is no guided mode
Dispersion relation

Dispersion relation .
 m2   / c 2  m 2p 2 / d 2

This leads to waveguide dispersion

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 Group velocity

Dispersion relation Cutoff frequency

 m2   / c 2  m 2p 2 / d 2

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Group velocity

Is this normal or anomalous

dispersion?

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TE versus TM

(Homework) 16
 Multimode fields
In general, a field with arbitrary distribution and vanishing amplitude at the
mirror can be guided.
M
E x ( y, z )   amum ( y ) exp(  j m z )
m 0

Single-mode polymer wg

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Multimode polymer wg
 Planar dielectric waveguide
y

z
x

 Core film sandwiched between two layers of lower refractive index

 Bottom layer is often a substrate with n = ns

 Top layer is called the cover layer (nc  ns)

 Air can also acts as a cover (nc = 1)

 nc = ns in symmetric waveguides
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 Planar dielectric waveguide

Symmetric waveguide

Reflection due to TIR

(similar to planar mirror

waveguide)

Self Consistency
sin qc = n2 / n1
2p
p p æ ö
-1 n 2
æ ö
-1 n 2
2d sin q  2r  2p m
q £ - qc = - sin çç ÷÷ = cos çç ÷÷ 
2 2 è n1 ø è n1 ø
2k y d  2r  2p m
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 Phase shift for TIR

TE wave

jrsin 2 q c
tan = -1
2 sin q2

TM wave

jr
-n12 sin 2 q c
tan = 2 -1
2 n 2 sin q2

We can now arrive at an equation for the mode angles

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 Transcendental equation for modes

 pd m p  sin 2
qc
tan sin q   1
  2  sin q2

dielectric
waveguide

mirror waveguide  r  p , or tan( r / 2)  

Number of modes

,or ,where

2d
Single mode NA < 1
l0

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Transcendental equation for modes

 m  n1k0 cos q m bm = N effm w /c 0

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 Cut-off frequency

Mirror waveguide Dielectric waveguide

There is no gap for dielectric waveguide – always one guided mode

for a symmetric slab (not so for asymmetric) 24
 Oscillating field component

The electric field in a symmetric dielectric waveguide is

harmonic within the slab and exponentially decaying outside
the slab.

Ex ( y, z )  amum ( y ) exp(  j  m z )

In the core ì æ 2p ö
ïïcosç sin q m y ÷, m = 0,2,4,...
è l ø d d
um (y) µ í , - £y£
ïsinæ 2p sin q y ö, m = 1,3,5,... 2 2
ïî çè l m ÷
ø

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 Evanescent field component
exp( m y ), y > d / 2
um ( y )  
exp( m y ), y  d / 2
The z dependence must be identical in order to satisfy
continuity at ± d/2. Signs are chosen to obtain a decaying field

M
E x ( y, z )   amum ( y ) exp(  j m z )
m 0

( 2  n 2 k02 ) E x ( y, z )  0

Extinction coefficient

 m2   m2  n22 k02
cos 2 q m
 m  n2 k0 1
cos q c
2 26
 TE field distribution

M
E x ( y, z )   amum ( y ) exp(  j m z )
m 0

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Gaussian beam and waveguide mode

Gaussian beam in free space

Fundamental mode in dielectric waveguide 28

(no diffraction!)
TE versus TM

(Homework)

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