PART 1.

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
We have been occupied up to this point with the problem: Given a function, to find its derivative (or
differential). Many of the most important applications of the calculus lead to the inverse problem: Given
the derivative of a function, to find the function.

I. Basic Integration Formulas

Antidifferentiation
You are already familiar with inverse operations. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations, as are
multiplication and division, and raising to powers and extracting roots. In this subject we discuss the
inverse operation of differentiation called the antidifferentiation, which involves the computation of an
antiderivative.

Definition: A function is called an antiderivative of the function on an interval if ' = () for every value of in .

Illustration: If is the function defined by

= 43 + 2 + 5

then '() = 122 + 2. Thus if is the function defined by

= 122 + 2

then is the derivative of , and is an antiderivative of . If is the function defined by

= 43 + 2 − 17

then is also an antierivative of because ' = 122 + 2. Actually, any function whose function value is
given by

43 + 2 +

where C is any constant, is an antiderivative of .

Theorem 1: If and are two functions defined on an interval , such that ' = ' for all in
then there is a constant such that = + for all in .

Theorem 2: If is a particular antiderivative of on an interval , then every antiderivative of on is given by

+ (1)

where is an arbitrary constant, and all antiderivatives of on can be obtained from (1) by passing particular values to .

1
 Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the set of all antiderivatives of a given function. The symbol ʃ
denotes the operation, and we write

∫ = +
where
'
= ()
and
=

Theorem 3:
∫ = +

Theorem 4:

∫ = ∫
where a is a constant.

Theorem 5: If and are defined on the same interval, then

∫ + () = ∫ +∫

Illustration:

∫ 3+5 = ∫3 +∫5

= 3∫ +5∫
2
=23 +1 + 5( + 2)
32
= + 5 + (3 + 5 )
1 2
2

Because 31 + 52 is an arbitrary constant, it may be denoted by ; so the result can be written as

32
+5+
2

The answer can be checked by finding it derivative.

32
+5+ =3+52

2
Formula (1): Power
The formula for the integration of powers is given by
+1
∫ = +, ≠− 1
+1

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ cos 2 sin 2

Solution:

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate 1
+
∫
Solution:

8
𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ 2 5 + 23
Solution:

2
1+2 1+2
𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫
Solution:

EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 1 − 4 4. ∫ 3 3 − 4
3
2. ∫ 2−9 6
5. ∫ 22 + 1

3
 10
3. ∫ 2 3
−1
6. ∫ 3 4− 2

4
 3
7. ∫ 5 14. ∫ + 3
1 − 24
4
15. ∫ 4 35 − 5
8. ∫ 2
1 + 34 2+1
16. ∫ +2 4 −1 4

9. ∫ 2 3 − 1 2
3−1 2

4/3 17. ∫
2
10. ∫ −4+4 1
1 − 4 tan 2

11. ∫ ln
18. ∫
32 +1 4
12. ∫ +2 1 + 2 ln
19. ∫
2 1
2
13. ∫ 1 − −7 20. ∫ 2 4 − 2

Formula (2): Logarithms

Next we shall apply

∫ 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 + ,
𝑢 > 0,
𝑢
Together with its associated forms
∫ 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 −𝑢 +
' 𝑢 < 0,
𝑢
∫ 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 +
'' 𝑢≠
𝑢

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫
1−2

Formula (2) says, in words: The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the
denominator is the logarithm of the denominator. Therefore we insert the −2 factor:
2
+2
𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫
+1
Solution:

5
 ln
𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫

Solution:

EXERCISES
Evaluate each integral; check by differentiation.
2 sin 2 4 −
1. ∫ 3−4 16. ∫
3 cos 2
4
2. ∫
52 + 2 17. ∫ 3
−1
3. ∫ 3 18. ∫
+4 4+3
2
4. ∫
6 −12
19. ∫
5. ∫ 2 − 5 −2 1 −2
+
2
−5+3 20. ∫ 2 − −2
−3
6. ∫ 2 − 6 +21 21. ∫ ln
1−2
7. ∫
22. ∫
2
+12 1 + 2 ln
8. ∫ sin 2
3
23. ∫ 21 + 2
9. ∫ tan
2
+1 4 24. ∫ 4+2
3
+6
10. ∫ 4 25. ∫
+ 16 2 +2 2

+3
11. ∫ 26. ∫ sin 2
−1
2
−1 3 + sin 4
12. ∫ 27. ∫ sin 4
2
+1 1 + cos
13. ∫ tan 28. ∫ 2 + 3 sin

14. ∫ cot
cos
15. ∫
6
 cos
cos − tan
29. ∫ 𝑜2
sin + cot
30. ∫ 2

7
Formulas (3) – (3)’: Exponential Functions
There are two basic formulas for integration of exponential functions:

∫ 𝑢 𝑢= 𝑢+
𝑢
' 𝑢
∫ 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 +

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫
Solution Let:

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ 103

Solution:

EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 2−5
10. ∫ 2−
1+2
2. ∫
3 11. ∫ − − 2
2
3. ∫ 1 − 23 2
12. ∫ 2 1 + 2
2
4. ∫ 13. ∫ 42
+3
5. ∫ 2+1
14. ∫ 6 + 1 2
6. ∫ 3 2 +1 2
15. ∫
7. ∫ 223 3

16. ∫
1+33
8. ∫ 1+ 2
17. ∫
9. ∫ 1 + 62 + 9 4
−
+ 6
 1
tan 2
18. ∫ 20. ∫ 1 − 2
2
tan
19. ∫
𝑜2

Formulas (4) – (9): Trigonometric Functions

The basic formulas for integration involving trigonometric functions are

4 ∫ cos = sin +

5 ∫ sin =− cos +

6 ∫ 2 = tan +
∫ 2 =− cot +
7 ∫ sec tan = sec +

9 ∫ csc cot =− csc +

Notice the way in which the functions pair off for purposes of integration. The pairs sin and cos ,
sec and tan , csc and cot fit will together. An integral involving, for instance, sin and tan is not appropriate
form for application of the simple integration formulas. Upon meeting such an integral we first put the
integrand entirely in terms of sin and cos or in terms of tan and sec .

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫
3 sec tan − 5 2
Solution:

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ 2 cot − 3 2
sin
Solution:

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate 2
+ 𝑜2 + 4
∫
Solution:

7
𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ cos 2
Solution:

EXERCISES

1. ∫ 4 csc cot + 22 cos ln

sin 14. ∫
2. ∫ 15. ∫ 2 −
𝑜2
3. ∫ 5 cos − 4 sin sin
16. ∫ 𝑜 4
4. ∫ 3 tan − 4 𝑜2 𝑜 2

5. ∫ cos 17. ∫ 4
2
3 − 5 sec tan 𝑜3
18. ∫
1 − sin
6. ∫ 2 𝑜2 − 3 2 2

cos 19. ∫
7. ∫ 1 + cos
2
20. ∫ 2 22
8. ∫ sin 3 1
21. ∫ tan −
9. ∫ 24 4
1 22. ∫ 𝑜 − 4 4
cos
10. 2 1 + cos 2
23. ∫
11. ∫ csc 5 cot 5 1 − cos 2
tan
3 2 24. ∫ 1 − 2
12. ∫
1 + 4 tan 3 1 + cos 4
sin 2 cos 2 25. ∫ 1 − cos 4
13. ∫ 1 + 3 cos 4

Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas

Many trigonometric integrals can be evaluated after transformations of the integrand, requiring only the
most familiar trigonometric formulas. If instead of memorizing the types listed below, we need to observe
the character of the transformations employed, we can easily pick the requisite method in any given cases.

8
 𝑦. ∫ 𝑜, ℎℎ 𝑜 𝑜𝑜.
For definiteness, let be a positive odd integer. Writing the integral in the form

∫ 𝑜−1 •𝑜 ,

and putting
𝑜2 = 1 − 2 ,

we obtain a series of powers of sin each multiplied by cos . We proceed in similar manner when
is odd and positive.
𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ 2 𝑜3

𝑦.
∫ , 𝑜 ∫𝑜 , ℎ .
By use of the formulas

2
= 2 − 1, 𝑜2 = 2 − 1, These

integrals reduce to forms that can be evaluated.

2 ∫4

𝑦. ∫ , 𝑜 ∫𝑜 , ℎ 𝑜 .

3
∫2 4

𝑦 . ∫ 𝑜 , ℎ 𝑜ℎ 𝑜 .
When and are both even, it is easily seen that the method used for 1 is useless. Instead, we use the formulas

9
 2
=1 1
2 1 − cos 2 , 𝑜2 = 2 1 + cos 2 ,

repeatedly if necessary.

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ 4 𝑜2

EXERCISES
Evaluate each of the following integrals.
1. ∫ 2
2
2
14. ∫ sin 2 − 3 cos
2. ∫ 𝑜 5

3. ∫ 3 𝑜3 15. ∫
𝑜2
5
𝑜
4. ∫ 𝑜2 2
16. ∫ 2

5. ∫ 𝑜2 3
17. ∫ 𝑜7
6. ∫ 𝑜2 5
18. ∫ 5 𝑜5
7. ∫ 2 𝑜5 19. ∫ 𝑜2 3

8. ∫ 𝑜5 3 20. ∫ 4 3
3

21. ∫ 3
9. ∫
𝑜6
𝑜4 22. ∫ 𝑜4
10. ∫ 4
2 3

11. ∫ 2 tan 23. ∫

24. ∫ 6 tan
12. ∫ 𝑜2 cot
25. ∫ 4 4
3 2
13. ∫ 2 − 3 cos

Formula (10) – (12): Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1
From the formulas for the derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions we obtain some
indefinite integral formulas. The following formulas gives three of them.

1
 =𝑠 +
10 ∫ 2−2
=1 +
11 ∫ 2+ 2

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ 4 − 92
Solution:

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate
∫ 32 − 2 + 5

Solution:

2+7
𝑚𝑙 Evaluate 2
∫ +2+5

Solution:

6
𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫
2− 2−4+3
Solution:

EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫
4. 16 − 94
1 − 42
∫
2. ∫ 92 +
16 5. ∫
7+2
3. ∫
6. ∫
4 2 − 16 1+
 1+
7. 2
17. ∫
− +2 1+2
∫
8.
∫ 18. ∫
15 + 2 − 2 +−
2 19. ∫
9. 2 1 +2 ln 2
−3 −6+5
∫
20. ∫
10. ∫ 2 1 + 92
+ 25
11. ∫ 3−2
21. ∫ 2
1 − 162 + 2 + 17
22. ∫ 4−7
2
12. ∫ 4 − 6 + 13
+ 16
13. ∫ 10 + 11
2
23. ∫
16 − 9 42 − 4 + 5
4
14. ∫ sin
2 − 𝑜2
24. ∫ 2
+1
15. ∫
25. ∫
2−2 9−2 − 1
16. ∫
3−2−2

Formula (12): Integration by Parts

From the formula for the derivative of a product,

= +
we find, integrating both sides,

=∫ +∫

Transposing, we obtain the formula

∫ = −∫ .
Integration by this formula is called 𝑜 .

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ cos

1
Solution:

1
𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫

Solution:

𝑚𝑙 Evaluate ∫ ln

Solution:

EXERCISES:
Use integration by part to find the following.

1. ∫ 2
14. ∫ +1
2. ∫ cos 4
15.
∫ 2
+1
3. ∫ 2 cos
16. ∫ 2 sin 3
4. ∫ ln 17. ∫ sin
5. ∫ ln 18. ∫ 𝑠 cos
6. ∫ 3
19. ∫ sin sin 4
7. ∫ cos 2 sin 2
20. ∫
8. ∫ sec tan
21. ∫ 2 sin
9. ∫ 3
22. ∫ 3 −
2
10. ∫ 𝑠 ln
11. 23. ∫ 2
3
∫ 24. ∫ 𝑜
2
12. ∫ 2
25. ∫ sec
13. ∫