?

GON:
u
 PURCHASED FOR THE
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

FROM THE

CANADA COUNCIL SPECIAL GRANT

FOR

ANTHROPOLOGY
OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE,
OK

"CHINOOK JARGON."
 AN INTERNATIONAL IDIOM.

A MANUAL OF THE

OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE,

OR

"CHINOOK JARGON."

BY HORATIO HALE, M.A., F.R.S.C.,

co
MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL
;

INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL

;

SOCIETIES OF VIENNA AND WASHINGTON OF THE ;

CANADIAN INSTITUTE, ETC.

CT3
A uthor of" Ethnography and Philology of the U.S. Exploring Expedition
" The
Iroquois Book of Rites" &>c.

LONDON :

WHITTAKER & CO., WHITE HAR

PATERNOSTER SQUARE.

1890.
 PM

CHISWICK PRESS: c. WHITTINGHAM AND co., TOOKS COURT,

CHANCERY LANE.
 PREFATORY NOTE.
THE following treatise was designed to form part of a
lorn-or *7r1 rvf linmiicfrirc work nf

CORRIGENDA.
P. 10, line 10, for q read
g.
,, ,, 12 from below under "Jargon," for ikeh' read tiketi .

" 6 "
55 Chinook," for taghka read iaghka.

best results, among populations in various stages of civi-

lization, speaking more than twenty distinct languages,
and diffused over a territory nearly half as large as

Europe.
 Extract from the " Introduction to the Study of the Human
"
Races; by A. de Quatrefages. Part //., /. 603. (Paris, 1889.)
" The formation of these new languages deserves to attract the
attention of linguists ; and it will be fortunate if the example given
by Mr. Hale should arouse their interest on this point. That
eminent anthropologist has found in Oregon and north of that
country a sort of lingua franca^ which, born at first of the neces-
sities of commerce, is to-day employed almost solely by many indi-

viduals. This idiom has already its vocabulary, its rules, its
grammar. The elements composing it are borrowed from four
languages two American (Nootka and Chinook) and two European
(French and English). A certain number of words have been
formed by onomatopoeia and the language admits the formation of
;

compound words to supply the deficiencies of its vocabulary."

 CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE . I

ITS ORIGINAND COMPOSITION 3

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION 9
GRAMMAR 12

SONGS
HYMNS
......
PAST AND FUTURE OF THE LANGUAGE 19
24
26
A MISSIONARY SERMON . 28
THE LORD'S PRAYER 37
DICTIONARY :

TRADE LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH 39

ENGLISH AND TRADE LANGUAGE 53
THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE,
OR,

"CHINOOK JARGON."
THE interest recently awakened in the subject of an in-

ternational language has given a new importance to a

study originally made for purely scientific purposes more

than forty years ago. As a member of the United States

Exploring Expedition, which surveyed a portion of the

western coast of North America in 1841, I undertook the

charge of giving an account of the ethnology of Oregon.

This name, now restricted to a single State, was then ap-

pliedto an and undefined

unorganized a " de-
territory,
batable land," as might have been truly styled, which
it

stretched northward between the Rocky Mountains and

the Pacific, from what was then the Mexican province of
California to the as yet undetermined limit of the British
possessions. My opportunities, however, did not allow
me to extend my researches much to the north of the

present southern boundary of those possessions. Within

the space thus limited a space larger than France
there was ample work to occupy an ethnologist for a

6
2 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:
much longer time than I was enabled to devote to the
task.

On commencing that work I encountered at once two

remarkable phenomena, the one of which added greatly to
the labour of the inquirer, while the other afforded an

equally notable and unexpected help. The great obstacle,

as it seemed, and indeed was though it has proved ulti-
mately the source of most valuable gains to philological
science was the surprising number of distinct languages

which were found to exist within this limited area.

Twelve of these languages were distinct, not in the sense

in which the Spanish differs from the Italian, but in the

sense in which the Hebrew differs from the English ; that

is, they belonged to separate linguistic stocks, utterly dis-

similar in words and in grammar. Furthermore, several

of these stocks were split up into dialects, which some-
times differed so widely that the speakers of one of them
could not be understood by the speakers of another. To
work one's
way through maze of idioms, many of
this

them exceedingly harsh and obscure in pronunciation and

intricate in construction, to a correct classification of

tribes and stocks, seemed likely to be a work of no small

difficulty.
But the perplexity was lightened and almost removed
by an aid which, as it appeared, this very difficulty had
called into being. The needs of commerce, that had

suddenly arisen with the advent of the foreign traders,

required some common medium of communication. The
" Trade which came afterwards to be known
Language,"
 ITS ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. 3

" Chinook
as the Jargon," grew into existence. As finally
it has become
" international
developed, really an speech,"
widely diffused among the fifty tribes of Oregon, British
Columbia, and Alaska, and of inestimable service, not
only to commerce, but to science, to missionary efforts,
and to the convenience of travellers. Nor were even
these the chief benefits which have sprung from it. A
well-informed writer, Mr. James Deans, in a recent article

relating to the tribes of British Columbia, gives some

" Pride and
striking evidence on this point. ignorance of
" the
the languages of their neighbours were," he tells us,

principal causes of the wars and ill-feeling between the

various nations. For example, some ill-timed joke would,
through ignorance on the part of the members of another
tribe, be construed into an insult, which their pride would

not allow to go unpunished." This root of infinite mischief

" trade lan-
has been extirpated, he informs us, by that
"
which the traders found
guage or jargon, the Chinook,"
" than "
it necessary to create," which," he adds, I know
nothing that has done so much to civilize our native races.
It stimulated friendly intercourse between tribes, by en-

abling them to converse with each other, whence sworn

1
foes became lasting friends."
The origin and character of this interesting speech
cannot perhaps be better described than in the terms in
which my notes, made during the investigation, were
2
afterwards summarized in my published report. These
1
"The Journal of American Folk-Lore" for July, 1888, p. 123.
a " United States Exploring Expedition, under Charles Wilkes,
4 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:
will here be given with such additional information as
later inquiries have procured.
The British and American trading ships
first appeared

on the north-west coast during the closing years of the

last century. The great number of languages spoken by
the native tribes proved to be a serious hindrance to their
business. Had
chanced that any one of these lan-
it

guages was of easy acquisition and very generally diffused,

like the Chippeway among the eastern tribes, the Malay
in the Indian Archipelago,and the Italian in the Mediter-
ranean, it would, no doubt, have been adopted as the
medium of communication between the whites and the
natives. Unfortunately, all these languages the Nootka,

Nisqually, Chinook, Chihailish, and others were alike

harsh in pronunciation, complex in structure, and each

spoken over a very limited space. The foreigners, there-

fore, took no pains to become acquainted with any of
them. But, as the harbour of Nootka was at that time
he headquarters or chief emporium of the trade, it was
necessarily the case that some words of the dialect there
spoken became known to the traders, and that the
Indians, on the other hand, were made familiar with a
few English words. These, with the assistance of signs,
were sufficient for the slight intercourse that was then
maintained. Afterwards the traders began to frequent
the Columbia River, and naturally attempted to com-
municate with the natives there by means of the words

U.S.N.," vol. vii., "Ethnography and Philology," by Horatio

Hale, 1846, pp. 635-650.
 ITS ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. 5

which they had found intelligible at Nootka. The

Chinooks, who are quick in catching sounds, soon ac-

quired these words, both Nootka and English, and we

find that they were in use among them as early as the

visit of Lewis and Clark, in 1804.

But when, at a later period, the white traders of Astor's

expeditions, and from other made permanent

quarters,
establishments in Oregon, it was soon found that the
scanty list of nouns, verbs, and adjectives then in use
was not sufficient for the more constant and general inter-

course which began to take place. A real language,

complete in all its parts, however limited in extent, was

required ;
and was formed by drawing upon the
it

Chinook for such words as were requisite, in order to add

to the skeleton which they already possessed the sinews
and tendons, the connecting ligaments, as it were, of a
speech. These consisted of the numerals (the ten digits
and the word for hundred), twelve pronouns (I, thou, he,
we, ye, they, this, other, all, both, who, what), and about
twenty adverbs and prepositions (such as now, then,
formerly, soon, across, ashore, off-shore, inland, above,
below, to, with, &c.). Having appropriated these and a
few other words of the same tongue, the Trade Language
" "
or, as it now began to be styled, the Jargon
assumed a regular shape, and became of great service as
a means of general intercourse.
But the new idiom received additions from other
sources. The Canadian voyageurs, as they are called,
who enlisted in the service of the American and British
6 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:
fur companies, were brought more closely in contact
with the Indians than any others of the foreigners. They
did not merely trade, they travelled, hunted, ate, and, in

short, lived with them on terms of familiarity. The

consequence was, that several words of the French lan-

guage were added to the slender stock of the Jargon.

These were only such terms as did not previously belong
to it, including the names of various articles of food and
clothing in use among the Canadians (bread, flour, over-

coat, hat), some implements and articles of furniture

(axe, pipe, mill, table, box), several of the parts of the

body (head, mouth, tongue, teeth, neck, hand, foot), and,

characteristically enough, the verbs to run, sing, and

dance. A single conjunction or connective particle,

puts, corrupted to/<?, and used with the various meanings

of then, besides, and, or, and the like, was also derived
from this source.

Eight or ten words were made by what grammarians

term onomatopoeia, that is, were formed by a rude
attempt to imitate sound, and are therefore the sole and
original property of the Jargon. Considering its mode
of formation, one is rather surprised that the number of
these words is not greater. Liplip is intended to express
the sound of boiling water, and means to boil. Ting-
ting, or, more commonly, tintin (for the nasal sound is

difficult to these Indians) is the ringing of a bell, and

thence any instrument of music. Po, or poo^ is the report
of a gun tiktik is for a watch ; tumtum is the word for
;

heart, and is intended to represent its beating. The

 ITS ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. ^

word turn, pronounced with great force, dwelling on the

concluding m, is the nearest approach which the natives
can make to the noise of a cataract ; but they usually

join with it the English word water making tum-wata,

^

the name which they give to the falls of a river. Mash

represents the sound of anything falling or thrown down
(like the English mash and smash) ;
klak the sound
is

of a rope suddenly loosed from "

its fastenings, or let

go."
All the words thus combined in this singularly con-

structed language, at that stage of its existence, were

found to number, according to my computation, about two
hundred and fifty. Of these, eighteen were of Nootka
origin, forty-one were English, thirty-four French, one
hundred and eleven Chinook, ten formed by onomatopoeia,
and some thirty-eight were of doubtful derivation, though
probably for the most part either Chinook or Nootkan.
But, as might be expected, the language continued to

develop. Its grammar, such as it was, remained the

same, but its lexicon drew contributions from all the
various sources which have been named, and from some
others. In 1863, seventeen years after my list was*/
" Dic-
published, the Smithsonian Institution put forth a
tionary of the Chinook Jargon," prepared by the late
v
George Gibbs, a
thoroughly competent investigator.
His collection comprised nearly five hundred words.
Those of Chinook origin had almost doubled, being
computed at two hundred and twenty-one. The French
had more than doubled, and comprised now ninety-four
8 7 HE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
words. The English terms were sixty-seven. The great
" "
Salish or Flathead stock, with whose tribes, next to
the Chinook, the Oregon traders had the largest relations,
furnished thirty-nine words. The Nootka, in its various
dialects, now yielded twenty-four. The others, about
forty,were due to the imitation of natural sounds, or were
of casual or undetermined derivation.
The origin of some of the words is rather whimsical.
The Americans, British, and French are distinguished by
the terms Boston, Kinchotsh (King George), and Pasaiuks,
which is presumed to be the word Fran$ais (as neither^

r,nor the nasal n can be pronounced by the Indians)

with the Chinook plural termination uks added. The
word for blanket, paseesee, is probably from the same
"
source (fran$aises, French goods or clothing). " Foolish
is expressed by pelton or pilton, derived from the name

of a deranged person, one Archibald Pelton, whom

the Indians saw at Astoria; his strange appearance
and actions made such an impression upon them, that

thenceforward anyone behaving in an absurd or irrational

" like
manner, was said to act kahkwa Pelton, Pelton,"
but the word is now used without the preceding particle.

Since the publication of the vocabulary of Gibbs, no

material change seems to have been made in the lan-

guage. Two later dictionaries of the Jargon have come

into my hands small pamphlets, both printed in Victoria,

B.C., the one in 1878, and the other as late as 1887.

"
The former is announced as the sixth edition," and the
" "
latter is described as a new edition facts which
 ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. 9

sufficiently prove the continued and extensive use of

this "international speech." There can be no doubt
that it will remain a living and useful language so long
as the native tribes continue to speak their own dialects.

Rude and almost formless as it is, the spontaneous pro-

duct of the commercial needs of mingled races, it has

been the source of great and varied benefits. It may
well serve, if not as a model, at least as a finger-post to
direct us to some higher invention for subserving the

larger uses of an advanced civilization. Viewed in this

light, and also as presenting one of the most curious

" "
specimens of a mixed language which philologists
have had the opportunity of analyzing, the Jargon seems
to merit a somewhat careful study.

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION.

In my original account of this language, the usual

" scientific "
orthography was adopted. The vowels had
their
" continental
"
sounds (as in German or Italian),
and the consonants their English pronunciation. But
what was then a purely oral idiom has now become a
written language. Books have been printed in it, and
dictionaries published, in which the English orthography
has been adopted. The defects of this orthography are

well known, but, under the circumstances, we have no

choice but to follow it, making up for its deficiencies by
the necessary explanations.
In the phonetics of the language one point is specially
io THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

interesting, both as illustrating the usual result of the

fusion of two or more languages, and as showing one of
the laws which must govern the formation of any inter-
As the Jargon is to be spoken by English-
national speech.
men and Frenchmen, and by Indians of at least a dozen
tribes, so as to be alike easy and intelligible to all, it

must admit no sound which cannot be readily pronounced

by all. The numerous harsh Indian gutturals either dis-
appear entirely, or are softened to h and k.
1
On the
other hand, the d,f, q, r, v, z, of the English and French
become in the mouth of a Chinook /, p, k, /, w, and s.

The English j (dzh) is changed to ch (tsh) ;

the French
nasal n is dropped, or is retained without its nasal sound.
The following examples will serve to illustrate these and
other changes. In writing the Indian words, the gutturals
are expressed by gh (or kh) and q, and the vowels have
their Italian sounds :

Chinooki Jargon. Meaning.

taqegh, ikeh>, to wish, will, desire.

thliaksO) yakso, hair.

eleghe, illahee, earth, land, country.

etsghot, itshoot, bear.

opthleke, opitlkeh, bow.

tkalaitanam, kali'tan, arrow, shot, bullet.
taghka, yahka, he, his.
ntshaika, nesi'ka, we.
mshaika, mesi'ka, ye.

1
Some writers, however, retain in the Jargon the "digraph"
gh, to express, in some words of Chinook origin, the sound of the
German gutteral ch in Buch.
 ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. ii

Chinook.
12 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

spelling for the English words comprised in the language,

without regard to uniformity.

GRAMMAR.

The grammatical rules are very simple. There are no

inflections. The language has no article. The demon-
strative pronoun, okook, this, occasionally supplies the
place of the English the.

The genitive of nouns is determined merely by the

construction; as, kahtanem mika papa? (lit, what name

thy father), what is the name of your father?

The plural is in general not distinguished in speaking ;

sometimes hyu many, temployed by way of emphasis.

is

The adjective precedes the noun, as in English and

Chinook; as, lasway hakatshum, silk handkerchief;
mesahchie tilikiim, bad people.
" I am
Comparison is expressed by a periphrasis.
stronger than thou," would be wake mika skookum
" thou not The
kahkwa nika, lit., strong as I." super-
lative is indicated by adverbs ; as, hyas oleman okook
canim, that canoe is the oldest, lit., "very old that
canoe;" siah ahnkottie, very ancient (lit., far ago). A
great deal is expressed by the mere stress of the voice ;

hyas" (dwelling long on the last syllable) means exceed-

ingly great. Ahri'kottie, with the first syllable drawn out,

signifies very long ago ;

so hyak?, very quick ; hyu", a

great many tenas*, very small, &c.

;

The numerals are from the Chinook. They are

 GRAMMAR. i$

ikt, one. sinamoxt) seven.

rnoxty two. stotekin, eight.

klone, three. kwaist, nine.

/#&/, four. tahtlelum, lahtlum, ten.
kwinmtm, five. takamonuk, hundred.
tag/mm, or tahkum, six.

The combinations of the numerals are the simplest

possible. Eleven is tahtlum pe ikt, ten and one ;

twelve is

tahtlum pe moxt, &c. Twenty is

thirty, moxt tahtlum ;
klone tahtlum. Thousand is tahtlum takamonuk. " Eigh-
teen hundred and eighty-nine" would be tahtlum pe
stolekin takamonuk stotekin tahtlum pe kwaist.
The personal pronouns are

nika, I. nesika, we.

mika, thou. mesika, ye.
yahka, he. klaska, they.

Nasaika (or ntshaika) in Chinook means "we here,"

excluding the person addressed. In the Jargon, nesika
is used in a more general sense, though alhika (in
Chinook which means " we all "
alghaikd), (including the
person addressed), is sometimes employed by those
who understand the native idiom.
Thepersonal pronouns become possessive merely
by being prefixed to nouns ; as, nika house, my house ;
mika papa, thy father; nesika illahee, our land.
The interrogative pronouns are, klaksta, who ? kata or
ikta, what ? and kunjik, how many or how much ? The
latter is also used for when? i.e. how much time, how
many days ?
14 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
The relative pronouns must, in general, be understood ;

as, kah okoke sahmun mika wawa nika ? where is that

salmon [of which] you told me? Sometimes, however,
the interrogative pronouns supply their place, as in Eng-
lish ; thus, wek nika kumtuks ikta mika wawa, I do not
understand what you say.
Okoke, this or that, is the only demonstrative pronoun.
The indefinite pronouns are, kunamoxt, both ; halo,
none ; konaway, all ; hyu, much or many ; tenas, few or
little ; huloima, other.
In general, the tense of the verb is left to be inferred
from the context. When it is absolutely necessary to
distinguish the time, certain adverbs are employed ; as,

chee, just now, lately alta, now, at present ; winapie, pre-

;

sently ; alkie^ soon ahnkuttie, formerly ; okoke-sun, to-

;

day ; tomolla, to-morrow ; tahlkie, yesterday.

The future, in the sense of "about to," "ready to," is
sometimes expressed by tikeh or tikegh, which means pro-
perly to wish or desire ; as, nika papa tikegh mimaloose, my
father is near dying, or about to die.

A conditional or suppositive meaning is given to a sen-

tence by the words klonass, perhaps, and spose (from the
"
English suppose ") used rather indefinitely. Nika kwass
nika papa klonass mimaloose, I fear my father will die

(lit., I afraid my father perhaps die). Spose mika klatawa

yahwa, pe nika chaco kahkwa, if you will go yonder, I will

follow (lit., suppose you go that way, then I come the

same). Na (or nah) is a common interrogative particle ;

sick na mika, are you sick ?

 GRAMMAR. 15

The substantive verb is always to be understood from

the form of the sentence ; as, mikapelton, thou art foolish ;

hyas oluman mika house, very old (is) thy house.

The adverb usually precedes the adjective or verb
which it qualifies, though it
may sometimes follow the
latter ; as, hyas kloshe, very good ; nika hyas tikeh kum-

tuks, I very much wish to know ; pahtlatch weght, give

more, or again.
There is but one true preposition, kopa, which is used
in various senses, among, about, towards,
to, for, at, in,

&c. ;
but even this may generally be omitted, and the
sentence remain intelligible. Nika klatawa nika house
(I go my house) can only mean "I am going to my
house." Keekwilie^ down, is used in the sense of " be-

neath," and saghalie, high up, in the sense of "above."

Kunamoxt, both, or together, is sometimes used in the

sense of " with."

Only two conjunctions, properly speaking, are found

in thelanguage /te, from the French woidpms, used to
mean and, or, then, but, &c., and spose (often contracted
to pos), from " suppose," employed in the sense of if,

when, in case that, provided that, and in general, as has

been said, as a sign of the subjunctive or conditional

mood.
It will be noticed that these two conjunctions form the

only exceptions to the rule that all the grammatical

elements of the Jargon are derived from the proper
Chinook language. The pronouns and the numerals are
pure Chinook. The fact thus brought to view accords
1 6 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
with the well-known law of linguistic science, that in

every mixed language the grammar is mainly derived

from one of the constituent idioms, which must conse-
quently determine the stock of the composite speech.
The Oregon Trade Language, though framed mainly by
English-speaking men, must be held to be, philologically,
a dialect of the Chinook stock, just as the English, in

spite of its immense store of Romanic words, is properly

classed as a Teutonic idiom.
It may not at first be easy to comprehend how a lan-
guage composed of so few words, thus inartificially com-
bined, can be extensively used as the sole medium of
communication among many thousand individuals.
Various circumstances, however, are to be borne in mind
in estimating its value as such a medium. In the first

place, it is to be observed that many of the words have a

very general sense, and may receive different, though
allied significations, according to the context. Thus
mahkook is to trade, buy, sell, or barter, and, as a noun,
a dealing, bargain, or exchange; hyas mahkook (great
bargain) signifies dear or precious \
tenas mahkook (small
bargain), cheap. Sahhalie (or saghalie) expresses above,

up, over, high, tall, and, as a noun, the upper region,

heaven. Stik, or stick, is stick, wood, tree, forest, club,

cane. Solleks is angry, hostile, to quarrel, fight. Mitlite

is to sit, reside, remain, stop, and may also express to

have and to be ; as, mitlite hyu sahmun kopa mika ? have
you plenty of salmon ? (lit.,
remains much salmon to

you ?) Muckamuck is to take anything into the mouth ;

 GRAMMAR. 17

hence, muckamuck sahmun, to eat salmon; muckamuck

chuck, to drink water ;
muckamuck kinootl, to smoke or
chew tobacco.
But it is in the faculty of combining and compounding
its simple vocables a power which it doubtless derives,
in some degree, from its connection with the Indian

tongues that the Jargon has its capacity for expression

almost indefinitely extended. Three or four hundred
words may be learned without difficulty in a week or
two, and a very short time will make the learner familiar
with their ordinary use and construction. He will then
have no difficulty in understanding the numerous com-
pounds which, if they had been simple words, would
have cost him much additional labour. Almost every
verb and adjective may receive a new signification by
prefixing mamook, to make or cause. Thus, mamook
chaco (to make to come), to bring; mamook klatawa

(make to go), to send or drive away ; mamook po (make

blow), to fire a gun ;
mamook kloshe (make good), to re-
pair, adorn, put in order, cure ;
mamook keekwilee (put
low), to put down, lower, bury ;
mamook klimmin (make
soft, or fine in substance), to soften, as a skin also, to

grind, as wheat ;
mamook papeh (make paper), to write
or draw mamook kumtuks (make to know), to teach.
;

The following instances will show the usual mode of

forming compound terms. From the English words
(adopted into the Jargon) man, ship, stick, stone, sail,

house, skin, are formed shipman, sailor ; shipstick, mast or

spar; stickskin, bark; sailhouse, tent; stickstone, a piece
c
i8 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:
of petrified wood. The latter term was used by a native
who saw a geologist collecting specimens of that descrip-
tion ;
whether it was composed on the spot, or was

already in use, is not known. Hyu-house (many houses)

is the common term for town ; cole-illahee, waum-illahee
(cold country, warm country), mean summer and winter.
Cole-sick-waum-sick (cold sickness, warm sickness), pro-
nounced one word, is the expressive term for the ague-
as

fever.Kopet kumtuks (no longer know) means to forget.

Tenas-man (little man) is the term for boy ; tenas klootsh-
man (little woman), for girl. The usual expression for
God is Saghalie-Tyee, lit. above-chief, or the heavenly
chief. Turn, heavy noise, and wata, make tum-wata, a
cataract. Cole-snass (cold rain) is snow.

Finally, in the Jargon, as in the spoken Chinese, a

good deal is expressed by the tone of voice, the look, and
the gesture of the speaker. The Indians in general

contrary to what seems to be a common opinion are

very sparing of their gesticulations. No languages, pro-

bably, require less assistance from this source than theirs.
Every circumstance and qualification of their thought are
expressed in their speech with a minuteness which, to
those accustomed only to the languages of Europe, ap-

pears exaggerated and idle, as much so as the forms of

the German and Latin may seem to the Chinese. We
frequently had occasion to observe the sudden change
produced when a party of natives, who had been convers-
ing in their own tongue, were joined by a foreigner, with
whom it was necessary to speak in the Jargon. The coun-
 ITS PAST AND FUTURE. 19

tenances which had before been grave, stolid, and inex-

pressive, were instantly lighted up with animation ; the

low, monotonous tone became lively and modulated ;

every feature was active ;

the head, the arms, and the
whole body were in motion, and every look and gesture
became instinct with meaning. One who knew merely
the subject of the discourse might often have compre-

hended, from this source alone, the general purport of

the conversation.

THE PAST AND FUTURE OF THE JARGON.

The notes from which the foregoing account of the

Trade Language has been drawn were made, shortly
chiefly
before the middle of the century, at Fort Vancouver, on
the Columbia River, then the headquarters of the
Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon. The following de-
scription, written at the time, may be cited, as possess-
ing now some historical interest :

" The
place at which the Jargon is most in use is at
Fort Vancouver. At this establishment five languages
are spoken by about five hundred persons, namely, the
English, the Canadian French, the Chinook, the Cree,
and the Hawaiian. The three former are already ac-
counted The Cree is the language spoken in the
for.

families of many officers and men belonging to the

Hudson's Bay Company, who have married half-breed

wives at the ports east of the Rocky Mountains. The
Hawaiian is in use among about a hundred natives of the
20 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:
Sandwich Islands, who are employed as labourers about
the Fort. Besides these five languages, there are many
others, the Chehalis, Wallawalla, Calapooya, Nisqually,
&c., which are daily heard from the natives who visit the
Fort for the purpose of trading. Among all these

persons there are very few who understand more than

two languages, and many who speak only their own.
The general communication is, therefore, maintained
chiefly by means of the Jargon, which may be said to be
the prevailing idiom. There are Canadians and half-

breeds who have married Chinook women, and can only

converse with their wives in this speech ; and it is the
fact, strange as it
may seem, that many young children
are growing up to whom this factitious language is really
the mother-tongue, and who speak it with more readiness
and perfection than any other. Could the state of
things which exists there be suffered to remain a century

might be the formation of a race and

longer, the result
idiom whose affinities would be a puzzle to ethno-
graphers. The tide of population, however, wjrich is

now turning in this direction, will soon overwhelm and

absorb all these scattered fragments of peculiar lineage
land speech, leaving no trace behind but such as may
exist on the written page."
The concluding prediction, which seemed at the time
well warranted, has been but partly fulfilled. The lan-

guage, in fact, seems destined to a long life and wide

usefulness, though in a region somewhat remote from its

original seat. On the site of Fort Vancouver it is now

 ITS PAST AND FUTURE. 21

only heard from stray Indians who have wandered

thither from their reservations. But on the reservations
and in the interior it is still in frequent use. Its great

field of usefulness, however, is now, as has been said, in

the northern regions. In British Columbia and in parts
of Alaska it is the prevailing medium of intercourse
between the whites and the natives. There, too, the
Indian tribes are not likely to die out. Along the rugged
coast and in the mountainous interior there are friths
and defiles which the white settler disdains, but where
the hardy native fishermen, hunters, and trappers find
ample means of livelihood. These natives seem destined
to be hereafter to the whites of the valleys and towns
what the Lapps are to the Swedes, and the Samoyeds to
the Russians, an alien race of semi-barbarous but peace-
ful borderers, maintaining their own customs and lan-
guages, but keeping up a friendly commerce with their
civilized neighbours. This commerce will probably be
carried on for centuriesby means of the Trade Language.
When we note the persistency with which such isolated
tribes preserve their own idioms as in Wales, in the
Scottish Highlands, in the Pyrenees and the Caucasus
we may find reason to believe that the Jargon will still

have its office of an international speech to fulfil, among

the many-languaged tribes of North- Western America,
for hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of years to come.
22 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

THE LANGUAGE AS SPOKEN.

In addition to the examples of construction given in

the foregoing pages, the following colloquial phrases,
written down as they were heard from the natives and
others versed in the idiom, will show the manner in

which it is employed as a medium of ordinary inter-

course :

Nah, siks ! Ho ! friend !

Klahowyah. Good day !

(the common saluta-
tion).
Kah mika house 1 Where is your house ?
Kah mika klatawa f Where are you going ?
Kah mika chahko ? Whence come you ?
Pahtlatch chuck. Give me some water.

Hyas olo chuck nika. I am very thirsty.

Hyas olo muckamuck. Very hungry.
Nika klatawa kopa canim. Iam going in a canoe.
Kopet wawa. Do not talk.
Kunjik mika tillikum ? How many are your people ?

Tahtlum pe klone house kon- Thirteen houses in all.

away.
Nika tikeh muckamuck mowitsh. I want to eat some venison.
Kunjik sahmun mika makook How many salmon do you bring
chahko ? to trade ?

Moxt tahtlum pe quinnum. Twenty-five.

Kahta okok ^vin ? How was the wind ? (What that
wind ?)
Hyas win. Halo win. Strong wind. No wind.
Okok sun hyas waum. The sun (or day) was very
warm.
Kahta nem mika papa ? What is the name of your
father ?
Sick mika papa 1 Is your father sick ?
 COLLOQUIAL AND NARRATIVE PHRASES. 23

Kokshut yahka lepee. His leg is broken.

Natvitha hyas klahowyam yahka. Truly he is very miserable.
Mika na kumtuks alkie snass ? Do you think it will rain ?
Okook stick klataiua illahie. That tree fell to the ground.
Nika hyas tikeh kumtuks ma- I wish very much to learn to
mook papeh. write.
Ahnkottie hyas nika kumtuks Formerly I used to (lit. knew
kapswalla ; alta kelapi nika to) steal much now my;
heart
tumtum. is changed.
Iktah mika wake klatawa kok- Why do you not go and kill
shut eena, alke mika mahkook beaver, and then buy a gun?
musket.
Nawitka konaway nesika tillikum Truly all our people are dead.
memaloose.

Hyas kloshe okook moola y hyak Very good is that mill ; quickly
okook mamook klimminklim- it
grinds (makes fine) the
min okook sapolil. corn.
Wake nesika kumtuks waykut ; We did not know the channel ;

kopa illahie klatawa ship ; the ship went aground ; there

halo chuck ; hyas win ; kok- was no water (to float it) ; a
shut j klimmin chahko / alta strong wind it
perished ;
;

klatawa keekwilee chuck ; wake went to pieces then sank ;

klaksta memaloose; konaway down under water ; nobody

klatawa mahtwillie. was drowned ; all got ashore.
Nesika solleks mesahchie tilli- We fought the enemy (bad
kum ; klone nesika kokshut ; people) ; we killed three ;

moxt kahkwa hyoo nesika. they were twice as many as

we.

The language has already the beginning of a literature.

It has its songs, mostly composed by women, who sing
them to plaintive native tunes. One of these simple

songs, with its music,is given by Mr. J. G. Swan in his

volume, "The North- West Coast," published in 1855.

"
It might be styled Annawillee's Lament.'' The de-
serted wife thus reproves her faithless husband :
24 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Kah mika klatawa ?
Kah mika klatawa ?
Konaway sun
Hyu kely
Annaivillee.
 SONGS.

Yah ! konaway sun nika sick Ah !

every day I am sick at

tumtum, heart,

Kopa nika man kopa Kaliponia. For my husband in California.

Then we have some of the rude " songs of love and

"
jealousy that float among the motley throngs of Indians
and sailors in the native shanties which form the suburbs
of Victoria, Vancouver, and New Westminster :

Klonas kahta nika tumtum I know not how my heart is

Kopa Johnny. Toward Johnny.

Okook tenas man mamook pelton That young man makes a fool of
nika. me.
Aya! Ah me!
Yaya ! Ah me !

Spose inika iskum klotshman, If you take a wife,

Yaya ! Ah me !

Wake mika solleks nika. Do not quarrel with me.

Kultus kopa nika. It is nothing to me.

Kulttis kopa nika It is nothing to me

Spose mika mahsh nika. Ifyou desert me.
Hyu tenas man koolie kopa town ; Many young men go about
town ;
Alkie wekt nika iskum. Soon again I take one.
Wake kul kopa nika . That is not hard for me.

Aya, aya ! Ah me ! ah me !

Ellip nika nanitsh Soon shall I see

Sitka, mesika illahie. Sitka, your country.

Kultus spose nika mimaloose No matter if I die
Yakiua ellip. There speedily.

The missionaries, among whom, both in Oregon and in

British Columbia, there have been men of more than
ordinary talent and cultivation, have not failed to turn to
account this fondness of the natives for verse and song.
26 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
The Rev. Myron Eells, missionary on the Skokomish

Reservation, well known for his valuable contributions to

ethnological science and religious literature, has pre-

"
pared and published a little collection of Hymns in the
Chinook Jargon Language," in which the difficulty of
expressing moral and religious truths in this limited and
purely material speech has been overcome with much
The "
skill. following is sung to the tune of John
"
Brown :

Jesus chaco kopa saghalie ; Jesus came from heaven ;

Jesus hias kloshe. Jesus is

very good.
Jesus wawa kopa tillikums ; Jesus taught the people ;

Jesus hias kloshe. Jesus is very good.

Jesus wawa, wake kliminwhit ; Jesus said, do not lie ;

Jesus hias kloshe. Jesus is

very good.
fesus wawa, wake kapswalla ; Jesus said, do not steal ;

Jesus hias kloshe. Jesus is very good.

Kopa nika Jesus mimaloose ; For me Jesus died ;

Jesus hias kloshe. Jesus is very good.

fesus klatawa kopa saghalie y Jesus went to heaven ;

Jesus hias kloshe. Jesus is very good.

A Ita Jesus mitlite kopa saghalie ; Now Jesus lives in heaven ;

Jesus hias kloshe. Jesus is

very good.
Yahwa Jesus tikegh nika kla- There Jesus wishes me to go ;

tawa ;

Jesus hias kloshe. Jesus is very good.

The "
following, entitled Heaven," is sung to the tune
" A version shows that the hymn
of Greenville." literal

is not devoid of poetical sentiment :

 HYMNS.

Kopa sagkalie konoway tillikums In high heaven all the people

Halo olo, halo sick ; Do not hunger, are not sick ;

Wake kliminwhit, halo sollecks, Say no falsehood, never quarrel,

Halo pahtlum, halo dy. Are not drunken, do not weep.

CHORUS
Jesus mitlite kopa saghalie, Jesus dwells in heaven above,
Kunamoxt konoway tillikums With all people who are good.
kloshe.

Yahwa tillikums wake klahowya, There the people are not

wretched,
Wake sick tumtttm, halo till, Not sad-hearted, never tired ;

Halo mimaloose, wake mesachie, There they die not, are not
wicked,
Wake polaklie, halo cole, There no darkness is, no cold.

Yahwa tillikums mitlite kwane- There the people dwell for ever,

sum,
Hiyu houses, hiyu sing ; Many a home there, many a
hymn ;

Papa, mama, pe kloshe tenas, Father, mother, and good chil-

dren,
Wakut yaka chikamin pil. In the streets of yellow gold.

Jesus potlatch kopa siwash, Jesus will bestow on Indians,

Spose mesika hias kloshe, If you all are very good,

Konoway iktas mesika tikegh, All the things that you can long
for,

Kopa saghalie kwanesum. In high heaven evermore.

Mr. Eells has been accustomed for many years to

preach to the Indians in the Jargon, and he mentions
the curious fact that he sometimes even thinks in this
idiom. I am indebted to his kindness for the copy of a

sermon which was preached in August, 1888, and which

he has been good enough to put in manuscript for me.
2% THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
It will serve to show how this language, limited as it is in

vocabulary, can be made a vehicle, not merely of instruc-

tion, but also of effective argument and persuasion.
Before giving the original, with its interlinear translation,
it may be well to prefix a version in ordinary English, in
which form, as will be seen, it becomes such a discourse
as might have been addressed to the white pupils of a

Sunday school in England or America. Mr. Eells writes :

" of explaining
By way it, I ought to say that, in speak-
ing to the Indians, I am accustomed to use some large

pictures, which I refer to; also that on the previous

Sabbath I had been at Walla Walla, celebrating the semi-
centennial of the organization of the first Presbyterian
church in this region."

MATT, xxviii. 18, 19.

"TwoSundays ago I spoke to you concerning that

picture. There you saw two women coming to the
sepulchre where Jesus lay, on Sunday, just at sunrise.
When they came to the sepulchre they did not see Jesus.
Jesus had risen ;
He was gone. So I told you in that

sermon.
" I wish to explain to you about this picture.
To-day
After Jesus had risen, He continued on the earth forty

days. When the forty days were ended, He desired to

ascend to heaven. So He led the people out of the city
to that place where you behold them. Here you see
Jesus. There are those people. Jesus wished to give
 A SERMON. 29

good instructions to the people before He returned to

heaven.
" Now I will explain to you the teaching of Jesus to
those people. He said to them :
'
It is good that you
should go to every country in all the world, and carry
the Gospel to all nations.' Thus spoke Jesus to them.
"
Jesus was aware that all the nations of the world had
no knowledge of the Gospel. They knew nothing of the
happy home in heaven. They knew nothing of the
Devil's home in the great fire. Jesus knew that the soul
of a man is truly precious that it is more precious than
;

all the money and everything else in the world. So He

wished His people, His missionaries, to go everywhere,
and to help all people to leave the Devil's way, and to find

the way of Jesus.

"
They accepted the teaching of Jesus. One man went
to one country ;
another man went to another country ;

and others went to other lands. Thus it was with all

these missionaries in ancient times. Jesus was gracious

to them and to their work. Jesus helped them ; and
many people in many lands became Christians. Before
all those early missionaries were dead, five hundred
thousand people had become Christians.
"
Now Jesus wishes us to do likewise. He wants us to
help other people to become Christians. Perhaps He
may wish us to go to a distant land, and tell the far-off

people about Jesus' word. Perhaps not. Perhaps He

may want us to speak to the people who are near at
hand. Perhaps He wishes us to give some money to-
30 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
help the missionaries in those far-off lands. In distant
lands in China, in Africa there are many heathens.

They do not want missionaries in their countries ;

so they
will give no money to missionaries in their countries.

Where shall the missionaries get food and other things ?

It is good for us to give some money, and to send the

money to the far-off missionaries, and help them to carry
the words of Jesus to the distant nations. If we are poor
and have not much money, we should give a little money.
Such is the teaching of Jesus.
"
Perhaps we really have no money. Then we should
pray to God that He will help those far-off missionaries.
Jesus will accept our prayers. Thus we shall help to
carry the teaching of Jesus to all countries everywhere.
"
You know that last Sunday I was not with you. I
was far away, at a place called Walla Walla. And why
did I go ? ago American missionaries came
Fifty years
from a distant land to Walla Walla. They wished to
tell the Indians of the Gospel of Jesus. Just fifty years
ago they founded a church there. So now the Christian
people desired to have a celebration. Fifty years ago
these missionaries left their homes in their far American
land, and did just as Jesus had taught. Nearly ten
years they remained at Walla Walla. Then some bad
Indians became very hostile to one missionary, named
Dr. Whitman, and they killed him and his wife and other

persons. Other missionaries became afraid of those

Indians, and left that region. Perhaps many persons
said, 'The teaching of Jesus was not good, when He
 A SERMON. 31

said to the missionaries long ago, that they should go

intoall lands, and carry the Gospel to every people.'

" Was what
they said right ? No Before Dr. Whitman !

died he had given good teaching to the Indians. Other

missionaries had done the same. That teaching was
like good seed. Now this has grown mightily. When I
now go to Walla Walla, I see there an Indian missionary;
he is of the Nez-perces nation. And I know that not

far from Walla Walla there are now ten Indian mis-
sionaries and seven hundred Christians. Fifty years

ago missionaries did according to the word of Jesus, and

bore the Gospel to the Indians, like good seed ; and
now it has become great. Thus we know that the
teaching of Jesus is very good teaching. Jesus wishes
you to do the same. It is good that you should help
other people to become Christians."
The following is the sermon in its original language,
with an interlinear translation. A careful enumeration

shows that to express the whole of its historic and de-

scriptive details, its arguments and its appeals, only

ninety-seven different words of the Jargon are required,

and not a single grammatical inflection. We may learn
from this striking evidence, as Mr. Eells suggests, with
how slender a vocabulary and how little grammar a
language can "get along." Of these ninety-seven words
we find that forty-six are of Chinook origin, seventeen of
Nootka, and two of Salish twenty-three are English,
;

seven are French, and two only are the special property
of the Jargon.
32 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Moxt Sunday ahnkuttie nika mamook kumtux mesika
Two Sundays ago I made know you
kopa okoke papeh. Yahwa mesika nanitch moxt
about this paper (picture}. There you saw two
klootchmen. Klaska chaco kopa mimoloose-illahee, kah
women. They came to death-place, where
Jesus mitlite, kopa Sunday, kopa delate tenas sun.
Jesus lay, on Sunday at just little (early} day.
Spose klaska klap okoke mimaloose-illahee, klaska halo
When they reached that death-place, they did not
nanitch Jesus. Jesus get-up ; yaka klatawa. Kahkwa
see Jesus. Jesus had risen j he was gone. So
nika wawa kopa mesika talkie Sunday.
/ spoke to you (in} discourse of Sunday (sermon}.
Okoke sun nika tikegh wawa kopa mesika kopa okoke
This day I will speak to you about this

papeh. Kimtah Jesus yaka get-up, yaka mitlite kopa

picture. After Jesus he had risen, he continued on
illahee lakit tahtlum sun. Spose kopet lakit tahtlum sun,
earth four ten days. When ended four ten days,

Jesus yaka tikegh klatawa kopa Saghalie. Kahkwa yaka

Jesus he would go to Heaven. So he
lolo yaka tillikums klahanie kopa town, kopa okoke illahie
led those people out of town, to that place
kah mesika nanitch klaska. Yahwa mesika nanitch Jesus.
where you see them. There you see Jesus.
Yahwa yaka tillikums. Jesus yaka tikegh potlatch kloshe
There those people. Jesus he would give good
wawa kopa yaka tillikums, elip yaka killapi kopa
speech to those people before he returned to

Saghalie.
Heaven.
Alta nika mamook kumtux mesika kopa Jesus yaka wawa
Now I make know you about Jesus his speech
"
kopa yaka tillikums. Yaka wawa kopa klaska : Kloshe
"
to those people. He said to them : Good
 A SERMON. 33

mesika klatawa kopa konoway illahee, konoway kah, pe

you go to every cotmtry, every where, and
lolo Bible wawa kopa konoway tillikums." Kahkwa Jesus
carry Bible words to all nations." So Jesus
yaka wawa kopa klaska.
he spoke to them.
Jesus yaka kumtux konoway tillikums, konoway kah,
Jesus he knew all nations, every where,
halo kumtux kopa kloshe home kopa Saghalie. Klaska
did not know about good home in Heaven. They
halo kumtux kopa Lejaub yaka home kopa hias piah.
did not know about the Devil his home in great fire.
Jesus yaka kumtux ikt man yaka tumtum delate hias

Jesus he knew a man his soul truly (of] great

mahkook yaka clip hias mahkook kopa konoway dolla pe
;

price j it more precious than all money and

konoway iktas kopa konoway illahee. Kahkwa yaka
all things in every country. So he
tikegh yaka tillikums, yaka leplet, klatawa konoway
wished those people, those missionaries, go every
kah, pe help konoway tillikums mash Lejaub yaka
where, and help all nations reject Satan his

owakut, pe klap Jesus yaka owakut.

way, and take Jesus his way.
Klaska iskum Jesus yaka wawa. Ikt man klatawa kopa
They received Jesus his words. One man went to
ikt illahee huloima man klatawa kopa huloima illahee
; ;

one country; another man went to another country;

huloima man klatawa kopa huloima illahee kahkwa kopa ;

another man went to another country ; so with

konoway okoke leplet ahnkuttie. Jesus chaco hias
all those missionaries formerly. Jesus became very
kloshe tumtum kopa klaska, kopa klaska mamook. Jesus
good (in} heart to them, to their work. Jesus
yaka help klaska ; pe hiyu tillikums kopa hiyu illahee
he helped them; and many people in many countries
D
34 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
klaska chaco Christian. Elip kopa konoway okoke
they became Christians. Before that all those
lepletmimaloose ahnkuttie, kwinnum tukamonuk thou-
missionaries died anciently, five hundred thou-
sand tillikums chaco Christian.
sand persons became Christians.
Alta Jesus tikegh nesika mamook kahkwa. Yaka tikegh
Now Jesus wishes us to do likewise. He wishes
nesika help huloima tillikums chaco Christian. Klonas
us to help people become Christians. Perhaps
other
yaka tikegh nesika klatawa kopa siyah illahee, pe mamook
he wishes us to go to far countries, and make
kumtux siyah kopa Jesus yaka wawa.
tillikums Klonas
know far about Jesus his words. Perhaps
nations
halo. Klonas Jesus yaka tikegh nesika wawa kopa tillikums
not. Perhaps Jesus he wishes us speak to people
wake siyah. Klonas yaka tikegh nesika potlatch tenas
not far-off. Perhaps he wishes us to give a little

dolla, kahkwa nesika mamook help leplet kopa siyah

money, so we make help missionaries in far
illahee. Kopa siyah illahee, kopa China illahee, kopa
countries. In far countries, in China country, in
nigga yaka illahee, hiyu mesachie man mitlite. Klaska
negro his country, many bad men live. They
halo tikegh leplet kopa klaska illahee ;
kahkwa
do not want missionaries in their countries j so
klaska halo pay dolla kopa leplet kopa klaska
they do not pay money to missionaries in their
illahee. Kah okoke iskum muckamuck pe
leplet
countries. Where those missionaries get food and
huloima iktas? Kloshe nesika potlatch tenas dolla, pe
other things ? Good we give little money, and
nesika mash okoke dolla kopa siyah leplet, pe
we send that money to distant missionaries, and
mamook help klaska lolo Jesus yaka wawa kopa siyah
make help them carry Jesus his words to distant
 A SERMON. 35

tillikums. Spose nesika klahowya kopa dolla, pe halo

nations. If we are poor in money, if not
mitlite hiyu dolla, kloshe nesika potlatch tenas dolla.
have much money, good we give little money.
Kahkwa Jesus yaka wawa.
So Jesus he said.
Klonas nesika delate mitlite halo dolla. Spose kahkwa,
Perhaps we really have no money. If so,
kloshe nesika pray kopa Saghalie Tyee kloshe yaka help
good we pray to Heavenly Chief kindly he help
okoke siyah leplet. Spose nesika mamook kahkwa,
those distant missionaries. If we do thus,
Jesus yaka iskum nesika wawa. Kahkwa nesika help kopa
Jesus he receives our words. So we help in
lolo Jesus yaka wawa kopa konoway illahee konoway
carrying Jesus his words to every nation every
kah.
where.
Mesika kumtux kopa talkie Sunday nika halo mitlite
You know on sermon Sunday I did not stay
kunamoxt mesika. Nika mitlite siyah kopa ikt illahee yaka
with you. I stayedfar-off in a place its
nem Walla Walla. Pe kahta nika klatawa ? Alta nika
name Walla Walla. And why (did} I go? Now I
mamook kumtux mesika. Kwinnum tahtlum cole ahnkuttie,
make know you. Five ten winters ago,
Boston leplet chaco kopa siyahkopa Wallaillahee,
American missionaries came to far country, to Walla
Walla illahee. Klaska tikegh mamook teach siwash kopa
Walla country. They would make teach Indian about

Jesus yaka wawa. Delate kwinnum tahtlum cole ahnkuttie

Jesus his words. Just five ten winters ago
klaska mamook church yahwa. Kahkwa alta Christian
they made church there. So now Christian
tillikums tikegh chee mamook kloshe time. Kwinnum
people wish just make good time. Five
36 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
tahtlum cole ahnkuttie okoke leplet mash klaska
ten winters
ago those missionaries left their
home kopa siyah Boston illahee, pe mamook delate
home in far-off American land, and did just
kahkwa Jesus yaka wawa. Wake siyah tahtlum cole
as Jesus he said. Not far (nearly) ten winters
klaska mitlite kopa Walla Walla illahee pe mesachie ;

they stayed at Walla Walla country ; but bad

siwash chaco hias solleks kopa ikt leplet, Dr
Indians became very angry against one missionary. Dr.
Whitman yaka nem, pe klaska mamook mimoloose yaka
Whitman his name, and they made dead him
pe yaka klootchman pe huloima tillikums. Huloima
and hiswife and other persons. Other
lepletchaco kwass kopa siwash, pe mash siwash yaka
missionaries became afraid of Indians, and left Indians their
illahee. Klonas hiyu tillikums wawa, " Jesus yaka wawa
country. Perhaps many persons said, "Jesus his words
hias cultus, spose yaka wawa ahnkuttie kopa leplet,
very foolish, when he said formerly to missionaries,
kloshe klatawa kopa konoway illahee konoway kah, pe
good go to every country every where, and
lolo Bible kopa konoway tillikums." Okoke delate
carry Bible to every (Was) That true
nation."
wawa? Halo. Elip okoke man, Dr. Whitman, yaka
speech ? No. Before that man, Dr. Whitman, he
mimaloose, yaka potlatch kloshe wawa kopa siwash ;

died, he gave good speech to Indians;

huloima leplet mamook kahkwa. Okoke wawa
other missionaries did likewise. That speaking
kahkwa kloshe seed. Alta yaka chaco hias. Spose nika
like good seed. Now this
becomes great. When I
chee klatawa kopa Walla Walla, nika nanitch yahwa ikt
now go to Walla Walla, I see therean
siwash leplet, Nez-Percd yaka illahee. Pe nika
Indian missionary, Nez-Perce's his country. And I
 THE LORD'S PRAYER. 37

kumtux wake siyah kopa Walla Walla mitlite alta tahtlum

know not far (near) to Walla Walla reside now ten
siwash leplet, pe taghum tukamonuk Christian.
Indian missionaries and six hundred Christians.
Kvvinnum tahtlum cole ahnkuttie, leplet mamook
Five ten winters ago, missionaries did
kahkwa Jesus yaka wawa, pe lolo Bible kopa siwash,
as Jesus he said, and carried Bible to Indians;
kahkwa kloshe seed, pe alta yaka chaco hias. Kahkwa
like good seed, and now this becomes great, So
nesika kumtux Jesus yaka wawa hias kloshe wawa. Jesus
we know Jesus his speech very good speech. Jesus
yaka tikegh mesika mamook kahkwa. Kloshe mesika
he wishes you to do likewise. Good (that] you
help huloima tillikums chaco Christian.
help other people become Christians.

To the foregoing may be added the version (showing at

once the strength and the defects of this idiom) which
Mr. Eells has given, in his Hymn-book, of

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

Nesika Papa klaksta mitlite kopa Saghalie, kloshe
Our Father who lives t in the Above, good
mika nem kopa konoway kah. Kloshe spose mika chaco
thy name over everywhere. Good if thou become
delate Tyee kopa konoway tillikums. Kloshe spose mika
true Chief over all people. Good if thy
tumtum mitlite kopa illahee kahkwa kopa Saghalie. Potlatch
mind is on earth as in the Above. Give
kopa nesika kopa okoke sun nesika muckamuck. Mamook
to us during this day our food. Pi-
klahowya nesika kopa nesika mesachie mamook, kahkwa
ty us for our evil doing, as
38 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
nesika mamook klahowya klaksta man spose yaka mamook
we do pity any man if he does
mesachie kopa nesika. Wake mika lolo nesika kopa kah
evil to us. Not thou carry us to where
mesachie mitlite ; pe spose mesachie klap nesika, kloshe
evil is; but if evil find us, good
mika help nesika tolo okoke mesachie. Delate konoway
thou help us conquer that evil. Truly all
illahee mika illahee,pe mika hias skokum, pe mika delate
earth thy earth, and thou very strong, and thou truly
hias kloshe ;
kahkwa nesika tikegh konoway okoke. Kloshe
very good; so we wish all this. Good
kahkwa.
so.
 TRADE LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH
DICTIONARY.
IN writing the Jargon, philologists like George Gibbs and mission-
aries likeMr. Eells have been compelled, by the demands of the
population for whom they wrote, to adopt the English orthography,
with all its notorious imperfections. The result is, that in many
cases impossible for a stranger to judge from the spelling of a
it is

word how it should be

pronounced. Whether the ow in klahowyah
" know " whether
is pronounced as in the
English "how," or as in ;

"
nanitch is sounded "nah-nitsh," or "nay-nitch ; whether ahnkuttie
is accented on the first or on the second syllable, cannot be known
from the orthography. In the dictionary, therefore, wherever any
doubt can arise, the correct pronunciation is indicated in brackets,
by employing the vowels with their Italian (or German) sounds : a
as in father ; e like a in fate ; i machine
o (long) as in note, or
as in ;

short (8} as in not ; u like oo in pool, or short (u) as in but ; ai like i

in pine ; au like ou in loud. The acute accent (as in klonds) marks
the syllable on which the stress of voice is placed. In many cases
there are various spellings and different pronunciations, which are

given as far as such minute accuracy has seemed likely to be useful.

The letters C., E., F., N., and S., refer to the derivation of
words, and signify Chinook, English, French, Nootka, and Salish.
Words marked J. are considered to be the peculiar property of the
Jargon, as having been formed either in imitation of sounds or by
some casual invention. Unmarked words are of doubtful origin.
In words derived from the Chinook language, the guttural sound
represented by ch in German, and in old English by gh, is sometimes
retained in the Jargon, and is expressed by gh, as in saghalie, tikegh,

iveght, and a few others. Speakers not familiar with this sound will
be understood if they utter it as a
strongly aspirated English k.
This dictionary, it should be stated, is, in the main, a copy (with
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
some additions and corrections) of that of George Gibbs, published

by the Smithsonian Institution in 1863, and now regarded as the

standard authority, so far as any can be said to exist ; but it may be
added that the principal part of that collection was avowedly derived
by the estimable compiler from my own vocabulary, published
seventeen years before.

Bloom, E., broom. Mamook

Abba, well then. bloom, to sweep.
Ahha, C. [aha], yes. See Eyeh. Boat, E., boat.
Ahnkuttie, ahnkottie, C. [an- Boston, American. Boston il-

kati, ankoti], formerly, an- lahee, the United States.

ciently, ago. Moxt sun ahn- By-by, E., by-and-by.
kuttie, two days ago.
Alan, J. [aid], ah oh ! ! Excla- C.
mation of surprise. Calipeen, calipee, F., a rifle.

Alip, first, before. See Elip. (Fr. carabine.}

Alkie, C. [dike, alki], soon, Canim, C. [kanim, kanem],
presently, by-and-by. canoe.
Alloima. See Huloima. Capo, F. [kapo], coat.
Alta, C., now. Chaco, chahko, N. [chako],
Amota, C. [amote], strawberry. to come to become. Chako
;

Anah, J. [ana], exclamation of kloshe, to get well.

pain or displeasure, ah ! oh !
Chakchak, C., the bald eagle.
fie! Chee, C., lately, just now;
Appola, anything roasted. See new.
Lapellah. Chetlo, S., oyster.
Ats, C., younger sister. Chetwoot, S., black bear.
Ayahwhul, S. [ayahwul], to Chikamin, N. [chikamin], iron,
lend ; to borrow. metal ; metallic. T^kope chika-
min (white metal), silver. Pit
B. chikamin, or chikamin pit
Bebee, F. [bibi], to kiss, a (yellow metal), gold, or copper.
kiss. Chikchik, J., waggon, cart,

Bed, E.,abed. wheel.

Bit, E., a sixpenny piece; Chilchil, C., button, star.

dime. Chitsh, S., grandfather.

 DICTIONARY.

Chope, S., grandmother. Diaub, or yaub (diable), devil.

Chotub, S., flea. See Lejaub.

Chuck, N., water, river. Salt Dly, dely, E. [dulai], dry.
chuck, the sea. Skookum chuck Doctin, E., doctor.
(powerful water), rapids. Dolla, tahla, E. [tala], dollar;
Chukkin, S., to kick. money. Dolla seahost (silver
Cly, or kely, E. [kulai], to cry, eyes), spectacles.
lament ; mourning, weeping.
Cole, E., cold, winter, year. E.
Cole illahie (cold country), Eyeh, N. [iyeh], yes.
winter. Tahtlum cole, ten Ehkahnam, C. [ekanam], tale,

years. Kale- sick - ivaum -

sick, story.
the ague-fever. Ehkoli, C. [ekoli], whale.
Comb, E., Mamook
comb. Eena, C., beaver. Eena stik

comb, to comb. Mamook comb (beaver wood), willow.

illahie (to comb the ground), Eenapoo, C. [inapu], louse.

to harrow. Sopen eenapoo (jump-louse),

Cooley, F. (courir), to run, go flea.

about. Ekkeh, brother-in-law.

Coopcoop, C., small dentalium, Elahan, elann, S. [ilahan,
or shell money. ilan], aid, alms. Mamook
Cosho, F. (cochon}, hog, pork. elann, to help.
Siwashcosho (Indian pig), a.sea.\. Elip, or ellip, S. [ilip, or clip],
Cultus, C., worthless, purpose- first, before, sooner, more ;

less merely, simply ; nothing.

; soon, Elip yaka
speedily.
Cultus man, worthless fellow. mimoluse, before he died. Elip
Cultus pot latch free gift. Cultus
, hias mahkook, more precious.
heehee, a joke (merely laughter). Elita, C. [ilaite], slave.
Cultus mitlite, to sit idle Enati, C., across, on the other
(merely sitting). side. See Inati.
Esalth, yesalth [isalth], Indian
D. corn, maize.
Delate, delett, F. (droite) Ethlon, C., fathom. See Itlan.
[delet], straight, direct, true ;

truly, exactly. Delate ktuinnum G.

cole ahnkuttie, just five years Get-up, or ket-op, E., to get
ago. up, rise ; risen.
 THE OREGON 7RADE LANGUAGE.
Glease, E., grease, fat, oil. Howh, J. [hau], inter)., yohoe !

Gleasepiah, candle. See Lak- hurry !

Howh, howh, hurra !
hs*. Ho ! ho !
hurry up !

Howkwutl, C. [haukwiitl], how

'

could, cannot. Howkwutl nika

H. klatawa ? how could I ?
go
Hahlakl, C., wide, open. Hullel, C. [hullel], to shake.
Mamook hahlakl la pote, open Huloima, C., other, another,
the door. different.

Hahthaht, S., the mallard Humm, J., bad odour; stink-

duck. ing. Humm oputsh (stinking
Hakatshum, E., handker- tail), skunk.
chief. Hunlkih, C., crooked, knotted,
Halo, not, none, absent. Halo curled.
mitlite (nothing remains), Huyhuy, J. [huihui], bargain,
empty. Halo seahost (no eyes), exchange, barter ;
to change.
blind. Halo ikta (no goods), Huyhuy lasell, change the
poor. Halo dolla, without saddle. Huyhuy tumtutn, to
money. change the mind.
Haul, E., to haul, pull. Hwah, hwahwa. J. (exclama-
Heehee, J., to laugh, laughter, tion of surprise, admiration,
amusement. Mamook heehee, or earnestness), aha ! dear
to make fun, to jest. Heehee me !

house, place of amusement, as Hyak, C. [hai'ak], swift, quick ;

a tavern or bowling alley. hurry ! hasten !

Heehee limah, gambling. Hyas, bias, N. [haias], great ;

Help, E., to help. very. Hyas tyee, great chief.

Hias, great. See Hyas. Hias mahcook, great price,
Hiyu, much. See Hytt. dear. Hyas ahnkottie, long
Hohhoh, J. , to cough. ago.
Hokumelh, S., to gather, Hykwa, hyakwa, N., shell-

glean. money ; the dentalium. See

Home, home.
E., Coopcoop.
Hoolhool, C., mouse. Hyas Hyu, hyoo, N. [haiu], much,
hoolhool (big mouse), rat. many, plenty, enough. Hyu
House, E., house. Mahkook tiliikum, many people. Tenas
house (trading house), shop. hyu (little many), some.
 DICTIONARY. 43

I. Itlwillie, ilwillie, C. [itlwili],

Ikkik, C., fishhook. flesh, meat.

Ikpooie, C. [ikpui], to shut, Itswoot, itshoot, C., the black
close ; closed, shut up. Ikpooie bear. Itshoot paseesie, thick

lapote, shut the door. Ikpooie dark cloth or blankets.

kwolann (closed ear), deaf.

Ikt, C., one, once ; a, an. Ikt

K.
man, a man. Ikt-ikt man,
someone or other. Ikt nika Kah, C., where, whither,
klatawa kopa yaka house, I whence. Kah mika mitlite,
went once to his house. where do you live ? Konoway
Iktah, ikta, C., what, why kah, everywhere.
(same as kahta}. Iktah okook, Kahdena, C., to fight.
what is that ? Kahkah, J., a crow.
Iktah, iktas, C., thing, goods. Kahkwa, N., like, equal with,
Hyu tenas iktas, many little so, as, thus. Kahkwa nika
things. tumtum (such my heart), so I
Illahee, illahie, C. [ilahi], the think. Kloshe kahkwa (good
earth, land, dirt. Saghalie so), that is right.
illahee, high land, mountain, Kahnaway, C. [kanawe],
heaven. acorns.
Inati, eenati, C. [matai], across, Kahp'ho, C., elder brother,
opposite. Inati chuck, on the sister, or cousin.
other side of the river. Kahta, C., how, why, what.
Ipsoot, C. [ipsut], to hide, keep Kahta mika chaco ? why have
secret ; hidden ; secretly. you come ? Kata mika nem ?
Isik, C. [isik], a paddle. Ma- what is your name ?
mook to
paddle.
isik, Isik Kalakalahma, C., a goose.
stick (paddle-wood), the elm. Kalakwahtie, C. [kalakwati],
Iskum, C., to take, receive, inner bark of the cedar ;

get, hold. woman's petticoat of bark.

Itlan, it'hlan, C., a fathom ; Kalakwahtie stick, cedar tree.
the length of the extended Kalitan, C. [kalaitan], arrow,
arms. bullet, shot. Kalitan lesac,
Itlokum, C. [itlokum], the quiver, shot-pouch.
"
game of hand," a gambling Kalakala, kullakulla, C. [ka-
game. lakala], bird, fowl.
44 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Kamass, camass, lakamass, Kimta, C., behind, after, after-
N., camass root, Scilla escu- wards, last, since.

lenta. Kintshautsh,E. [King George],

Kamooks, C. [kamuks], dog. English. Kintshautsh man,
Kahkwa kamooks, like a dog, Englishman.
beastly. Kinootl, kinoos, C. [kainutl],
Kamosuk, C. [kamosiik], tobacco.
beads. Kishkish, C., to drive, as

Kapsualla, kapswalla, to cattle.

steal. Kiwa, J. [kaiwa], crooked.

Katsuk, kotsuk, C., middle, Kiyah, S., entrails.
centre. Klah, C., free, clear in sight. ;

Kaupy, E., coffee. Klahanie, C. [klahani], out,

Kawak, S. [kawak], to fly. without. Klahanie kopa town,

Kawkawak, C. [kakawak], out of town.

yellow, or pale green. Klahowya, C. [klahaiiya], how

Keekwilee, keekwillie, C. do you do? good-bye ! The
[kikwili], low, below, under, common salutation.
down. Manwok keekwilee, to Klahowyam, klahowya, C.
lower. [klahauy&m], poor, wretched,
Keepwot, or keepwah, C., pitiable, pitiful.
Mamook
needle, thorn, sting of an in- klahowyam, to be pitiful or
sect. Shoes keepwot, an awl. generous.
Kehwa, because. Klahwa, C., slow, slowly.
Kelapi, kilapie [kilapai], to Klak, C., off, out, away.
turn, return, overturn, upset. Mamook klak, take off, untie,

Elip yaka kelapi, before he re- put away.

turns. Kelapi canem, to upset Klaksta, C., who ? what one ?

a canoe. Mamook kelapi, to Halo klaksta, no one.

send back. Klakwan, S., to wipe or lick.

Kely. See Cly. Klale, C. [klel], black, dark

Ketling, or killing, E., kettle, blue, or green ; dark, igno-
can, basin. rant.

Ket-op. See Get-up. Klap, C., to find.

Keuatan, C. [kiuatan], horse. Klapite, or klapote, C.

Kilitsut, C., flint, bottle, glass. [klepait], thread, twine.

Killapie. See Kelapi. Klaseess, C., stars.
 DICTIONARY. 45

Klaska, or kluska, C, they, Ko, C, to reach, arrive at,

their, them. attain.

Klatawa, N., to go, walk. Koko, J., to knock. Koko stick

Klawhap, C. [klahwap], a hole. (knock-tree), woodpecker.

Klemahun, S. [klemahun], Kokshut, kokshutl, N., to

wound, spear.
to stab, break, kill, destroy ; broken,
Klementikote, C., to lie. See destroyed, killed.
Kliminwhit. Konaway, C. [konawe], all,
Klitl, or klilt, C., sour, bitter. every. Konaway kah, every-
Klikamuks, C., blackberries. where.
Klikwallie, C. [klikwali], brass Koosah, C., sky.
wire, brass armlet. Kopa, formerly kwapa, C.
Kliminwhit, klemanawit, C., [kopa, or kopa], to, in, at,

a lie, falsehood ; to lie. with, towards, of, about, con-

Klimmin, klimmin-klimmin, cerning ; there.

C., soft ; fine in substance. Kopet, kwapet, C. [kopet,

Klip, C., deep, sunken. kwapet], to stop, leave off;
Kliskwiss, C., mat. finished
; enough. Kopet to-
Klohkloh, C., oysters. See malla, day after to-morrow.
Ghetto. Kopet kumtuks (no longer
Klonass, C. [klonas], perhaps ; know), to forget.
I do not know it is doubtful.
; Kow, C. [kau], to tie, fasten;
Kohlkohl, C., mouse. See a parcel, bundle.
Hoolhool. Kull, C., hard, solid, difficult.

Klone, C. [klon], three. Kullah, S. [kulah], fence, en-

Klook, E., crooked. closure.

Klootchman, N., woman, Kumtuks, N., to know, under-

female. Tenas klootchman, stand ; knowledge, acquain-
little woman, girl. tance. Kopet kumtuks (cease to

Kloshe, N., [klosh], good, well. know), to forget. Halo kumtuks

Kloshe spose, well (is it) if. (no understanding), stupid.
Kloshe spose nika klatawa ? Kunamoxt, C. [kun'amokst],
shall I go? (lit. well, if I both, together. Kunamoxt
go?) kahkwa, both alike.

Kluh, C., to tear. Kunjik, kunsic, kunjuk, C.,

Klukkul, C., broad or wide, as how many, when, ever. Wake
a plank. kunjik (not ever), never.
46 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Kushis, S., stockings. Lacaset, F. [lacaset], a box,
Kwaddis, J., whale. trunk, chest.
Kwahta, E., quarter of a dollar. Lacloa, F., a cross.
Kwanesum, C. [kwanisum], Lab, v., C., to lean, to tip (as a

always, for ever. boat), to stoop, to bend over

Kwaist, C. [kwaist, or kwest], (as a tree).
nine. Lagome, F., pitch, glue, gum.
Kwalal-kwalal, C., to gallop. Lagween, a saw.
Kwahl, S., aunt. Lahash, F., an axe or hatchet.
Kwan, C., glad ;
tamed. Lake, E., lake.
Kwass, C-, fear, afraid, tame. Lakit, C. [lahkit], four.
Kwates, kwehts, S. [kwets], Lakless, F. [lakles], fat, oil.

sour. See Glease.

Kwehkweh, J., a mallard duck. Lala, long time.

J., Wake
Kwekwiens, S., a pin. not long.
lala,

Kweokweo, C., ring, circle. Lalah, C. [laid], to cheat, trick,

Kwinnum, C., five. joke with.
Kwitl, C., to shoot, hunt, kill. Lalahm, F., an oar. Mamook
Kwish, or kweesh (exclama- lalahm, to row.
tion of refusal), pooh ! no Lalang, lalan, F., the tongue ;

indeed !
language.
Kwitshadie, S., hare, rabbit. Laleem, F., a file.

Kwolann, S. [kwolan], the ear. Larness, F., the ceremony of

Kwulh, hwult, C., to hit, the mass.

strike, or wound (without Lamestin, lametchin, F.,

cutting). medicine, physic.

Kwunnum, S., counting. Lammieh, F. [lamie], an old
Mamook kwunnum, to count. woman (la vieille).

Kwutl, C., to push, squeeze ; Lamonti, F. [lamontai], a

tight, fast.
mountain.
Lapeashe, F. [lapiesh], a trap

L. (lapiege}.
Lapeep, F., tobacco-pipe.
Lableed, F., a bridle. Lapehsh, F., pole (laperche).
Laboos, F. [labus], mouth. Lapellah, J. [lapeld], roasted.

Labooti, F. [labutai], bottle. Mamook lapellah, to roast be-

Lacalat, F. [lakalat], carrot. fore the fire. See Appola.
 DICTIONARY. 47

Lapell, F. [lapel], a shovel or Lecock, F., a cock, a fowl.

spade. Ledoo, F. [lidu], finger (le

Lapeosh, F. [lapiosh], a mat- doigt\

tock, a hoe. Lejaub, F., devil (le diable).
Laplash, F., board (laplanche). Lekleh, F. [likle], key.
Lapoel, F. [lapoel], a stove. Lekloo, F., nail.
Lapool, F., fowl, poultry. Lekoo, F., neck.
Si-wash lapool (Indian fowl), Lekye, spot, spotted ; a pie-
grouse. bald horse.

Lapooshet, F., fork (la four

-
Leloba, F., ribbon (If rubari).

chelte). Leloo, F., wolf.

Lapote, F.,door. Lemah [lima], or lehma [lema],
Lasanjel, F., girth, sash, belt F., hand.

(la sangle). Lemahto, F. , hammer (le mar-

Lasee, F., a saw. teau}.
Las ell, F., saddle. Lemel, F. [limel], mule (le

Lashalloo, F. [lashalu], plough mulet).

(la charue). Lemolo, F., wild, untamed (le

Lashandel, F., candle. marron).

Lashase, F. [lashes], chair. Lemooto, F., sheep.
Lashen, F. [lashen], a chain. Lenay, F., nose.
Lassiett, F. [lasiet], a plate. Lepan, F. [lipan], bread.
Lasway, F., silk. Lepee, F., foot.
Latahb, F., table. Lepishemo [lipishimo], saddle-
Latet, F. [latet], the head. housing.
Latlah, F. Qatla], noise. (F. Leplet, F. [liplet], priest, mini
faire du train, to make a ster, missionary (le pretre].

noise.) Lepome, F. [lipom], apple.

Lawen, F. [lawen], oats Lepwah, F. [lipwa], peas.

co
(Favoine). Lesak, F. [lisak], bag, pocket.
Lawest, F., waistcoat, vest. Lesap, F. [lisap], egg, eggs co
Lazy, E., lazy. (les ceufs).

Lebardo, F., shingle (le bar- Lesook, F., sugar.

deau}. Letah, F. [lita], the teeth (les

Lebal, F. [libal], ball, bullet. dents}.

Lebiskwie, F., biscuit, crackers, Lewhet, F. [lihwet], a whip
hard bread. (lefouet).
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Lice, E., rice. Memaloose. See Mimaloose.
Liplip, J., to boil. Mesachie, C. [mesatshi], bad,
Liskwis, C., mat. See Klis- wicked.
kwiss. Mesika, C. [misaika], ye, you,
Lolo, C., to carry, take. yours.
Loloh, C. [lolo], round, whole, Mika, C. [maika], thou, thy,
complete. thine.

Lope, E., rope. Mimaloose, C., to die; dead.

Lum, E., rum, ardent spirits. Mimaloose illahee (death
ground), cemetery, sepul-
M. chre.

Mahkook, N. [makuk], to trade, Mimie, C. [mafmi], down

buy or sell ;
a bargain. stream.
Mahsh, or mash, F., to leave, Mistchimas, N., slave.

put away, remove (marcher}. Mitass, J. [mitas], leggings.

Mahsie, F., to thank. Mitlite, C. [mitlait], to sit, stay,
Mahtlinie, C. [matlini], off reside ; to be, have.

shore; (in boating) keep off! Mitwhit, C., to stand. Mit-

(if on land) towards the whit stick (standing-tree), mast.
water. Moxt, C., two, twice. Moxt
Maht willie, C. [matwili], in poh, double-barrelled gun.
shore, shoreward ; keep in !
Moola, F., mill. Stick moola

(on land) towards the woods, (wood mill), saw-mill.

or inland. Moon, E., moon.
Malah, C.
[mala], tinware, Moosmoos, C., buffalo.
earthenware, dishes. Moosum, S., to sleep ; sleep.
Malieh, F. [malie], to marry. Mowitsh, or mawitsh, N.
Mama, E., mother. [mauitsh], deer, wild animal.
Mamook, N. [mamuk], to Muckamuck, J., food ; to eat,

make, do, work. Used gene- bite, drink.

rally as a causative verb, as, Musket, E., musket, gun.

mamook chaco (make to come),
bring mamook liplip^ make
;

to boil. N.

Man, man, male. Tenas

E., Na, or nah,J., the interrogative

man, young man, boy. particle. Sick na mika ? Are

M class, F., molasses. you sick.
 DICTIONARY. 49

Nab, or naah !
J., inter)., ho !
Opekwan, C. [opikwan], bas-

hey ! look here ! Nah sikhs ! ket ; tin kettle.

halloo, friend !
Opitlkeh, C. [opitlkeh], bow.
Nanitsh, N. [nanitsh], to see, Opitsah, C. [opitsah], knife.
look, seek. Opoots, C. [oputs], tail; hinder
Nawitka, C., certainly, in- part ; stern of vessel.
deed. Ow, C. [au], younger brother.
Nem, E., name.
Nesika, C. [nisaika], we, us, P.
our. Pahtl, C., full. Pahtl lum, or
Newha, C. [niwha], here; come pahtlum of rum), drunk.
(full
here. Pahtl chttck (full of water), wet.
Nigga, E., negro, African. Paint, or pent, E., paint.
Nika, C. [naika], I, me, my, Papa, E. and F., father.
mine. Papeh, E. [pepah], paper, let-

Nose, E., nose ; promontory ; ter, picture.

prow of boat. Paseesee, F., blanket, woollen

cloth (i.e., Fran$aises, French
O. goods).
Okoke, or okuk, C. [okok], Pasiooks, F. [pasaiooks],
this, that, it. French, Frenchmen (from
Oleman, E. [oliman], old man ; Fran$aisy with the Chinook
old, worn out. plural termination, uks).
Olhiyu, C. [olhaiyu], a seal Pay, E., pay.
(phoca). Pechuh, or pechuk, C. [pit-

Olillie, or olallie, C. [olili], shvih'), green.

berries. Shot olillie, huckle- Pe, or pee, F., and, then, or,
berries. Seahpolt olillie (cap- but (Fr. puis).
berries), raspberries. Pehpah. See Papeh.
Olo, C., hungry, craving. Olo Pelton, J., a fool, foolish,
chuck, thirsty. Olo moosum, crazy.
sleepy. Peshak, or peshuk, N., bad.
Oluk, S., make. Pewhattie, C., thin, slight,
Ooskan, or oiskin, C., cup, flimsy.
bowl. Pi ah, E., fire, cooked, ripe.
Owakut, C., road. See Way- Mamookpiah, to cook. Piah-
hut. ship, steamer.
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE,
Pil, C., red. Pildolla, gold. Seahhost, or seaghost, C.

Pilpil, J., blood. [siahost], face, eye, eyes.

Pish, E., fish. Seahpo, or seahpolt, F. [sia-
Pishpish, cat. See Pusspuss. po], hat or cap. (Fr. cha-
Pitlil, thick, as molasses. peau. )
Piupiu, F. [piupiu], to stink. Shame, or shem, E., shame.
(Fr. puer.) Shantie, F., to sing.
Poh, J., a puff of breath. Ma- Shelokum, C. [shilokam],
mook poh, to blow out, as a glass, looking-glass.
candle, to fire a gun. Ship,E., ship. Shipman, sailor.

Polallie, F. [polali], gunpow- Shoes, E., shoes, mocassins.

der, dust, sand. (Fr. poudre.) Stick shoes (lit. wooden shoes),
Poolie, F., rotten. stiff leathern shoes.
Pos. See Spose. Shot, E., shot, lead.
Potlatsh, or pahtlatsh, N., to Shugah, E., sugar.
give ;
a gift. Shut, E., shirt.

Pray, E., to pray. Shwahkuk, E. , frog.

Pukpuk, J., a blow with the Seed, E., seed.
fist. Siah, N. [saia], far, far off.

Pusspuss, or pishpish, E., Wake siah, not far, near.

cat. Hyas pusspuss, panther. Siam, C. [saiam], the grizzly
bear.

Sick, E., sick, sickness. Sick

S.
tumtum, grieved, sorry, sick
at heart.
Saghalie, or sahhalie, C. [sa-
hali], above, up, high ; heaven ; Sikhs, C., friend.
Sinamoxt, C. [sinamokst],
heavenly. Saghalie tyee (hea-
God. seven.
venly chief),
Sail, or sell, E., sail, cotton or Sing, E., to sing ; song.

linen cloth. Sitkum, C., half, part. Sitkum

half-a-dollar. Sitkum
Sakoleks, C. [sakoleks], trou- dolla,

sun, noon. Tenas sitkum,

a
sers, leggings.

Salmon, or sahmun, E. [sa- quarter, or small part.

to
mun], salmon. Sitshum, S. [sit-shum],

Salt, E., salt. swim.

Sapolill, C., wheat, corn, flour, Siwash, F. [saiwash], Indian.

or meal. (Fr. sauvage.)
 DICTIONAR Y.
Skin, E., skin. Stickskin (lit. Tahtlum, tahtelum, C., ten.
tree-skin), bark. Takamonuk, C., hundred.
Skookum, or skookoom, S., Talapus, C., coyote, prairie
strong ; a demon, ghost. wolf.

Skwiskwis, C., squirrel. Talkie, E., speech, discourse.

Smoksmok, C., grouse. Sunday talkie, sermon.
Smoke, E., smoke, clouds, fog, TamahnowuSjC. [tamanowus],
steam. luck, fortune, magic ; sorcerer.

Snass, J., rain. Colesnass (cold Tamolitsh, C. [tamolitsh], tub,

rain), snow. barrel, bucket.
Soap, E., soap. Tanse, E. or F., dance.

Solleks, orsahleks, J., angry ; Tahnkie, C., yesterday. See

anger. Mamook solleks, to Tahlkie.

fight. Tea, E., tea.

Sopena, C. [sopina], to jump, Teahwit, C. [tiawit], leg,

leap. foot.

Spoon, E., spoon. Tenas, or tanas, N. [tenas],

Spose, E., suppose, if, when. small, few, little, young ; child.

(Often pronounced p5s.) Tepeh, C. [tepeh], quill, wing.

Stick, E., stick, tree, wood ; Tikegh, or takeh, C. [tikeh],
wooden. Ikt stick, one yard. to want, wish, love, like.

Stocken, E., stocking, sock. Tiktik, J., a watch.

Stoh, C. , loose ; to untie, set free. Tilikum, or tillikum, C.,
Stone, E., stone, rock, bone, people.
horn. Till, or tull, E., tired, heavy ;

Stotekin, C. [stotkin], eight. weight. (English, tire.}

Stutshin, E., sturgeon. Tintin, J., bell ; to ring.

Sun, E., sun, day. Tenas sun Tipso, C., grass, leaves, fringe,
(little sun), early morning. feathers, fur. Dly tipso, hay.
Sunday, E., Sunday. Ikt Sun- T'kope, C., white, light-co-
day, one week. Hias Sunday loured.

(great Sunday), a holiday, Tl'kope, C., to cut, hew, chop.

Christmas. Toh, or tooh, J., spitting.
Mamook toh, to spit.
T. Tolo, J., to earn, gain, win,
Taghum, or tohum, C., six. conquer.
Tahlkie, C., yesterday. Tomolla, E., to-morrow.
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Tot, S., uncle. W.
Toto, J., to shake, sift, win- Wagh,C., to pour out; to vomit.
now. Wake, N., no, not.
Totoosh, J. [totush], breast, Wakut. See Wayhut.
udder, milk. Wash, E., to wash.
Towagh, C., bright, shining, Watah, E., water. See Chiick

light. and Tumwata.

Tsee, C., sweet. Waum, or wahm, E., warm.
Tseepie [tsipi], to mistake. Wawa, or wauwau, N., to
Tseepie wayhut, to take the talk, speak ; speech, talking,
wrong path. word.
Tsikstik, J.,waggon,cart, wheel. Wayhut, wehkut, owakut,
Tsiltsil, or chilchil, C., but- C., road, track, path.
tons ; stars. Weght, or weht, C, again,
Tsolo, J., to wander, to lose also, more.
the way. Winapie, N. [winapi], soon.
Tsugh, C., a crack or split. presently.
Mamook tsugh, to split. Wind, or win, E., wind,
Tukamonuk, C. [tukamonuk], breath, life.

hundred.
Tukwilla [tiik'willa], nuts. Y.
Tumchuck, waterfall. See Yahka, or yaka, C., he, she, it ;

Tumwata. his, hers, &c.

Tumtum, J., the heart; will, Yahwa, C., there, thither,

mind, feeling, thought, soul ; thence, beyond.

to think, feel. Yakso, C., hair.
Tumwata, J. and E., water- Yakwahtin, C., entrails.

fall. Yiem, S. [yaiem], a story, tale ;

Tupshin, or tipsin, S., needle. to relate.

Tupso. See Tipso. Yootl, S., pleased, proud.

Tyee, N. [taii], chief. Yootlkut, C., long, length.
Tzum, C., spots, stripes, marks, Yootskut, C., short.
figures, writing, painting. Ma- Yukwa, or yakwa, C., here,
mook tzum, to write. hither, this way.
 DICTIONARY. 53

ENGLISH AND TRADE LANGUAGE.

A. Beaver, eena.
Above, saghalie, sahhalie. Because, kehwa.
Across, inati. Bed, bed.
Afraid, k-zvass. Before, elip.
After, kimta. Behind, kimta.
Again, weght. Bell, tintin.
All, konaway. Belly, yakwahtin.
Always, kwanesum. Below, keekwillie.

American, Boston. Belt, lasanjel.

Amusement, heehee. Berries, olillie.

And, pe. Best, elip kloshe.

Anger, angry, solleks. Bird, kallakala.
Apple, lepome. Biscuit, lebiskivee.
Arrive, ko. Bitter, klihl.
Arrow, kalitan. Black, klale.
As, kahkwa. Blackberries, klikanmks,
At, kopa. Blanket, paseesie.
Aunt, kwalh. Blind, halo seahhost.
Axe, la hash. Blood, pilpil.
Blow out, mamook poh.
B. Blue, klale.
Bad, mesachie, peshuk. Blunder, to, tseepie.

Bag, lesak. Board, plank, laplash.

Ball, lebal. Boat, boat.
Bargain, to, mahkook, huyhuy. Boil, to, liplip.
Bark (of tree), stickskin. Bone, stone.
Barrel, tamolitsh. Borrow, to, ayahwhul.
Basket, opekwan. Both, kunamoxt.
Beads, kamosuk. Bottle, labooti.
Bear (black), chetwoot, itswoot Bow, opitlkegh.
(grizzly), siam. Bowl, ooskan.
Beat, to, kokshut. Box, lacaset.
54 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Bracelet, klickwallie. Clams, ona,
Brave, skookum tumtum. Clear up, chahko klah.
Bread, lepan. Cloth (cotton), sail.
Break, to, kokshitt. Cloud, smoke.
Breasts, totoosh. Coat, capo.
Bridle, lableed. Coffee, caupy.
Bright, towagh. Cold, cole.

Broad, klukulh. Comb, comb.

Broom, bloom. Come, to, chahco.
Brother, elder, kahpo. Confess, to, yiem.
Brother, younger, aw. Conjuring, tamahnous.
Brother-in-law, ekkeh. Cook, to, mamook piak.
Bucket, tamolitsh. Copper, pil chikamin.
Buffalo, moosmoos. Cord, tenas lope.

Bullet, lebal, kalitan. Corn, esalth.

Bundle, kow. Cotton cloth, sail.

But, pe. Cough, hohhoh.

Butter, totoosh lakless. Count, to, mamook kwunnum.
Buttons, tsiltsil. Cousin. See Sister and Brother.
Buy, to, mahkook. Coyote, talapus.
By -and -by, winapie, alkie. Crazy, pelton.
Cream-coloured, leclem.
C. Crooked, kiiua.

Candle, laskandel, glease piak. Cross, lacloa.

Carrot, lacalat. Crow, kahkah.
Carry, to, lolo. Cry, to, cly.

Cart, tsiktsik. Cup, ooskan.

Cat, pusspussy pishpish. Curly, hunlkih.
Cataract, tumwata. Cut, to, tlkope.

Cattle, moosmoos.
Certainly, nawitka.
Chain, lashen, chikamin lope. D.
Chair, lashas e. Dance, to, tanse.

Cheat, to, lalah. Dark, polaklie.

Chicken, tenas lapool. Day, sun.
Chief, tyee. Dead, mimaloose, memaloost.
Child, tenas. Deaf, ikpooie kwillan.
 DICTIONARY. 55

Different, huloima. F.
Difficult, hull. Face, seahhost.
Dig, to, mamook illahie. Falsehood, kliminwhit.
Die, mimaloose. Far, siah.
Dime, bit, or mit. Fast (quick), hyak.
Do, to, mamook. Fast (tight), kioutl.
Doctor, doctin. Fasten, to, kow.
Dog, kamooks. Fat, glease.
Dollar, dolla, or tahla. Father, papa.
Door, lapote. Fathom, itlan.
Down stream, mimic. Fear, kwass.
Drink, to, muckamuck. Fence, kullagh.
Drive, to, kishkish. Fetch, to, mamook chahko.

Drunk, pahtlum. Fever, ivaum-sick.

Dry, defy. Few, tenas.

Duck, kwehkweh. Fight, to, kahdena, mamook

Dust, polallie. solleks.

Fight with fists, mamook puk-

puk.
E. Figured (as calico), tzum.
Eagle, chakchak. File, laleem.
Ear, kwolann. Fill, to, mamook pahtl.
Early, tenas sun. Find, to, Map.
Earn, to, tolo. Fingers, ledoo.
Earth, illahie. Fire, piak.
Eat, to, muckamuck. First, elip.

Egg, lesap, lezep. Fish, pish.

Eight, stotekin. Fishhook, ikkik.
Elk, moo lock. Five, kwinnum.
Enclosure, kullagh. Flea, sopen enapoo.

English, Kinchautsh. Flesh, itlwillie.

Enough, hiyu, kopet. Flint, kilitsut.
Entrails, kiyagh. Flour, sapolill.
Evening, tenas polaklie. Fly, to, kawak.
Every, konaway. Fog, smoke.
Exchange, huyhuy. Food, muckamuck.
Eyes, seahhost. Fool, foolish, pelton.
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Foot, lepee. Grass, tipso.
For ever, kwanesum. Grease, glease, lakless.
Forget, to, maklie, kopet kum- Green, pechugh.
tuks. Grey, grey horse, legley.
Fork, lapoushet. Grizzly bear, siam.
Formerly, ahnkuttie. Ground, illahie.

Four, lakit. Grouse, smoksmok.

Fowl, lapool. Gun, musket, sukwalal.
French, pasiooks.
Friend, sikhs. H.
Frog, schwakuk, Hair, yakso.
Fry, to, mamook lapoel. Half, sitkum.
Frying-pan, lapoel. Hammer, lemahto.
Full, pahtl. Hand, lemah.
Fun, heehee. Handkerchief, hakatshum.
Hard, kull.

G. Hare, kwilshadie.
Gallop, to, kwalalkwalal. Harrow, to, mamook comb ilia-

Gamble, to, heehee limah. hie.

Gather, to, hokumelh. Hat, seahpo, seahpolt.

Get, to, iskum. Haul, haul.
Get out, mahsh. Hay, dly tipso.
Get up, get-up, or ket-op. He, his, yahka, yaka.
Ghost, skookum. Head, latet.
Gift, cultus potlatsh. Heart, tumtum.
Give, Heaven, saghalie illahie.
to, potlatsh.
Glad, kwann. Heavy, till.

Go, to, klatawa. Help, to, mamook elann.

God, saghalie tyee. Here, yukwa.

Gold, pil chikamin. Hide, to, ipsoot.

Good, kloshe, or klose. High, saghalie, sahhalie.

Good-bye, klahowya. Hit, to, kivuPh.

Goods, iktah. Hoe, lapeosh.
Goose, whuywhuy, kalakalah- Hog, cosho.

ma. Hole, klawhap.

Grandfather, chope. Holiday, hias Sunday.
Grandmother, chitsh. Horn, stone.
 DICTIONARY. 57

Horse kiutan.
f Language, lalang.
House, house. Large, hyas.
How, kahta. Lately, chee.
How are you ? klahowya ? Laugh, heehee.
How many ? kunjik ? kunsik ? Lazy, lazy.
Hundred, tukamonuk. Leap, to, sopena.
Hungry, olo. Leaf, tipso, tupso.
Hunt, kwitl. Lean, to, lagh.

Hurry, hoivh, hyak. Leave, to, mahsh.

Leave off, to, kopet.
I.
Leg, teahwit.
I, nika.
Leggings, mitass.
If, jr^-ft?.
Lend, to, ayahwhul.
In, &>/#. klakwun.
Lick, to,
Indian, siwash.
Lie, to, kliminwhit.
In shore, mahtwillie.
Like, kahkwa.
Iron, chikamin.
Like, to, tikegh.
It, yahka. Little, tenas.

Long, youtlkut.
J-
tumtum. Long ago, ahnkuttie.
Jealous, ,yv
Look, to, nanitsh.
Jump, to, sopena.
Look here ! nah.
K. Looking-glass, shelokum.
Kamass-root, lakamass. Loose, stoh.
Kettle, ketling. Lose the way, tsolo, tseepie way-
Kick, to, chukkin. hut.

Kill, to, mamook mimaloose t

Love, to, tikegh.

kwitl, kokshut.
Kiss, to, fei. M. .

Knife, opitsah. Magic, tamahnowus.

Knock, to, 00. Maize, esalth.
Knotty, hunlkih. Make, to, mamook.
Know, to, kumtuks. Man, man.
Many, hyu.
Marry, to, malieh.
Lake, 'lake. Mass (ceremony), lamesse.
Lame, klook teahwit. Mast, shipstick.
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Mat, kliskwiss. Near, wake siah.
Mattock, lapeosh. Neck, lecoo.

Measure, to, tahnim. Needle, keepwot.

Meat, itlwillie. Negro, nigga.
Medicine, lamestin. New, chee.

Mend, to, mamook tipolim. Night, polaklie.

Metal, chikamin. Nine, kwaist, or kweest.
Middle, katsuk. No, not, wake.
Midnight, sitkum polaklie. Noise, latlah.
Milk, totoosh. None, halo.

Mill, moola. Nonsense, cultus wawa.

Mind, the, tumtum. Noon, sitkum sun.
Minister, leplet. Nose, nose, lenay.
Miss, to, tseepie. Notwithstanding, keghtchie.
Missionary, leplet. Now, alta.

Mistake, to, tseepie^ tsolo. Nuts, tukwilla.

Mocassins, skinshoes.
Molasses, melass.
Money, chikamin. O.
Month, moon. Oak, kull stick.

Moon, moon. Oar, lalahm, lalum.

More, tveght. Oats, lawen.
Mosquito, melakwa. Off, klak.

Mother, mama. Off-shore, mahtlinnie.

Mountain, lamonti. Oil, glease.

Mouse, hoolhool. Old, oleman.

Mouth, laboos. Old woman, lammieh.
Much, hyu. One, ikt.
Mule, lemel. Open, hahlakl.
Musket, musket. Opposite to, inati.

Mussels, toluks. Or, pe.

My, mine, nika. Order, to, mahsh tumtum.
Other, huloima.
Our, nesika.
N. Out of doors, klaghanie.
Nails, lecloo. Ox, moosmoos.
Name, nem. Oyster, chetlo, kloghklogh.
 DICTIONAR V. 59

P. R.

Paddle, isick. Rabbit, kwitshadie.

Paddle, to, mamook isick. Rain, snass.
Paint, pent. Rattle, shugh.

Paper, papeh, pehpah. Rattle-snake, shugh-opoots.

Pay, pay. Reach, to, ko.

Peas, lepwah. Red, pil.

People, tillikums. Relate, to, yiem.
Perhaps, klonas. Return, to, kelapi.

Petticoat, kalakwaktie. Ribbon, leloba.

Piebald, lekye. Rice, lice.

Pin, kwekwiens. Rifle, calipeen.

Pipe, lapeep. Ring, a, kweokweo.

Pitch, lagome. Ripe, piah.
Plate, lasiet. River, chuck.
Pleased, yootl. Road, wayhut, tuakot.

Plough, leshalloo. Roan, sandelie.

Plough, to, klugh illahie. Roast, mamook lapellah.
Pole, lapehsh. Roasted, lapellah, appola.
Poor, klahowyum, halo ikta. Rock, stone.

Pork, cosho. Rope, lope.

Potato, ivappatoo. Rotten, poolie.
Pour, to, wagh. Round, lolo.

Powder, polallie. Rudder, boat opoots.

Prairie wolf, talapus. Rum, lum.
Presently, alkie, winapie. Run, cooley, koolie.
Pretty, toketie.
Priest, leplet. S.

Proud, yootl, kwetlh. Sack, lesak.

Provided that, spose. Saddle, lasell.

Pull, haul. Saddle-housings, lepishemo.

Sail, sail, sel.

Q. shipman.
Sailor,

Quarter, tenas sitkum. Salmon, salmon, sahmun.

Quarter-dollar, kwahta. Salt, salt.

Quick, hyak. Sand, polallie.

Quills, tepeh. Sash, lasanjd.

6o THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
Saw, lagwin, lasee. Sit, to, mitlite.

Say, to, wawa. Six, toghum.

Scissors, leseezo. Skin, skin.
Sea, salt chuck. Skunk, hum opoots.

Seal, olhiyu, siwash cosho. Sky, koosagh.

See, to, nanitsh. Slave, eliteh, mistshimus.
Sell, to, mahkook. Sleep, moosum.
Seven, sinamoxt. Slowly, klahwa.
Sew, to, mamook tipshin. Small, tenas.
Shake, to, toto, hullel. Smell, a, humm.
Shame, shem. Smoke, smoke.
Sharp, yahkisilth. Snake, oluk.
Sharpen, to, mamook tsish. Snow, snow, cole snass.

She, her, yahka. Soap, soap.

Sheep, lemooto. Soft, klimmin.

Shell-money, small, coopcoop ; Sorry, sicktumtum.

large, hykiva. Soul, tumtttm.
Shingle, lebahdo. Sour, kwates.
Shining, towagh. Spade, lapell.

Ship, ship. Speak, to, waiva.

Shirt, shut. Spill, to, wagh.
Shoes, shoes. Spirits, him.
Shoot, to, mamook poo, kwitl. Split, tsugh.
Short, yuteskut. Split, to, mamook tsugh.
Shot, shot, tenas lebal.
Spectacles, dolla siahhost.
Shout, to, hyas wawa. Spit, to, mamook to.

Shovel, lapell. Spoon, spoon.

Shut, to, ikpooie. Spotted, lekye, tzum.
Sick, sick. Squirrel, skiuiskwis.
Sift, toto. Stab, to, klemahun.
Silk, lasway. Stand, to, mitwhit.
Silver, fkope chikamin. Stars, tsiltsil, klaseess.
Similar, kahkwa. Stay, to, mitlite.
Since, kimta. Steal, to, kapsualla.

Sing, to, shantie. Steam, smoke.

Sister, elder, kahp'ho ; younger, Steamer, piah ship.
ats. Stick, stick.
 DICTIONARY. 61

Stink, piupiu, humm. Ten, tahtlunii tahtlelum.

Stirrup, sitlay. Thank, mahsie.
Stockings, stocken, kushis. That, okoke.
Stone, stone. That way, yahwa.
Stop, kopet. There, yahiva, kopah.
Store, mahkook house. They, klaska.
Story, ekahnam. Thick (as molasses), pitlilh.
Straight, delate, sipah. Thin (as a board), pewhattie.

Strawberries, amoteh. Thing, iktah.

Strong, skookum. Think, tumtum.
Sturgeon, stutchun. This, okoke.
Sugar, lesook, shugah, shukwa. This way, yukwa.
Summer, waum illahee. Thou, they, mika.
Sun, sun. Thread, klapite.
Sunday, Sunday. Three, klone.
Sunset, klip sun. Throw away, mahsh.
Suppose, spose. Tide, high, saghalie chuck.
Swan, kahloke. Tide, low, keekwillie chuck.
Sweep, to, manwok bloom. Tie, to, kow.
Sweet, tsee. Tight, kwutl,
Swim, sitshum. Tinware, malah.
Tip, to, lagh.
T. Tired, till, full.

Table, latahb. To, towards, kopa.

Tail, opoots. Tobacco, kinootl, kinoos.
Take, to, iskum. To-morrow, tomolla.
Take care ! kiosk nanitsh ! Tongue, lalang, lalan.
Take off, or away, mahsh, ma- Trail, track, waykut.
mook klak. Trap, lapeashe.
Tale, story, yiem^ ehkahnem. Tree, stick.

Talk, waiaa, wauwau. Tree, fallen, whim stick.

Tame, k-wass. Trot, to, tehtsh.

Tea, tea. Trousers, sakoleks.

Teach, to, mamook kumhtks. True, delate.

Tear, to, klugh. Tub, tamolitsh.

Teeth, letah. Twine, tenas lope, klapite.
Tell, to, wawa. Two, twice, mokst.
 62 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.
U. When, kansik, kunjuk.
Uncle, tot. Where, kah.
Under, keekwillie. Whip, lewhet.
Understand, kumtuks. White, fkope.
Untamed, lemolo. Who, klaksta.

Untie,mamook stoh, mahsh kow, Whole, lolo.

mamook klak. Why, kahta.

Up, saghalie. Wicked, mesahchie, peshuk.

Upset, to, kelapi. White, klukulh.
Us, nesika. Wild, lemolo.
Will, purpose, tumtum.
Willow, eena-stick.
V. Win, to, to/0.
Wind, win, wind.
Venison, mowitsh.
Winter, cole illahie.
Very, hyas.
Wipe, to, klakwun.
Vessel, ship.
Wire, chikamin lope.
Vest, lawest.
Wish, to, tikegh, tikeh.
Vomit, to, wagh.
With, kopa.
Without (not having), halo.

Wolf, leloo.
W.
Woman, klootshman.
Waggon, tsiktsik, chikchik. Woman, old, lamieh.
Wander, to, tsolo. Wood, stick.
Want, to, tikegh. Wooden, stick.
Warm, ivaum. Work, to, mamook.
Wash, to, mamook wash. Worn out, oleman.
Watch, a, tiktik. Worthless, cultus.
Water, chuck, wata. Wound, to, klemahun.
Waterfall, tumwata, tumchuck. Write, to, mamook papeh, ma-
We, nesika. mook tzuni.

Weigh, to, mamook till.

Wet, pahtl chuck.
Whale, ehkolie, kwaddis. Y.
What, iktah, kahta.
Wheat, sapolill. Year, ikt cole.

Wheel, tsiktsik, chikchik. Yellow, kawkawak.

 DICTIONARY. 63

You, your (pi.), ntesika. See

Yes, ahha, eyeh.
Yes indeed, nawitka. mika, thy.
Young, tenas.
Yesterday, tahlkie, tahnkie,
sun ahnkuttie.

CHISWICK PRESS WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT,

CHANCERY LANE.
 2, WHITE HART STREET,
PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.G.

WHITTAKER & CO.'S

LIST OF

Classical, educational, and

Cert)nical SSlortts*

CONTENTS.
Atlases 12 Latin n
Arithmetic 17 Classics 4-9
Bibliotheca Classica 4 Lower Form Series . . 6
Cambridge Greek and Latin Texts 8 Mercantile Correspondence . .

Cambridge Texts with Notes . .

7 Miniature Reference Library . .

English Language 12 Minor Arts and Industries . . .

Euclid 18 Miscellaneous Educational Books

French 18 Pinnock's Catechisms ....
French Series 21 Russian
French Classics 21 Science
Mercantile Correspondence . 28 Shakespeare
Modern French Authors . . 22 Spanish
German 22 Specialist's Series 28
German Classics .... 24 Students' Editions of the Gospels
Mercantile Correspondence . 28 and the Acts n
Modern German Authors .
24 Technical School and College
Grammar School Classics ... 5 Building -3?
Greek 10 Technological Dictionaries ... 31
Greek Classics 4-9 Whittaker's Library of Arts. etc. .
30
Italian ..26
Dec., 1889.
 Whittaker and Go's List of

fig)r. HclanD's (ZE&ucational publications.

Third Edition, Crown %vo, Cloth, 6s.

PRACTICAL EDUCATION.
A WORK ON
PREPARING THE MEMORY, DEVELOPING
QUICKNESS OF PERCEPTION, AND
TRAINING THE CONSTRUC-
TIVE FACULTIES.
BY CHARLES G. LELAND.
Author of'" TJieMinor Arts," " Twelve Manuals of Art Work" " The Album
of Repousse Work" Industrial Art in Education, or Circular
No. 4, 1882," "Hints on Self-Education," etc.

MR. LELAND was the first person to introduce Industrial Art as a branch of
education in the public schools of America. The Bureau of Education at Wash-
ington, observing the success of his work, employed him in 1862 to write a pam-
phlet showing how hand-work could be taken or taught in schools and families.
It is usual to issue, oqly 15,000 of these pamphlets, but so great was the demand
for this that in two years after its issue more than 60,000 were given to applicants.
This work will be found greatly r nlarged in " Practical Education." Owing to it
thousands of schools, classes, or clubs of industrial art were established in Eng-
land, America and Austria. As at present a great demand exists for information
as to organizing Technical Education, this forms the first part of the work. In it
the author indicates that all the confusion and difference of opinion which at pre-
sent prevails as to this subject, may very easily be obviated by simply beginning
by teaching the youngest the easiest arts of which they are capable, and by
thence gradually leading them on to more advanced work.
"The basis of Mr. Leland's theory," says a reviewer, "is that before learning,
children should acquire the art of learning. It is not enough to fill the memory,
memory must first be created. By training children to merely memonae, extra-
ordinary power in this respect is to be attained in a few months. With this
is associated exercises in quickness of perception, which are at first purely

mechanical, and range from merely training the eye to mental arithmetic, and
problems in all branches of education. Memory and quickness of perception
blend in the development of the constructive faculties or hand-work Attention
or interest is the final factor in this system."
' '
Mr. Leland's book -will have a -wide circulation. It deals -with the whole sub-
ject in such a downright practical fashion, and is so much the result of long
personal experience and observation, as to render it a veritable mine of valuable
suggestions." BRITISH ARCHITECT.
"It has littleof the dryness usually associated with such books; and no
"
teacher can read its thoughtful pages without imbibing many valuable ideas.
SCOTTISH EDUCATIONAL NEWS.
" to be recommended." CHEMICAL NEWS.
" Strongly
This valuable little work." LIVERPOOL DAILY POST.
"Many of Mr. Leland's suggestions might be carried out advantageously
nmong the young folks in our large towns and villages." NORTHERN WHIG.
 Classical and Educational Works.

fl^tnor arts and 3Jntm0trte0.

A SERIES OF ILLUSTRATED AND PRACTICAL MANUALS FOR

SCHOOL USE AND SELF-INSTRUCTION.

EDITED BY CHARLES G. LELAND.

This series of manuals on " The Minor Arts and Industries is
"

designed on the lines laid down in Mr. Leland's treatise on educa-

tion. Each handbook will present the subject with which it deals in
a thoroughly popular and practical manner ; the lessons carry the
student on his road step by step from the veriest elements to the
point where the most advanced works fitly find their place in his
course of study ; in short, the greatest pains are taken to ensure a
thorough mastery of the rudiments of each subject, and to so clearly
state each lesson, illustrating it where necessary by plans and draw-
ings, that even very young children 'may be interested in and trained
to practical work. On similar grounds the self-taught student will
find these manuals an invaluable aid to his studies.

Part I now ready, Paper cover, is. or in cloth, is. 6d.

DRAWING AND DESIGNING:

IN A SERIES OF LESSONS, WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS,
BY CHARLES G. LELAND, M.A., F.R.L.S.
WOOD CARVING : with numerous illustrations, chiefly from original
designs. By CHARLES G. LELAND. [In the Press.
Other volumes will follow at intervals, amongst the subjects of which
may be named
MODELLING. METAL WORK.
LF.ATHER WORK. CARPENTERING.
 Whittaker and Go's List of

GREEK AND LATIN.

IBibliotfjeca Classica.
A Series of Greek and Latin Authors, with English Notes,
edited by eminent Scholars. %vo.

AESCHYLUS. By F. A. Paley, M.A. Ss.

CICERO'S ORATIONS. By G. Long, M.A.

4 vols. Ss. each.

DEMOSTHENES. By R. Whiston, M.A. 2 vols.

Ss. each.

EURIPIDES. By F. A. Paley, M.A. 3 vols. 85. each.

HERODOTUS. By Rev.J.W.Blakesley,B.D.2vols.i2j.
HESIOD. By F. A. Paley, M.A. 5*.

HOMER. By F. A. Paley, M.A. Vol. I. Ss. Vol. II. 6 s.

HORACE. By Rev. A. J. Macleane, M.A. Ss.

JUVENALM.A.AND PERSIUS. 6s.

By Rev. A. J.
Macleane,

LUCAN. The PharsaLa. By C. E Haskins, M.A.,

and W. E. Heitland, M.A. 14*.

PLATO. By W. H. Thompson, D.D. 2 vols. 5*. each.

SOPHOCLES. Vol. ByRev.F.H.Blaydes,M.A.8f.
I.

Vol. II. Philoctetes Electra Ajax and Tra-

chinia?. By F. A. Paley, M.A. 6s.

TACITUS The Annals. :

By the Rev. P. Frost. Ss.

TERENCE. By E. St. J. Parry, M.A. gs.

VIRGIL. By J. Conington, M.A. 3 vols. IQS. 6d. each.

*
x* In some cases the volumes cannot be sold separately. The
few copies that remain are reserved for complete sets, which may be
obtained, at present, for 9/.
 Classical and Educational Works.

Grammar %ct)ool Classics,

A Series of Greek and Latin Authors, with English Notes.
Fcap. %vo.
CAESAR: DE BELLO GALLICO. By George
Long, M.A. 4-r.

Books I. -III. For Junior Classes. By George

Long, M.A. is. 6d.

Books IV. and V. in i vol. is. 6d.

Books VI. and VII. in i vol. is. 6d.

CATULLUS, TIBULLUS, AND PROPER-

TIUS. Selected Poems. With Life. By Rev. A. H.
Wratislaw. 2s. 6d.

CICERO : DE SENECTUTE, DE AMICITIA,

and SELECT EPISTLES. By George Long, M.A. 3*.

CORNELIUS NEPOS. By Rev. J. F. Mac-

michael. 2s.

HOMER : ILIAD. Books I. -XII. By F. A. Paley,

M.A. 4s. 6d.
Books I. -VI., 2s. 6d. ; Books VII. -XII., 2s. 6d.

HORACE. With Life. By A. J. Macleane, M.A.

3-r.
6</. In 2 Parts :
Odes, 2s. ; Satires and Epistles, 2s.

JUVENAL: SIXTEEN SATIRES. By H. Prior,

M.A. 3^. 6d.

MARTIAL: SELECT EPIGRAMS. With Life.

By F. A. Paley, M.A. 4^. 6d.

OVID The FASTI. By F. A. Paley, M.A. 3*. 6d.

:

Books I. and II. in i vol. is. 6d.

Books III. and IV. in i vol. is. 6d.
Books V. and VI. in i vol. is. 6d.
SALLUST: CATILINA and JUGURTHA. With
Life. By G. Long, M. A. and J. G. , Frazer. 3*. 6d. Catilina,
2s. Jugurtha, 2s.

TACITUS: GERMANIA and AGRICOLA. By

Rev. P. Frost. 2s. 6d.
 Whit taker and CoJs List of

VIRGIL BUCOLICS, GEORGICS,

: and
Books I.-IV. Abridged from Professor Conington's edition.
4s. 6d.

^ENEID, Books V.-XII. 4*. 6d.

Also in 9 separate volumes, is. 6d. each.

XENOPHON: The ANABASIS. With Life. By

Rev. J. F. Macmichael. $s. 6d.
Also in 4 separate volumes, is. 6d. each.

The CYROP^DIA. By G. M. Gorham, M.A.

3J. 6d.

Books I. and II. in i vol. is. 6d.

Books V. and VI. in i vol. is. 6d.

MEMORABILIA. By Percival Frost, M.A.

3*-

A GRAMMAR-SCHOOL ATLAS OF CLAS-

SICAL GEOGRAPHY, containing Ten selected Maps.
Imperial 8vo. 3^.

Uniform with the Series.

THE NEW TESTAMENT, in Greek. With

English Notes, &c. By Rev. J. F. Macmichael. 4^. 6d.
Separate parts, St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke, St. John,
Acts, 6d. each, sewed.

Lotoer j?orm
With Notes and Vocabularies.

LATINS OR, FIRST LATIN ;

READING-BOOK, WITH ENGLISH NOTES AND A

DICTIONARY. By the late Rev. P. Frost, M.A. New
Edition. Fcap. 8vo. is. 6d.

LATIN VOCABULARIES FOR REPETI-

TION. By A. M. M. Stedman, M.A. 2nd Edition, revised.
Fcap. 8vo. IJ-. 6d.

EASY LATIN PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN

TRANSLATION. By A. M. M. Stedman, M.A. Fcap.
8vo. is. 6d.
 Classical and Educational Works. /

VIRGIL'S yENEID. Book I. Abridged from Con-

ington's Edition by Rev. J. G. Sheppard, D.C.L. With Voca-
bulnry by \V. F. R. Shilleio. is. 6d. [Now ready.

C^SAR : DE BELLO GALLICO. Book I. With

Notes by George Long, M.A., and Vocabulary by W. F. R.
Shilleto. is. 6d. [Book II. in the press.

TALES FOR LATIN PROSE COMPOSI-

TION. With Notes and Vocabulary. By G. H. Wells,
M.A. 2s.

MATERIALS FOR LATIN PROSE COM-

POSITION. By the late Rev. P. Frost, M.A. New Edition.
Fcap. 8vo. 2s. Key (for Tutors only), 4^.

A LATIN VERSE-BOOK. AN INTRODUC-

TORY WORK ON HEXAMETERS AND PENTAME-
TERS. By the late Rev. P. Frost, M.A. New Edition.
Fcap. 8vo. 2s. Key (forTutors only), $s.

ANALECTA GR^CA MINORA, with IN-

TRODUCTORY SENTENCES, ENGLISH NOTES,
AND A DICTIONARY. By the late Rev. P. Frost, M.A.
New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s.

GREEK TESTAMENT SELECTIONS. By

A. M. M. Stedman, M.A. 2nd Edition, enlarged, with Notes
and Vocabulary. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

Certs tottb Jl3ote0.

A Selection of the most usually read of the Greek and Latin
Authors, Annotated for Schools. Fcap. 8v0, is. 6d.
each, with exceptions.
EURIPIDES. ALCESTIS MEDEA HIPPO-
LYTUS HECUBA BACCH^E ION (zs. ORESTES )

PHOENISS^: TROADES- HERCULES FURENS

ANDROMACHE IPHIGENIA IN TAURIS SUP-
PLICES. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D.
AESCHYLUS. PROMETHEUS VINCTUS
SEPTEM CONTRA THEBAS AGAMEMNON PERS.E
EUMENIDES CHOZPHORCE. By F. A. Paley, M.A
LL.D.
 Whittaker and Go's List of

SOPHOCLES. GEDIPUSTYRANNUS (EDIPUS

COLONEUS ANTIGONE ELECTRA AJAX. By F.
A. Paley, M.A., LL.D.

THUCYDIDES. BOOK IV. By. F. A. Paley,

M.A., LL.D.

XENOPHON. HELLENICA. BOOK II. By

Rev. L. D. Dowdall, M.A.

ANABASIS. Edited by Rev. J. F. Macmichael.

New revised by J. E. Melhuish, M.A.
edition, In 6 vols.
Book I. (with Life, Introduction, Itinerary, &c.); Books II.
and III. 2s. ; Book IV., Book V., Book VI., Book VII.

HOMER. ILIAD. BOOK I.

By F. A. Paley,
M.A.,LL.D. is.

VIRGIL (abridged from Conington's edition). BUCO-

LICS : GEORGICS, 2 parts :
vENEID, 9 parts.

TERENCE. ANDRIA HAUTON TIMORU-

MENOS PHORMIO ADELPHOE. By Professor Wag-
ner, Ph.D.

CICERO. DE SENECTUTE DE AMICITIA

EPISTOL^ SELECTS. By G. Long, M.A.
OVID. SELECTIONS. By A. J. Macleane, M.4.
Others in preparation.

CamfariDgc <Sreck anD latin Certs.

These Texts, which are clearly printed at the Cambridge Univer-
sity Press,on good paper, and bound in a handy form, have been
reduced in price, and will now meet the requirements of masters
who wish to use Text and Notes separately.
AESCHYLUS. By F. A. Paley, M.A. 2s.

C^SAR: DE BELLO GALLICO. By G. Long,

M.A. is. 6d.

CICERO DE SENECTUTE: et DE AMICITIA, et

EPISTOL^E SELECTS. By G. Long, M.A. is. 6d.
 Classical and Educational Works.

CICERONIS ORATIONES. Vol. I.

(in Verrem.)
By G. Long, M.A. 2s. 6J.

EURIPIDES. By F. A. Paley, M.A. 3 vols., each 2s.

Vol. I. Rhesus Medea Hippolytus Alcestis

Heraclidse Supplices Troades Index.

- Vol. II. Ion Helena Andromache Electra

Bacchic Hecuba Index.
- Vol. III. Hercules Furens Phoenissae Orestes
Iphigenia in Tauris Iphigenia in Aulide Cyclops Index.

HERODOTUS. By J. G. Blakesley, B.D. 2 vols.,

each 2s. 6d.

HOMERI ILIAS. I.-XIL By F. A. Paley, M.A.

u. 6d.

HORATIUS. By A. J. Macleane, M.A. is. 6d.

JUVENAL ET PERSIUS. By A. J. Macleane,

M.A. is. 6d.

LUCRETIUS. By H. A. J. Munro, M.A. 25.

SALLUSTI CRISPI CATILINA ET JU-
GURTHA. By G. Long, M.A. I*. 6d.

SOPHOCLES. By F. A. Paley, M.A. 2 6d. s.

TERENTI COMCEDLE. By W. Wagner, Ph.D.

25.

THUCYDIDES. By J. G. Donaldson, D.D. 2 vols.,

each 2s.

VERGILIUS. By J. Conington, M.A. 2 s.

XENOPHONTIS EXPEDITIO CYRI. By

J. F. Macmichael, B.A. is. 6d.

NOVUM TESTAMENTUM GREECE. By

F. H.Scrivener, M.A. $s. 6d. An edition with wide margin
for notes, half bound, 12s.
A 2
io Whittaker and Co.'s List of

annotated (ZEDitions.
CICERO'S MINOR WORKS. De Officiis, &c. &c.
With English Notes, by W. C. Tylor, LL.D. I2mo. cloth,
3-r. 6d.

VIRGIL'S ^ENEID. With English Notes, by

C. Anthcn, LL.D. Adapted for use in English Schools by the
Rev. F. Metcalfe, M.A. New Edition. I2mo. Js. 6d.

Class TBoofes recfe

BEATSON'S PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES ON
THE COMPOSITION OF GREEK IAMBIC VERSE.
I2mo. cloth, 3,$-.

DAWSON'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON TO

THE NEW TESTAMENT. New Edition, by Dr. Tylor.
8vo. cloth, 95-.

NOVUM TESTAMENTUM GR^CE. Textus

Stephanici, 1550. Accedunt varise Lectiones editionum Bezae,
Elzeviri, Lachmanni, Tischendorfii, Tregellesii, curante
F. H. Scrivener, M.A. 4^. 6d. An Edition with wide margin
for MS. Notes, 4to. half-bound morocco, 12s.
Textus Stephanici, A.D. 1550, Cum variis Lec-
tionibus Editionum Bezae, Elzeviri, Lachmanni, Tischendorfii,
Tregellesii, Westcott-Hortii, Versionis Anglicanse Emendato-
rum, Curante F. H. A. Scrivener, A.M., D.C.L., LL.D.,
Accedunt Parallela S. Scripturse Loca. Small post 8vo. cloth,
pp. xvi.-598, 7-y. 6d.
EDITIO MAJOR containing, in addition to the matter in the
other Edition, the Capitula (majora et minora) and the Eusebian
Canons, the various Readings of Westcott and Hort, and those
adopted by the Revisers ; also a revised and much-enlarged series
of References.
VALPY'S. For the use of Schools. 121110,
cloth, S.T.

Edited by Rev. Macmichael. See Grammar

School Classics.
 Classical and Educational Works. 1 1

'
Coitions of tbe ospels anD
rfje acts,
Crown Svo. doth.

THE GOSPEL OF S. MATTHEW. The

Greek Text, with Critical, Grammatical, and Explanatory
Notes, &c., by the late Rev. W. Trollope, M.A., re-edited by
the Rev. W. H. Rowlandson, M.A. $s.

GOSPEL OF S. MARK. The Greek Text, with

Critical,Grammatical, and Explanatory Notes, Prolegomena,
&c., by Rev. W. H. Rowlandson, M.A. 4*. bd.

GOSPEL OF S. LUKE. The Greek Text, with

Grammatical, and Explanatory Notes, &c., by the late
Critical,
Rev. W. Trollope, M.A., revised and re-edited by the Rev.
W. H. Rowlandson, M.A. $s.
ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. The Greek Text,
with Critical, Grammatical, and Explanatory Notes, and Exami-
nation Questions, by Rev. W. Trollope, M.A., re-edited and
revised by the Rev. G. F. Browne, M.A. $s.

Latin Class IBooks.

BEDFORD'S PROPRIA QU^E MARIBUS; or,
Short Rules for the Genders of Latin Nouns, and a Latin
1 2 mo. is.
Prosody.

-
BOSSUT'S LATIN WORD BOOK;
to the Latin Language.
LATIN PHRASE BOOK.
FLORILEGIUM POETICUM. A
i8mo. is.

i8mo.
or, First

is.

Selection of
Step

Elegiac Extracts from Ovid and Tibullus. New edition, greatly

enlarged with English Notes. By the late Rev. P. Frost, M.A.
Fcap. 8vo. 2s.
GRADUS AD PARNASSUM;
-
sive novus sinony-
morum, epithetorum,versuum, ac phrasium poeticarum,
thesaurus. New edition. By G. Pyper. I2mo. cloth, Js.
BY VALPY. Whittaker's Improved edition.
Latin and English. Neu> edition. Royal I2mo. Js. 6d.
12 Whittaker and Co! s List of

STODDART'S NEW DELECTUS; or, Easy Steps

to Latin Construing. For the use of Pupils commencing the
Language. Adapted tothe best Latin Grammars, with a
Dictionary attached. New edition. I2mo. 4^.

PEN ROSE'S (REV. JOHN) Easy Exercises in

Latin Elegiac Verse. New edition. I2mo. cloth, 2s.

Key to ditto, for Tutors only, $s. 6d.

atlases.
LONG'S ATLAS OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Containing Twenty-four Maps. Constructed by William
Hughes, F.R.G.S., and Edited by George Long, M.A. New
edition, with Coloured Outlines, and an Index of Places.
Royal 8vo. 6s.

LONG'S GRAMMAR SCHOOL ATLAS OF CLAS-

SICAL GEOGRAPHY. Containing Ten Maps, selected from
the larger Atlas. Constructed by W. Hughes, F.R.G.S., and
edited by George Long, M.A. New edition, with Coloured
Outlines. Roal 8vo. $s.

<ZEnglisf) Language ana miscellaneous*

ALLEN AND CORNWELL'S SCHOOL
GRAMMAR. Cloth, is gd.
GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. Cloth, is.
BELL'S MODERN READER AND SPEAKER. A
Selection of Poetry and Prose, from the Writings of Eminent
Authors. I2mo. 3-r. 6d.

DUNCAN'S ENGLISH EXPOSITOR; or, Explana-

tory Spelling-book. Containing an Alphabetical Collection of
all the most useful, proper, and elegant words in the English

language, divided into Syllables, and properly accented. New

edition. I2mo. is. 6d.

LATHAM'S (R. G.) DICTIONARY OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Abridged and condensed into one
volume 8vo. cloth, 14.?.
 Classical and Educational Works. 13

MACKAY (C.) A DICTIONARY OF LOWLAND

SCOTCH. By Charles Mackay, LL.D. With an Introduc-
tory Chapter on the Poetry, Humour, and Literary History of
the Scottish Language, and an Appendix of Scottish Proverbs.
Large post Svo. cloth, "js.
6d. half bound, Ss. 6d.

SELECTED POEMS AND SONGS OF

CHARLES MACKAY, LL.D. With a Commendatory and
Critical Introduction by Eminent Writers. Wide foolscap Svo.
half cloth boards, is. 6d. Sewed, I s.

WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH

LANGUAGE. Including Scientific, Technical, and Biblical
Words and Terms. New edition, with Supplement of over
4,600 New Words and Meanings. 4to. cloth, \l. is. half-calf, ;

I/ ioj. With Appendices, 1 us. 6d. half-calf, 2.1. ;

SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS, with Text and Intro-

duction in English and Gennan. Edited by C. Sachs, Prof.
Ph D. Svo. cloth, each Play or Number, lod.
Now Ready :
I. Julius Caesar. 10. King Richard II.
2 Romeo and Juliet. II. King Henry IV. I.

3. King Henry VIII. 12. ,, ,, II.

4. King Lear. 13. King Henry V.
5 Othello 14. King Richard III.
6. Hamlet. 15. Cymbeline.
7 A Midsummer Night's 16. Coriolanus.
Dream. 17. Antony and Cleopatra.
Macbeth. 1 8. Merchant of Venice.
King John. 19. Much Ado about Nothing.
Others to follow.

"This edition will be quite a godsend to grown-up students of either

language, for the ordinary class reading books are too childish to arrest
their attention. The parallel paging saves the labour of using a dictionary,
and the series is so low in price as to place it within the reach of all."
Satiirday Review.

SHAKESPEARE REPRINTS, i.
King Lear.
Parallel Texts of Quarto I and Folio i. Edited by Dr. W.
Victor, of Marburg. Square i6mo. cloth, $s. 6d.
The of the first quarto and folio, with collations from the
texts
later quartos and folios, are here printed in a compact and con-
venient volume^ intended as a class-book in the University.
14 Whittaker and Go's List of

(ZEtiucarional TPoofcs.

SEIDEL (ROBT.) INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION :

A and
Pedagogic 8vo.
Social Necessity. Crown 4J-.

WOODWARD (C.M.) THE MANUAL TRAIN-

ING SCHOOL, ITS AIMS, METHODS, AND RESULTS.
With Figured Drawings of Shop Exercises in Woods and Metals.
8vo. los.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EDUCATION. Hints

toward a Select and Descriptive Bibliography of Education.
Arranged by Topics, and Indexed by Authors. By G. Stanley
Hall, Professor, John Hopkins University, and John M.
Mansfield. Post 8vo. cloth, pp. xvi.-3O9, Js. 6d.

CHEPMELL'S (REV. DR.) SHORT COURSE

OF GRECIAN, ROMAN, AND ENGLISH HISTORY.
New edition. I2mo. Questions on, I2mo. is.
5-r.

COLTON (B. P.) ELEMENTARY COURSE OF

PRACTICAL ZOOLOGY. By B. P. Colton, A.M., Instructor
in Biology, Ottawa High School. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. xiv.-
182, 4-r. 6d.

CORNWELL'S SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, y. 6d.

With Thirty Maps on Steel, 5*. 6d.

GEOGRAPHY FOR BEGINNERS. is.

With Questions, is. qd.

DURHAM UNIVERSITY CALENDAR, with

Almanack. Cloth, is. 6d. [Published annually.

JOYCE (P. W.) A HANDBOOK OF SCHOOL

MANAGEMENT AND METHODS OF TEACHING.
By P. W. Joyce, LL.D., &c. nth edition, revised. Cloth, 3^. 6d.

A NATURE READER. Seaside and Wayside.

By Julia McNair Wright. Cloth, is. 6d.
An elementary Reader for young children, designed to instil
a love of Natural History. It treats of crabs, wasps, spiders,

bees, and some univalve molluscs.

 Classical and Educational Works. 1 5

PINNOCK'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From

the Invasion of Julius Caesar. With a Biographical and His-
torical Dictionary. Questions for Examination, Genealogical
Tables, Progress of Literature and the Constitution, &c. Illus-
ted. Continued by the Rev. W. H. Pinnock, LL.D. New
edition. 12 mo 6s.

HISTORY OF GREECE. With an Introduc-

tion on the Natural and Political Geography of Greece, Dic-
tionary of Difficult Terms, Questions for Examination, Genea-
logical Tables, &c. Illustrated. By Dr. W. C. Taylor. New
edition. I2mo. 5-r.
6d.

HISTORY OF ROME. With an Introduc-

tion, Geography of the Roman Empire, Notices of the
the
Roman Manners, and Illustrations, Questions for Examination,
Chronological Index, &c Illustrated. By Dr. W. C. Taylor.
NKV edition. I2mo. 5.?.
6d.

PINNOCK'S CATECHISMS OF THE ARTS,

SCIENCES, AND LITERATURE Whittaker's Improved
Editions. Illustrated with Maps,
Plates, and Woodcuts, care-
fully re-edited. i8mo. price gd. each.
HISTORY. Modern Ancient Universal Bible and Gos-
pel Scripture Chronology England Scotland France
America Rome Greece Jews.
GEOGRAPHY. Ancient Modern, Improved Edition
Modern, Original Edition Sacred England and Wales Use
of the Globes.

GRAMMAR English French German Italian Latin

Spanish Greek : Part I. Accidence. Part II. Syntax and
Prosod y Hebrew.
MATHEMATICS, &c. Algebra (two Parts) Arithmetic
Geometry Navigation Land Surveying
RELIGION. Religion Natural Theology Scripture His-
tory Bible and Gospel History.
FINE ARTS, &c. Architecture Drawing Perspective-
Music Singing.
LITERATURE. Mythology Rhetoric Logic British
Biography Classical Biography.

MISCELLANEOUS. First Catechism General Know-

ledge Intellectual Philosophy Agriculture English Law
Heraldry Medicine Moral and Social Duties Trade and
Commerce.
1 6 Whittaker and Go's List of

SCHLEYER'S GRAMMAR, with Vocabularies of

Volapuk Language of the World), for all Speakers of the
(the
English Language. Second (greatly Revised) Edition. By
W. A. Seret, Certificated Teacher of the Universal Language.
Crown 8vo. pp. 420, sewed, 5.$-.
6d. ; cloth, 6s. 6d.

SHUM WAY (E. S.) A DAY IN ANCIENT ROME.

With numerous Illustrations. By Edgar S. Shumway, Pro-
fessor, Rutger's College, New Brunswick. Small 4to. cloth, 5.$-.

WATTON'S ORIGINAL AIDS TO EDUCATION.

Hand-series of Tablets, in Stiff Covers, 3^. each.

Leading Events of General His- Chief Events of Russian History.

tory. Eminent Men of Modern Times.
Chief Events of Old Testament Chief Events of Church History.
History. Natural System of Botany.
Chief Events of New Testament The Linnaean System of Botany.
History. Natural History Zoology.
Prophecies and other Scripture Natural Philosophy.
Subjects. Principles of Grammatical Analy-
Chief Events of Grecian History. sis, with Examples.
Chief Events of Roman History. Guide to English Parsing, with
Chief Events of Eastern Empire. Examples.
Chief Events of German History. Abstract of Heathen Mythology.
Chief Events of English History. Word Formation Saxon, La-
Chief English Battles and Results, tin, and Greek Prefixes, with
Chief Events of Scottish History. Examples.
Chief Events of French History. Chief Grecian and Roman Battles
Chief Events of Prussian History. and Results.

LARGE TYPE SERIES OF TABLETS

(20 by 23 inches), embracing Historical, Geographical, and other
Subjects, 4^. each, for suspension.

WATTON'S SKELETON EXERCISE BOOKS.

For History, Geography, Biography, Analysis, Parsing, and
Chronology, with Script Headings and Specimen Page. Price
regulated by the thickness of the books, is. and 2s. each.
Also now ready, a filled Biographical Exercise Book, Series, each is.
2
Charts systematically arranged with date words, 60 pages,
cloth, i s. Selected Descriptive Poetry, is.
Object Lessons, Nos. I, 2, 3,and 4, 32 pp., in stiff covers, 2d. each.
 Classical and Educational Works. 1 7

<&cf)ool ant) (LJnitiersitp

By the Rev. Dr. Pinnock.

AN ANALYSIS OF SCRIPTURE HIS-

TORY Intended for Readers of Old Testament History, and
;

the University Examinations ; with Maps, Copious Index, and

Examination Questions. i8mo. cloth, $s. 6rf.

AN ANALYSIS OF NEW TESTAMENT

HISTORY; Embracing the Criticism and Interpretation of
the original Text; with Questions for Examination. i8mo.
cloth, 4J.

AN ANALYSIS OF ECCLESIASTICAL
HISTORY; From the Birth of Christ, to the Council of
Nice, A.D. 325. With Examination Questions. i8mo. cloth,
. 3-r- M-
ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH CHURCH HIS-
TORY ; comprising the Reformation period, and subsequent
events ; with Questions of Examination, especially intended for
the Universities and Divinity Students in general. i8mo. cloth,
4J. 6d.

A SHORT ANALYSIS OF OLD TESTA-

MENT HISTORY. With Questions for Schools. i8mo.
cloth, is. 6d.

A SHORT ANALYSIS OF NEW TESTA-

MENT HISTORY. With Questions for Schools. i8mo.
cloth, is. 6d.

arithmetic anD (ZEucIiD.

PINNOCK'S ARITHMETICAL TABLES OF

MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. With Questions
for Examination, and Explanatory Notes, &c. i8mo. ^d.
FIRST CIPHERING BOOK. Containing
Easy Exercises in the First Rules of Arithmetic. 4to. sewed, is.

RYAN'S CIVIL SERVICE ARITHMETICAL

EXAMINATION PAPERS. By L. J. Ryan. Cloth, 2s.

Key to Ditto, is. 6d.

1 8 Whittaker and Co!s L ist of

SONNENSCHEIN AND NESBITT'S

ARITHMETIC. The Science and Art
of Arithmetic for the
use of Schools. Post 8vo. $s. 6d. Or
separately, Part I.
Integral. 2s. 6d. Parts II. and III. Fractional and Approxi-
mate Calculations. $s. 6d. Answers to the Exercises, is. 6d.
Exercises separately. Part I. is. Parts II. and III. is. %d.
A B C OF ARITHMETIC. Teacher's Book,
Nos. I and 2, each is. Exercise Book, Nos. I and 2, each ^d.
WALKINGAME'S TUTOR ASSISTANT
(ERASER'S). Being a Compendium of Arithmetic and a
Complete Question Book. I2mo. 2s. Key, 3^.
EUCLID, THE FIRST BOOK OF. With an In-
troduction and Collection of Problems for the use of Schools.
By J. M. Wilson, M.A. 2nd edition. 410. 2s.

EUCLID, THE FIRST SIX BOOKS, together with

the ELEVENTH and T\VELFTH. From the Text of Dr.
Simson. New edition, revised and corrected by S. Maynard.
i8mo. 4-r.

MODERN LANGUAGES.
JFrencb.
BARRERE (A.) PROFESSOR, R.M.A. Woolwich.
RECITS MILITAIRES. Selections from
modern French authors, with short biographical introductions
in French, and English notes for the use of army students and
others. Crown 8vo. 3J-.

PRECIS OF COMPARATIVE FRENCH

GRAMMAR AND IDIOMS, and Guide to Examinations.
Cloth. Second edition, revised, $s. 6d.

JUNIOR GRADUATED FRENCH COURSE

affording materials for Translation, Grammar, and Conversa-
tion. Being an introduction to the Graduated French Course.
Cloth, is. 6d.
ELEMENTS OF FRENCH GRAMMAR
AND FIRST STEPS IN IDIOMS. With numerous
Exercises and a Vocabulary, being an Introduction to the
Precis of Comparative French Grammar. Crown 8vo. cloth, 2s.
 Classical and Educational Works. 19

BELLENGER'S MODERN FRENCH CONVER-

SATION. Containing Elementary Phrases and New Easy
Dialogues, in French and English, on the most familiar sub-
jects. I2mo. 2s. 6d.

BOSSUTS FRENCH WORD BOOK. iSmo. is.

FRENCH PHRASE BOOK. i8mo. is.

BOWER. PUBLIC EXAMINATION FRENCH

READER. With a Vocabulary
to every extract, suitable for
all Students who
are preparing for a French Examination. By
A. M. Bower, F.R.G.S., late Master in University College
School, &c. Cloth, 3J. 6d.
"The book is a very practical and useful one, and it must prove very handy
for students who are preparing for a French examination, the persons for whose
special aid it has been specially provided. It would also serve admirably for use
in schools as a class book."- Schoolmaster.

DELILLE'S FRENCH GRAMMAR. In Two

Parts. Accidence.
I. II. Syntax, written in French, with
Exercises conducive to the speaking of the French Language,
&c. I2mo. $s. 6d. Key, 3^.

EASY FRENCH POETRY FOR BEGIN-

NERS ; or, Short Selections in Verse on a Graduated Plan for
the Memory. With English Notes. I2mo. 2s.

DELILLE'S MODELES DE POESIE FRANCAIS.

With Treatise on French Versification. New edition. I2mo.
6s.

REPERTOIRE DES PROSATEURS FRAN-

CAIS. With Biographical Sketches, &c. New edition.
I2mo. 6s. 6d.

MANUEL ETYMOLOGIQUE ; or, an Inter-

pretative Index of the most recurrent Words in the French
Language. I2mo. 2s. 6d.

BEGINNER'S OWN FRENCH BOOK.

Being a Practical and Easy Method of Learning the Elements
of the French Language. I2mo. cloth, 2s. Key, 2s,

DES CARRIERES' FRENCH IDIOMATICAL

PHRASES AND FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. Square,
J. 6<t.
2O Whittaker and Co.'s List of

DES CARRIERES' HISTOIRE DE FRANCE,

DEPUIS L'ETABLISSEMENT DE LA MONARCHIE.
Continuee jusqu'au retablissement de 1'Empire sous Napoleon
III., par C. J. Delille. I2mo. fs.

DUVERGER'S COMPARISON BETWEEN THE

AND PHRASEOLOGY OF THE
IDIOMS, GENIUS,
FRENCH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. Nav edition.
I2mo. 4s. 6d.

GASC (F. E. A.) AN IMPROVED MODERN

POCKET DICTIONARY OF THE FRENCH AND
ENGLISH LANGUAGES. New edition. i6mo. cloth,
2.s. 6d. Also in 2 vols. in neat leatherette, 5-r.

MODERN FRENCH-ENGLISH AND ENG-

LISH-FRENCH DICTIONARY. New edition, revised.
In I vol. 8vo. los. 6d.

HAMEL'S NEW UNIVERSAL FRENCH GRAM-

MAR. Ne~M Edition. I2mo. qs.

GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES UPON THE

FRENCH LANGUAGE. Neiv edition. I2mo. 4^. Key, 3*.

FRENCH GRAMMAR AND EXERCISES.

New edition. I2mo. $s. 6d. Key, 4^.

LEVIZAC'S DICTIONARY OF THE FRENCH

AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. Nav edition, by N. Lam-
bert. I2mo. 6s. 6d.

NUGENT'S POCKET DICTIONARY OF THE

FRENCH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. New edition,
revised by J. C. J. Tarver. Pearl edition, 43. 6d.

OLLENDORFS (Dr. H. G.) NEW METHOD

OF LEARNING TO READ, WRITE, AND SPEAK
A LANGUAGE IN SIX MONTHS. Adapted to the
French. New edition. I2mo. 6s. 6d. Key, 8vo. 7^.

PRACTICAL COMMERCIAL CORRESPON-

DENCE. See Miscellaneous.
 Classical and Educational Works. 21

GHfjitrafeer's jFrencft Scries.

For the use of Schools and Private Students. Edited by
A. Barrere, Prof. R.M.A. Woolwich, &c., and others. Each
number with a literary Introduction and Arguments in English,
foot-notes explaining the more difficult
passages, and translations
of the idiomatic expressions into the
corresponding English idioms.
Fcap. 8vo, each number, sewed, 6d. ; cloth, gd.

Now Ready :

1. SCRIBE. LE VERRE D'EAU. Barrere.

2. MOLIERE. LE BOURGEOIS GENTILHOMME. Case.
3. MOLIERE. L'AVARE. Case.
4. SOUVESTRE. SOUS LA TONNELLE. Desages.
5. MOLIERE. LE MISANTHROPE. Case.
6. GALLAND. ALI BABA. Clare.
7. CORNEILLE. LE CID. Gasc.
8. 9. LAMARTINE. JEANNE D'ARC. Barrere.
10, ii. PIRON. LA METROMANIE. Delbos.
Others to follow.

's jFrencb Classics, toit&

Fcap. %vo. cloth.

AVENTURES DE TELEMAQUE. Par Fene-
New
lon. Edited and C
edition. revised by J. Delille. 2s. 6d.

HISTOIRE DE CHARLES XII. Par Voltaire.

New edition. Edited and revised by L. Direy. is. 6d.

PICCIOLA. ParX.B. Saintine. New edition. Edited

and revised by Dr. Dubuc. u. 6d.

SELECT FABLES OF LA FONTAINE. New

Edited
edition. by F. Gasc, M.A. is. 6d.
22 Whittaker and Go's List of

SBbittafeer's Series of a^onetn jFrencb

authors.
WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES.
For Beginners.
LA BELLE NIVERNAISE. Histoire d'un vieux
bateau etde son equipage. By Alphonse Daudet. With 6
illustrations. Edited by James Boielle, Senior French Master
at Dulwich College. 2s. 6d. [Ready.

For Advanced Students.

BUG JARGAL. By Victor Hugo. Edited by
Senior French Master
James Boielle, at Dulwich College. $s.
Others to folloiv. [Ready.

erman.
FLUGEL'S COMPLETE DICTIONARY OF THE
GERMAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. Comprising
the German and English, and English and German. Adapted
to the English Student, with great Additions and Improvements.
By C. A. Feiling, A. Heimann, and J. Oxenford. edition. New
2 vols. 8vo. I/. I s.

ABRIDGED GERMAN AND ENGLISH,

AND ENGLISH AND GERMAN DICTIONARY.
Carefully compiled from the larger Dictionary. By C. A. Feil-
ing and J. Oxenford. New edition. Royal i8mo. 6s.

GRENFELL'S ELEMENTARY GERMAN EX-

ERCISES. Part I. Adapted to the Rugby School German
Accidence. I2mo. is. 6d.

OLLENDORFF'S (Dr. H. S.). NEW METHOD

OF LEARNING TO READ, WRITE, AND SPEAK A
LANGUAGE IN SIX MONTHS. Adapted to the German.
New edition. Crown 8vo. 7-r. Key, 8vo. ft.
 Classical and Educational Works. 23

SHELDON (E.S.) A SHORT GERMAN GRAM-

MAR FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. Crown
8vo. 3j.

WHITTAKER'S COURSE OF MODERN

GERMAN. By F. Lange, Ph.D., Professor, R.M.A. Wool-
wich, Examiner in German to the College of Preceptors, London ;

Examiner in German at the Victoria University, Manchester,

and J. F. Davis, M.A., D.Lit. Extra fcap. 8vo. cloth.

A CONCISE GERMAN GRAMMAR. With especial refe-

rence to Phonology, Comparative Philology, English and Ger-
man Correspondences, and Idioms. By Frz. Lange, Ph.D.,
Professor at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. In three
Parts. Part I., Elementary, 2s. Part II., Intermediate, 2s.
Part III. complete.

ELEMENTARY GERMAN READER. A Graduated Col-

lection of Readings in Prose and Poetry. With English Notes
and a Vocabulary. By F. Lange, Ph.D. is. 6d.

ADVANCED GERMAN READER. A Graduated Collection

of Readings in Prose and Poetry. With English Notes and a
Vocabulary. By F. Lange, Ph.D. and J. F. Davis, M.A.,
D.Lit. [Nearly ready.

PROGRESSIVE GERMAN EXAMINATION

COURSE. In Three Parts. By F. Lange, Ph.D., Prof.
R.M.A., Woolwich, Examiner in German to the College of
Preceptors.

Comprising the Elements of German Grammar, an Historical

Sketch of the Teutonic Languages, English and German Corre-
spondences, Materials for Translation, Dictation, Extempore,
Conversation and complete Vocabularies.

1. ELEMENTARY COURSE. Cloth, 2^.

2. INTERMEDIATE COURSE. Cloth, 2s.
3. ADVANCED COURSE. Second revised edition. Cloth,
is. 6d.
"We cordially commend it as a useful help to examiners, who will find it well
adapted to their needs." Practical Teacher.
 24 Whittaker and Go's List of

German Classics, toitb (ZEnglisb H3otes,

Fcap. %vo. cloth.

GERMAN BALLADS. From Uhland, Goethe,

and Schiller. With Introductions to each Poem, copious
Explanatory Notes, and Biographical Notice's. By C. Bielefeld.
is. 6d.

GOETHE'S HERMANN AND DOROTHEA.

With Short Introduction, Argument, and Notes Critical and
Explanatory. By Ernest Bell and E. Wolfel. is. 6d.

SCHILLER'S MAID OF ORLEANS. With Intro-

duction and Notes. By Dr. Wagner, is. 6d.

MARIA STUART. With Introduction and

Notes. By V. Kastner, M.A. is. 6d.

WALLENSTEIN. Complete Text. New

edition. With Notes, Arguments, and an Historical and
Critical Inti'oduction. By C. A. Buchheim, Professor, Ph.D.,
55. Or separately Part I. THE LAGER AND DIE PIC-
COLOMINI. 2s. 6d. Part II. WALLENSTEIN'S TOD.
2s. M.

QBtHttafter'g Series of egjotiern German

authors,
With Introduction and Notes, Edited by F. Lange, Ph.D.,
Professor, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.
The attention of the heads of Colleges and Schools is respectfully
directed to this new Series of "MODERN
GERMAN AUTHORS"
which is intended to supply the much-felt want of suitable Reading
Books for English Students of German who have passed through
the preliminary stages of fables and anecdotes.
To those who wish to extend their linguistic and grammatical
 Classical and Educational \ Vorks.

lowledge, these volumes will afford, in one respect, a great

advantage over those of an earlier period, presenting, as they do,
the compositions of the best living, or only recently deceased
authors. The Notes, besides etymological and other explanations,
will contain many useful idiomatic expressions suggested by the text,
md worth committing to memory.

FIRST SERIES.
FOR BEGINNERS. Edited, with a Grammatical Introduction,
Notes, and a Vocabulary, by F. Lange, Ph. D. Professor, R.M. A.
,

Woolwich, Examiner in German to the College of Preceptors,

and H. Hager, Ph.D., Examiner in German to the London
University.

KEY'S FABELN FUR KINDER. Illustrated by O. Speckter.

Edited, with an Introduction, Grammatical Summary, Words,
and a complete Vocabulary. By F. Lange, Ph.D., Professor.
is. 6d.

THE SAME, with a Phonetic Introduction, Phonetic Transcription of

the Text. By F. Lange, Professor, Ph.D. 2s.

SECOND SERIES.
FOR INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS. Edited, with a Biogra-
phical Introduction, Notes, and a complete vocabulary, by F.
Lange, Ph.D., Professor, and H. Hager, Ph.D.

DOKTOR WESPE. Lustspiel in fiinf Aufziigen von JULIUS

RODERICK BENEDIX. Edited by F. Langej Ph.D.,
Professor. 2s. 6d.

SCHILLER'S JUGENDJAHRE. Erzahlung von FRZ. HOFF-

MANN. Edited by H. Hager, Ph.D., Professor. [In the press.

THIRD SERIES.
FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS. Edited, with a Literary In-
troduction and Notes, by F. Lange, Ph.D., Professor, R.M. A.
Woolwich, in co-operation with F. Storr, B.A. ; A. A. Mac-
donell, M.A. ; H. Hager, Ph.D.; C. Neuhaus, Ph.D. and
others.

MEISTER MARTIN, der Kiifner. Erzahlung von E. T. A. Hoff-

man. Edited by F. Lange, Ph.D., Professor, Royal Military
Academy, Woolwich, is. 6d.
26 / Vhittaker and Co. 's L ist of
HANS LANGE. Schauspiel von Paul Heyse. Edited by A. A.
Macdonell, M.A., Ph.D., Taylorian Teacher, University,
Oxford. 2s.

AUF WACHE. Novelle von Berthold Auerbach. DER GEFRO-

RENE KUSS. Novelle von Otto Roquette. Edited by
A. A. Macdonell, M.A. zs.

DER BIBLIOTHEKAR. Lustspiel von G. von Moser. Edited

by F. Lange, Ph.D. Second revised Edition. 2s.
EINE FRAGE. Idyll von George Ebers. Edited by F. Storr,
B.A., Chief Master of Modern Subjects in Merchant Taylor's
School. 2s.

DIE JOURNALISTEN. Lustspiel von Gustav Freytag. Edited

by Professor F. Lange, Ph.D. Second revised Edition. 2s. 6d.

ZOPF UND SCHWERT. Lustspiel von Karl Gutzkow. Edited

by Professor F. Lange, Ph.D. 2s. 6d.

GERMAN EPIC TALES IN PROSE. I. Die Nibelungen,

von A. F. C. Vilmar. II. Walther und Hildegund, von Albert
Richter. Edited by Karl Neuhaus, Ph.D., the International
College, Isleworth. 2s. 6d.

Italian.
BARETTFS DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH
AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES. To which is
prefixed an
Italian and English Grammar. New Edition, entirely re-
written. By G. Comelati and J. Davenport. 2 vols. 8vo.
I/, is.

GRAGLIA'S NEW POCKET DICTIONARY OF

THE ITALIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. With
considerable Additions, and a Compendious Elementary Italian
Grammar. i8mo. 4^. 6d.

OLLENDORFF'S (DR. H. G.) NEW METHOD

OF LEARNING TO READ, WRITE, AND SPEAK A
LANGUAGE IN SIX MONTHS. Adapted to the Italian.
New Edition. Crown 8vo. "js. Key, 8vo. 'js.

SOAVE'S NOVELLE MORALI. New Edition.

I2mo. 4s.
 Classical and Educational Works. 27

VENERONI'S COMPLETE ITALIAN GRAM-

MAR. By P. Rosteri. I2mo. 6s.

VERGANI AND PIRANESI'S ITALIAN AND

ENGLISH GRAMMAR. With Exercises, &c. By J.
Guichet. New edition, by Signer A. Tommasi. I2mo. $s.
Key, 3j.

Russian,
DOLBESHOFF (E.) A DICTIONARY OF THE
RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. In two
volumes. Vol. I. Russian-English. Vol. II. English-Russian.
Compiled by E. Dolbeshoff in co-operation with C. E. Turner,
Professor of English Language and Literature at the University,
St. Petersburg. [Preparing,

NEUMAN AND BARETTTS SPANISH AND

ENGLISH, AND ENGLISH AND SPANISH DIC-
TIONARY.

-
Revised and enlarged by M. Seoane, M.D.
2 vols. 8vo. i/. Ss.

POCKET DICTIONARY. Spanish and Eng-

lish, and English and Spanish. Compiled from the larger
work. i8mo. ^.

OLLENDORFF'S (DR. H. G.) NEW METHOD

OF LEARNING TO READ, WRITE, AND SPEAK A
LANGUAGE IN SIX MONTHS. Adapted to the Spanish.
New edition. 8vo. 12s. Key, 8vo. "js.

PONCE DE LEON'S ENGLISH - SPANISH

TECHNOLOGICAL DICTIONARY. 8vo. I/. i6s. See
page 31.
28 Whittaker and Cols List of

Ipractical mercantile CorresponDence.

A Collection of Commercial Letters and Forms, with Notes,
Explanatory and Grammatical, and a Vocabulary of Commercial
Terms, edited by L. Simon, Chr. Vogel, Ph.D., H. P. Skelton,
W. C. Wrankmore, Leland Mason, and others. Intended as Class
Books for Schools and for Self- Instruction.
Now Ready crown 8vo, cloth
) :

ENGLISH, with German Notes, 3*.

GERMAN, with English Notes, 3*.
ENGLISH, with French Notes, 4*. &/.
FRENCH, with English Notes, 4*. bd.
This new Collection of Model Letters and Epistolary Forms
embraces the whole sphere of Commercial Transactions. Each
example is provided with such remarks and explanations, that any
one with a fair grammatical knowledge of the particular language
will find it an easy matter to prepare a well-expressed letter.

<fje Specialises Series*

A New Series of Handbooks for Students and Practical
Engineers. Crown &vo. With many Illustrations.
GAS ENGINES. Their Theory and Management.
By William Macgregor. With 7 Plates. Crown 8vo. pp. 245,
Ss. 6d.

BALLOONING: A Concise Sketch of its History and

Principles. From the best sources, Continental and English.
By G. May. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. pp. vi.-97,
2s. 6d.

ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY,

and its Transformation, Subdivision, and Distribution. A
Practical Handbook by Gisbert Kapp, C.E., Associate Member
of the Institution of Civil Engineers, &c. With 119 Illustra-
tions. Crown 8vo. pp. xi.-33i. Second Edition. Js. 6d.

ARC AND GLOW LAMPS. A Practical Hand-

book on Electric Lighting. By Julius Maier, Ph.D., Assoc.
Soc. Tel. Eng., &c. With 78 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. pp.
viii.-376. 7-y. 6d.
 Classical and Educational Works. 29

ON THE CONVERSION OF HEAT INTO

WORK. A Practical Handbook on Heat-Engines. By
William Anderson, M. Inst. C.E. With 64 Illustrations.
Pp. viii.-254. Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.

SEWAGE TREATMENT, PURIFICATION

AND UTILIZATION A Manual Use
; Practical for the of
Corporations, Local Boards, Officers of Health, Inspectors of
Nuisances, Chemists, Manufacturers, Riparian Owners, Engi-
neers and Ratepayers. By J. W. Slater, F. E.S., Editor of
"Journal of Science." Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s.
THE TELEPHONE. By W. H. Preece, F.R.S.,
and J. Mater, Ph.D. With numerous illustrations. Cr. 8vo.
12s. 6d.

MANURES, OR THE PHILOSOPHY OF

MANURING. By Dr. A. B. Griffiths, F. R.S.Ed., F.C.S.,
Principal and Lecturer on Chemistry in the School of Science,
Lincoln, &c., &c. Cr. 8vo. Js. 6d,

HYDRAULIC MOTORS : TURBINES AND

PRESSURE MOTORS. By George R. Bodmer, Assoc.
M.Inst.C.E. 14^.

ALTERNATING CURRENTS OF ELEC-

TRICITY. By Thomas H. Blakesley, M.A., M.Inst.C.E.
4J. 6d.

In preparation.
GALVANIC BATTERIES. By Professor George Forbes,
M.A.
INDUCTION COILS. By Professor A. J. Fleming, M.A.,
D.Sc.
THE DYNAMO. By Guy C. Fricker.
Others to follow.

NIPHER (F. E.) THEORY OF MAGNETIC

MEASUREMENTS, WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE
METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES. One volume. Crown
8vo. cloth, 5-s-.

PLANTE (G.) THE STORAGE OF ELECTRI-

CAL ENERGY, and Researches in the
Effects created by Cur-
rents combining Quantity with High Tension. Translated from
the French by Paul Bedford Elwell. With Portrait, and 89
Illustrations. 8vo. pp. vii.-268, cloth, 12s.
3O Whittaker and Co.'s List of

Small crown Sv0. cloth. With many Illustrations.

fGHinttaker's ILifararp of arts, Sciences,

Manufactures anD Jlntwstries.
ELECTRIC LIGHT INSTALLATIONS
AND THE MANAGEMENT OF ACCUMULA-
TORS. A Practical Handbook by Sir David Salomons,
Bart., M.A. 5th Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with 100 Illus-
trations. Cloth, 5-r.
"
To say that this book is the best of its kind would be a poor compliment,
as it is practically the only work on accumulators that has been written."
Electrical Review.

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT MAKING -

FOR AMATEURS.
"
A Handbook. By S. R.
Practical
Bottone, Author of The Dynamo," &c. With 60 Illustrations.
Third edition. Cloth, $s.

ELECTRIC BELLS AND ALL ABOUT

THEM. A Practical Book for Practical Men. By S. R.
Bottone. With more than 100 illustrations. Second edition,
revised. Cloth, 3^.

PRACTICAL
"
IRON FOUNDING. By the
Author of Pattern Making," &c., &c. Illustrated with over
one hundred engravings. Cloth, ^s.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN OUR

HOMES AND WORKSHOPS. A Practical Handbook.
By Sydney F. Walker, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E. $s.

THE PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS FROM

LIGHTNING. A Treatise on the Theory of Lightning
Conductors from a Modern Point of View. Being the substance of
two lectures delivered before the Society of Arts in March, 1888.
By Oliver J. Lodge, LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Phy-
sics inUniversity College, Liverpool.
Published with various amplifications and additions, with the
approval of the Society of Arts. \_In preparation.

ELECTRICAL INFLUENCE MACHINES:

Containing a full account of their historical development, their
modern Forms, and their Practical Construction. By J. Gray.
B.Sc. [/ the pre<s.
 Classical and Educational Works. 3 1

METAL TURNING. By J. A., author of

"Practical Ironfounding," &c. [/w the press.
Others in preparation.

Cecfmological Dictionaries.
ENGLISH AND GERMAN.
WERSHOVEN (F. J.) TECHNOLOGICAL
DICTIONARY OF THE PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL,
AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES. English and German.
2 vols. cloth, 5-y.

ENGLISH SPANISH.
PONCE DE LEON. TECHNOLOGICAL DIC-
TIONARY. and Spanish-English.
English-Spanish Con-
taining Terms employed in the Applied Sciences, Industrial
Arts, Mechanics, Fine Arts, Metallurgy, Machineiy, Commerce,
Ship-building and Navigation, Civil and Military Engineering,
Agriculture, Railway Construction, Electro-technics, &c.

Vol. I. English- Spanish. 8vo. bound, ^"i i6s.

Vol. II. Spanish-English. [In preparation.

Post Sv0. 8i. ios. 6d.

HOBLYN'S DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED

IN MEDICINE AND COLLATERAL SCIENCES, nth
edition. Revised throughout, with numerous Additions. By
John A P. Price, B.A., M.D. Oxon., Assistant-Surgeon to the
Royal Berkshire Hospital.
This new edition has undergone complete revision and emen-
dation. Many terms, fallen more or less into disuse, have been
omitted ; and a considerable amount of fresh matter has been
introduced, in order to meet the requirements of the present day.
32 Whittaker and Go's List.

I vol. demy 4/0. with 25 Double and 40 Single Plates, 2 icxr.

TECHNICAL SCHOOL AND COLLEGE BUILDING.

Being a Treatise on the Design and Construction of
Applied Science and Art Buildings, and
their suitable Fittings and
Sanitation.
WITH A CHAPTER ON TECHNICAL EDUCATION.
BY EDWARD COOKWORTHY ROBINS, F.S.A.

OUTLINE OF CONTENTS. Introduction English and Foreign

Technical Education Analysis of the Second Report of the Royal
Commissioners on Technical Education Buildings for Applied
Science and Art Instruction, with examples of Foreign and English
Buildings Analysis of the Fittings necessary for these Buildings
British and Foreign Examples of the Details of the Fittings Heat-
ing and Ventilation generally Heating and Ventilation necessary
for Applied Science and Instruction Buildings The Planning of
Buildings for Middle Class Education Sanitary Science Appendix.
Full prospectus post free on application.
"It will prove an indispensable work of reference to architects, builders, and
managers of technical schools."
" A most valuable contribution Spectator.
to architectural literature." British Architect.

THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF IRON.

A Complete Account of all the Best Known Methods for the Analysis
of Iron, Steel, Ores, &c.

By A. A. BLAIR, Chief Chemist, U.S. Geological Survey, &c.

Royal 8vo. 14^.

Second Edition, Revised.

THE
WORKING AND MANAGEMENT OF AN ENGLISH RAILWAY,
BY GEORGE FINDLAY,
General Manager of the London and North- Western Railway.
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.
Crown 8vo. "js. 6d.

CHISWICK I'RESS : C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT,

* CHANCERY LANE.
PM Hale, Horatio Eramons
846 An international idiom
H34

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE

CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY