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IELTS Reading 03: Dr. Paul Hudson American University of Sharjah 23 October 2022

The document discusses different types of questions on the IELTS reading test. It notes that there are 14 types of questions and focuses on summary completion questions. For these questions, test takers must fill in gaps in a summary of the passage using synonyms and paraphrasing while maintaining the correct grammar, such as singular or plural forms. Understanding the type of word needed for each gap, such as a noun, verb or adjective, can help test takers successfully answer these questions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

79 views147 pages

IELTS Reading 03: Dr. Paul Hudson American University of Sharjah 23 October 2022

Uploaded by

Manal Salami

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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IELTS Reading 03

Dr. Paul Hudson

American University
of Sharjah
23 October 2022
There are 14 types of Questions in the IELTS Reading Test
1. Multiple Choice
2. Short Answer Questions
3. Identifying Information – T/F/NG
4. Identifying Writer’s Views – Y/N/NG
5. Matching Information
6. Matching Headlines
7. Matching Features
8. Matching Sentence Endings
9. Sentence Completion
10. Summary Completion
11. Note Completion
12. Table Completion
13. Flowchart Completion
14. Diagram Label Completion
So far we have looked at 8
1. Multiple Choice
2. Short Answer Questions
3. Identifying Information – T/F/NG
4. Identifying Writer’s Views – Y/N/NG
5. Matching Information
6. Matching Headlines
7. Matching Features
8. Matching Sentence Endings
9. Sentence Completion
10. Summary Completion
11. Note Completion
12. Table Completion
13. Flowchart Completion
14. Diagram Label Completion
Today I want to look at the last 6
1. Multiple Choice
2. Short Answer Questions
3. Identifying Information – T/F/NG
4. Identifying Writer’s Views – Y/N/NG
5. Matching Information
6. Matching Headlines
7. Matching Features
8. Matching Sentence Endings
9. Sentence Completion
10. Summary Completion
11. Note Completion
12. Table Completion
13. Flowchart Completion
14. Diagram Label Completion
THINK GRAMMAR & MEANING

For all the completion-style

questions think about what part of
speech is needed to fill in the gap
9

12
13
IELTS Reading
Summary Completion
Tips, Tactics & Skills Building
Summary completion questions
Summary completion questions

Here are the basic rules for this type of

sentence completion task:

• The summary reports the main

ideas from the passage, but the
information may not be presented
in the same order.
Summary completion questions

• The summary reports the main

ideas from the passage, but the
information may not be presented
in the same order.

• The instructions tell you how

many words to write in each gap.
Summary completion questions
• The summary reports the main ideas
from the passage, but the information
may not be presented in the same
order.
• The instructions tell you how many
words to write in each gap.
• The wording of the summary is not
exactly the same as the wording in the
passage, but it contains the same
information. Look for synonyms and
paraphrases.
Summary completion questions
• The summary reports the main ideas from the
passage, but the information may not be presented
in the same order.
• The instructions tell you how many words to write
in each gap.
• The wording of the summary is not exactly the
same as the wording in the passage, but it contains
the same information. Look for synonyms and
paraphrases.
• When you read the passage, you see the words
that you need to write. You then write the words in
the same form as you see them in the passage (e.g.
singular/plural) – you do not need to change them
in any way. Spelling counts! The words you write
must be spelled correctly.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
1. Before you read the passage, read the summary and underline the main words and ideas.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
1. Before you read the passage, read the summary and underline the main words and ideas.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that is missing in each gap.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that is missing in each gap.

33. Noun (Gerund) –

Activity that is impossible
to do in the Arctic as a way
of providing food.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that is missing in each gap.

33. Noun (Gerund) –

Activity that is impossible
to do in the Arctic as a way
of providing food.
34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
nouns – Things you can
catch as food.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that is missing in each gap.

33. Noun (Gerund) –

Activity that is impossible
to do in the Arctic as a way
of providing food.
34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
nouns – Things you can
catch as food.
36. Name of a people
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that is missing in each gap.

33. Noun (Gerund) –

Activity that is impossible
to do in the Arctic as a way
of providing food.
34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
nouns – Things you can
catch as food.
36. Name of a people
37. Plural noun – What the
area consists of
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that is missing in each gap.

33. Noun (Gerund) –

Activity that is impossible
to do in the Arctic as a way
of providing food.
34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
nouns – Things you can
catch as food.
36. Name of a people
37. Plural noun – What the
area consists of
38. Adjective describing
lifestyle
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that is missing in each gap.

33. Noun (Gerund) –

Activity that is impossible
to do in the Arctic as a way
of providing food.
34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
nouns – Things you can
catch as food.
36. Name of a people
37. Plural noun – What the
area consists of
38. Adjective describing
lifestyle
39. Uncountable noun –
source of food and clothes
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that is missing in each gap.

33. Noun (Gerund) –

Activity that is impossible
to do in the Arctic as a way
of providing food.
34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
nouns – Things you can
catch as food.
36. Name of a people
37. Plural noun – What the
area consists of
38. Adjective describing
lifestyle
39. Uncountable noun –
source of food and clothes
40. Adjective describing
very costly produce
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics

3. The summary usually relates to one section of the passage (in this case sections C and D).
However, it may sometimes relate to the whole passage.

C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into
this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and
nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea
mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they
failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with
the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools.
They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

4. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
3. The summary usually relates to one section of the passage (in this case sections C and D).
However, it may sometimes relate to the whole passage.

4. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary.

5. Then go through the summary, gap by gap, and read the relevant sections of the passage.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
3. The summary usually relates to one section of the passage (in this case sections C and D).
However, it may sometimes relate to the whole passage.

4. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary.

5. Then go through the summary, gap by gap, and read the relevant sections of the passage.

6. Look for clues in the summary that tell you the type of information you are looking for.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
3. The summary usually relates to one section of the passage (in this case sections C and D).
However, it may sometimes relate to the whole passage.

4. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary.

5. Then go through the summary, gap by gap, and read the relevant sections of the passage.

6. Look for clues in the summary that tell you the type of information you are looking for.

7. Don’t just write down the first word you find that fits the gap – keep reading and keep
thinking about the meaning.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
3. The summary usually relates to one section of the passage (in this case sections C and D).
However, it may sometimes relate to the whole passage.

4. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary.

5. Then go through the summary, gap by gap, and read the relevant sections of the passage.

6. Look for clues in the summary that tell you the type of information you are looking for.

7. Don’t just write down the first word you find that fits the gap – keep reading and keep
thinking about the meaning.

8. The words you need to write are in the passage. Do not put the information you read into
your own words.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
3. The summary usually relates to one section of the passage (in this case sections C and D).
However, it may sometimes relate to the whole passage.

4. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary.

5. Then go through the summary, gap by gap, and read the relevant sections of the passage.

6. Look for clues in the summary that tell you the type of information you are looking for.

7. Don’t just write down the first word you find that fits the gap – keep reading and keep
thinking about the meaning.

8. The words you need to write are in the passage. Do not put the information you read into
your own words.

9. Remember, the instructions tell you how many words to write – if you write more, your
answer will be marked wrong. Most answers are single words or short phrases.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
3. The summary usually relates to one section of the passage (in this case sections C and D).
However, it may sometimes relate to the whole passage.

4. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary.

5. Then go through the summary, gap by gap, and read the relevant sections of the passage.

6. Look for clues in the summary that tell you the type of information you are looking for.

7. Don’t just write down the first word you find that fits the gap – keep reading and keep
thinking about the meaning.

8. The words you need to write are in the passage. Do not put the information you read into
your own words.

9. Remember, the instructions tell you how many words to write – if you write more, your
answer will be marked wrong. Most answers are single words or short phrases.

10. Write numbers as figures, e.g. ‘104’ – not as words, e.g. ‘one hundred and four’ because
this may go over the word limit.
Summary completion questions – Tips & Tactics
3. The summary usually relates to one section of the passage (in this case sections C and D).
However, it may sometimes relate to the whole passage.

4. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary.

5. Then go through the summary, gap by gap, and read the relevant sections of the passage.

6. Look for clues in the summary that tell you the type of information you are looking for.

7. Don’t just write down the first word you find that fits the gap – keep reading and keep
thinking about the meaning.

8. The words you need to write are in the passage. Do not put the information you read into
your own words.

9. Remember, the instructions tell you how many words to write – if you write more, your
answer will be marked wrong. Most answers are single words or short phrases.

10. Write numbers as figures, e.g. ‘104’ – not as words, e.g. ‘one hundred and four’ because
this may go over the word limit.

11. If you are not sure, always write something. No marks are taken off for wrong answers.
Now complete the summary. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is
out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years
ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the
colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group
emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers
of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a 33. Noun (Gerund) –
handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and Activity that is impossible
settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and to do in the Arctic as a way
clothing.
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air
of providing food.
networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a 34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. nouns – Things you can
Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income. catch as food.
36. Name of a people
37. Plural noun – What the
area consists of
38. Adjective describing
lifestyle
39. Uncountable noun –
source of food and clothes
40. Adjective describing
very costly produce
Now complete the summary. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is
out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years
ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the
colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group
emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers
of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a 33. Noun (Gerund) –
handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and Activity that is impossible
settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and to do in the Arctic as a way
clothing.
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air
of providing food.
networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a 34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. nouns – Things you can
Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income. catch as food.
36. Name of a people
farming 37. Plural noun – What the
area consists of
38. Adjective describing
lifestyle
39. Uncountable noun –
source of food and clothes
40. Adjective describing
very costly produce
Now complete the summary. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is
out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years
ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the
colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group
emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers
of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a 33. Noun (Gerund) –
handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and Activity that is impossible
settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and to do in the Arctic as a way
clothing.
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air
of providing food.
networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a 34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. nouns – Things you can
Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income. catch as food.
36. Name of a people
farming 37. Plural noun – What the
sea mammals fish area consists of
38. Adjective describing
lifestyle
39. Uncountable noun –
source of food and clothes
40. Adjective describing
very costly produce
Now complete the summary. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is
out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years
ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the
colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group
emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers
of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a 33. Noun (Gerund) –
handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and Activity that is impossible
settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and to do in the Arctic as a way
clothing.
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air
of providing food.
networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a 34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. nouns – Things you can
Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income. catch as food.
36. Name of a people
farming 37. Plural noun – What the
sea mammals fish area consists of
38. Adjective describing
Thule
lifestyle
39. Uncountable noun –
source of food and clothes
40. Adjective describing
very costly produce
Now complete the summary. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is
out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years
ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the
colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group
emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers
of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a 33. Noun (Gerund) –
handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and Activity that is impossible
settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and to do in the Arctic as a way
clothing.
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air
of providing food.
networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a 34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. nouns – Things you can
Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income. catch as food.
36. Name of a people
farming 37. Plural noun – What the
sea mammals fish area consists of
38. Adjective describing
Thule
lifestyle
39. Uncountable noun –
islands source of food and clothes
40. Adjective describing
very costly produce
Now complete the summary. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is
out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years
ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the
colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group
emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers
of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a 33. Noun (Gerund) –
handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and Activity that is impossible
settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and to do in the Arctic as a way
clothing.
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air
of providing food.
networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a 34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. nouns – Things you can
Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income. catch as food.
36. Name of a people
farming 37. Plural noun – What the
sea mammals fish area consists of
38. Adjective describing
Thule
lifestyle
39. Uncountable noun –
islands source of food and clothes
nomadic 40. Adjective describing
very costly produce
Now complete the summary. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is
out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years
ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the
colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group
emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers
of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a 33. Noun (Gerund) –
handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and Activity that is impossible
settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and to do in the Arctic as a way
clothing.
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air
of providing food.
networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a 34 & 35. Plural/uncountable
family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. nouns – Things you can
Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income. catch as food.
36. Name of a people
farming 37. Plural noun – What the
sea mammals fish area consists of
38. Adjective describing
Thule
lifestyle
39. Uncountable noun –
islands source of food and clothes
nomadic nature 40. Adjective describing
very costly produce
Now complete the summary. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is
out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years
ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the
colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group
emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the

lists of words, A-H, below.

The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS

The summary completion task tests

your ability to locate ideas in a reading
passage and use them to complete a
summary of that passage. This task is
often used to test your understanding
of a passage where different ideas
about a subject are presented.
Summary completion questions 2

On the question paper, you see a short

summary on the same subject as the
long reading passage. The summary
usually includes the main points of
information from one section of the
passage. Your job is to read both the
passage and the summary and choose
which words from a list complete the
gaps in the summary.
Summary completion questions 2
Here are the basic rules for the summary
completion task:
• The summary reports the main ideas
from the relevant section of the passage,
but the information may not be
presented in the same order.
Summary completion questions 2
Here are the basic rules for the summary
completion task:
• The summary reports the main ideas
from the relevant section of the passage,
but the information may not be
presented in the same order.
• The missing words are listed in a box (A-
K). You choose one word from the box to
complete each numbered gap in the
summary.
Summary completion questions 2
Here are the basic rules for the summary
completion task:
• The summary reports the main ideas
from the relevant section of the passage,
but the information may not be
presented in the same order.
• The missing words are listed in a box (A-
K). You choose one word from the box to
complete each numbered gap in the
summary.
• The wording of the summary isn’t exactly
the same as the wording in the passage,
but it contains the same information and
ideas.
Summary completion questions 2
Here are the basic rules for the summary completion
task:
• The summary reports the main ideas from the
relevant section of the passage, but the
information may not be presented in the same
order.
• The missing words are listed in a box (A-K). You
choose one word from the box to complete each
numbered gap in the summary.
• The wording of the summary isn’t exactly the same
as the wording in the passage, but it contains the
same information and ideas.
• When you read the passage, you sometimes see
the words from the box, but sometimes the words
are different from those used in the passage
because the summary is reporting the main ideas
using different language.
Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
1. Before you look at the passage, read the summary and underline the main words and ideas.

The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS

According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He
believes they could change its image; firstly because sending food and equipment there
would be more 10_____ if a commercial craft were used, and secondly, because
commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____to
ordinary people. Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a
chance of them becoming more 12_____. And by working on a commercial flight first,
scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.
Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that’s missing in each gap. For example, are you looking
for a name, a number, a specific term or something else? Think grammar and meaning.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He
believes they could change its image; firstly because sending food and equipment there
would be more 10_____ if a commercial craft were used, and secondly, because
commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____to
ordinary people. Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a
chance of them becoming more 12_____. And by working on a commercial flight first,
scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.
Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
2. Think about the type of information that’s missing in each gap. For example, are you looking
for a name, a number, a specific term or something else? Think grammar and meaning.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He
believes they could change its image; firstly because sending food and equipment there
would be more 10_____
ADJ if a commercial craft were used, and secondly, because
commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____to
ADJ
ordinary people. Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a
chance of them becoming more 12_____.
ADJ And by working on a commercial flight first,
scientists would be more 13_____
ADJ if an ISS position came up.
3. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary. The summary
usually relates to one section of the passage, but may also report the meaning of the whole passage.
Science in Space
How will NASA transform the International Space Station from a building site into a cutting-edge research laboratory?
A premier, world-class laboratory in low Earth orbit. That was how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agency (NASA) sold the International Space Station (ISS) to the US
Congress in 2001. Today no one can doubt the agency’s technological ambition. The most complex engineering project ever attempted has created an enormous set of interlinked modules that orbits the planet
at more than 27,000 kilometres per hour. It might be travelling fast but, say critics, as a lab it is going nowhere. So far, it has gone through $150 billion.
So where should its future priorities lie? This question was addressed at the recent 1st annual ISS research and development conference in Colorado. Among the presenters was Satoshi Iwase of
Aichi Medical University in Japan who has spent several years developing an experiment that could help solve one of the key problems that humans will face in space: keeping our bodies healthy in
weightlessness. One thing that physiologists have learned is that without gravity our bodies begin to lose strength, leaving astronauts with weakened bones, muscles and cardiovascular systems. To counter
these effects on a long-duration mission to, say, Mars, astronauts will almost certainly need to create their own artificial gravity. This is where Iwase comes in. He leads a team designing a centrifuge for
humans. In their preliminary design, an astronaut is strapped into the seat of a machine that resembles an exercise bike. Pedalling provides a workout for the astronaut’s muscles and cardiovascular system, but
it also causes the seat to rotate vertically around a central axis so the rider experiences artificial gravity while exercising.
The centrifuge project highlights the station’s potential as a research lab. Similar machines have flown in space aboard NASA’s shuttles, but they couldn’t be tested for long enough to prove
whether they were effective. It’s been calculated that to properly assess a centrifuge’s impact on human physiology, astronauts would have to ride it for 30 minutes a day for at least two months. The only way
to test this is in weightlessness, and the only time we have to do that is on the space station,’ says Laurence Young, a space medicine expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
There are certainly plenty of ideas for other experiments: but many projects have yet to fly. Even if the centrifuge project gets the green light, it will have to wait another five years before the
station’s crew can take a spin. Lengthy delays like this are one of the key challenges for NASA, according to an April 201 I report from the US National Academy of Sciences. Its authors said they were ‘deeply
concerned’ about the state of NASA’s science research, and made a number of recommendations. Besides suggesting that the agency reduces the time between approving experiments and sending them into
space, it also recommended setting clearer research priorities.
NASA has already begun to take action, hiring management consultants ProOrbis to develop a plan to cut through the bureaucracy. And Congress also directed NASA to hire an independent
organisation, the Centre for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), to help manage the station’s US lab facilities. One of CASIS’s roles is to convince public and private investors that science on the station
is worth the spend because judged solely by the number of papers published, the ISS certainly seems poor value: research on the station has generated about 3,100 papers since l998.The Hubble Space
Telescope, meanwhile, has produced more than 1,300 papers in just over 20 years, yet it cost less than one-tenth of the price of the space station.
Yet Mark Uhran, assistant associate administrator for the ISS, refutes the criticism that the station hasn’t done any useful research. He points to progress made on a salmonella vaccine, for
example. To get the ISS research back on track, CASIS has examined more than 100 previous microgravity experiments to identify promising research themes. From this, it has opted to focus on life science and
medical research, and recently called for proposals for experiments on muscle wasting, osteoporosis and the immune system. The organisation also maintains that the ISS should be used to develop products
with commercial application and to test those that are either close to or already on the market. Investment from outside organisations is vital, says Uhran, and a balance between academic and commercial
research will help attract this.
The station needs to attract cutting-edge research, yet many scientists seem to have little idea what goes on aboard it. Jeanne DiFrancesco at ProOrbis conducted more than 200 interviews with
people from organisations with potential interests in low gravity studies. Some were aware of the ISS but they didn't know what's going on up there, she says. ‘Others know there’s science, but they don’t know
what kind.’
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and
its partners when it comes to resupplying the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-altitude balloon could also boost the space
station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary travel again, he
predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space
flight could eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience
should help them win a slot on the station, says Stern.
3. Read the passage and find the main words and ideas you underlined in the summary. The summary
usually relates to one section of the passage, but may also report the meaning of the whole passage.
Science in Space
How will NASA transform the International Space Station from a building site into a cutting-edge research laboratory?
A premier, world-class laboratory in low Earth orbit. That was how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agency (NASA) sold the International Space Station (ISS) to the US
Congress in 2001. Today no one can doubt the agency’s technological ambition. The most complex engineering project ever attempted has created an enormous set of interlinked modules that orbits the planet
at more than 27,000 kilometres per hour. It might be travelling fast but, say critics, as a lab it is going nowhere. So far, it has gone through $150 billion.
So where should its future priorities lie? This question was addressed at the recent 1st annual ISS research and development conference in Colorado. Among the presenters was Satoshi Iwase of
Aichi Medical University in Japan who has spent several years developing an experiment that could help solve one of the key problems that humans will face in space: keeping our bodies healthy in
weightlessness. One thing that physiologists have learned is that without gravity our bodies begin to lose strength, leaving astronauts with weakened bones, muscles and cardiovascular systems. To counter
these effects on a long-duration mission to, say, Mars, astronauts will almost certainly need to create their own artificial gravity. This is where Iwase comes in. He leads a team designing a centrifuge for
humans. In their preliminary design, an astronaut is strapped into the seat of a machine that resembles an exercise bike. Pedalling provides a workout for the astronaut’s muscles and cardiovascular system, but
it also causes the seat to rotate vertically around a central axis so the rider experiences artificial gravity while exercising.
The centrifuge project highlights the station’s potential as a research lab. Similar machines have flown in space aboard NASA’s shuttles, but they couldn’t be tested for long enough to prove
whether they were effective. It’s been calculated that to properly assess a centrifuge’s impact on human physiology, astronauts would have to ride it for 30 minutes a day for at least two months. The only way
to test this is in weightlessness, and the only time we have to do that is on the space station,’ says Laurence Young, a space medicine expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
There are certainly plenty of ideas for other experiments: but many projects have yet to fly. Even if the centrifuge project gets the green light, it will have to wait another five years before the
station’s crew can take a spin. Lengthy delays like this are one of the key challenges for NASA, according to an April 201 I report from the US National Academy of Sciences. Its authors said they were ‘deeply
concerned’ about the state of NASA’s science research, and made a number of recommendations. Besides suggesting that the agency reduces the time between approving experiments and sending them into
space, it also recommended setting clearer research priorities.
NASA has already begun to take action, hiring management consultants ProOrbis to develop a plan to cut through the bureaucracy. And Congress also directed NASA to hire an independent
organisation, the Centre for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), to help manage the station’s US lab facilities. One of CASIS’s roles is to convince public and private investors that science on the station
is worth the spend because judged solely by the number of papers published, the ISS certainly seems poor value: research on the station has generated about 3,100 papers since l998.The Hubble Space
Telescope, meanwhile, has produced more than 1,300 papers in just over 20 years, yet it cost less than one-tenth of the price of the space station.
Yet Mark Uhran, assistant associate administrator for the ISS, refutes the criticism that the station hasn’t done any useful research. He points to progress made on a salmonella vaccine, for
example. To get the ISS research back on track, CASIS has examined more than 100 previous microgravity experiments to identify promising research themes. From this, it has opted to focus on life science and
medical research, and recently called for proposals for experiments on muscle wasting, osteoporosis and the immune system. The organisation also maintains that the ISS should be used to develop products
with commercial application and to test those that are either close to or already on the market. Investment from outside organisations is vital, says Uhran, and a balance between academic and commercial
research will help attract this.
The station needs to attract cutting-edge research, yet many scientists seem to have little idea what goes on aboard it. Jeanne DiFrancesco at ProOrbis conducted more than 200 interviews with
people from organisations with potential interests in low gravity studies. Some were aware of the ISS but they didn't know what's going on up there, she says. ‘Others know there’s science, but they don’t know
what kind.’
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and
its partners when it comes to resupplying the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-altitude balloon could also boost the space
station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary travel again, he
predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space
flight could eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience
should help them win a slot on the station, says Stern.
Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
4. Go through the summary, gap by gap, and read the relevant sections of the passage.

According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____to ordinary people.
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____. And
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.
A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical
Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
Now answer the questions.
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____to ordinary people.
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____. And
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
Now answer the questions.
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____to ordinary people.
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____. And
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
Now answer the questions.
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ H if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____to ordinary people.
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____. And
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
Now answer the questions.
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ H if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____to ordinary people.
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____. And
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
Now answer the questions.
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ H if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____to ordinary people.
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____. And
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
Now answer the questions.
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ H if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____toD ordinary people.
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____. And
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
Now answer the questions.
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ H if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____toD ordinary people.
F And
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____.
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
Now answer the questions.
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ H if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____toD ordinary people.
F And
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____.
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____ if an ISS position came up.

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

Summary completion questions 2 – Tips & Tactics
Now answer the questions.
According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately
funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying
the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfmity's high-
altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern
believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary
travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight
services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could
eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before
submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station,
says Stern.
Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.
The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS
According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS. He believes they could change its
image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more 10_____ H if a commercial craft were used, and
secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem 11_____toD ordinary people.
F And
Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more 12_____.
G if an ISS position came up.
by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more 13_____

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

IELTS Reading
Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion
& Diagram Labelling
Tips, Tactics & Skills Building
Note Completion – What might go in the gaps?
Note Completion – What might go in the gaps?

a year

objects – plural nouns

name of a colour

plural noun

a science
Note Completion – What might go in the gaps?

1992 (excavating)

(artefacts)
beads
tools
engravings

ochre

(an array of) materials

chemistry (an elementary knowledge of)

Table Completion
What might go in
the gaps?
Table Completion
What might go in
the gaps?
29 – building materials
30 – name of style
31 – name of style
32 – characteristics of
buildings
33 – something done to
historic buildings
34 – name of style
35 – characteristics of
buildings
Scan the text and find the dates from the first column of the table
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A building reflects the scientific and technological achievements of the age as well as
the ideas and aspirations of the designer and client. The appearance of individual buildings, however, is often controversial. The use of an architectural style
cannot be said to start or finish on a specific date. Neither is it possible to say exactly what characterises a particular movement. But the origins of what is now
generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries. Instead of using timber,
stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials such as steel, glass
and concrete strengthened steel bars, known as reinforced concrete. Technological advances also helped bring about the decline of rural industries and an
increase in urban populations as people moved to the towns to work in the new factories. Such rapid and uncontrolled growth helped to turn parts of cities into
slums. By the 1920s architects throughout Europe were reacting against the conditions created by industrialisation. A new style of architecture emerged to
reflect more idealistic notions for the future. It was made possible by new materials and construction techniques and was known as Modernism. By the 1930s
many buildings emerging from this movement were designed in the International Style. This was largely characterised by the bold use of new materials and
simple, geometric forms, often with white walls supported by stilt-like pillars. These were stripped of unnecessary decoration that would detract from their
primary purpose — to be used or lived in. Walter Gropius, Charles Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier) and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were among the
most influential of the many architects who contributed to the development of Modernism in the first half of the century. But the economic depression of the
1930s and the second world war (1939-45) prevented their ideas from being widely realised until the economic conditions improved and war-torn cities had to
be rebuilt. By the 1950s, the International Style had developed into a universal approach to building, which standardised the appearance of new buildings in
cities across the world. Unfortunately, this Modernist interest in geometric simplicity and function became exploited for profit. The rediscovery of quick-and-
easy-to-handle reinforced concrete and an improved ability to prefabricate building sections meant that builders could meet the budgets of commissioning
authorities and handle a renewed demand for development quickly and cheaply. But this led to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original
aims of Modernism. Influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas on town planning, every large British city built multi-storey housing estates in the 1960s. Mass- produced,
low-cost high-rises seemed to offer a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city population. But far from meeting human needs, the new estates
often proved to be windswept deserts lacking essential social facilities and services. Many of these buildings were poorly designed and constructed and have
since been demolished. By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose. Preserving historic buildings or keeping only
their facades (or fronts) grew common. Architects also began to make more use of building styles and materials that were traditional to the area. The
architectural style usually referred to as High Tech was also emerging. It celebrated scientific and engineering achievements by openly parading the sophisticated
techniques used in construction. Such buildings are commonly made of metal and glass; examples are Stansted airport and the Lloyd’s building in London.
Disillusionment at the failure of many of the poor imitations of Modernist architecture led to interest in various styles and ideas from the past and present. By
the 1980s the coexistence of different styles of architecture in the same building became known as Post Modern. Other architects looked back to the classical
tradition. The trend in architecture now favours smaller scale building design that reflects a growing public awareness of environmental issues such as energy
efficiency. Like the Modernists, people today recognise that a well-designed environment improves the quality of life but is not necessarily achieved by adopting
one well defined style of architecture. Twentieth century architecture will mainly be remembered for its tall buildings. They have been made possible by the
development of light steel frames and safe passenger lifts. They originated in the US over a century ago to help meet the demand for more economical use of
land. As construction techniques improved, the skyscraper became a reality.
Scan the text and find the dates from the first column of the table
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A building reflects the scientific and technological achievements of the age as well as
the ideas and aspirations of the designer and client. The appearance of individual buildings, however, is often controversial. The use of an architectural style
cannot be said to start or finish on a specific date. Neither is it possible to say exactly what characterises a particular movement. But the origins of what is now
generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries. Instead of using timber,
stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials such as steel, glass
and concrete strengthened steel bars, known as reinforced concrete. Technological advances also helped bring about the decline of rural industries and an
increase in urban populations as people moved to the towns to work in the new factories. Such rapid and uncontrolled growth helped to turn parts of cities into
slums. By the 1920s architects throughout Europe were reacting against the conditions created by industrialisation. A new style of architecture emerged to
reflect more idealistic notions for the future. It was made possible by new materials and construction techniques and was known as Modernism. By the 1930s
many buildings emerging from this movement were designed in the International Style. This was largely characterised by the bold use of new materials and
simple, geometric forms, often with white walls supported by stilt-like pillars. These were stripped of unnecessary decoration that would detract from their
primary purpose — to be used or lived in. Walter Gropius, Charles Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier) and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were among the
most influential of the many architects who contributed to the development of Modernism in the first half of the century. But the economic depression of the
1930s and the second world war (1939-45) prevented their ideas from being widely realised until the economic conditions improved and war-torn cities had to
be rebuilt. By the 1950s, the International Style had developed into a universal approach to building, which standardised the appearance of new buildings in
cities across the world. Unfortunately, this Modernist interest in geometric simplicity and function became exploited for profit. The rediscovery of quick-and-
easy-to-handle reinforced concrete and an improved ability to prefabricate building sections meant that builders could meet the budgets of commissioning
authorities and handle a renewed demand for development quickly and cheaply. But this led to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original
aims of Modernism. Influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas on town planning, every large British city built multi-storey housing estates in the 1960s. Mass-
produced, low-cost high-rises seemed to offer a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city population. But far from meeting human needs, the new
estates often proved to be windswept deserts lacking essential social facilities and services. Many of these buildings were poorly designed and constructed and
have since been demolished. By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose. Preserving historic buildings or keeping
only their facades (or fronts) grew common. Architects also began to make more use of building styles and materials that were traditional to the area. The
architectural style usually referred to as High Tech was also emerging. It celebrated scientific and engineering achievements by openly parading the sophisticated
techniques used in construction. Such buildings are commonly made of metal and glass; examples are Stansted airport and the Lloyd’s building in London.
Disillusionment at the failure of many of the poor imitations of Modernist architecture led to interest in various styles and ideas from the past and present. By
the 1980s the coexistence of different styles of architecture in the same building became known as Post Modern. Other architects looked back to the classical
tradition. The trend in architecture now favours smaller scale building design that reflects a growing public awareness of environmental issues such as energy
efficiency. Like the Modernists, people today recognise that a well-designed environment improves the quality of life but is not necessarily achieved by adopting
one well defined style of architecture. Twentieth century architecture will mainly be remembered for its tall buildings. They have been made possible by the
development of light steel frames and safe passenger lifts. They originated in the US over a century ago to help meet the demand for more economical use of
land. As construction techniques improved, the skyscraper became a reality.
Scan the text and find the names of styles of architecture (Look for capital letters)
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A building reflects the scientific and technological achievements of the age as well as
the ideas and aspirations of the designer and client. The appearance of individual buildings, however, is often controversial. The use of an architectural style
cannot be said to start or finish on a specific date. Neither is it possible to say exactly what characterises a particular movement. But the origins of what is now
generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries. Instead of using timber,
stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials such as steel, glass
and concrete strengthened steel bars, known as reinforced concrete. Technological advances also helped bring about the decline of rural industries and an
increase in urban populations as people moved to the towns to work in the new factories. Such rapid and uncontrolled growth helped to turn parts of cities into
slums. By the 1920s architects throughout Europe were reacting against the conditions created by industrialisation. A new style of architecture emerged to
reflect more idealistic notions for the future. It was made possible by new materials and construction techniques and was known as Modernism. By the 1930s
many buildings emerging from this movement were designed in the International Style. This was largely characterised by the bold use of new materials and
simple, geometric forms, often with white walls supported by stilt-like pillars. These were stripped of unnecessary decoration that would detract from their
primary purpose — to be used or lived in. Walter Gropius, Charles Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier) and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were among the
most influential of the many architects who contributed to the development of Modernism in the first half of the century. But the economic depression of the
1930s and the second world war (1939-45) prevented their ideas from being widely realised until the economic conditions improved and war-torn cities had to
be rebuilt. By the 1950s, the International Style had developed into a universal approach to building, which standardised the appearance of new buildings in
cities across the world. Unfortunately, this Modernist interest in geometric simplicity and function became exploited for profit. The rediscovery of quick-and-
easy-to-handle reinforced concrete and an improved ability to prefabricate building sections meant that builders could meet the budgets of commissioning
authorities and handle a renewed demand for development quickly and cheaply. But this led to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original
aims of Modernism. Influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas on town planning, every large British city built multi-storey housing estates in the 1960s. Mass-
produced, low-cost high-rises seemed to offer a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city population. But far from meeting human needs, the new
estates often proved to be windswept deserts lacking essential social facilities and services. Many of these buildings were poorly designed and constructed and
have since been demolished. By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose. Preserving historic buildings or keeping
only their facades (or fronts) grew common. Architects also began to make more use of building styles and materials that were traditional to the area. The
architectural style usually referred to as High Tech was also emerging. It celebrated scientific and engineering achievements by openly parading the
sophisticated techniques used in construction. Such buildings are commonly made of metal and glass; examples are Stansted airport and the Lloyd’s building in
London. Disillusionment at the failure of many of the poor imitations of Modernist architecture led to interest in various styles and ideas from the past and
present. By the 1980s the coexistence of different styles of architecture in the same building became known as Post Modern. Other architects looked back to
the classical tradition. The trend in architecture now favours smaller scale building design that reflects a growing public awareness of environmental issues such
as energy efficiency. Like the Modernists, people today recognise that a well-designed environment improves the quality of life but is not necessarily achieved
by adopting one well defined style of architecture. Twentieth century architecture will mainly be remembered for its tall buildings. They have been made
possible by the development of light steel frames and safe passenger lifts. They originated in the US over a century ago to help meet the demand for more
economical use of land. As construction techniques improved, the skyscraper became a reality.
Write the question numbers in the margin to show the location of the answers
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A building reflects the scientific and technological achievements of the age as well as
the ideas and aspirations of the designer and client. The appearance of individual buildings, however, is often controversial. The use of an architectural style
cannot be said to start or finish on a specific date. Neither is it possible to say exactly what characterises a particular movement. But the origins of what is now
generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries. Instead of using timber,
stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials such as steel, glass
and concrete strengthened steel bars, known as reinforced concrete. Technological advances also helped bring about the decline of rural industries and an
increase in urban populations as people moved to the towns to work in the new factories. Such rapid and uncontrolled growth helped to turn parts of cities into
slums. By the 1920s architects throughout Europe were reacting against the conditions created by industrialisation. A new style of architecture emerged to
reflect more idealistic notions for the future. It was made possible by new materials and construction techniques and was known as Modernism. By the 1930s
many buildings emerging from this movement were designed in the International Style. This was largely characterised by the bold use of new materials and
simple, geometric forms, often with white walls supported by stilt-like pillars. These were stripped of unnecessary decoration that would detract from their
primary purpose — to be used or lived in. Walter Gropius, Charles Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier) and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were among the
most influential of the many architects who contributed to the development of Modernism in the first half of the century. But the economic depression of the
1930s and the second world war (1939-45) prevented their ideas from being widely realised until the economic conditions improved and war-torn cities had to
be rebuilt. By the 1950s, the International Style had developed into a universal approach to building, which standardised the appearance of new buildings in
cities across the world. Unfortunately, this Modernist interest in geometric simplicity and function became exploited for profit. The rediscovery of quick-and-
easy-to-handle reinforced concrete and an improved ability to prefabricate building sections meant that builders could meet the budgets of commissioning
authorities and handle a renewed demand for development quickly and cheaply. But this led to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original
aims of Modernism. Influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas on town planning, every large British city built multi-storey housing estates in the 1960s. Mass-
produced, low-cost high-rises seemed to offer a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city population. But far from meeting human needs, the new
estates often proved to be windswept deserts lacking essential social facilities and services. Many of these buildings were poorly designed and constructed and
have since been demolished. By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose. Preserving historic buildings or keeping
only their facades (or fronts) grew common. Architects also began to make more use of building styles and materials that were traditional to the area. The
architectural style usually referred to as High Tech was also emerging. It celebrated scientific and engineering achievements by openly parading the
sophisticated techniques used in construction. Such buildings are commonly made of metal and glass; examples are Stansted airport and the Lloyd’s building in
London. Disillusionment at the failure of many of the poor imitations of Modernist architecture led to interest in various styles and ideas from the past and
present. By the 1980s the coexistence of different styles of architecture in the same building became known as Post Modern. Other architects looked back to
the classical tradition. The trend in architecture now favours smaller scale building design that reflects a growing public awareness of environmental issues such
as energy efficiency. Like the Modernists, people today recognise that a well-designed environment improves the quality of life but is not necessarily achieved
by adopting one well defined style of architecture. Twentieth century architecture will mainly be remembered for its tall buildings. They have been made
possible by the development of light steel frames and safe passenger lifts. They originated in the US over a century ago to help meet the demand for more
economical use of land. As construction techniques improved, the skyscraper became a reality.
Write the question numbers in the margin to show the location of the answers
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A building reflects the scientific and technological achievements of the age as well as
the ideas and aspirations of the designer and client. The appearance of individual buildings, however, is often controversial. The use of an architectural style
cannot be said to start or finish on a specific date. Neither is it possible to say exactly what characterises a particular movement. But the origins of what is now
29 generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries. Instead of using timber,
stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials such as steel, glass
and concrete strengthened steel bars, known as reinforced concrete. Technological advances also helped bring about the decline of rural industries and an
increase in urban populations as people moved to the towns to work in the new factories. Such rapid and uncontrolled growth helped to turn parts of cities into
30 slums. By the 1920s architects throughout Europe were reacting against the conditions created by industrialisation. A new style of architecture emerged to
reflect more idealistic notions for the future. It was made possible by new materials and construction techniques and was known as Modernism. By the 1930s
many buildings emerging from this movement were designed in the International Style. This was largely characterised by the bold use of new materials and
simple, geometric forms, often with white walls supported by stilt-like pillars. These were stripped of unnecessary decoration that would detract from their
primary purpose — to be used or lived in. Walter Gropius, Charles Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier) and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were among the
most influential of the many architects who contributed to the development of Modernism in the first half of the century. But the economic depression of the
1930s and the second world war (1939-45) prevented their ideas from being widely realised until the economic conditions improved and war-torn cities had to
31 be rebuilt. By the 1950s, the International Style had developed into a universal approach to building, which standardised the appearance of new buildings in
cities across the world. Unfortunately, this Modernist interest in geometric simplicity and function became exploited for profit. The rediscovery of quick-and-
easy-to-handle reinforced concrete and an improved ability to prefabricate building sections meant that builders could meet the budgets of commissioning
authorities and handle a renewed demand for development quickly and cheaply. But this led to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original
32 aims of Modernism. Influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas on town planning, every large British city built multi-storey housing estates in the 1960s. Mass-
produced, low-cost high-rises seemed to offer a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city population. But far from meeting human needs, the new
estates often proved to be windswept deserts lacking essential social facilities and services. Many of these buildings were poorly designed and constructed and
33 have since been demolished. By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose. Preserving historic buildings or keeping
only their facades (or fronts) grew common. Architects also began to make more use of building styles and materials that were traditional to the area. The
34 architectural style usually referred to as High Tech was also emerging. It celebrated scientific and engineering achievements by openly parading the
sophisticated techniques used in construction. Such buildings are commonly made of metal and glass; examples are Stansted airport and the Lloyd’s building in
London. Disillusionment at the failure of many of the poor imitations of Modernist architecture led to interest in various styles and ideas from the past and
35 present. By the 1980s the coexistence of different styles of architecture in the same building became known as Post Modern. Other architects looked back to
the classical tradition. The trend in architecture now favours smaller scale building design that reflects a growing public awareness of environmental issues such
as energy efficiency. Like the Modernists, people today recognise that a well-designed environment improves the quality of life but is not necessarily achieved
by adopting one well defined style of architecture. Twentieth century architecture will mainly be remembered for its tall buildings. They have been made
possible by the development of light steel frames and safe passenger lifts. They originated in the US over a century ago to help meet the demand for more
economical use of land. As construction techniques improved, the skyscraper became a reality.
Read the section for each question carefully, then fill in the gaps in the table
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A building reflects the scientific and technological achievements of the age as well as
the ideas and aspirations of the designer and client. The appearance of individual buildings, however, is often controversial. The use of an architectural style
cannot be said to start or finish on a specific date. Neither is it possible to say exactly what characterises a particular movement. But the origins of what is now
29 generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries. Instead of using timber,
stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials such as steel, glass
and concrete strengthened steel bars, known as reinforced concrete. Technological advances also helped bring about the decline of rural industries and an
increase in urban populations as people moved to the towns to work in the new factories. Such rapid and uncontrolled growth helped to turn parts of cities into
slums. By the 1920s architects throughout Europe were reacting against the conditions created by industrialisation. A new style of architecture emerged to
30 reflect more idealistic notions for the future. It was made possible by new materials and construction techniques and was known as Modernism. By the 1930s
many buildings emerging from this movement were designed in the International Style. This was largely characterised by the bold use of new materials and
simple, geometric forms, often with white walls supported by stilt-like pillars. These were stripped of unnecessary decoration that would detract from their
primary purpose — to be used or lived in. Walter Gropius, Charles Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier) and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were among the
most influential of the many architects who contributed to the development of Modernism in the first half of the century. But the economic depression of the
1930s and the second world war (1939-45) prevented their ideas from being widely realised until the economic conditions improved and war-torn cities had to
31 be rebuilt. By the 1950s, the International Style had developed into a universal approach to building, which standardised the appearance of new buildings in
cities across the world. Unfortunately, this Modernist interest in geometric simplicity and function became exploited for profit. The rediscovery of quick-and-
easy-to-handle reinforced concrete and an improved ability to prefabricate building sections meant that builders could meet the budgets of commissioning
authorities and handle a renewed demand for development quickly and cheaply. But this led to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original
32 aims of Modernism. Influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas on town planning, every large British city built multi-storey housing estates in the 1960s. Mass-
produced, low-cost high-rises seemed to offer a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city population. But far from meeting human needs, the new
estates often proved to be windswept deserts lacking essential social facilities and services. Many of these buildings were poorly designed and constructed and
33 have since been demolished. By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose. Preserving historic buildings or keeping
only their facades (or fronts) grew common. Architects also began to make more use of building styles and materials that were traditional to the area. The
34 architectural style usually referred to as High Tech was also emerging. It celebrated scientific and engineering achievements by openly parading the
sophisticated techniques used in construction. Such buildings are commonly made of metal and glass; examples are Stansted airport and the Lloyd’s building in
London. Disillusionment at the failure of many of the poor imitations of Modernist architecture led to interest in various styles and ideas from the past and
35 present. By the 1980s the coexistence of different styles of architecture in the same building became known as Post Modern. Other architects looked back to
the classical tradition. The trend in architecture now favours smaller scale building design that reflects a growing public awareness of environmental issues such
as energy efficiency. Like the Modernists, people today recognise that a well-designed environment improves the quality of life but is not necessarily achieved
by adopting one well defined style of architecture. Twentieth century architecture will mainly be remembered for its tall buildings. They have been made
possible by the development of light steel frames and safe passenger lifts. They originated in the US over a century ago to help meet the demand for more
economical use of land. As construction techniques improved, the skyscraper became a reality.
29 – timber and stone
30 – Modernism
31 – International style
32 – badly-designed
buildings
33 – preserving
34 – High-Tech
35 – different styles
Flow-chart Completion
What might go in the gaps?
Think Grammar & Meaning
33 – verb (past participle)

34 – noun

35 – plural noun

36 – verb (past participle)

37 – noun

38 – verb (past participle)

39 – noun (machine)

40 – noun (place)
Highlight the keywords in
the chart, then scan the
text and write the
question numbers in the
margin

33 – verb (past participle)

34 – noun
35 – plural noun
36 – verb (past participle)
37 – noun
38 – verb (past participle)
39 – noun (machine)
40 – noun (place)
Scan the text and find the sections relating to each question. Write the Q number in the margin.
33 Once the finished newspaper has been created for the next morning’s edition, all the pages are transmitted
electronically from the prepress centre to the printing centre. The system of transmission is an update on
the sophisticated page facsimile system already in use on many other newspapers. An image setter at the
printing centre delivers the pages as film. Each page takes less than a minute to produce, although for
colour pages four versions, once each for black, cyan, magenta and yellow are sent. The pages are then
34 processed into photographic negatives and the film is used to produce aluminium printing plates ready for
35 the presses. A procession of automated vehicles is busy at the new printing centre where the Sydney
Morning Herald is printed each day. With lights flashing and warning horns honking, the robots (to give
them their correct name, the LGVs or laser guided vehicles) look for all the world like enthusiastic machines
from a science fiction movie, as they follow their own random paths around the plant busily getting on with
their jobs. Automation of this kind is now standard in all modern newspaper plants. The robots can detect
unauthorized personnel and alert security staff immediately if they find an “intruder”; not surprisingly, tall
tales are already being told about the machines starting to take on personalities of their own. The robots’
principal job, however, is to shift the newsprint (the printing paper) that arrives at the plant in huge reels
and emerges at the other end some time later as newspapers. Once the size of the day’s paper and the
36 publishing order are determined at head office, the information is punched into the computer and the LGVs
are programmed to go about their work. The LGVs collect the appropriate size paper reels and take them
where they have to go. When the press needs another reel its computer alerts the LGV system. The Sydney
LGVs move busily around the press room fulfilling their two key functions to collect reels of newsprint either
from the reel stripping stations, or from the racked supplies in the newsprint storage area. At the stripping
37 station the tough wrapping that helps to protect a reel of paper from rough handling is removed. Any
38 damaged paper is peeled off and the reel is then weighed. Then one of the four paster robots moves in.
39 Specifically designed for the job, it trims the paper neatly and prepares the reel for the press. If required
40 the reel can be loaded directly onto the press; if not needed immediately, an LGV takes it to the storage
area.
Read the section for each question carefully, then fill in the gaps in the table.
33 Once the finished newspaper has been created for the next morning’s edition, all the pages are transmitted
electronically from the prepress centre to the printing centre. The system of transmission is an update on
the sophisticated page facsimile system already in use on many other newspapers. An image setter at the
printing centre delivers the pages as film. Each page takes less than a minute to produce, although for
colour pages four versions, once each for black, cyan, magenta and yellow are sent. The pages are then
34 processed into photographic negatives and the film is used to produce aluminium printing plates ready for
35 the presses. A procession of automated vehicles is busy at the new printing centre where the Sydney
Morning Herald is printed each day. With lights flashing and warning horns honking, the robots (to give
them their correct name, the LGVs or laser guided vehicles) look for all the world like enthusiastic machines
from a science fiction movie, as they follow their own random paths around the plant busily getting on with
their jobs. Automation of this kind is now standard in all modern newspaper plants. The robots can detect
unauthorized personnel and alert security staff immediately if they find an “intruder”; not surprisingly, tall
tales are already being told about the machines starting to take on personalities of their own. The robots’
principal job, however, is to shift the newsprint (the printing paper) that arrives at the plant in huge reels
and emerges at the other end some time later as newspapers. Once the size of the day’s paper and the
36 publishing order are determined at head office, the information is punched into the computer and the LGVs
are programmed to go about their work. The LGVs collect the appropriate size paper reels and take them
where they have to go. When the press needs another reel its computer alerts the LGV system. The Sydney
LGVs move busily around the press room fulfilling their two key functions to collect reels of newsprint either
from the reel stripping stations, or from the racked supplies in the newsprint storage area. At the stripping
37 station the tough wrapping that helps to protect a reel of paper from rough handling is removed. Any
38 damaged paper is peeled off and the reel is then weighed. Then one of the four paster robots moves in.
39 Specifically designed for the job, it trims the paper neatly and prepares the reel for the press. If required
40 the reel can be loaded directly onto the press; if not needed immediately, an LGV takes it to the storage
area.
Read the section for each question carefully, then fill in the gaps in the table.
33 Once the finished newspaper has been created for the next morning’s edition, all the pages are
transmitted electronically from the prepress centre to the printing centre. The system of transmission is an
update on the sophisticated page facsimile system already in use on many other newspapers. An image
setter at the printing centre delivers the pages as film. Each page takes less than a minute to produce,
although for colour pages four versions, once each for black, cyan, magenta and yellow are sent. The pages
34 are then processed into photographic negatives and the film is used to produce aluminium printing plates
35 ready for the presses. A procession of automated vehicles is busy at the new printing centre where the
Sydney Morning Herald is printed each day. With lights flashing and warning horns honking, the robots (to
give them their correct name, the LGVs or laser guided vehicles) look for all the world like enthusiastic
machines from a science fiction movie, as they follow their own random paths around the plant busily
getting on with their jobs. Automation of this kind is now standard in all modern newspaper plants. The
robots can detect unauthorized personnel and alert security staff immediately if they find an “intruder”; not
surprisingly, tall tales are already being told about the machines starting to take on personalities of their
own. The robots’ principal job, however, is to shift the newsprint (the printing paper) that arrives at the
plant in huge reels and emerges at the other end some time later as newspapers. Once the size of the day’s
36 paper and the publishing order are determined at head office, the information is punched into the
computer and the LGVs are programmed to go about their work. The LGVs collect the appropriate size
paper reels and take them where they have to go. When the press needs another reel its computer alerts
the LGV system. The Sydney LGVs move busily around the press room fulfilling their two key functions to
collect reels of newsprint either from the reel stripping stations, or from the racked supplies in the
37 newsprint storage area. At the stripping station the tough wrapping that helps to protect a reel of paper
38 from rough handling is removed. Any damaged paper is peeled off and the reel is then weighed. Then one
39 of the four paster robots moves in. Specifically designed for the job, it trims the paper neatly and prepares
40 the reel for the press. If required the reel can be loaded directly onto the press; if not needed immediately,
an LGV takes it to the storage area.
33 – verb (past participle)
34 – noun
35 – plural noun
36 – verb (past participle)
37 – noun
38 – verb (past participle)
39 – noun (machine)
40 – noun (place)

33 – transmitted (electronically)
34 – (photographic) negatives / film
35 – (aluminium) printing plates
36 – programmed
37 – wrapping / damaged paper
38 – weighed
39 – paster robot
40 – storage area
Diagram
Labelling
What might
go in the
gaps?
A marine turbine blade needs to be only
one-third of the size of a wind generator to Answer the 4 questions
produce three times as much power. The Look for synonyms to help
blades will be about 20 metres in diameter Think about the grammar
so around 30 metres of water is required.
Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to be
environmental objections. Fish and other
creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk
from the relatively slow turning blades.
Each turbine will be mounted on a tower
which will connect to the national power
supply grid via underwater cables. The
towers will stick out of the water and be lit
to warn shipping, and also be designed to be
lifted out of the water for maintenance and
to clean seaweed from the blades. One
technical difficulty is cavitation, where low
pressure behind a turning blade causes air
bubbles. These can cause vibration and
damage the blades of the turbines.
A marine turbine blade needs to be only
one-third of the size of a wind generator to
produce three times as much power. The
blades will be about 20 metres in diameter
so around 30 metres of water is required.
Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to be
environmental objections. Fish and other
creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk
from the relatively slow turning blades.
Each turbine will be mounted on a tower
which will connect to the national power
supply grid via underwater cables. The
towers will stick out of the water and be lit
to warn shipping, and also be designed to be
lifted out of the water for maintenance and 23
to clean seaweed from the blades. One
technical difficulty is cavitation, where low
pressure behind a turning blade causes air
bubbles. These can cause vibration and
damage the blades of the turbines.
A marine turbine blade needs to be only
one-third of the size of a wind generator to
produce three times as much power. The
blades will be about 20 metres in diameter
so around 30 metres of water is required.
Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to be
environmental objections. Fish and other
creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk
from the relatively slow turning blades. 24
Each turbine will be mounted on a tower
which will connect to the national power
supply grid via underwater cables. The
towers will stick out of the water and be lit
to warn shipping, and also be designed to be
lifted out of the water for maintenance and 23
to clean seaweed from the blades. One
technical difficulty is cavitation, where low
pressure behind a turning blade causes air
bubbles. These can cause vibration and
damage the blades of the turbines.
A marine turbine blade needs to be only
one-third of the size of a wind generator to
produce three times as much power. The
blades will be about 20 metres in diameter
so around 30 metres of water is required.
Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to be
environmental objections. Fish and other
creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk
from the relatively slow turning blades. 24
Each turbine will be mounted on a tower
which will connect to the national power
supply grid via underwater cables. The
towers will stick out of the water and be lit
to warn shipping, and also be designed to be
lifted out of the water for maintenance and 23
to clean seaweed from the blades. One
technical difficulty is cavitation, where low
pressure behind a turning blade causes air 25
bubbles. These can cause vibration and
damage the blades of the turbines.
A marine turbine blade needs to be only
one-third of the size of a wind generator to
produce three times as much power. The
blades will be about 20 metres in diameter
so around 30 metres of water is required.
Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to be
environmental objections. Fish and other
creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk
from the relatively slow turning blades. 24
Each turbine will be mounted on a tower
which will connect to the national power
supply grid via underwater cables. The
towers will stick out of the water and be lit
to warn shipping, and also be designed to be
lifted out of the water for maintenance and 23
to clean seaweed from the blades. One
technical difficulty is cavitation, where low 26
pressure behind a turning blade causes air 25
bubbles. These can cause vibration and
damage the blades of the turbines.
IELTS Reading – Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion & Diagram Labelling – Tips and tactics

1. Before you read the passage,

look at the gaps in the notes,
table, flow-chart or diagram and
think about what you are going
to read.
2. Think about the type of
information that is missing to
complete the information. For
example, are you looking for a
name, a number, a specific term
or something else?
IELTS Reading – Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion & Diagram Labelling – Tips and tactics

3. Look for clues that tell you the

type for information you are
looking for, e.g. the headings or
the context (the words before
and after the gap).
4. Sometimes the wording will tell
you what to look for, e.g. if
“Year” is a heading you may see
references to a number of years
in the passage.
IELTS Reading – Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion & Diagram Labelling – Tips and tactics

5. Most of the missing information is

facts about the topic, so the words
you need to write are mostly
nouns. Check if the word is singular
(has “a” or “one” before the gap) or
plural (has no “a” or has a word like
“many” or “few” before the gap).
6. Remember that the questions in
the notes, table, flow-chart or
diagrams follow the order of the
information in the passage. In
tables read the information left to
right, not up and down, and in
diagrams read the labels in
clockwise order. The question
numbers follow the order of
information in the passage.
IELTS Reading – Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion & Diagram Labelling – Tips and tactics

7. Go through the numbered

questions in order. Read the
relevant section of the passage
again and find the word(s) to
complete the gaps.
8. The word(s) you need to write
are in the passage. Do not
change the information into your
own words.
IELTS Reading – Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion & Diagram Labelling – Tips and tactics

9. Do not just write down the first

word you find that fits the gap –
keep reading and think about
the meaning.
10. Remember, the instructions tell
you how many words to write –
one, two or three. If you write
more, your answer will be
marked wrong.
IELTS Reading – Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion & Diagram Labelling – Tips and tactics

11. Always write numbers as figures

(144) not words (one hundred
and forty four).
12. If you are not sure, always write
something. No points are taken
off for wrong answers and you
may make the right guess.
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

plural noun plural noun

plural noun

plural noun
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

plural noun singular noun

singular noun

uncountable noun
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

singular noun starting with a vowel

plural noun
plural noun

adjectival phrase
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Scanning – Where are the answers?
Producing Olive Oil in Traditional and Commercial Ways
Olive trees can live to be hundreds of years old and produce large amounts of fruit in their lifetimes. People have been making
olive oil in countries around the Mediterranean for many centuries, and this can be done by simply crushing the olives. Modern
commercial extraction is a more complex process, although the same basic principle of crushing the fruit to release the old is in
play.
The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil. Traditional producers use a number of low-tech means to gather the olive
crop. One common method is for workers on ladders to simply pick the olives by hand and put them into baskets tied around
their waists. Or workers may beat the branches with broomsticks, collecting the olives on the ground. Commercial processors Quickly scan the text to find the words
use electronic tongs to strip olives off the branches and drop them into large nets spread out below the trees. It is then
important to get the olives to the mill as quickly as possible, before the level of acidity becomes too great, as this can spoil the
from the subheadings of the notes.
flavour of the oil.
After the harvested olives have been brought to the mill, traditional producers pick through the olives by hand to remove dirt,
leaves and twigs. Commercial producers use cleaning machines to accomplish that same goal. Fans blow away the majority of
Write the question numbers in the
the smaller particles and another machines picks out any remaining larger bits. The olives are then turned into a paste as they margin next to the following words:
pass through the mill. Large ‘millstones’ are used for this purpose by traditional makers, whereas commercial production
involves the use of a mechanised alternative, known as a hammermill. Once milled, the olive paste is ready for a process called
malaxation. In this stage of the process, the milled paste is stirred and mixed for 20 to 40 minutes. This is done with a wooden
spoon by traditional producers, while commercial producers use a mixing machine with a metal spiral blade. The stirring causes
• Harvest – Q 1,2 & 3
the smaller droplets of oil released by the milling process to form larger drops. The larger drops can be separated from the • Cleaning –Q4
paste more easily. Heating the paste during the malaxation stage increases the yield of oil. However, the use of higher heat
affects the taste and decreases shelf life. To compromise, commercial producers usually heat the paste to only about 27 degrees • Mill –Q5&6
Centigrade. Oxidation also reduces the flavour, so commercial producers may fill the malaxation chamber with an inert gas such • Malaxation –Q7&8
as nitrogen so the paste avoids contact with oxygen.
Next, the oil must be separated from the paste. Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are stacked on top of each
• Press – Q 9, 10 & 11
other in a cylindrical press. Heavy stones are placed on top of the discs, squeezing out the liquid. The oil thus produced is called • Bottle – Q 12
first press or cold press oil. The paste is then mixed with hot water or steam and pressed once more. The second press oil does
not such an intense flavour. The modern commercial method of olive oil extraction used a machine known as an industrial
decanter to separate the oil from the paste. This machine spins at approximately 3000 revolutions per minute. The paste and oil
are easily separated because of their different densities. This is essentially the same method that is used to separate milk from
cream.
After the separation process, the oil is bottled, and the bottle is capped and labelled. Small, traditional producers often do this
by hand, while commercial producers use assembly line techniques. The leftover paste is sometimes used for animal feed or it
can be further chemically processed to extract more olive oil, which is usually blended with other oils or used for processes such
as soap making.
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building – Where are the answers?
Producing Olive Oil in Traditional and Commercial Ways
Olive trees can live to be hundreds of years old and produce large amounts of fruit in their lifetimes. People have been making olive oil in countries around
the Mediterranean for many centuries, and this can be done by simply crushing the olives. Modern commercial extraction is a more complex process,
although the same basic principle of crushing the fruit to release the old is in play.
1/2/3 The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil. Traditional producers use a number of low-tech means to gather the olive crop. One common method
is for workers on ladders to simply pick the olives by hand and put them into baskets tied around their waists. Or workers may beat the branches with
broomsticks, collecting the olives on the ground. Commercial processors use electronic tongs to strip olives off the branches and drop them into large nets
spread out below the trees. It is then important to get the olives to the mill as quickly as possible, before the level of acidity becomes too great, as this can
spoil the flavour of the oil.
After the harvested olives have been brought to the mill, traditional producers pick through the olives by hand to remove dirt, leaves and twigs.
4 Commercial producers use cleaning machines to accomplish that same goal. Fans blow away the majority of the smaller particles and another machines
picks out any remaining larger bits. The olives are then turned into a paste as they pass through the mill. Large ‘millstones’ are used for this purpose by
traditional makers, whereas commercial production involves the use of a mechanised alternative, known as a hammermill. Once milled, the olive paste is
ready for a process called malaxation. In this stage of the process, the milled paste is stirred and mixed for 20 to 40 minutes. This is done with a wooden
spoon by traditional producers, while commercial producers use a mixing machine with a metal spiral blade. The stirring causes the smaller droplets of oil
released by the milling process to form larger drops. The larger drops can be separated from the paste more easily. Heating the paste during the malaxation
stage increases the yield of oil. However, the use of higher heat affects the taste and decreases shelf life. To compromise, commercial producers usually
heat the paste to only about 27 degrees Centigrade. Oxidation also reduces the flavour, so commercial producers may fill the malaxation chamber with an
inert gas such as nitrogen so the paste avoids contact with oxygen.
Next, the oil must be separated from the paste. Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are stacked on top of each other in a cylindrical press.
Heavy stones are placed on top of the discs, squeezing out the liquid. The oil thus produced is called first press or cold press oil. The paste is then mixed
with hot water or steam and pressed once more. The second press oil does not such an intense flavour. The modern commercial method of olive oil
extraction used a machine known as an industrial decanter to separate the oil from the paste. This machine spins at approximately 3000 revolutions per
minute. The paste and oil are easily separated because of their different densities. This is essentially the same method that is used to separate milk from
cream.
After the separation process, the oil is bottled, and the bottle is capped and labelled. Small, traditional producers often do this by hand, while commercial
producers use assembly line techniques. The leftover paste is sometimes used for animal feed or it can be further chemically processed to extract more
olive oil, which is usually blended with other oils or used for processes such as soap making.
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building – Where are the answers?
Producing Olive Oil in Traditional and Commercial Ways
Olive trees can live to be hundreds of years old and produce large amounts of fruit in their lifetimes. People have been making olive oil in countries around
the Mediterranean for many centuries, and this can be done by simply crushing the olives. Modern commercial extraction is a more complex process,
although the same basic principle of crushing the fruit to release the old is in play.
1/2/3 The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil. Traditional producers use a number of low-tech means to gather the olive crop. One common method
is for workers on ladders to simply pick the olives by hand and put them into baskets tied around their waists. Or workers may beat the branches with
broomsticks, collecting the olives on the ground. Commercial processors use electronic tongs to strip olives off the branches and drop them into large nets
spread out below the trees. It is then important to get the olives to the mill as quickly as possible, before the level of acidity becomes too great, as this can
spoil the flavour of the oil.
After the harvested olives have been brought to the mill, traditional producers pick through the olives by hand to remove dirt, leaves and twigs.
4 Commercial producers use cleaning machines to accomplish that same goal. Fans blow away the majority of the smaller particles and another machines
5/6 picks out any remaining larger bits. The olives are then turned into a paste as they pass through the mill. Large ‘millstones’ are used for this purpose by
traditional makers, whereas commercial production involves the use of a mechanised alternative, known as a hammermill. Once milled, the olive paste is
7/8 ready for a process called malaxation. In this stage of the process, the milled paste is stirred and mixed for 20 to 40 minutes. This is done with a wooden
spoon by traditional producers, while commercial producers use a mixing machine with a metal spiral blade. The stirring causes the smaller droplets of oil
released by the milling process to form larger drops. The larger drops can be separated from the paste more easily. Heating the paste during the malaxation
stage increases the yield of oil. However, the use of higher heat affects the taste and decreases shelf life. To compromise, commercial producers usually
heat the paste to only about 27 degrees Centigrade. Oxidation also reduces the flavour, so commercial producers may fill the malaxation chamber with an
inert gas such as nitrogen so the paste avoids contact with oxygen.
Next, the oil must be separated from the paste. Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are stacked on top of each other in a cylindrical press.
Heavy stones are placed on top of the discs, squeezing out the liquid. The oil thus produced is called first press or cold press oil. The paste is then mixed
with hot water or steam and pressed once more. The second press oil does not such an intense flavour. The modern commercial method of olive oil
extraction used a machine known as an industrial decanter to separate the oil from the paste. This machine spins at approximately 3000 revolutions per
minute. The paste and oil are easily separated because of their different densities. This is essentially the same method that is used to separate milk from
cream.
After the separation process, the oil is bottled, and the bottle is capped and labelled. Small, traditional producers often do this by hand, while commercial
producers use assembly line techniques. The leftover paste is sometimes used for animal feed or it can be further chemically processed to extract more
olive oil, which is usually blended with other oils or used for processes such as soap making.
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building – Where are the answers?
Producing Olive Oil in Traditional and Commercial Ways
Olive trees can live to be hundreds of years old and produce large amounts of fruit in their lifetimes. People have been making olive oil in countries around
the Mediterranean for many centuries, and this can be done by simply crushing the olives. Modern commercial extraction is a more complex process,
although the same basic principle of crushing the fruit to release the old is in play.
1/2/3 The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil. Traditional producers use a number of low-tech means to gather the olive crop. One common method
is for workers on ladders to simply pick the olives by hand and put them into baskets tied around their waists. Or workers may beat the branches with
broomsticks, collecting the olives on the ground. Commercial processors use electronic tongs to strip olives off the branches and drop them into large nets
spread out below the trees. It is then important to get the olives to the mill as quickly as possible, before the level of acidity becomes too great, as this can
spoil the flavour of the oil.
After the harvested olives have been brought to the mill, traditional producers pick through the olives by hand to remove dirt, leaves and twigs.
4 Commercial producers use cleaning machines to accomplish that same goal. Fans blow away the majority of the smaller particles and another machines
5/6 picks out any remaining larger bits. The olives are then turned into a paste as they pass through the mill. Large ‘millstones’ are used for this purpose by
traditional makers, whereas commercial production involves the use of a mechanised alternative, known as a hammermill. Once milled, the olive paste is
7/8 ready for a process called malaxation. In this stage of the process, the milled paste is stirred and mixed for 20 to 40 minutes. This is done with a wooden
spoon by traditional producers, while commercial producers use a mixing machine with a metal spiral blade. The stirring causes the smaller droplets of oil
released by the milling process to form larger drops. The larger drops can be separated from the paste more easily. Heating the paste during the malaxation
stage increases the yield of oil. However, the use of higher heat affects the taste and decreases shelf life. To compromise, commercial producers usually
heat the paste to only about 27 degrees Centigrade. Oxidation also reduces the flavour, so commercial producers may fill the malaxation chamber with an
inert gas such as nitrogen so the paste avoids contact with oxygen.
9/10/11 Next, the oil must be separated from the paste. Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are stacked on top of each other in a cylindrical press.
Heavy stones are placed on top of the discs, squeezing out the liquid. The oil thus produced is called first press or cold press oil. The paste is then mixed
with hot water or steam and pressed once more. The second press oil does not such an intense flavour. The modern commercial method of olive oil
extraction used a machine known as an industrial decanter to separate the oil from the paste. This machine spins at approximately 3000 revolutions per
minute. The paste and oil are easily separated because of their different densities. This is essentially the same method that is used to separate milk from
cream.
12 After the separation process, the oil is bottled, and the bottle is capped and labelled. Small, traditional producers often do this by hand, while commercial
producers use assembly line techniques. The leftover paste is sometimes used for animal feed or it can be further chemically processed to extract more
olive oil, which is usually blended with other oils or used for processes such as soap making.
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil.

Traditional producers use a number of low-tech means
to gather the olive crop. One common method is for
workers on ladders to simply pick the olives by hand and
put them into baskets tied around their waists. Or
workers may beat the branches with broomsticks,
collecting the olives on the ground. Commercial
processors use electronic tongs to strip olives off the Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
branches and drop them into large nets spread out from the passage
below the trees.
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil.

ladders
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil.

ladders Electronic tongs

IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil.

ladders Electronic tongs

nets
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

After the harvested olives have been brought to the mill,

traditional producers pick through the olives by hand to
remove dirt, leaves and twigs. Commercial producers use
cleaning machines to accomplish that same goal. Fans
blow away the majority of the smaller particles and
another machines picks out any remaining larger bits. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

After the harvested olives have been brought to the mill,

Fans
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

The olives are then turned into a paste as they pass

through the mill. Large ‘millstones’ are used for this
purpose by traditional makers, whereas commercial
production involves the use of a mechanised alternative,
known as a hammermill.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

The olives are then turned into a paste as they pass

Millstones
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

The olives are then turned into a paste as they pass

Millstones hammermill
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Once milled, the olive paste is ready for a process called malaxation. In this
stage of the process, the milled paste is stirred and mixed for 20 to 40
minutes. This is done with a wooden spoon by traditional producers, while
commercial producers use a mixing machine with a metal spiral blade. The
stirring causes the smaller droplets of oil released by the milling process to
form larger drops. The larger drops can be separated from the paste more
easily. Heating the paste during the malaxation stage increases the yield of
oil. However, the use of higher heat affects the taste and decreases shelf life.
To compromise, commercial producers usually heat the paste to only about
27 degrees Centigrade. Oxidation also reduces the flavour, so commercial
producers may fill the malaxation chamber with an inert gas such as nitrogen
so the paste avoids contact with oxygen. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

wooden spoon
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

wooden spoon

Nitrogen
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are

stacked on top of each other in a cylindrical press. Heavy
stones are placed on top of the discs, squeezing out the
liquid. The oil thus produced is called first press or cold
press oil. The paste is then mixed with hot water or
steam and pressed once more. The second press oil does
not such an intense flavour. The modern commercial
method of olive oil extraction used a machine known as
an industrial decanter to separate the oil from the paste.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are

fibre discs
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are

fibre discs
Heavy stones
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are

fibre discs industrial decanter

Heavy stones
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

After the separation process, the oil is bottled, and the

bottle is capped and labelled. Small, traditional producers
often do this by hand, while commercial producers use
assembly line techniques. The leftover paste is
sometimes used for animal feed or it can be further
chemically processed to extract more olive oil, which is
usually blended with other oils or used for processes Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
such as soap making. from the passage
IELTS Reading – Flow-chart Completion – Skills Building

After the separation process, the oil is bottled, and the

Assembly line

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IELTS Reading 03: Dr. Paul Hudson American University of Sharjah 23 October 2022

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IELTS Reading 03: Dr. Paul Hudson American University of Sharjah 23 October 2022

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IELTS Reading 03

Dr. Paul Hudson

For all the completion-style

Here are the basic rules for this type of

• The summary reports the main

• The summary reports the main

• The instructions tell you how

33. Noun (Gerund) –

33. Noun (Gerund) –

33. Noun (Gerund) –

33. Noun (Gerund) –

33. Noun (Gerund) –

33. Noun (Gerund) –

33. Noun (Gerund) –

Questions 10-13 - Complete the summary using the

The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS

The summary completion task tests

On the question paper, you see a short

The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS

The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

A safe B competitive C flexible D real E rapid F regular G suitable H economical

objects – plural nouns

(an array of) materials

chemistry (an elementary knowledge of)

36 – verb (past participle)

38 – verb (past participle)

33 – verb (past participle)

1. Before you read the passage,

3. Look for clues that tell you the

5. Most of the missing information is

7. Go through the numbered

9. Do not just write down the first

11. Always write numbers as figures

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

plural noun plural noun

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

plural noun singular noun

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

Grammar – What kind of word will go in the gaps?

singular noun starting with a vowel

The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil.

The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil.

The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil.

ladders Electronic tongs

The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil.

ladders Electronic tongs

After the harvested olives have been brought to the mill,

After the harvested olives have been brought to the mill,

The olives are then turned into a paste as they pass

The olives are then turned into a paste as they pass

The olives are then turned into a paste as they pass

Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are

Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are

Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are

Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre discs that are

fibre discs industrial decanter

After the separation process, the oil is bottled, and the

After the separation process, the oil is bottled, and the

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