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Chi-Square Test For Variance or Standard Deviation

The document discusses how to conduct a chi-square test for variance or standard deviation. It provides the assumptions, formula, and process for using a chi-square table to find critical values based on degrees of freedom and significance level. Examples are given for setting up hypotheses tests for variance, making decisions based on critical values, and using the p-value method to identify p-value intervals for chi-square tests.

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Marvin Yebes Arce
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274 views3 pages

Chi-Square Test For Variance or Standard Deviation

The document discusses how to conduct a chi-square test for variance or standard deviation. It provides the assumptions, formula, and process for using a chi-square table to find critical values based on degrees of freedom and significance level. Examples are given for setting up hypotheses tests for variance, making decisions based on critical values, and using the p-value method to identify p-value intervals for chi-square tests.

Uploaded by

Marvin Yebes Arce
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chi-square ¿) Test for Variance or Standard Deviation

Assumptions for the χ 2 Test


1. The sample must be randomly selected from the population.
2. The population must be normally distributed for the variable under study.
3. The observations must be independent of one another.

Formula for χ 2 Test


( n−1 ) s2
χ 2= 2
σ
n=¿ sample size
n−1=¿ degrees of freedom
2
s =¿ sample variance
2
σ =¿ population variance

Using the χ 2 Table (Table G)

To find the area under the chi-square distribution, use Table G in Appendix C. There are
three cases to consider:
1. Finding the chi-square critical value for a specific α when the hypothesis test is
right-tailed.
2. Finding the chi-square critical value for a specific α when the hypothesis test is left-
tailed.
3. Finding the chi-square critical values for a specific α when the hypothesis test is
two-tailed.

Example:
1. Find the critical chi-square value for 15 degrees of freedom when α =¿ 0.05 and the
test is right-tailed.
2. Find the critical chi-square value for 10 degrees of freedom when α =¿ 0.05 and the
test is left-tailed.
3. Find the critical chi-square values for 22 degrees of freedom when α =¿ 0.05 and a
two-tailed test is conducted.

Try This!
Using Table G, find the critical value(s) for each, show the critical and noncritical regions
1. α =¿ 0.05, n=¿ 18, right-tailed
2. α =¿ 0.10, n=¿ 23, left-tailed
3. α =¿ 0.05, n=¿ 15, two-tailed
4. α =¿ 0.10, n=¿ 8, two-tailed
5. α =¿ 0.01, n=¿ 17, right-tailed
6. α =¿ 0.025, n=¿ 20, left-tailed
7. α =¿ 0.01, n=¿ 13, two-tailed
8. α =¿ 0.025, n=¿ 29, left-tailed

Setting Up the Hypotheses

1. If the claim states that the variance of the population is the same as some specific
value, say A , then conduct a two-tailed test. The hypotheses are:
2 2
H 0 :σ = A H1: σ ≠ A
2. If the claim states that the variance of the population is greater than some value, A ,
then conduct a right-tailed test. The hypotheses are:
H 0 :σ 2= A H1: σ2> A

3. If the claim states that the variance of the population is less than some value, A , then
conduct a right-tailed test. The hypotheses are:
H 0 :σ 2= A H1: σ2< A
Making the Decision

For a two-tailed test, if the test value or the computed χ 2 value is less than the critical value
on the left or greater than the critical value on the right ¿, reject H 0.

For a right-tailed test, if the test value or the computed χ 2 value is greater than the right
critical value ( χ 2 >C V ¿ ), reject H 0.

For a left-tailed test, if the test value or the computed χ 2 value is less than the left critical
value, ¿, reject H 0.

Traditional Method Examples:

1. A hospital administrator believes that the standard deviation of the number of


people using outpatient surgery per day is greater than 8. A random sample of 15
days is selected. The data are shown. At α =¿ 0.10, is there enough evidence to
support the administrator’s claim? Assume the variable is normally distributed.

25 30 5 15 18
42 16 9 10 12
12 38 8 14 27

2. An instructor wishes to see whether the variation in scores of the 23 students in her
class is less than the variance of the population. The variance of the class is 198. Is
there enough evidence to support the claim that the variation of the students is less
than the population variance (σ 2=¿ 225) at α =¿ 0.05? Assume that the scores are
normally distributed.

Try this:
A cigarette manufacturer wishes to test the claim that the variance of the nicotine content
of its cigarettes is 0.644. Nicotine content is measured in milligrams, and assume that it is
normally distributed. A sample of 20 cigarettes has a standard deviation of 1.00 milligram.
At α =¿ 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the manufacturer’s claim?

The p-value Method


Using Table G in identifying the p-value interval

Examples:
Find the p-value interval for the following:
1. χ 2=¿19.274, n=¿ 8, right-tailed test
2. χ 2=¿3.823, n=¿ 13, left-tailed test
3. χ 2=¿24.672, n=¿ 11, two-tailed test

Try this:
Find the p-value interval for the following:
1. χ 2=¿29.321, n=¿ 16, right-tailed
2. χ 2=¿10.215, n=¿ 25, left-tailed
2
3. χ =¿23.722, n=¿ 9, right-tailed
χ =¿13.974, n=¿ 28, two-tailed
2
4.
5. χ 2=¿10.571, n=¿ 19, left-tailed
χ =¿12.144, n=¿ 6, two-tailed
2
6.
7. χ 2=¿8.201, n=¿ 23, two-tailed

χ 2 test p-value method

Examples:
1. A researcher knows from past studies that the standard deviation of the time it
takes to inspect a car is 16.8 minutes. A sample of 24 cars is selected and inspected.
The standard deviation is 12.5 minutes. At α =¿ 0.05, can it be concluded that the
standard deviation has changed? Use the P-value method.

Try this:
A statistics professor is used to having a variance in his class grades of no more than 100.
He feels that his current group of students is different, and so he examines a random
sample of midterm grades (listed below.) At α =¿ 0.05, can it be concluded that the
variance in grades exceeds 100?

92.3 89.4 76.9 65.2 49.1


96.7 69.5 72.8 67.5 52.8
88.5 79.2 72.9 68.7 75.8

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