Reviewer Earth Science

Module 1 Earth, Venus, and Mars may have similarities:
(1) They all are terrestrial planets, made of solid

Earth - is the only planet in the solar system known rocks and silicates;
to harbour life or supports life.
(2) They all have an atmosphere;
Our planet has a molten nickel-iron core which gave
rise to an extensive magnetic field, which, along (3) They all almost have the same time to rotate on
with the atmosphere, shields us from harmful their axes;
radiation coming from the Sun.
(4) Earth and Mars both have water;
Earth - is the only place in the known universe
(5) They all have carbon dioxide; and
confirmed to host life and is the only one known for
sure to have liquid water in the surface. (6) All have landforms.
These are reasons why planet earth is a Earth, Venus, and Mars have differences:
unique one:
(1) Venus has no water;
(1) It has liquid water;
(2) Venus and Mars don’t have oxygen; and
(2) Plate Tectonics; and
(3) Earth has life forms.
(3) It has atmosphere that shelters it from the
worst of the sun’s rays.
Planet Earth is considered habitable because
of the following reasons:
Earth is the only planet in the solar system that
(1) it has the right distance from the sun;
has a large amount of liquid water.
(2) it is protected from harmful solar radiation by
About 70% or more than two-thirds of the surface of
its magnetic field;
the Earth is covered by liquid or frozen water.
Because of this, Earth is sometimes called “blue (3) it is kept warm by an insulating atmosphere; and
planet or water planet.”
(4) it has the right amount of ingredients for life,
including water and carbon.
Module 2
4. Hydrosphere – the water part of the Earth that
Earth- is the only planet or moon in the solar includes oceans, continents, atmosphere and
system with rain that falls from clouds, runs over glaciers. Oceans cover 71% of the Earth and contain
the land, and collects in extensive oceans. 97.5% of its water.
The four subsystems of the Earth are:

Module 3
1. Atmosphere – the gaseous layer above the Earth’s
surface primarily composed of different gases such
Minerals- make up the rocks beneath your feet, the
as 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Other gases like
soil that supports plants, and the deep rock of
argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and Earth’s mantle.
other inert gases made the remaining 1%.
Minerals- are the building blocks of rocks.
The atmosphere supports life because animals
and oxygen, and plants need both carbon dioxide and Mineralogists- use the criteria to determine whether
oxygen. In addition, the atmosphere supports life a material is classified as a mineral or not.
indirectly by regulating climate.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. naturally occurring- a product of Earth’s natural
2. Biosphere – the zone of the Earth where all forms
processes
of life exist: in the sea, on land, and in water. It
is sometimes called as the large ecosystem. This 2. inorganic- it must be product of Earth’s physical
serves as the ecosystem of all living and non- processes.
living organisms. This is the zone that life
inhabits. Biosphere is a very thin layer of the 3. homogeneous solid- minerals should have definite
earth’s surface. volume and rigid shape
4. definite chemical composition— represented by a

chemical formula
3. Geosphere – the solid part of the Earth that
consists the entire planet from the center of the 5. orderly crystalline structure- atoms of minerals
core to the outer crust. It includes core, mantle, are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern
and crust of the Earth.
Properties of Minerals Malleability a mineral can be flattened by
pounding with a hammer.
a. Color - mineral’s color may change depending on
the surface. Ductility- A mineral can be stretched into
wire.
b. Streak - color of mineral in powdered form.
Flexible but inelastic-Minerals are bent but
c. Hardness - minerals resistance to scratching they remain in the new position.
Mohs Scale of Hardness (Diamond is the Hardest with Flexible and elastic- Minerals are bent, and
a scale of 10) they bring back to their original position.
10 - Diamond Sectility- ability of minerals to be sliced by
9 - Corundum a knife.
8 - Topaz
7 - Quartz
6 - Orthoclase
5 - Apatite
4 - Fluorite
Module 4
3 - Calcite
2 - Gypsum Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Rocks
1 – Talc are combined aggregation of minerals.
d. Cleavage - mineral’s resistance to being broken Petrologist classified rocks based on how they were
and fracture formed.
e. Crystalline structure or habit Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900
kilometers, where mantle meets the liquid outer
f. Diaphaneity/amount of transparency - ability to
core.
allow light to pass through it. This is affected by
chemical makeup of the mineral sample. A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of
one or more minerals.
g. Luster - how light is reflected off a surface
h. Tenacity - describes the minerals reaction to

stress.
Brittleness- a mineral turns into powder

Three types of Rocks Examples: Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite,
diorite, gabbro
Igneous- formed from hardening and crystallization

of magma or molten material that originates deep Sedimentary rocks- provide information about surface
within the earth. conditions that existed in the Earth’s past.
Two types of igneous rock: ● Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other
fragments of materials called sediments,accumulate
in layers and over long period of time harden into
A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma makes rocks.
its way to Earth’s surface as lava and then cools.
The crystals are very small (fine grained) since the ● Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered
cooling process is fast. sediments it bind together to form the sedimentary
rocks.
B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the
Earth surface and are created by magma. The
intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals Three types of sedimentary rocks
(coarse grained).
a. Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from
Igneous rocks are classified based on accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken
1. Composition rocks and shells.
FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and silicates Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone,
MAFIC - dark in color; made up of magnesium and shale
iron
b. Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals
INTERMEDIATE – between mafic and felsic
precipitate from a solution.
ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color
Example: Halite - formed when a body of
seawater becomes closed off and evaporates.
2. Texture- overall appearance of rock
Aphanistic - fine grained
c. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of
Phaneritic- coarse grained
animal debris
Porphyritic- large crystals with small crystals
Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in
Glassy- non-ordered solid from rapid quenching
the form of plants fragments.
Pyroclastic- composite of ejected fragments
Metamorphic - forms from pre-existing rocks: either
metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary
Examples: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite
Metamorphism - transformation of one rock type into

another.
2 types of metamorphism
1. Regional-due to changes in pressure and
temperature over large region of the crust
2. Contact-mainly by heat due to contact with magma
Classification:
a. Texture - refers to the size arrangement ad

grains within the rock.
b. Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral

grains or structural features within the rock.
foliated - appeared banded or layered, contains

crystals
Example: mica
Nonfoliated - made up of only few minerals

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Reviewer Earth Science

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Module 1 Earth, Venus, and Mars may have similarities:

(1) They all are terrestrial planets, made of solid

The four subsystems of the Earth are:

4. definite chemical composition— represented by a

h. Tenacity - describes the minerals reaction to

Brittleness- a mineral turns into powder

Igneous- formed from hardening and crystallization

Examples: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite

Metamorphism - transformation of one rock type into

2. Contact-mainly by heat due to contact with magma

a. Texture - refers to the size arrangement ad

b. Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral

foliated - appeared banded or layered, contains

Nonfoliated - made up of only few minerals

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