ZES’s

Zeal College of Engineering and Research

LAB MANUAL

Subject: -Internet of things Laboratory (217531)

Class – SE (Artificial Intelligence & Data Science)

Semester II
 ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S
ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & DATA SCIENCE
Sr.no. 39, Narhe, Pune-41. phone no. 020-67206127
Website:www.zcoer.in

Vision & Mission of the Department

Vision:

To produce competent artificial intelligence and data science professionals to serve the
needs of the society.

Mission:

1. To impart knowledge and induce professional skills and values

2. To inculcate the research attitude to solve the needs of the society.
3. To provide conducive environment for entrepreneurship development.
 ZES’s ZEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH, PUNE

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021-22

LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT: Artificial Intelligence & Data Science

CLASS: S.E. SEMESTER: II

Subject Name: Internet of things Laboratory (217531)

INDEX OF LAB EXPERIMENTS

PART-I

LAB Problem Definition/Statement Date Of

EXPT Completion
.NO
Group A
1. Study of Raspberry-Pi/ Beagle board/ Arduino and other
microcontroller ( History & Elevation)
2. Study of different operating systems for Raspberry-Pi /Beagle
board/Arduino. Understanding the process of OS installation
3 Study of different GATES (AND, OR, XOR), Sensors and basic
binary operations.
4 Study of Connectivity and configuration of Raspberry-Pi /Beagle
board/Arduino circuit with basic peripherals like LEDS.
Understanding GPIO and its use in the program.

Group B
5 Write a program using Arduino to control LED (One or more
ON/OFF). Or Blinking
6 Create a program that illuminates the green LED if the counter is
less than 100, illuminates the yellow LED if the counter is between
101 and 200 and illuminates the red LED if the counter is greater
than 200
7 Create a program so that when the user enters ‘b’ the green light
blinks, ‘g’ the green light is illuminated ‘y’ the yellow light is
illuminated and ‘r’ the red light is illuminated
8 Write a program that asks the user for a number and outputs the
number squared that is entered
9 Write a program to control the color of the LED by turning 3
different potentiometers. One will be read for the value of Red, one
for the value of Green, and one for the value of Blue
10 Write a program read the temperature sensor and send the values to
the serial monitor on the computer
11 Write a program so it displays the temperature in Fahrenheit as well
 as the maximum and minimum temperatures it has seen
12 Write a program to show the temperature and shows a graph of the
recent measurements
13 Write a program using piezo element and use it to play a tune after
someone knocks
14 Understanding the connectivity of Raspberry-Pi /Beagle board
circuit / Arduino with IR sensor. Write an application to detect
obstacle and notify user using LEDs
Group C
15 Study of ThingSpeak – an API and Web
Service for the Internet of Things (Mini
Project: Same can be done parallel with PBL)
16 Write an application to control the operation of hardware simulated traffic
signals. (Mini Project: Same can be done parallel with PBL)

17 Develop a Real time application like smart home with following

requirements: When the user enters into the house the required
appliances like fan, light should be switched ON. Appliances
should also get controlled remotely by a suitable web interface.
The objective of this application is that students should construct
complete Smart applications in groups. (Mini Project: Same can be
done
parallel with PBL)
18 Write an application for stopwatch or countdown timer. (Mini
Project: Same can be done parallel with PBL)

Subject Coordinator Head of Department

 Group A

EXPERIMENT NO. 1 (Group A)

Aim: Study of Raspberry-Pi/ Beagle board/ Arduino and other microcontroller (History
& Elevation)

Outcome: At end of this experiment, student will be able to study of different microcontrollers
like Raspberry-Pi/ Beagle board/ Arduino

Hardware Requirement: Arduino

Software Requirement: Arduino IDE

Theory:
Internet of Things: - IoT is short for Internet of Things. The Internet of Things refers to the
evergrowing network of physical objects that feature an IP address for internet connectivity,
and the communication that occurs between these objects and other Internet-enabled devices
and systems. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the use of intelligently connected devices
and systems to leverage data gathered by embedded sensors and actuators in machines and
other physical objects. In other words, the IoT (Internet of Things) can be called to any of the
physical objects connected with network.

Examples of IoT: -
1) Apple Watch and Home Kit.
2) Smart Refrigerator.
3) Smart Refrigerator.
4) Smart cars.
5) Google Glass.
6) Smart thermostats.

A) Raspberry-Pi:- The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in the

United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote teaching of basic computer science in
schools and in developing countries. It does not include peripherals (such as keyboards and mice).
The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV,
and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable little device that enables people of all ages
to explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like Scratch and Python. The
Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized computer that costs between $5 and $35. It's available anywhere
in the world, and can function as a proper desktop computer or be used to build smart devices. A
Raspberry Pi is a general-purpose computer, usually with a Linux operating system, and the ability to
run multiple programs. Raspberry Pi is like the brain. Its primary advantage comes in processing
higher level processing capability. It’s a single board computer.
Here are the various components on the Raspberry Pi board:
∙ ARM CPU/GPU -- This is a Broadcom BCM2835 System on a Chip (SoC) that's made up of an ARM
central processing unit (CPU) and a Video core 4 graphics processing unit (GPU). The CPU handles all
the computations that make a computer work (taking input, doing calculations and producing
output), and the GPU handles graphics output.
∙ GPIO -- These are exposed general-purpose input/output connection points that will allow the real
hardware hobbyists the opportunity to tinker.
∙ RCA -- An RCA jack allows connection of analog TVs and other similar output devices. ∙ Audio out --
This is a standard 3.55-millimeter jack for connection of audio output devices such as headphones or
speakers. There is no audio in.
∙ LEDs -- Light-emitting diodes, for your entire indicator light needs.
∙ USB -- This is a common connection port for peripheral devices of all types (including your mouse
and keyboard). Model A has one, and Model B has two. You can use a USB hub to expand the
number of ports or plug your mouse into your keyboard if it has its own USB port.
∙ HDMI -- This connector allows you to hook up a high-definition television or other compatible
device using an HDMI cable.
∙ Power -- This is a 5v Micro USB power connector into which you can plug your compatible power
supply.
∙ SD card slot -- This is a full-sized SD card slot. An SD card with an operating system (OS) installed is
required for booting the device. They are available for purchase from the manufacturers, but you
can also download an OS and save it to the card yourself if you have a Linux machine and the
wherewithal.
∙ Ethernet -- This connector allows for wired network access and is only available on the Model B.
B) Beagle board: - The Beagle Board is a low-power open-source single-board computer produced
by Texas Instruments in association with Digi-Key and Newark element14. The Beagle Board was also
designed with open source software development in mind, and as a way of demonstrating the Texas
Instrument's OMAP3530 system-on-a-chip. ] The board was developed by a small team of engineers
as an educational board that could be used in colleges around the world to teach open source
hardware and software capabilities. It is also sold to the public under the Creative Commons share-
alike license. The board was designed using Cadence OrCAD for schematics and Cadence Allegro for
PCB manufacturing; no simulation software was used. Beagle Bone Black is a low-cost, open source,
community-supported development platform for ARM® Cortex™-A8 processor developers and
hobbyists. Boot Linux in under 10-seconds and get started on Sitara™ AM335x ARM Cortex-A8
processor development in less than 5 minutes with just a single USB cable.
Here are the various components on the Beagle board:
Processor: AM335x 1GHz ARM® Cortex-A8

∙ 512MB DDR3 RAM

∙ 4GB 8-bit eMMC on-board flash storage
∙ 3D graphics accelerator
∙ NEON floating-point accelerator
∙ 2x PRU 32-bit microcontrollers
Connectivity
∙ USB client for power & communications
∙ USB host
∙ Ethernet
∙ HDMI
∙ 2x 46 pin headers
Software Compatibility
∙ Debian
∙ Android
∙ Ubuntu
∙ Cloud9 IDE on Node.js w/ BoneScript library
∙ plus, much more
C) Arduino: - Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for
building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and
digital world. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also
used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed
using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using
traditional compiler tool chains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project. Arduino is open-source hardware. The
hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5
license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of
the hardware are also available.
Here are the various components on the Arduino board:
Microcontrollers

ATmega328P (used on most recent boards)

ATmega168 (used on most Arduino Diecimila and early Duemilanove)
ATmega8 (used on some older board)

Digital Pins
In addition to the specific functions listed below, the digital pins on an Arduino board can be
used for general purpose input and output via the pinMode(), digitalRead(), and
digitalWrite() commands. Each pin has an internal pull-up resistor which can be turned on
and off using digitalWrite() (w/ a value of HIGH or LOW, respectively) when the pin is
configured as an input. The maximum current per pin is 40 mA.

Analog Pins
In addition to the specific functions listed below, the analog input pins support 10-bit
analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) using the analogRead() function. Most of the analog
inputs can also be used as digital pins: analog input 0 as digital pin 14 through analog input 5
as digital pin 19. Analog inputs 6 and 7 (present on the Mini and BT) cannot be used as digital
pins.

Power Pins
∙ VIN (sometimes labelled "9V"). The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You
can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this
pin. Note that different boards accept different input voltages ranges, please see the documentation
for your board. Also note that the LilyPad has no VIN pin and accepts only a regulated input.
Other Pins
∙ AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
∙ Reset. (Diecimila-only) Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board. ∙ Analog Reference pin (orange) ∙ Digital Ground
(light green)
∙ Digital Pins 2-13 (green)
∙ Digital Pins 0-1/Serial In/Out - TX/RX (dark green) - These pins cannot be used for digital i/o
(digitalRead and digitalWrite) if you are also using serial communication (e.g. Serial.begin).
∙ Reset Button - S1 (dark blue)
∙ In-circuit Serial Programmer (blue-green)
 ∙ Analog In Pins 0-5 (light blue)
∙ Power and Ground Pins (power: orange, grounds: light orange)
∙ External Power Supply In (9-12VDC) - X1 (pink)
∙ Toggles External Power and USB Power (place jumper on two pins closest to desired supply) -SV1
(purple)
∙ USB (used for uploading sketches to the board and for serial communication between theboard
and the computer; can be used to power the board) (yellow)

Conclusion: At end of this experiment, we have studied different microcontrollers like

Raspberry-Pi/ Beagle board/ Arduino with diagram.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2 (Group A)

● Aim: Study of different operating systems for Raspberry-Pi/Beagle

board/Arduino. Understanding the process of OS installation.

● Outcome: To study operating systems for platforms such as Raspberry-Pi/

Beagle board/Arduino.

● Hardware Requirement: Raspberry-Pi

● Software Requirement: Raspbian OS

● Theory:

1) Raspberry-Pi: - The Pi can run the official Raspbian OS, Ubuntu Mate, Snappy Ubuntu
Core, the Kodi- based media centers OSMC and LibreElec, the non-Linux based Risc OS
(one for fans of 1990s Acorn computers). It can also run Windows
10 IoT Core, which is very different to the desktop version of Windows, as mentioned
below.
● OS which install on Raspberry-Pi: Raspbian, Ubuntu MATE, Snappy Ubuntu, Pidora,
Linutop, SARPi, Arch Linux ARM, Gentoo Linux, etc.

How to install Raspbian on Raspberry-Pi:

Step 1: Download Raspbian

Step 2: Unzip the file. The Raspbian disc image is compressed, so you’ll need to unzip

it. The file uses the ZIP64 format, so depending on how current your built-in utilities

are, you need to use certain programs to unzip it.

Step 3: Write the disc image to your microSD card. Next, pop your microSD card into

your computer and write the disc image to it. The process of actually writing the image

will be slightly different across these programs, but it’s pretty self-explanatory no

matter what you’re using. Each of these programs will have you
 select the destination (make sure you’ve picked your microSD card!) and the disc image

(the unzipped Raspbian file). Choose, double-check, and then hit the button to write.

Step 4: Put the microSD card in your Pi and boot up. Once the disc image has been

written to the microSD card, you’re ready to go! Put that sucker into your Raspberry Pi,

plug in the peripherals and power source, and enjoy. The current edition to Raspbian

will boot directly to the desktop. Your default credentials are username pi and password

raspberry.

2) BeagleBone Black: - The BeagleBone Black includes a 2GB or 4GB on-board eMMC

flash memory chip. It comes with the Debian distribution factory pre-installed. You can

flash new operating systems including Angstrom, Ubuntu, Android, and others.

1. Os which install on BeagleBone Black: Angstrom, Android, Debian, Fedora,

Buildroot, Gentoo, Nerves Erlang/OTP, Sabayon, Ubuntu, Yocto, MINIX 3

How to install Debian on BeagleBone Black:

Step 1: Download Debian img.xz file.

Step 2: Unzip the file.

Step 3: Insert your MicroSD (uSD) card into the proper slot. Most uSD cards come
with a full-sized SD card that is really just an adapter. If this is what you have then
insert the uSD into the adapter, then into your card reader.

Step 4: Now open Win32 Disk imager, click the blue folder icon, navigate to the
debian img location, and double click the file. Now click Write and let the process
complete. Depending on your processor and available RAM it should be done in
around 5 minutes.

Step 5: Alright, once that's done, you'll get a notification pop-up. Now we're ready to
get going. Remove the SD adapter from the card slot, remove the uSD card from the
adapter. With the USB cable disconnected insert the uSD into the BBB.
 Step 6: Now, this next part is pretty straight forward. Plug the USB cable in and
wait some more. If everything is going right you will notice that the four (4) leds
just above the USB cable are doing the KIT impression. This could take up to 45
minutes; I just did it again in around 5 minutes. Your mileage will vary. Go back
and surf reddit some more.

Step 7: If you are not seeing the leds swing back and forth you will need to unplug
the USB cable, press and hold down the user button above the uSD card slot (next
to the 2 little 10 pin ICs) then plug in the USB cable. Release the button and wait.
You should see the LEDs swinging back and forth after a few seconds. Once this
happens it's waiting time. When all 4 LEDs next to the USB slot stay lit at the same
time the flash process has been completed.

Step 8: Remove the uSD card and reboot your BBB. You can reboot the BBB by
removing and reconnecting the USB cable, or hitting the reset button above the
USB cable near the edge of the board.

Step 9: Now using putty, or your SSH flavor of choice, connect to the BBB
using the IP address 192.168.7.2. You'll be prompted for a username. Type root and
press Enter. By default, there is no root password. I recommend changing this
ASAP if you plan on putting your BBB on the network. To do this type password,
hit enter, then enter your desired password. You will be prompted to enter it again
to verify.
3) Arduino: - The Arduino itself has no real operating system. You develop code for
the Arduino using the Arduino IDE which you can download from Arduino - Home.
Versions are available for Windows, Mac and Linux. The Arduino is a constrained
microcontroller. Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board
(often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload
computer code to the physical board. You are literally writing the "firmware" when
you write the code and upload it. It's both good and its bad.

Conclusion: Here studied different operating systems for platforms such as Raspberry-Pi/ Beagle
board/Arduino
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3 (Group A)

Aim: Study of different GATES (AND, OR, XOR), Sensors and basic binary operations.
Outcome: To study different GATES (AND, OR, XOR), Sensors

Hardware Requirement: Logical Gates,Sensors etc.

Software Requirement: Raspbian OS

Theory:
A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for digital circuits. They perform
basic logical functions that are fundamental to digital circuits. Most electronic devices
we use today will have some form of logic gates in them. For example, logic gates can
be used in technologies such as smartphones, tablets or within memory devices.
In a circuit, logic gates will make decisions based on a combination of digital signals
coming from its inputs. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. Logic
gates are based on Boolean algebra. At any given moment, every terminal
is in one of the two binary conditions, false or true. False represents 0, and true
represents 1. Depending on the type of logic gate being used and the combination of
inputs, the binary output will differ. A logic gate can be thought of like a light switch,
wherein one position the output is off -- 0, and in another, it is on -- 1. Logic gates are
commonly used in integrated circuits (IC).

Basic logic gates

There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.
The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true," the gate
acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator. The following illustration and table
show the circuit symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the
input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.) The output is "true" when
both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "false." In other words, the output is 1

only when both inputs one AND two are 1.

AND gate
Input 1 Input 2 Outpu
t
 1
1
1 1 1
The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of the logical
inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or both of the inputs are "true." If both
inputs are "false," then the output is "false." In other words, for the output to be 1, at
least input one OR two must be 1.

OR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Outpu

t

1 1
1 1
1 1 1
The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either/or." The
output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if
both inputs are "false" or if both inputs are "true." Another way of looking at this
circuit is to observe that the output is 1 if the inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs are
the same.

XOR gate
Input 1 Input 2 Outpu t

A logical inverter,
sometimes 1 1 called a NOT
gate to 1 1 differentiate it
from other 1 1 types of
electronic inverter devices,
has only one input. It reverses the logic state. If the input is 1, then the output is 0. If
the input is 0, then the output is 1.

Inverter or NOT gate

Input Outpu
t
1
1
 The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the
manner of the logical operation "and" followed by negation. The output is "false" if
both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "true."

NAND gate
Input 1 Input 2 Outpu
t
1
1 1
1 1
1 1

The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if
both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output is "false."

NOR gate
Input 1 Input 2 Outpu
t
1
1
1
1 1

The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed by an inverter.

Its output is "true" if the inputs are the same, and "false" if the inputs are different.

XNOR gate
Input 1 Input 2 Outpu
t
1
1
1
1 1 1
Complex operations can be performed using combinations of these logic gates. In
theory, there is no limit to the number of gates that can be arrayed together in a single
device. But in practice, there is a limit to the number of gates that can be packed into a
given physical space. Arrays of logic gates are found in digital ICs. As IC technology
advances, the required physical volume for each individual logic gate decreases and
digital devices of the same or smaller size become capable of performing ever-more-
complicated operations at ever-increasing speeds.
Composition of logic gates
High or low binary conditions are represented by different voltage levels. The logic
state of a terminal can, and generally does, often change as the circuit processes data.
 In most logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high
state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).
Logic gates can be made of resistors and transistors or diodes. A resistor can
commonly be used as a pull-up or pull-down resistor. Pull-up and pull-down resistors
are used when there are any unused logic gate inputs to connect to a logic level 1 or
0. This prevents any false
switching of the gate. Pull-up resistors are connected to Vcc (+5V), and pull-down
resistors are connected to ground (0 V).
Commonly used logic gates are TTL and CMOS. TTL, or Transistor-Transistor Logic,
ICs will use NPN and PNP type Bipolar Junction Transistors. CMOS, or
Complementary Metal-Oxide-Silicon, ICs are constructed from MOSFET or JFET type
Field Effect Transistors. TTL IC's may commonly be labeled as the 7400 series of
chips, while CMOS ICs may often be marked as a 4000 series of chips.

Types of Sensors

There are many different types of sensors. Here at Variohm, we offer a full range of
sensors for industrial and commercial use.
Sensors are used throughout almost every industry for applications which we come into
contact with on a daily basis as well as more industrial and specialist applications.
Sensors can be found in the home, the office, in our cars, buses, trains, trams, computers,
medical facilities, labs, power plants, restaurants, food processing factories, production
lines etc A Sensor is used to take a measurement, the measurement will be processed and
the result of the process, an output will be given. The output will then cause something to
change or move. A simple example is the temperature sensor in a thermostat. The
temperature sensor is constantly monitoring the temperature, once the measurement taken
reaches the desired temperature, the measurement is processed and the output causes the
boiler to switch off.

Types of Sensors
There are many different types of sensors, the main categories are;
● Position Sensors
● Pressure Sensors
 ● Temperature Sensors
● Force Sensors
● Vibration Sensors
● Piezo Sensors
● Fluid Property Sensors
● Humidity Sensors
● Strain gauges
● Photo Optic Sensors
● Flow and Level Switches

These categories can all be split further into subcategories for example, within position
sensors there are the following types;
● Contacting
● Non-contacting
● Rotary
● Linear
And these types of sensors can be split even further, within non-contacting you have the
following types of sensors;
● Hall effect
● Capacitive
● Eddy Current
● Ultrasonic
● Laser
● Proximity
By splitting one category – Position Sensors it is clear to see that the number of sensors
present in today’s world is so vast that one blog post could not cover every type of sensor.
However, here is an overview of different types of sensors Variohm can offer.

Types of Sensors – Position Sensors

As discussed above there are many varieties of position sensor; linear, rotary, contacting,
non-contacting and use a variety of different technologies. Position sensors are used to
measure and monitor the position or displacement of an object.
We have been supplying position sensors for over 40 years and have developed our own
range of position sensors which have been added to the comprehensive range from our
suppliers and partners. Our own range includes;
Linear position Sensors
● VLP
● VXP
● ELPM
● VLPSC
Rotary Position Sensors
● Euro-X Hall Effect
● Euro-XP Puck – 2 part puck and magnet design
● Euro – XPD – D shaft
● CMRS
● CMRT
● CMRK
Further reading on Position Sensors What is a Position Sensor?

Position Sensor Applications

Types of Sensors – Pressure Sensors
Pressure sensors are often split into the following two categories; Pressure transducers and
pressure switches. The main difference is that pressure transducers give accurate feedback
on real-time pressure and pressure switches have a set limit which causes them to switch.
Both pressure switches and pressure transducers have mechanisms which use the formula –
Pressure
= force divided by area to detect pressure.
Pressure sensors can measure the pressure in gases, liquids or solids and are used in a
variety of industries. Underwater pressure transducers are referred to as level meters as the
pressure they measure is directly related to the level of the water.
Pressure can be gauge, differential, absolute or vacuum and can be measured in Bar or PSI.
Many of our pressure sensors come from our trusted suppliers and we also have our own
range of;
Pressure Transducers – EPT
range Pressure Switches - EPS
range Further reading on Pressure
Sensors Pressure Transducer
Applications What is a Pressure
Sensor?

Types of Sensors – Load Cells and Force Sensors

Load Cells are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. They are used to measure
various types of force, the main one being weight. Load cells are used in all types of
scales; from bathroom scales to counting scales, industrial scales, truck scales, hopper
scales and everything in between.
Most load cells use internal strain gauges to monitor force based on the level of distortion
on the strain gauge.
Our load cells come from our trusted suppliers. And can be seen on our website.
Further reading on Load Cells
Load Cells for Weighing
Load Cell Types and Applications
Types of Sensors – Temperature Sensors
Temperature Sensors are another very common type of sensor – they are all around
us. Temperature sensors are used to measure and monitor temperature, whether this is
the main variable requiring measuring or a secondary variable which requires
monitoring as a safety precaution within another application.
Different types of temperature sensors will require different approvals. Medical
approvals will be required for temperatures used for patient monitoring or within medical
devices. Other certifications will be required for temperature sensors in food and beverage
applications.
Temperature sensors come in many different shapes sizes and types; thermistors,
probes, thermocouples, RTDs and temperature transducers to name a few. Temperature
Sensors is another type of sensor which we carry our own range of;
1. ETP – Eurosensor Temperature probes – these are fully customisable to your
requirements.
2. Further reading on temperature sensors;
3. Temperature Sensor Applications
4. Types of Temperature Sensors

Conclusion: studied different GATES (AND, OR, XOR), Sensors

 EXPERIMENT NO. 4 (Group A)

●
● Aim: Study of Connectivity and configuration of Raspberry-Pi /Beagle board/Arduinocircuit
with basic peripherals like LEDS. Understanding GPIO and its use in the program.

● Outcome: Connectivity and configuration of Raspberry-Pi /Beagle board/Arduino circuitwith

basic peripherals like LEDS

Hardware Requirement: Raspberry-Pi /Beagle board/Arduino, LED etc.

Theory:

Connecting Hardware Peripherals to Raspberry-Pi board. Raspberry-Pi setup through SSH (Headless
Configuration of Raspberry-Pi-3 (VNC, Putti))

How to Connect a Raspberry-Pi to the Laptop or PC Display

Required devices:
Raspberry Pi
Ethernet
Cable Laptop/
PC
SD Card with
Raspbian Micro USB
Cable

How does it Work?

To connect a Raspberry Pi to a laptop or PC display, you can simply use an Ethernet cable.
The Raspberry Pi’s desktop GUI can be viewed through the laptop or PC display using a
100mbps Ethernet connection between the two.
We used VNC server software to connect the Raspberry-Pi to our laptop or PC.
Installing the VNC server on your Raspberry-Pi allows you to see the Raspberry Pi’s desktop
remotely.

Setting up your Raspberry Pi

Install Raspbian OS on blank SD card.
Insert this SD card into Raspberry-Pi
board.
Connect micro USB cable to power the Raspberry-Pi.
Sharing Internet Over Ethernet in Window OS
This step explains how you can share your laptop or PC with the Raspberry Pi via Ethernet cable.
 To share internet with multiple users over Ethernet, go to Network and Sharing
Center. Then click on the WiFi network
Double click on Wireless area
connection Click on Properties (shown
below)

Go to “Sharing” tab and click on “Allow other network users to connect”.

After this, make sure that the networking connection is changed to “Local Area Connection”
Now, to check the IP assigned to the network established, click on the new local area connection link
created:

Setting up the VNC Server to Connect Your Raspberry Pi to the Laptop or PC

Display First install VNC server and Putty on your laptop/ PC
Open Putty Software, and enter login ID: pi and Password: raspberry.
After that, enter commands into Putty i.e,
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install tightvncserver
$ vncserver :1
You will be prompted to enter and confirm a password.
This will be asked only once, during first time setup.
Enter an 8 digit password.
Note that this is the password you will need to use to connect to your Raspberry Pi remotely.
Setting Up the Client Side (Laptop or PC)
Download VNC client and install it.
When you first run VNC viewer, you will see following screen
Enter the IP address of your Raspberry Pi given dynamically by your laptop and append with : 1
(denoting port number) and press connect.
You will get a warning message, press ‘Continue’:

Enter the 8 digit password which was entered in the VNC server installation on your Raspberry Pi:
Finally, the Raspberry Pi desktop should appear as a VNC window.
You will be able to access the GUI and do everything as if you are using the Pi’s keyboard, mouse,
and monitor directly.

Raspberry-Pi setup using mouse, keyboard and monitor

To work with Raspberry-Pi, we have to connect some peripherals to it. They are as follows

Most modern television sets and monitors have an HDMI port, and are the easiest to get working with
the Raspberry Pi.
You can use an HDMI cable to connect the Raspberry Pi directly to the television or monitor.
VGA
Some old monitors have a VGA port.
These can be trickier to use as you'll need an HDMI-to-VGA converter, which can change digital
video to analogue video.
A simple port adapter won't work.
Power supplies
For Raspberry Pi 3, it's recommended to use a 5V, 2.5A power
supply. Mobile device charger
Many mobile devices are powered using a 5V micro USB charger.
These can often be used to power the Raspberry Pi, although it's worth checking that they provide
sufficient voltage and current (5V / 1.2 - 2.5A).

Keyboard and mouse

Wired keyboard and
mouse
Any standard USB keyboard and mouse can be used with the Raspberry Pi. These plug and
play devices will work without any additional driver. Simply plug them into the Raspberry Pi
and they should be recognized when it starts up.
Bluetooth keyboard and mouse
Bluetooth keyboards and mice can work with the Raspberry Pi, but your success rates will
vary depending on the model and manufacturer. It's best to consult the manufacturer's
documentation to see whether or not a device is compatible with the Raspberry Pi.
SD cards
The latest version of Raspbian, the default operating system recommended for the Raspberry Pi,
requires an 8GB (or larger) micro SD card. Not all SD cards are made equal, and some have higher
failure rates
 than others. Any 8GB SD card will work, although you'll need to follow the software setup guide to
learn how to load an operating system onto the card.

Understanding GPIO pins on Raspberry Pi board and its use in programAim/Objectives:

To understand the GPIO pins of Raspberry-Pi 3
To program the GPIO pins of Raspberry-Pi 3 using Python
Introduction:
Raspberry Pi 3 Model B is the latest version of raspberry pi
board. It is released on 29 February.
The above figure shows the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B and It’s GPIO pins
General-purpose input/output (GPIO) is a generic pin on an integrated circuit or computer board whose
behavior—including whether it is an input or output pin—is controllable by the user at run time.
There are 40 pins available on board of Raspberry pi 3 model B.
The Pins are arranged in a 2×20 fashion as shown in the figure above
Out of these, 26 pins are GPIO pins
As you can observe, the numbers to the pins are given in zigzag manner.
The first (bottom) row starts with number ‘1’. So the pins in this row have odd numbers i.e. from
1 to 39.
The 2nd (Top) row starts with number ‘2’. So the pins in this row have even numbers i.e. from 2 to
40. Out of 40 pins, 26 pins are GPIO pins,8 pins are Ground (GND) pins,2 pins are 5V power
supply pins 2 pins are 3.3V power supply pins, 2 pins are not used
Now if you’re coming to the Raspberry Pi as an Arduino user, you’re probably used to referencing
pins with a single, unique number.
In Raspberry Pi there are two different numbering schemes for referencing Pi pin numbers:
Broadcom chip-specific pin numbers (BCM)
Physical pin numbers (BOARD)
You’re free to use either number-system.
The programs require that you declare which scheme you’re using at the very beginning of your
program.
In a program, at a time, you can use only one number scheme.
Broadcom chip-specific pin numbers (BCM)
BCM - Broadcom pin number, commonly called "GPIO", these are the ones you probably want to
use with RPi.GPIO
The parameter used for this system is (GPIO.BCM).
This is a lower level way of working - it refers to the channel numbers on the Broadcom SOC.
To use this system, you have to always work with a diagram describing which channel number
goes to which pin on the RPi board.
Your script could break between revisions of Raspberry Pi boards.
In this system 26 GPIO pins are named as GPIO 01 to GPIO 26
Physical Numbering System (BOARD)
 This system uses physical - Numbers corresponding to the pin's physical location on the header
The numbers printed on the board are physical numbering system.
The parameter used for this system is (GPIO.BOARD).
The advantage of using this numbering system is that your hardware will always work,
regardless of the board revision of the RPi.
You will not need to rewire your connector or change your
code. In this system
26 GPIO pins are named between 0 to 40

The below table summarizes the pinout of Raspberry-Pi in both the number systems.

Sr Pins BOARD Pin No BCM Pin No

No.
1 3.3V 1, 17 1, 17
2 5V 2, 4 2, 4
3 Ground 6,9,14,20,25,30,34,39 6,9,14,20,25,30,34,39
UART TXD 8 GPIO 14
4 RXD 10 GPIO 15
I2C1 SDA1 3 GPIO 2
SCL1 5 GPIO 3
5 I2C0 SDA0 27 ID_SD
SCL0 28 ID_SC
MOSI 0 19 GPIO 10
MISO 0 21 GPIO 9
SPI0
SCLK 0 23 GPIO 11
6 CE 0 24 GPIO 8
MOSI 1 38 GPIO 20
SPI1 MISO 1 35 GPIO 19
SCLK 1 40 GPIO 21
CE 1 26 GPIO 7

The Python IDLE shell and command line

To use the Python IDLE IDE for programming in Raspberry-Pi use the

following Open Python 3 from the main menu:

Or open terminal window and type the command sudo idle 3.5 and press
enter Install all libraries required for Buzzer as given above.

Write the program as per algorithm given below

Save with Ctrl + S and run with F5.
See output on Python Shell or Terminal Window.
Raspberry Pi GPIO programming using Python
The Raspberry Pi is often used in conjunction with other hardware to create interesting
electronic projects.
The Pi 3 comes with 40 GPIO pins that you can use to interface with various hardware
devices—for both receiving data from them or for writing data to them.
To do this, we have to program the GPIO pins. To do this, special libraries in Python are used.
To include these libraries in the program, the command used is ‘import’
This way, we can write applications to both read and also to control devices, i.e., turn them
on and off, etc.
The default operating system used in Raspberry-Pi is Raspbian.
The Python package used for Raspberry Pi GPIO programming is RPi.GPIO. It is already
installed in Raspbian.
If you are using any other operating system, the package can be installed by using the
following command:
$ sudo pip install RPi.GPIO
There are important 8 steps in the programming of Raspberry-Pi using Python as follows Import
the RPi.GPIO library using the following command import RPi.GPIO as GPIO Import the
Time library using the following command

import time
Set numbering scheme to be used. The method used for this is GPIO.setmode(). We will
use physical number scheme. So the method is written as
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOAD)
Set the pin mode as INPUT or OUTPUT using the commands GPIO.setup(channel, GPIO.IN)
GPIO.setup(channel, GPIO.OUT)
Read input using following command
GPIO.input(pin no)
Write output using following comman
GPIO.output(pin no, state)
Give delay using command using following command time.sleep(1) # delay for 1
second Clean up GPIO and exit using following commands GPIO.cleanup()
 print(“Exiting...”)

You must clean up the pin set-ups before your program exits otherwise those pin settings will
persist, and that might cause trouble when you use the same pins in another program.
The Pi ‘expresses its displeasure’ with a warning.
To clean up the entire set of pins, invoke GPIO.cleanup().
If you want only a few pins to be cleaned up, then the pin numbers should be provided
as GPIO.cleanup (channel_list).
Anyway, you can suppress the warning messages by calling GPIO.setwarnings
(False). Save the program with proper name. The file is saved with extension ‘.py’.
The IDE named ‘IDLE’ used for programming is an interpreter and not a compiler. So to run
the python program, we need to give the super user permission as follows.

Studying Connectivity and Configuration of Raspberry Pi board with basic peripherals (LEDs)
Aim/Objectives:
To understand the concept of Led bar
To understand the common anode & common cathode configuration.
To interface LED bar with Raspberry Pi.
Generate various patterns on LED bar.
Software: Raspbian OS , IDLE editor
Hardware Modules: Raspberry Pi Board, LED bar, Monitor
Introduction to “LED”

LED is a Light Emitting Diode. Light emitting diode is a two lead semiconductor light source. It is a
p-n junction diode, which emits light when it is activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, and the color of light
(corresponding to the energy of photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
It has two terminals named as ‘anode (+ve)’ and ‘cathode (-ve)’. Battery is connected to these two
terminals. When LED is forward biased, it emits light. In LED bar number of LEDs are connected in
series (in our case 8 LEDs are connected) LED bar has two configurations as Common Anode: In this,
anode terminal of all the LEDs are made common and connected to the VCC (+5v). By controlling
cathode terminal we can make LED ON or OFF (current sourcing). Common Cathode: In this,
cathode terminal of all the LEDs are made common and connected to the Ground (0v). By controlling
anode terminal we can make LED ON or OFF (current sinking).

Safety precautions:
Raspberry-Pi provides 3.3V and 5V VCC
pins Raspberry-Pi operates on 3.3V.
Various sensors and actuators operate on different voltages.
Read datasheet of a given sensor or an actuator and then use appropriate VCC pin to connect
a sensor or an actuator.
Ensure that signal voltage coming to the Raspberry-Pi from any sensor or actuator does not
exceed 3.3V.
If signal/data coming to Raspberry-Pi is greater than 3.3V then use voltage level shifter
module to decrease the incoming voltage.
The Raspberry-Pi is a costly device, hence you should show the circuit connections to
your instructor before starting your experiment.
 Interface diagram:

Steps for assembling circuit:

Connect led bar module pins from D0- D3 to Raspberry Pi GPIO pins 7, 11, 13, 15
respectively. Connect led bar module pin COM to the GND pin of Raspberry-Pi module.
Procedure:

Write the program as per the algorithm given below.

Save program.
Run code using Run
module. Algorithm:
Import GPIO and Time library
Set mode i.e. GPIO.BOARD
Set GPIO 8 pins as a Output
pin Print message “ON”
After 1 second time delay, Make all the leds ON one by one
Print message “OFF”
After 1 second time delay, Make all the leds OFF one by one

Conclusion:We have implemented this experiment using LED glowing with Arduino IDE and arduino board and
LED

Questions:

1) Explain GPIO pins connectivity in details.

2) Explain programming of Raspberry-Pi using Python.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5 (Group B)

Aim: Write a program using Arduino to control LED (One or more ON/OFF). Or Blinking

Outcome: Connectivity and configuration of Raspberry-Pi /Beagle board/Arduino circuit

with basic peripherals like LEDS

Hardware Requirement: Arduino, LED, 220 ohm resistor etc.

Software Requirement: Arduino IDE

Theory:

This example shows the simplest thing you can do with an Arduino to see physical output: it
blinks the on-board LED.
This example uses the built-in LED that most Arduino boards have. This LED is connected to
a digital pin and its number may vary from board type to board type. To make your life
easier, we have a constant that is specified in every board descriptor file. This constant is
LED_BUILTIN and allows you to control the built-in LED easily. Here is the correspondence
between the constant and the digital pin.
● D13 - 101
● D13 - Due
● D1 - Gemma
● D13 - Intel Edison
● D13 - Intel Galileo Gen2
● D13 - Leonardo and Micro
● D13 - LilyPad
● D13 - LilyPad USB
● D13 - MEGA2560
● D13 - Mini
● D6 - MKR1000
● D13 - Nano
● D13 - Pro
● D13 - Pro Mini
● D13 - UNO
● D13 - Yún
● D13 - Zero
If you want to lit an external LED with this sketch, you need to build this circuit, where you
connect one end of the resistor to the digital pin correspondent to the LED_BUILTIN
constant. Connect the long leg of the LED (the positive leg, called the anode) to the other end
of the resistor. Connect the short leg of the LED (the negative leg, called the cathode) to the
GND. In the diagram below we show an UNO board that has D13 as the LED_BUILTIN
value.
 The value of the resistor in series with the LED may be of a different value than 220 ohm; the
LED will lit up also with values up to 1K ohm.

// C++ code

//

void setup()

pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);

void loop()

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);

delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);

delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)

}
Schematic

Code

After you build the circuit plug your Arduino board into your computer, start the Arduino
Software (IDE) and enter the code below. You may also load it from the menu
File/Examples/01.Basics/Blink . The first thing you do is to initialize LED_BUILTIN pin as
an output pin with the line

pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
In the main loop, you turn the LED on with the line:
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
This supplies 5 volts to the LED anode. That creates a voltage difference across the pins of the
LED, and lights it up. Then you turn it off with the line:

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
That takes the LED_BUILTIN pin back to 0 volts, and turns the LED off. In between the on
and the off, you want enough time for a person to see the change, so the delay() commands
tell the board to do nothing for 1000 milliseconds, or one second. When you use the delay()
command, nothing else happens for that amount of time. Once you've understood the basic
examples, check out the BlinkWithoutDelay example to learn how to create a delay while
doing other things.
Once you've understood this example, check out the DigitalReadSerial example to learn how
read a switch connected to the board.

Conclusion: -
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6 (Group B)

Aim: Create a program that illuminates the green LED if the counter is less than
100, illuminates the yellow LED if the counter is between 101 and 200 and
illuminates the red LED if the counter is greater than 200

Outcome: Connectivity, configuration and control of LED using Arduino circuit under
different conditions.

Hardware Requirement: Arduino, LED, 220 ohm resistor etc.

 Software Requirement: Arduino IDE

Theory:

The problem statement is like Arduino traffic light, a fun little project that you can build in
under an hour. Here's how to build your own using an Arduino, and how to change
the circuit for an advanced variation.

What You Need to Build an Arduino Traffic Light Controller

Apart from the basic Arduino, you'll need:

● 1 x 10k-ohm resistor
● 1 x pushbutton switch
● 6 x 220-ohm resistors
● A breadboard
● Connecting wires
● Red, yellow and green

LEDs Arduino Traffic Light: The

Basics

Let's start small. A basic, single traffic light is a good place to start. Here's the circuit:

Connect the anode (long leg) of each LED to digital pins eight, nine, and ten (via a 220- ohm
resistor). Connect the cathodes (short leg) to the Arduino's ground.
// C++ code
//
int counter1=0;
void setup()
{
//pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);

void loop()
{
if (counter1<10)
{
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
digitalWrite(12,LOW);
digitalWrite(11,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
else
{
if(counter1<20)
{
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
digitalWrite(12,HIGH);
digitalWrite(11,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
digitalWrite(12,LOW);
digitalWrite(11,HIGH);
delay(1000);
}
// Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)

}
counter1= counter1+1;
}
Code for the Arduino Traffic Light

Start by defining variables so that you can address the lights by name rather than a
number. Start a new Arduino project, and begin with these lines:

Next, let’s add the setup function, where you'll configure the red, yellow and green LEDs to
be outputs. Since you have created variables to represent the pin numbers, you can now refer
to the pins by name instead:

The pinMode function configures the Arduino to use a given pin as an output. You have to
do this for your LEDs to work at all. Now for the actual logic of the traffic light. Here's the
code you need. Add this below your variable definitions and setup function:
Upload this code to your Arduino, and run (make sure to select the correct board and port
from the Tools > Board and Tools > Port menus). You should have a working traffic light that
changes every 15 seconds, like this (sped up):

Let's break down this code. The changeLights function performs all the hard work. This
rotates the traffic light through yellow and red, then back to green. As this gets called inside
the loop function, the Arduino will run this code forever, with a 15-second pause every time.

The changeLights function consists of four distinct steps:

● Green on, yellow off

● Yellow off, red on
● Yellow on, red on
● Green on, red off, yellow off

These four steps replicate the process used in real traffic lights. For each step, the code is very
similar. The appropriate LED gets turned on or off using digitalWrite. This is an Arduino
function used to set output pins to HIGH (for on), or LOW (for off).

After enabling or disabling the required LEDs, the delay makes the Arduino wait for a given
amount of time. Three seconds in this case.

Going Deeper: Arduino Pedestrian Crossing

Now that you know the basics, let's improve it. Add in a pushbutton for pedestrians to change
the light whenever they like:

Notice how the traffic light is exactly the same as the previous example. Connect the button
to digital pin 12. You'll notice that the switch has a high-impedance 10k-ohm resistor
attached to it, and you may be wondering why. This is a pull-down resistor.

A switch either lets the current flow or doesn't. This seems simple enough, but in a logic
circuit, the current should be always flowing in either a high or low state (remember, 1 or 0,
HIGH or LOW). You might assume that a pushbutton switch that isn't actually pressed would
be in a LOW state, but in fact, it's said to be 'floating', because no current gets drawn at all.
In this floating state, it's possible that a false reading will occur as it fluctuates with electrical
interference. In other words, a floating switch is giving neither a reliable HIGH nor LOW
reading. A pull-down resistor keeps a small amount of current flowing when the switch gets
closed, thereby ensuring an accurate low state reading.

In other logic circuits, you may find a pull-up resistor instead, and this works on the same
principle, but in reverse, making sure that particular logic gate defaults to high.

Now, in the loop part of the code, instead of changing the lights every 15 seconds, you're
going to read the state of the pushbutton switch instead, and only change the lights when it's
activated.

Code for the Arduino Pedestrian Crossing

Start by adding a new variable to store your button pin:

Now, in the setup function, add a new line to declare the switch as an input. Add a line to set
the traffic lights to the green stage. Without this initial setting, they would off until the first
time changeLights runs.

Change the entire loop function to the following instead:

That should do it. You may be wondering why the button checking happens twice
(digitalRead(button)), separated by a small delay. This is debouncing. Much like the pull-
down resistor for the button, this simple check stops the code detecting minor interference as
a button press.

By waiting inside the if statement for 15 seconds, the traffic lights can't change for at least
that duration. Once 15 seconds is over the loop restarts. Each restart of the loop, it reads the
state of the button again, but if it isn't pressed, the if statement never activates, the lights never
change, and the program restarts again.

Here's how this looks (sped up):

Arduino Traffic Light with Junction

Let's try a more advanced model. Instead of a pedestrian crossing, change your circuit to have
two traffic lights:

Connect the second traffic light to digital pins 11, 12, and 13.

Code for the Arduino Traffic Light with Junction

First, assign your new traffic light pins to variables, and configure them as outputs, like in
the first example:

Now, update your loop to use the code from the first example (instead of the pedestrian
crossing):

Once again, all the work is carried out in the changeLights function. Rather than going red >
red & yellow > green, this code will alternate the traffic lights. When one is on green, the
other is on red. Here's the code:
Conclusion:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7 (Group B)

Aim: Create a program so that when the user enters "B" the green light blinks, "g" the
green light is illuminated "y" the yellow light is illuminated and "r" the red light is
illuminated

Outcome: Connectivity, configuration and control of LED using Arduino circuit under
different conditions.

● Hardware Requirement: Arduino, LED, 220 ohm resistor etc.

● Software Requirement: Arduino IDE

● Theory:
The problem statement is like Arduino traffic light, a fun little project that you can build in
under an hour. Here's how to build your own using an Arduino, and how to change
the circuit for an advanced variation.

What You Need to Build an Arduino Traffic Light Controller

Apart from the basic Arduino, you'll need:

● 1 x 10k-ohm resistor
● 1 x pushbutton switch
● 6 x 220-ohm resistors
● A breadboard
● Connecting wires
● Red, yellow and green

LEDs Arduino Traffic Light: The

Basics

Let's start small. A basic, single traffic light is a good place to start. Here's the circuit:

Connect the anode (long leg) of each LED to digital pins eight, nine, and ten (via a 220- ohm
resistor). Connect the cathodes (short leg) to the Arduino's ground.
// C++ code
//
int mychar=0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(7,OUTPUT);
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
pinMode(9,OUTPUT);

void loop()
{
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
//read the incoming byte
mychar=Serial.read();
Serial.print("I received 1");
Serial.print(mychar);
}

if(mychar==114)
{
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);

}
if(mychar==103)
{
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);

}
if(mychar==98)
{
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);

}
Code for the Arduino Traffic Light

Start by defining variables so that you can address the lights by name rather than a
number. Start a new Arduino project, and begin with these lines:

Next, let’s add the setup function, where you'll configure the red, yellow and green LEDs to
be outputs. Since you have created variables to represent the pin numbers, you can now refer
to the pins by name instead:

The pinMode function configures the Arduino to use a given pin as an output. You have to
do this for your LEDs to work at all. Now for the actual logic of the traffic light. Here's the
code you need. Add this below your variable definitions and setup function:
Upload this code to your Arduino, and run (make sure to select the correct board and port
from the Tools > Board and Tools > Port menus). You should have a working traffic light that
changes every 15 seconds, like this (sped up):

Let's break down this code. The changeLights function performs all the hard work. This
rotates the traffic light through yellow and red, then back to green. As this gets called inside
the loop function, the Arduino will run this code forever, with a 15-second pause every time.

The changeLights function consists of four distinct steps:

● Green on, yellow off

● Yellow off, red on
● Yellow on, red on
● Green on, red off, yellow off

These four steps replicate the process used in real traffic lights. For each step, the code is very
similar. The appropriate LED gets turned on or off using digitalWrite. This is an Arduino
function used to set output pins to HIGH (for on), or LOW (for off).

After enabling or disabling the required LEDs, the delay makes the Arduino wait for a given
amount of time. Three seconds in this case.

Going Deeper: Arduino Pedestrian Crossing

Now that you know the basics, let's improve it. Add in a pushbutton for pedestrians to change
the light whenever they like:

Notice how the traffic light is exactly the same as the previous example. Connect the button
to digital pin 12. You'll notice that the switch has a high-impedance 10k-ohm resistor
attached to it, and you may be wondering why. This is a pull-down resistor.

A switch either lets the current flow or doesn't. This seems simple enough, but in a logic
circuit, the current should be always flowing in either a high or low state (remember, 1 or 0,
HIGH or LOW). You might assume that a pushbutton switch that isn't actually pressed would
be in a LOW state, but in fact, it's said to be 'floating', because no current gets drawn at all.
In this floating state, it's possible that a false reading will occur as it fluctuates with electrical
interference. In other words, a floating switch is giving neither a reliable HIGH nor LOW
reading. A pull-down resistor keeps a small amount of current flowing when the switch gets
closed, thereby ensuring an accurate low state reading.

In other logic circuits, you may find a pull-up resistor instead, and this works on the same
principle, but in reverse, making sure that particular logic gate defaults to high.

Now, in the loop part of the code, instead of changing the lights every 15 seconds, you're
going to read the state of the pushbutton switch instead, and only change the lights when it's
activated.

Code for the Arduino Pedestrian Crossing

Start by adding a new variable to store your button pin:

Now, in the setup function, add a new line to declare the switch as an input. Add a line to set
the traffic lights to the green stage. Without this initial setting, they would off until the first
time changeLights runs.

Change the entire loop function to the following instead:

That should do it. You may be wondering why the button checking happens twice
(digitalRead(button)), separated by a small delay. This is debouncing. Much like the pull-
down resistor for the button, this simple check stops the code detecting minor interference as
a button press.

By waiting inside the if statement for 15 seconds, the traffic lights can't change for at least
that duration. Once 15 seconds is over the loop restarts. Each restart of the loop, it reads the
state of the button again, but if it isn't pressed, the if statement never activates, the lights never
change, and the program restarts again.

Here's how this looks (sped up):

Arduino Traffic Light with Junction

Let's try a more advanced model. Instead of a pedestrian crossing, change your circuit to have
two traffic lights:

Connect the second traffic light to digital pins 11, 12, and 13.

Code for the Arduino Traffic Light with Junction

First, assign your new traffic light pins to variables, and configure them as outputs, like in
the first example:

Now, update your loop to use the code from the first example (instead of the pedestrian
crossing):

Once again, all the work is carried out in the changeLights function. Rather than going red >
red & yellow > green, this code will alternate the traffic lights. When one is on green, the
other is on red. Here's the code:
Conclusion: -
 EXPERIMENT NO. 8 (Group B)

● Aim: Write a program that asks the user for a number and outputs the number
squared that is entered

● Outcome: Connectivity, configuration and serial communication with Arduino.

● Hardware Requirement: Arduino, USB cable etc.

● Software Requirement: Arduino IDE

● Theory:

● Arduino Serial Monitor for Beginners

Arduino serial monitor for beginners in electronics. Send and receive data between the serial
monitor window on a computer and an Arduino. The serial monitor is a utility that is part of the
Arduino IDE. Send text from an Arduino board to the serial monitor window on a computer. In
addition, send text from the serial monitor window to an Arduino board. Communications between
the serial monitor and Arduino board takes place over the USB connection between the computer
and Arduino.

● Demonstration of the Arduino Serial Monitor for Beginners

Part 2 of this Arduino tutorial for beginners shows how to install the Arduino IDE. In addition, it
shows how to load an example sketch to an Arduino. It is necessary to know how to load a sketch
to an Arduino board in this part of the tutorial. Therefore, first finish the previous parts of this
tutorial before continuing with this part. A sketch loaded to an Arduino board demonstrates how
the serial monitor works in the sub-sections that follow.

● Load an Example Sketch that uses the Serial Monitor to an Arduino Board
Start the Arduino IDE application. Select File → Examples → 04.Communication → ASCIITable
from the top Arduino IDE menu bar. As a result, the ASCIITable example sketch opens in a new
Arduino IDE window. Upload the ASCIITable example sketch to the Arduino Uno or MEGA
2560 board.

After the ASCIITable sketch is uploaded, nothing is seen to happen. This is because this example
sketch sends text out of the USB port of the Arduino board. Because there is nothing running on the
computer to receive this text, nothing is seen.

● How to Open the Arduino Serial Monitor Window for Beginners

The following image shows the location of the serial monitor window icon on the Arduino IDE
toolbar. A red dot near the top right of the image shows the serial monitor toolbar icon location.
// C++ code

//

int mychar=0;//for incoming serial data

int power=2;

int out=0;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600); // open serial port,set data rate to 9600

void loop()

//send data only when you receive it

if(Serial.available()>0)

//read the incoming byte

mychar=Serial.read();

out=pow(mychar,power);

Serial.print("I received....");

Serial.print(mychar);

Serial.print("Square of no....");

Serial.print(out);

}
}

Click the Serial Monitor icon near the top right of the Arduino IDE to open the serial monitor
window. The above image shows the serial monitor window opened, and on top of the Arduino
IDE window. Because the ASCIITable example is loaded on the Arduino board, when the serial
monitor window opens, the Arduino sends text to the serial monitor window. This is also because
opening the serial monitor window resets the Arduino board, causing the ASCIITable sketch to
run from the beginning again.

The ASCIITable sketch sends text out of the USB port of the Arduino. Because the serial monitor
is connected to the USB port, it receives the text and displays it in the big receive area of the
window. As a result, text scrolls on the serial monitor window for a while. The text then stops
because the Arduino has finished sending text. Use the right scrollbar in the serial monitor
window to scroll up. Scrolling up reveals all of the text that the Arduino sent.

● What to do When Junk Characters are Displayed

When junk, or garbage characters, or even nothing is displayed in the serial monitor, it is usually
because of an incorrect baud rate setting. Look at the bottom of the serial monitor in the above
image. Notice the value 9600 baud in a box. This is the baud setting of communications between
the Arduino and serial monitor. The ASCIITable, and most other built-in example sketches, set
the Arduino to communicate at 9600 baud. If your serial monitor window shows a different baud
rate, change it to 9600 baud. Do this by clicking the baud drop-down list. Select 9600 baud on the
list that drops down.

● Reset the Arduino Board with the RESET Button

Press and release the RESET button on the Arduino board and the ASCIITable sketch runs from
the beginning again. As a result of the reset, the same text scrolls down the serial monitor window
and then stops again. The RESET button is the only push button on the Arduino Uno or MEGA
2560.
Pushing the RESET button in holds the board in reset. This means that the sketch currently loaded
on the board stops running. Releasing the RESET button takes the board out of reset. As a result,
the sketch currently loaded on the Arduino starts running from the beginning again.
 ● Clear the Serial Monitor Window Receive Area
The red dot in the image below shows the location of the Clear output button at the bottom of the
serial monitor window. Click the Clear output button and text is cleared from the receive area of
the serial monitor window. Reset the Arduino, and the receive area fills with text from the
ASCIITable sketch again.

Serial Monitor Window Clear Output Button

● What the ASCIITable Sketch Does

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASCII is a standard way
that uses numbers to represent various characters. For example, the decimal number 65
represents the letter A. Another example is the decimal number 125 represents a closing brace: }.
This allows computers to send and receive text by sending and receiving numbers. For example
when a computer receives the number 65, it knows to display the letter A.

The ASCIITable sketch sends the numbers 33 through to 126 out of the USB port. This results in
the printable text characters from the ASCII table displayed in the serial monitor window. In
addition to the ASCII characters, the number that represents each character is displayed. Each
number is shown in four different numbering systems. These are the decimal, hexadecimal, octal
and binary number systems. In the serial monitor window, these number systems are abbreviated
to dec, hex, oct and bin.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Conclusion: -
 EXPERIMENT NO. 9 (Group B)

● Aim: Write a program to control the color of the LED by turning 3 different
potentiometers. One will be read for the value of Red, one for the value of Green, and
one for the value of Blue

● Outcome: Connectivity, configuration and control of LED using Arduino circuit

under different conditions.

● Hardware Requirement: Arduino, LED, 220 ohm resistor etc.

● Software Requirement: Arduino IDE

● Theory:
The problem statement is like Arduino traffic light, a fun little project that you can build in
under an hour. Here's how to build your own using an Arduino, and how to change
the circuit for an advanced variation.

What You Need to Build an Arduino Traffic Light Controller

Apart from the basic Arduino, you'll need:

● 1 x 10k-ohm resistor
● 1 x pushbutton switch
● 6 x 220-ohm resistors
● A breadboard
● Connecting wires
● Red, yellow and green

LEDs Arduino Traffic Light: The

Basics

Let's start small. A basic, single traffic light is a good place to start. Here's the circuit:

Connect the anode (long leg) of each LED to digital pins eight, nine, and ten (via a 220- ohm
resistor). Connect the cathodes (short leg) to the Arduino's ground.
 Code for the Arduino Traffic Light

// C++ code//
void setup()
{
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
pinMode(11, OUTPUT);

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
}

Start by defining variables so that you can address the lights by name rather than a
number. Start a new Arduino project, and begin with these lines:
Next, let’s add the setup function, where you'll configure the red, yellow and green LEDs to
be outputs. Since you have created variables to represent the pin numbers, you can now refer
to the pins by name instead:

The pinMode function configures the Arduino to use a given pin as an output. You have to
do this for your LEDs to work at all. Now for the actual logic of the traffic light. Here's the
code you need. Add this below your variable definitions and setup function:
Upload this code to your Arduino, and run (make sure to select the correct board and port
from the Tools > Board and Tools > Port menus). You should have a working traffic light that
changes every 15 seconds, like this (sped up):

Let's break down this code. The changeLights function performs all the hard work. This
rotates the traffic light through yellow and red, then back to green. As this gets called inside
the loop function, the Arduino will run this code forever, with a 15-second pause every time.

The changeLights function consists of four distinct steps:

● Green on, yellow off

● Yellow off, red on
● Yellow on, red on
● Green on, red off, yellow off

These four steps replicate the process used in real traffic lights. For each step, the code is very
similar. The appropriate LED gets turned on or off using digitalWrite. This is an Arduino
function used to set output pins to HIGH (for on), or LOW (for off).

After enabling or disabling the required LEDs, the delay makes the Arduino wait for a given
amount of time. Three seconds in this case.

Going Deeper: Arduino Pedestrian Crossing

Now that you know the basics, let's improve it. Add in a pushbutton for pedestrians to change
the light whenever they like:

Notice how the traffic light is exactly the same as the previous example. Connect the button
to digital pin 12. You'll notice that the switch has a high-impedance 10k-ohm resistor
attached to it, and you may be wondering why. This is a pull-down resistor.

A switch either lets the current flow or doesn't. This seems simple enough, but in a logic
circuit, the current should be always flowing in either a high or low state (remember, 1 or 0,
HIGH or LOW). You might assume that a pushbutton switch that isn't actually pressed would
be in a LOW state, but in fact, it's said to be 'floating', because no current gets drawn at all.
In this floating state, it's possible that a false reading will occur as it fluctuates with electrical
interference. In other words, a floating switch is giving neither a reliable HIGH nor LOW
reading. A pull-down resistor keeps a small amount of current flowing when the switch gets
closed, thereby ensuring an accurate low state reading.

In other logic circuits, you may find a pull-up resistor instead, and this works on the same
principle, but in reverse, making sure that particular logic gate defaults to high.

Now, in the loop part of the code, instead of changing the lights every 15 seconds, you're
going to read the state of the pushbutton switch instead, and only change the lights when it's
activated.

Code for the Arduino Pedestrian Crossing

Start by adding a new variable to store your button pin:

Now, in the setup function, add a new line to declare the switch as an input. Add a line to set
the traffic lights to the green stage. Without this initial setting, they would off until the first
time changeLights runs.

Change the entire loop function to the following instead:

That should do it. You may be wondering why the button checking happens twice
(digitalRead(button)), separated by a small delay. This is debouncing. Much like the pull-
down resistor for the button, this simple check stops the code detecting minor interference as
a button press.

By waiting inside the if statement for 15 seconds, the traffic lights can't change for at least
that duration. Once 15 seconds is over the loop restarts. Each restart of the loop, it reads the
state of the button again, but if it isn't pressed, the if statement never activates, the lights never
change, and the program restarts again.

Here's how this looks (sped up):

Arduino Traffic Light with Junction

Let's try a more advanced model. Instead of a pedestrian crossing, change your circuit to have
two traffic lights:

Connect the second traffic light to digital pins 11, 12, and 13.

Code for the Arduino Traffic Light with Junction

First, assign your new traffic light pins to variables, and configure them as outputs, like in
the first example:

Now, update your loop to use the code from the first example (instead of the pedestrian
crossing):

Once again, all the work is carried out in the changeLights function. Rather than going red >
red & yellow > green, this code will alternate the traffic lights. When one is on green, the
other is on red. Here's the code:
Conclusion:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 10 (Group B)

● Aim: Write a program read the temperature sensor and send the values to the serial
monitor on the computer

● Outcome: Understanding working principle of DHT11, LM35 temperature sensor.

● Hardware Requirement: Arduino, LED, LM35, DHT11, etc

● Software Requirement: Arduino IDE

● Theory:

LM35 Temperature Sensor

LM35 Temperature Sensor Pinout

LM35 Sensor Pinout Configuration
Pin Pin Name Description
Number

1 Vcc Input voltage is +5V for typical applications

2 Analog There will be increase in 10mV for raise of every 1°C. Can range
Out from -1V(-55°C) to 6V(150°C)

3 Ground Connected to ground of circuit

● LM35 Sensor Features

● Minimum and Maximum Input Voltage is 35V and -2V respectively. Typically 5V.
● Can measure temperature ranging from -55°C to 150°C
● Output voltage is directly proportional (Linear) to temperature (i.e.) there will be a rise of
10mV (0.01V) for every 1°C rise in temperature.
● ±0.5°C Accuracy
● Drain current is less than 60uA
● Low cost temperature sensor
● Small and hence suitable for remote applications
● Available in TO-92, TO-220, TO-CAN and SOIC package
 ● LM35 Temperature Sensor Equivalent
LM34, DS18B20, DS1620, LM94022

How to use LM35 Temperature Sensor:

LM35 is a precession Integrated circuit Temperature sensor, whose output voltage varies, based on the
temperature around it. It is a small and cheap IC which can be used to measure temperature anywhere
between -55°C to 150°C. It can easily be interfaced with any Microcontroller that has ADC function
or any development platform like Arduino.
Power the IC by applying a regulated voltage like +5V (VS) to the input pin and connected the ground
pin to the ground of the circuit. Now, you can measure the temperature in form of voltage as shown

below.

If the temperature is 0°C, then the output voltage will also be 0V. There will be rise of 0.01V (10mV)
for every degree Celsius rise in temperature. The voltage can converted into temperature using the
below formulae.

● LM35 Temperature Sensor Applications

● Measuring temperature of a particular environment
● Providing thermal shutdown for a circuit/component
● Monitoring Battery Temperature
● Measuring Temperatures for HVAC applications.

● How Does LM35 Sensor Work?

Main advantage of LM35 is that it is linear i.e. 10mv/°C which means for every degree rise in
temperature the output of LM35 will rise by 10mv. So if the output of LM35 is 220mv/0.22V the
temperature will be 22°C. So if room temperature is 32°C then the output of LM35 will be 320mv i.e.
0.32V.
● LM35 Interfacing Circuit
As such no extra components required to interface LM35 to ADC as the output of LM35 is linear with
10mv/degree scale. It can be directly interfaced to any 10 or 12 bit ADC. But if you are using an 8-bit
ADC like ADC0808 or ADC0804 an amplifier section will be needed if you require to measure 1°C
change.
LM35 can also be directly connected to Arduino. The output of LM35 temperature can also be given
to comparator circuit and can be used for over temperature indication or by using a simple relay can be
used as a temperature controller.

● DHT11 interfacing with arduino and weather station

DHT11 sensor is used to measure the temperature and humidity. It has a resistive humidity sensing
component and a negative temperature coefficient (NTC). An 8 bit MCU is also connected in it which
is responsible for its fast response. It is very inexpensive but it gives values of both temperature and
humidity at a time.

● Specification of DHT11
● It has humidity range from 20 to 90% RH
● It has temperature range from 0 – 50 C
● It has signal transmission range of 20 m
● It is inexpensive
● It has fast response and it is also durable

● DHT11 Pin out

● The first pin of the DHT11 is vcc pin.

● The second pin of the DHT is Data pin.
● The third pin is not used.
● The fourth pin of the DHT sensor is ground.

● DHT11 interfacing with arduino

First of all connect the ground and the VCC of the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor to the
ground and 5v of the Arduino. Then connect the data pin of the DHT11 sensor to the pin 2 of the
Arduino.
// C++ code
//
int temp=0;
void setup()
{
pinMode(A0,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
temp = map(((analogRead(A0) - 20) * 3.04), 0, 1023, -40, 125);
Serial.println(temp);
delay(1011); // Delay a little bit to improve simulation performance

}
● Installing the DHT11 Library
To run the following code in Arduino IDE you will first have to install the DHT library in you
Arduino directory.
Download the zip file from here and place it in your Arduino library folder. The path to Arduino
library folder for my computer is
Documents/ Arduino/ Libraries
Unzip the downloaded file and place it in this folder.
After copying the files, the Arduino library folder should have a new folder named DHT containing
the dht.h and dht.cpp. After that copy the following code in the Arduino IDE and upload the code.

● Code of DHT11 interfacing with arduino

// Code for DHT11 Temperature and humidity sensor.

#include " DHT.h " // including the library of DHT11 temperature
and humidity sensor
#define DHTPIN 2 // Selecting the pin at which we have
connected DHT11
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // Selecting the type of DHT
sensors DHT dht ( DHTPIN, DHTTYPE ) ;
void setup ( ) {
Serial.begin ( 9600 ) ;
dht.begin ( ) ; // The sensor will start working
}
void loop ( ) {
// Reading temperature or humidity may take about 2 seconds
because it is a very slow sensor.

float humidity = dht.readHumidity ( ) ; // Declaring h a variable

and storing the humidity in it.
float temp = dht.readTemperature ( ) ; // Declaring t a variable
and storing the temperature in it.
// Checking if the output is correct. If these are NaN, then there
is something in it.
if ( isnan ( t ) || isnan ( h ) ) {
Serial.println ( " Sensor not working " )
;
}
else
{

Serial.print ( " Temp is " ) ;

Serial.print ( temp ) ; // Printing the temperature
on display.
Serial.println ( " *C " ) ; // Printing “ *C ” on
display. Serial.print ( " Humidity in % is : " ) ;
Serial.print ( humidity ) ; // Printing the humidity on
display Serial.print ( " % \t " ) ; // Printing “%” on
display

}
}
 ● Weather Station using DHT11 and arduino
In this example we will make a weather station that will sense the humidity and temperature and will
show it on the lcd attached to the Arduino. Make the circuit as shown in the diagram. The resistor in
the circuit will make the black light darker. We have used the 220 ohm resistor but you can use any
resistor having value near to that. The potentiometer we used in the circuit is used to set the screen
contrast. We have used the 10 K ohm value but you can choose any value relative to that one.

● Components Required
● Arduino Uno (you can use any)
● 16 x 2 LCD
● DHT11 Temperature and humidity sensor
● 10 K ohm potentiometer
● 220 ohm resistor

● Code of weather station using arduino and DHT11

// This code is for the weather station using the DHT11 humidity and temperature
sensor.

// Install the library of the DHT before uploading the code in the Arduino IDE
#include < dht.h > // including the DHT library

#include < LiquidCrystal.h > // including the LCD library

LiquidCrystal lcd ( 12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2 ) ; // initializing the lcd pins
dht DHT ; // declaring dht a variable

#define DHT11_PIN 8 // initializing pin 8 for dht

void setup ( ) {

lcd.begin ( 16, 2 ) ; // starting the 16 x 2 lcd

void loop ( )

int chk = DHT.read11(DHT11_PIN ) ; // Checking that either the dht is

working or not

lcd.setCursor ( 0, 0 ) ; // starting the cursor from top left

lcd.print ( " Temperature is : " ) ; // printing the “ Temperature is : ” on

the lcd
 lcd.print ( DHT.temperature ) ; // printing the temperature on the lcd
lcd.print ( ( char ) 223 ) ;

lcd.print ( " C " ) ; // Printing “ C “ on the display

lcd.setCursor ( 0 , 1 );

lcd.print ( " Humidity is : " ) ; // printing “ humidity is : ” on the

display

lcd.print ( DHT.humidity ) ; // printing humidity on the display

lcd.print ( " % " ) ; // printing “ % ” on display

delay ( 1000 ) ; // Giving delay of 1 second.

Conclusion:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 11 (Group B)

● Aim: Write a program read the temperature sensor and send the values to the serial
monitor on the computer

● Outcome: Understanding working principle of DHT11, LM35 temperature sensor,

Relationship between different temperature scales

● Hardware Requirement: Arduino, LED, LM35, DHT11, etc

● Software Requirement: Arduino IDE

● Theory:

LM35 Temperature Sensor

LM35 Temperature Sensor Pinout

LM35 Sensor Pinout Configuration
Pin Pin Name Description
Number

1 Vcc Input voltage is +5V for typical applications

2 Analog There will be increase in 10mV for raise of every 1°C. Can range
Out from -1V(-55°C) to 6V(150°C)

3 Ground Connected to ground of circuit

● LM35 Sensor Features

● Minimum and Maximum Input Voltage is 35V and -2V respectively. Typically 5V.
● Can measure temperature ranging from -55°C to 150°C
● Output voltage is directly proportional (Linear) to temperature (i.e.) there will be a rise of
10mV (0.01V) for every 1°C rise in temperature.
● ±0.5°C Accuracy
● Drain current is less than 60uA
● Low cost temperature sensor
● Small and hence suitable for remote applications
● Available in TO-92, TO-220, TO-CAN and SOIC package
 ● LM35 Temperature Sensor Equivalent
LM34, DS18B20, DS1620, LM94022

How to use LM35 Temperature Sensor:

LM35 is a precession Integrated circuit Temperature sensor, whose output voltage varies, based on the
temperature around it. It is a small and cheap IC which can be used to measure temperature anywhere
between -55°C to 150°C. It can easily be interfaced with any Microcontroller that has ADC function
or any development platform like Arduino.
Power the IC by applying a regulated voltage like +5V (VS) to the input pin and connected the ground
pin to the ground of the circuit. Now, you can measure the temperature in form of voltage as shown

below.

If the temperature is 0°C, then the output voltage will also be 0V. There will be rise of 0.01V (10mV)
for every degree Celsius rise in temperature. The voltage can converted into temperature using the
below formulae.

● LM35 Temperature Sensor Applications

● Measuring temperature of a particular environment
● Providing thermal shutdown for a circuit/component
● Monitoring Battery Temperature
● Measuring Temperatures for HVAC applications.

● How Does LM35 Sensor Work?

Main advantage of LM35 is that it is linear i.e. 10mv/°C which means for every degree rise in
temperature the output of LM35 will rise by 10mv. So if the output of LM35 is 220mv/0.22V the
temperature will be 22°C. So if room temperature is 32°C then the output of LM35 will be 320mv i.e.
0.32V.
● LM35 Interfacing Circuit
As such no extra components required to interface LM35 to ADC as the output of LM35 is linear with
10mv/degree scale. It can be directly interfaced to any 10 or 12 bit ADC. But if you are using an 8-bit
ADC like ADC0808 or ADC0804 an amplifier section will be needed if you require to measure 1°C
change.
LM35 can also be directly connected to Arduino. The output of LM35 temperature can also be given
to comparator circuit and can be used for over temperature indication or by using a simple relay can be
used as a temperature controller.

● DHT11 interfacing with arduino and weather station

DHT11 sensor is used to measure the temperature and humidity. It has a resistive humidity sensing
component and a negative temperature coefficient (NTC). An 8 bit MCU is also connected in it which
is responsible for its fast response. It is very inexpensive but it gives values of both temperature and
humidity at a time.

● Specification of DHT11
● It has humidity range from 20 to 90% RH
● It has temperature range from 0 – 50 C
● It has signal transmission range of 20 m
● It is inexpensive
● It has fast response and it is also durable

● DHT11 Pin out

● The first pin of the DHT11 is vcc pin.

● The second pin of the DHT is Data pin.
● The third pin is not used.
● The fourth pin of the DHT sensor is ground.

● DHT11 interfacing with arduino

First of all connect the ground and the VCC of the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor to the
ground and 5v of the Arduino. Then connect the data pin of the DHT11 sensor to the pin 2 of the
Arduino.

● Installing the DHT11 Library

To run the following code in Arduino IDE you will first have to install the DHT library in you
Arduino directory.
Download the zip file from here and place it in your Arduino library folder. The path to Arduino
library folder for my computer is
Documents/ Arduino/ Libraries
Unzip the downloaded file and place it in this folder.
After copying the files, the Arduino library folder should have a new folder named DHT containing
the dht.h and dht.cpp. After that copy the following code in the Arduino IDE and upload the code.

● Code of DHT11 interfacing with arduino

// Code for DHT11 Temperature and humidity sensor.

#include " DHT.h " // including the library of DHT11 temperature
and humidity sensor
#define DHTPIN 2 // Selecting the pin at which we have
connected DHT11
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // Selecting the type of DHT
sensors DHT dht ( DHTPIN, DHTTYPE ) ;
void setup ( ) {
Serial.begin ( 9600 ) ;
dht.begin ( ) ; // The sensor will start working
}
void loop ( ) {
// Reading temperature or humidity may take about 2 seconds
because it is a very slow sensor.

float humidity = dht.readHumidity ( ) ; // Declaring h a variable

and storing the humidity in it.
float temp = dht.readTemperature ( ) ; // Declaring t a variable
and storing the temperature in it.
// Checking if the output is correct. If these are NaN, then there
is something in it.
if ( isnan ( t ) || isnan ( h ) ) {
Serial.println ( " Sensor not working " )
;
}
else
{

Serial.print ( " Temp is " ) ;

Serial.print ( temp ) ; // Printing the temperature
on display.
Serial.println ( " *C " ) ; // Printing “ *C ” on
display. Serial.print ( " Humidity in % is : " ) ;
Serial.print ( humidity ) ; // Printing the humidity on
display Serial.print ( " % \t " ) ; // Printing “%” on
display

}
}
 ● Weather Station using DHT11 and arduino
In this example we will make a weather station that will sense the humidity and temperature and will
show it on the lcd attached to the Arduino. Make the circuit as shown in the diagram. The resistor in
the circuit will make the black light darker. We have used the 220 ohm resistor but you can use any
resistor having value near to that. The potentiometer we used in the circuit is used to set the screen
contrast. We
have used the 10 K ohm value but you can choose any value relative to that one.

● Components Required
● Arduino Uno (you can use any)
● 16 x 2 LCD
● DHT11 Temperature and humidity sensor
● 10 K ohm potentiometer
● 220 ohm resistor

● Code of weather station using arduino and DHT11

// This code is for the weather station using the DHT11 humidity and temperature
sensor.

// Install the library of the DHT before uploading the code in the Arduino IDE
#include < dht.h > // including the DHT library

#include < LiquidCrystal.h > // including the LCD library

LiquidCrystal lcd ( 12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2 ) ; // initializing the lcd pins
dht DHT ; // declaring dht a variable

#define DHT11_PIN 8 // initializing pin 8 for dht

void setup ( ) {

lcd.begin ( 16, 2 ) ; // starting the 16 x 2 lcd

void loop ( )

int chk = DHT.read11(DHT11_PIN ) ; // Checking that either the dht is

working or not

lcd.setCursor ( 0, 0 ) ; // starting the cursor from top left

lcd.print ( " Temperature is : " ) ; // printing the “ Temperature is : ” on

the lcd

lcd.print ( DHT.temperature ) ; // printing the temperature on the lcd

lcd.print ( ( char ) 223 ) ;

lcd.print ( " C " ) ; // Printing “ C “ on the display

lcd.setCursor ( 0 , 1 );
 lcd.print ( " Humidity is : " ) ; // printing “ humidity is : ” on the
display

lcd.print ( DHT.humidity ) ; // printing humidity on the display

lcd.print ( " % " ) ; // printing “ % ” on display

delay ( 1000 ) ; // Giving delay of 1 second.

}
 Temperature Scales

Thermometers measure temperature according to well-defined scales of measurement. The three most
common temperature scales are the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.

● Celsius Scale & Fahrenheit Scale

The Celsius scale has a freezing point of water as 0ºC and the boiling point of water as 100ºC. On the
Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is at 32ºF and the boiling point is at 212ºF. The temperature
difference of one degree Celsius is greater than a temperature difference of one degree Fahrenheit. One
degree on the Celsius scale is 1.8 times larger than one degree on the Fahrenheit scale 180/100=9/5.

● Kelvin Scale

Kelvin scale is the most commonly used temperature scale in science. It is an absolute temperature scale
defined to have 0 K at the lowest possible temperature, called absolute zero. The freezing and boiling
points of water on this scale are 273.15 K and 373.15 K, respectively. Unlike other temperature scales, the
Kelvin scale is an absolute scale. It is extensively used in scientific work. The Kelvin temperature scale
possesses a true zero with no negative temperatures. It is the lowest temperature theoretically achievable
and is the temperature at which the particles in a perfect crystal would become motionless.

● Relationship Between Different Temperature Scales

The relationship between three temperature scales is given in the table below:

Relationship between different Temperature Scales

Conclusion: -

EXPERIMENT NO. 12(Group B)

IOT LAB MANUAL ZCOERPage 81
 ● Aim: Write a program using piezo element and use it to play a tune after someone
knocks

● Outcome: if any obstacle come in between…buzzer should knock

● Hardware Requirement: Arduino, LED, LM35, DHT11, etc

● Software Requirement: Arduino IDE

● Theory:

#define LED 4 //led at pin 4

#define buzzer 5 //buzzer at pin 5

#define sensor A0 //ir sensor at pin 6

int sound=250; //set buzzer sound

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(sensor,INPUT);

pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);

void loop()

int detect=digitalRead(sensor);//read status of sensor

if(detect==HIGH) //if sensor detcts obstacle

digitalWrite(LED,HIGH); //led on

tone(buzzer,sound); //buzzer sounds

IOT LAB MANUAL ZCOERPage 82

 else

digitalWrite(LED,LOW);

noTone(buzzer);

delay(300);

IOT LAB MANUAL ZCOERPage 83

 EXPERIMENT NO. 13 (Group C)

● Aim: Study of ThingSpeak – an API and Web Service for the Internet of Things
Connectivity, configuration and serial communication with Arduino.

● Theory: write it by your own with the help of link provided to you.

IOT LAB MANUAL ZCOERPage 84