Reviewer in Gen Bio2 - 3rdQ
Reviewer in Gen Bio2 - 3rdQ
Reviewer in Gen Bio2 - 3rdQ
RESPONSIBILITIES OF PNS
STIMULUS, OR PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLE
Sensory nerves
- A detectable change happens in the environment
- carry messages from body to brain (pain, pressure,
Receptors
temperature)
- convert environmental stimuli into electrical nerve
Motor nerves
signals
– carry messages from brain to body to respond
- is the body structure that determines the normal
range of the variable, or set point
Effector
- is the cell, tissue, or organ that responds to signals
from the control center, thus providing a response to
the stimulus
1ST MECHANISM: POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- is a mechanism that intensifies a change in the
body’s
- physiological condition rather than reversing it
Ex: Fruit Ripening and Blood Clotting
MODULE 3:
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATION
FROM DNA
DNA Molecule
- located inside the nucleus of a cell
- tightly coiled molecule contain genes
- double strand
COMPONENTS OF A DNA MOLECULE
- one phosphorus with four oxygen (phosphate Heterozygous
group) - individual has a pair of nonidentical alleles (Aa) for
- a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose) the trait.
- a nitrogen-containing base (either pyrimidine or Two terms help keep the distinction clear between
purine) genes and the traits they specify.
Chargaff’s Rule Genotype
- there is always equality in quantity between the – refers to the particular genes that are present in
bases of – an individual.
A and T (A is adenine, T is thymine) Phenotype
G and C. (G is guanine, and C is cytosine) – refers to an individual’s observable traits.
RNA Molecule When tracking the inheritance of traits through
- single strand generations of offspring, these abbreviations apply:
- has a backbone made of alternating sugar (ribose) - P parental generation
and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one - F1 first-generation offspring
of four bases--adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), or - F2 second-generation offspring
guanine (G) Monohybrid Cross
Genetic Code - a cross between first-generation offspring of
- term we use for the way that the four bases of parents who differ in one trait
DNA--the A, C, G, and Ts--are strung together in a Dihybrid Cross
way that the cellular machinery, - cross between first-generation offspring of parents
CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY who differ in two traits
1. DNA Replication X-linked Dominant
- semi-conservative process whereby pre-existing - Fathers cannot pass X-linked dominant conditions
strands act as templates for newly synthesised to their sons, but all daughters of affected fathers
strands will be affected with the condition and can pass it on
helicase and DNA polymerase to their children.
- The process of DNA replication is coordinated by X-linked Recessive
two key enzymes - If only the father or the mother has the mutated X-
2. Transcription linked gene, the daughters are usually not affected
- the process by which an RNA sequence is produced and are called carriers because one of their X
from a DNA template chromosomes has the mutation but the other one is
3. Translation normal (kailangan 2 x ung affected)
- is in which the genetic information encoded in Y-linked traits
mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids - Y-linked if the altered gene that causes the disorder
on a polypeptide chain is located on the Y chromosome, one of the two sex
MENDELIAN AND NON-MENDELIAN chromosomes in each of a male's cells.
INHERITANCE - manifestaton father to son
Unlocking of Terminologies Sex-Influenced and Sex-limited traits
Genes - It pertains to traits that are phenotypically
– are units of information about specific traits, and expressed depending on whether the individual is
they are passed from parents to offspring. Each gene male or female. Even in a homozygous dominant or
has a specific location (locus) on a chromosome. recessive female, the condition may not be
Diploid cells expressed fully.
– have a pair of genes for each trait, on a pair of
homologous chromosome.
Alleles
– the different molecular (contrasting) form of a
gene. Although both genes of a pair deal with the ATYPICAL AND NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
same trait, they may vary in their information about Mosaicism
it. – it is the presence of two or more genetically
Homozygous condition different cell lines in an individuals, all derived from
– if it turns out that the two alleles of a pair are the a single zygote
same. Triple X syndrome
Heterozygous condition a condition caused by an extra X chromosome in
– if the two alleles of a pair is different. each of a female’s cells.
homozygous recessive Genomic Imprinting
- individual has a pair of recessive alleles (aa) for the – certain genes are differentially ‘inactivated’ or
trait. ‘switched off’ during gametogenesis
Mitochondrial diseases
- are chronic (long-term), genetic, often inherited
disorders that occur when mitochondria fail to
produce enough energy for the body to function
properly.
PEDIGREE CHART AND ANALYSIS
- It is the presentation of family information
summarized in a chart using standardized set of
symbols