Nama : Sholeha Khuldy

NIM : C014212155

1. Describe what you understand by the term rifled or smooth bore firearm. Give
examples of each type.

Rifled Firearms

The distance of fire also affects the nature of the wound, especially in contact
wounds. Contact wounds can thus divide into two different classes, firm contact and loose
contact. In loose contact wounds, the gases, gunpowder, flame, and other material mostly
enter the wound. However, due to the loose contact, a small portion of it may escape from
the gap between the muffle and skin and may be found on the skin surrounding the injury.
In the case of firm contact wounds, the nature of injuries is further dependant on the
underlying tissue. In contact gunshot wounds with soft tissue underlying the injury, the
injuries are similar to those caused by loosed contact, except that surrounding skin and
tissue are free from flame burns, soot, tattooing, and other changes. These findings are
present in the depth of the wound. Also, there is a distinct muzzle pattern around the injury.
In contact gunshot wounds with bony tissue underlying the injury, the injuries are
typically called a stellate wound, where the gases exit the barrel before the projectile. As a
result, the gas collides with the bone tissue, resulting in the reflection of the gases. This gas
causes the expansion of subcutaneous space and pressure, which results in an explosive
injury, tearing, and lacerating the skin and subcutaneous tissue, resulting in the stellate
wound. Additionally, the expanding gases also cause a back-splatter of soft-tissue and
blood onto the firearm and fingers.
Similarly, the wound's location on the body can affect the wound characteristics
and, perhaps, more importantly, the outcome of the injury. It is abundantly evident that the
involvement of a major organ or vessel can lead to life-threatening injuries. Solid organs
are susceptible to more significant injuries as compared to hollow organs or elastic tissue.
The location of the injury can also affect the wound characteristics by the effect of the
intervening layers of clothing or other objects that can not only reduce the velocity of the
projectile but also prevent the deposition of accompanying components.2

Smooth Bore Firearm

The fighting smooth-bore fire-arms (FSBW) is the weapon with smooth trunks in
which kinetic energy of combustion of gunpowder for the ejection of an individual or plural
shell which is on arms in armed forces of many countries of the world (the USA, Italy,
France, Germany) is used and are specially intended for the decision of fighting and
operatively-office problems in the process of which live force of the opponent is destroyed.
Thus the elements which attack the opponent are case-shot (usual lead, steel - plated),
special arrow-like elements (which initial speed about 800 m/s), bullets. The fighting
smooth-bore fire-arms (FSBW) are characterised by following tactic- specifications: 1) the
length of a trunk is less than 500 mm (there are exceptions), weapon total length in position
for shooting less than 800 mm; 2) trunk drilling - the cylinder (0,00 mm); 3) more than 4
cartridges in the shop; 4) special fighting supplies; 5) length of a cartridge chamber 70, 76,
82, 89 mm; 6) presence of a complicated butt, a standard butt; 7) rifle front sight and
dioptrical sight; 8) presence of adaptations for fastening of a laser sight, the device of night
vision, a lamp-lighter; 9) calibre 10, 12, 20, .410) quantity of trunks - 1; 11) presence of
special markings; 12) initial speed of flight of a shell – to 820 m/s; 13) presence of modular
systems, a bayonet, the device of low- noise shooting, the fire extinguisher, bore jack; 14)
possibility of firing by turns. Unlike fighting the smooth-bore fire-arms of a special purpose
are the weapon intended for conducting of special operations and the solution of
operatively-service problems in the process of which live force of the opponent is wounded
(not mortally). It is not on arms in Armed forces, and is applied in police, militia, safety
public service, special purpose groups. Factors which attack the opponent are the rubber or
plastic bullets, a case-shot, substances of lachrymatory or irritating action, a rubber-sticky
liquid, incendiary, marking mixes (in grenades) and shells of charges which are used for
fighting smooth- bore fire-arms. On tactic-technical characteristics smooth-bore fire-arms
of a special purpose are divided into: a) classical and b) universal. The classical smooth-
bore fire- arms of a special purpose on the tactic-technical characteristics are intended only
for shooting of shells (rubber or plastic bullets or a case-shot, and also the grenades
equipped with substances of irritating or lachrymatory action, the rubber-sticky liquid,
incendiary, marking mixes).3 The universal smooth-bore fire-arms of a special purpose on
the tactic-technical characteristics are intended to defeat the aim as by shells of classical
smooth-bore fire-arms of a special purpose, so by means of fighting supplies for fighting
smooth-bore fire-arms, namely lead and steel bullets, a case-shot, arrow-like shells. Thus,
speaking about tactic-technical characteristics of classical smooth-bore fire-arms of a
special purpose, it is necessary to ascertain, that tactic-technical characteristics of this
weapon differ greatly one from another because of different design features (decision) and
different technical standards in the countries-manufacturers.
Characteristic signs of this weapon are: a) the lock which slides and becomes
isolated turn of the lock of a larva, or wedge closing; b) the great dispatch-trigger
mechanism of hammer, hummer-planger type; drum-type, box-shaped, tubular shop; the
length of a trunk fluctuates from 610 mm to 210 mm; Range of shooting up to 150 m; use
of charges of non-standard calibres as non-standard there is the weapon calibre (КС- 23);
rather low rate of fire - from 4 shots per minute; charges have as hunting paper or a plastic
sleeve with a metal flange, or all-metal. The sleeve is charged by a grenade (gas,
incendiary, marking), a rubber, plastic bullet or a case-shot; initial speed of flight of a shell
– 250-270 m/s. Thus, the smooth-bore fire-arms of a special purpose coincides with
fighting smooth-bore fire-arms by an action principle (use of kinetic energy of combustion
of gunpowder for throwing of an individual or plural shell), but differ with tactic-technical
characteristics which concern: length of a trunk (from 610 mm to 210 mm); calibre (non-
standard but there are exceptions); the lock which slides and becomes isolated turn of the
lock of a larva or cotter connection; the great dispatch-trigger mechanism of hammer;
drum-type, box-shaped, tubular shop; small range of shooting (to 150) and initial speed of
flight of a charge (250-270 m/s), etc. The cartridges to this weapon by type have the hunting
paper or plastic sleeve with a metal flange, which is equipped with a grenade (gas,
incendiary), a rubber, plastic bullet or the case-shot. As to tactic-technical characteristics
of universal smooth-bore fire-arms of a special purpose, the following tactic-technical
characteristics are typical: 1) calibre 12 or 20; 2) the length of a trunk is less 500 mm (there
are exceptions); 3) trunk drilling - the cylinder (0,00 mm.); Over 4 cartridges in shop; 4)
special fighting supplies; 5) length of a cartridge chamber 70, 76, 82, 89 mm; 6) presence
of the pistol handle; rifle front sight and dioptrical sight; 7) presence of adaptations for
fastening of a laser sight, the device of night vision, a lamp-lighter; 8) quantity of trunks –
1; 9) presence of special markings; 10) initial speed of flight of a shell 250-820 m/s; 11)
presence of nozzles for shooting of grenades of 36 and 82 mm.1
Smooth-bore firearms or shotguns have a completely different profile of injuries as
compared to rifled firearms. This difference is determined primarily by the type of
projectiles in the shotgun. Shotgun cartridges consist of multiple projectiles that disperse a
short distance from the muzzle, leading to more extensive damage. The penetrating power
of each projectile is, however, reduced.
Also, the significant difference between smooth-bored weapons and rifled weapons
is the projectile. While a single projectile is ejected from the muzzle of a rifled firearm, the
entire cartridge is released from the smooth-bored firearm. This cartridge consists of
multiple tightly packed pellets that disperse as the cartridge moves towards the target.
These pellets or projectiles are secured using plastic or cardboard wads that help separate
the primer and gunpowder from the projectiles while also preventing the diffusion of
pressure and gas upon their burning. Smooth-bore firearms, therefore, produce injuries that
also show abrasions and contusion caused by the projectiles, cartridges, and wads. Also,
the injury tract may contain pieces of cardboard or plastic, called wads,
Shotguns, in general, also propel the flame for a distance of 15 cm, smoke and gas
for 30 cm, unburnt particles, and metal scraps for 60 cm. The contact injuries appear similar
to a rifled firearm, in both pressed and loose, as well as with underlying bone and soft
tissue. In pressed or firm contact injuries, the skin may present with a double muzzle
imprint from the double barrels.
In general, gunshot injuries resulting from firing a smooth-bore weapon within 30
cm presents as a circular wound with smooth or crenated margins with no satellite pellets
and presence of wads in the wound tract, in addition to the effects of accompanying
components, including skin burns and singeing due to the flame, soiling and redding of
tissue due to gas and smoke, tattooing from unburnt powder and metal scraps.
The pellets tend to show a pattern of dispersion beyond 60 cm, which presents as
nibbling of a 'rat-hole" circular wound, with minimal satellite injuries and wads, that may
be present. The flame burns and singeing are absent, and also, there is minimal or absent
redding of the tissue from carbon monoxide.
Beyond a distance of 1 meter, the pellets become sufficiently dispersed to
demonstrate a central "rat-hole" wound with multiple satellite pellet holes, with no burning
or singeing, no reddening of tissue, no soiling, no tattooing, and absence of wads in the
wound tract.
Beyond a distance of 10m, the pellets are completely dispersed, seen as multiple
small punctate injuries with the absence of a central wound. Similarly, none of the
accompanying components reaches the injury, and their effects are not seen. 2