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PROGRAMMING
SEM : V
SEM V: UNIT 1

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Q. What is .NET Framework? Explain its architecture with help of diagram.

.NET Framework is a platform created by

Microsoft for building, deploying, and
running applications and services that use
.NET technologies, such as desktop
applications and Web services.
 It is a platform for application
developers.
 It is a Framework that supports
Multiple Language and Cross language
integration.
 It has IDE (Integrated Development
Environment).
 Framework is a set of utilities or can
say building blocks of our application
system.
 .NET Framework provides
interoperability between languages i.e. Common Type System (CTS).
 .NET Framework also includes the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR), which
responsible for maintaining the execution of all applications developed using the
.NET library.
 The .NET Framework consists primarily of a gigantic library of code.
Components of the .Net Framework:

User Interface and Program:

We can create various type of application using .net framework such as
Console Application
Windows Application
Web application

Base class Library:

 Base class library is one of component of .Net Framework. It supplies a library of
base classes that we can use to implement applications quickly.

CLR (Common Language Runtime)

 Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the programming (Virtual Machine
component) that manages the execution of programs written in any language that
uses the .NET Framework, for example C#, VB.Net, F# and so on.

We can say that it is heart and soul of .Net Framework or backbone.

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Q. Explain CLR in detail.

 Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the programming (Virtual Machine

component) that manages the execution of programs written in any language that
uses the .NET Framework, for example C#, VB.Net, F# and so on.
 We can say that it is heart and soul of .Net Framework or backbone.
 Programmers write code in any language, including VB.Net, C# and F# then
they compile their programs into an intermediate form of code called CLI in a
portable execution file (PE) that can be managed and used by the CLR and then
the CLR converts it into machine code to be will executed by
the processor.
 The information about the environment, programming language, its version
and what class libraries will be used for this code are stored in the form of
metadata with the compiler that tells the CLR how
to handle this code.
 The CLR allows an instance of a class written in one language to call a
method of the class written in another language.

Components of the CLR:

CTS
Common Type System (CTS) describes a
set of types that can be used in different .Net
languages in common. That is, the
Common Type System (CTS) ensure that
objects written in different .Net languages
can interact with each other. For
Communicating between programs
written in any .NET complaint language,
the types must be compatible on the basic
level.
These types can be Value Types or
Reference Types. The Value Types are
passed by values and stored in the stack.
The Reference Types are passed by references
and stored in the heap.
CLS
CLS stands for Common Language Specification and it is a subset of CTS. It
defines a set of rules and restrictions that every language must follow which runs
under .NET framework. The languages which follow these set of rules are said to
be CLS Compliant. In simple words, CLS enables cross-language integration or
Interoperability.
For Example
if we take C-Sharp and VB.net in C# each statement must have to end with a
semicolon it is also called a statement Terminator but in VB.NET each statement
should not end with a semicolon (;). So, these syntax rules which we have to
follow from language to language differ but CLR can understand all the language
Syntax because in.NET each language is converted into MSIL code after
compilation and the MSIL code is language specification of CLR.
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MSIL

It is language independent code. When you compile code that uses the .NET
Framework library, we don't immediately create operating system - specific native
code.

Instead, we compile our code into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) code.
The MSIL code is not specific to any operating system or to any language.

Advantages -
 MSIL provide language interoperability as code in any .net language is compiled on
MSIL
 Same performance in all .net languages
 support for different runtime environments
 JIT compiler in CLR converts MSIL code into native machine code which is executed
by OS
Functions of the CLR
o Garbage Collector
o Exception handling
o Type safety
o Memory management (using the Garbage Collector)
o Security
o Improved performance

Q. What is namespace? How to create namespace and alias?

A namespace is designed for providing a way to keep one set of names separate from
another. The class names declared in one namespace does not conflict with the same
class names declared in another.
Defining a Namespace
A namespace definition begins with the keyword namespace followed by the namespace
name as follows:

namespace namespace_name
{
// code declarations
}

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Example:

using System;
namespace first_space{
class namespace_cl{
public void func(){
Console.WriteLine("Inside first_space");
}
}
}

namespace second_space{
class namespace_cl{
public void func(){
Console.WriteLine("Inside second_space");
}
}
}

class TestClass{
static void Main(string[] args){
first_space.namespace_cl fc = new first_space.namespace_cl();
second_space.namespace_cl sc = new second_space.namespace_cl();
fc.func();
sc.func();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

The using Keyword

The using keyword states that the program is using the names in the given namespace.
For example, we are using the System namespace in our programs. The class Console is
defined there. We just write:
Console.WriteLine ("Hello there");
We could have written the fully qualified name as: System.Console.WriteLine("Hello
there");

Alias of Namespace:

using A=System.Console;
class Test{
static void Main(){
A.Write("Craetion of Alias");
A.ReadKey();
}
}

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Q. Explain different types of data types in C#.

OR
Q. Explain primitive and non-primitive data types in C#

The data types in C# are categorized into the following types:

 Value types
 Reference types
 Pointer types Value Type
Value type variables can be assigned a value directly. They are derived
from the class System.

ValueType.
The value types directly contain data. Some examples are int, char, and float, which
stores numbers, alphabets, and floating-point numbers, respectively. When you declare
an int type, the system allocates memory to store the value.

Reference Type
The reference types do not contain the actual data stored in a variable, but they
contain a reference to the variables.
In other words, they refer to a memory location. Using multiple variables, the
reference types can refer to a memory location. If the data in the memory location is
changed by one of the variables, the other variable automatically reflects this change in
value. Example of built-in reference types are: object, dynamic, and string.

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Q. Explain the implicit and explicit conversion of data types with examples.

The process of converting from one data type to another data type is called conversion.

 Conversion can be 2 types as follows:

 When one type of data is assigned to another type of variable, an implicit type
conversion will take place automatically if

o The two types are compatible.

o The destination type has a range that is greater than the source type.

 When these two conditions are met, a widening conversion takes place. For
example, the int type is always large enough to hold all valid byte values, and both
int and byte are compatible integer types, so an implicit conversion can be applied.

 For widening conversions, the numeric types, including integer and floating-point
types, are compatible with each other.

 For example, the following program is perfectly valid since long to double is a
widening conversion that is automatically performed.
using System;
class LtoD {
static void Main(){
long L; double D;
L = 100123285L; D = L;
Console.WriteLine("L and D: " + L + " " + D);
}
}

Casting Incompatible Types

Although the implicit type conversions are helpful, they will not fulfil all programming
needs because they apply only to widening conversions between compatible types. For
all other cases we must employ a cast. A cast is an instruction to the compiler to
convert the outcome of an expression into a specified type. Thus, it requests an explicit
type conversion.
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A cast has this general form:

(target-type) expression

Here, target-type specifies the desired type to convert the specified expression to. For

Example

double x, y;

if you want the type of the expression x/y to be int, you can write

(int) (x / y)

Here, even though x and y are of type double, the cast converts the outcome of the
expression to int. The parentheses surrounding x / y are necessary. Otherwise, the
cast to Int would apply only to the x and not to the outcome of the division.

The cast is necessary here because there is no implicit conversion from double to int.
When a cast involves a narrowing conversion, information might be lost.

Q. Explain Boxing and Unboxing with reference to value type and reference
type.

Boxing:
Any type, value or reference can be assigned to an object without explicit conversion.
When a compiler fined a value where it needs a reference type, it creates an object
‘box’ into which it places the value of the value type.
Example: -

int m = 10; object om = m;

When executed, this code creates a temporary reference _type ‘box’ for the object on
heap. We can also use a C-style cast for boxing.

int m = 10;
object om = (object) m;

Note that the boxing operation creates a copy of the value of the m integer to the
object om. Both the variables exist but the value of om resides on the heap. This means
that the values are independent of each other.

Example

int m =10;
object om = m;
m = 20;
Console.WriteLine(m); // m= 20 Console .WriteLine(om); //om=10

Unboxing:
Unboxing is the process of converting the object type back to the value type.

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Remember that a variable can be unboxed only if it has been previously boxed. In
contrast to boxing, unboxing is an explicit operation.
Example:-

int m = 100;
object om = m; //boxing int n = (int) om; //unboxing

When performing unboxing, C# checks the value type we request is actually stored in
the object under conversion. Only if it is, the value is unboxed.

Q. List and explain the comparison and logical operators in C#.

Comparison operators:
It is also called as relational operator. They are used to compare at least two operands.
Below is the list of relational operators as follows:

10

Logical operators
Logical operators are used to combine two or more condition. Below is list of logical
operators used in C#.

Q. Explain flow control, explain what is break and continue statement

The statements inside your source files are generally executed from top to bottom, in
the order that they appear. Control flow statements, however, break up the flow of
execution by employing decision making, looping, and branching, enabling your
program to conditionally execute particular blocks of code.

Break Statement
The break statement is used to exit from loops and switch statements. The break
statement terminates the execution control from a loop or a switch statement to the
next statement after the loop or switch statement.
The general format is: Example:-Write a program to generate the following triangle

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1
12
123
using System;
class demo{
public static void Main(){
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=5;j++){
Console.Write(" "+j);
if(j==i){
break;
}
}
Console.WriteLine(" ");
}
}
}
Continue Statement
The continue statement causes early iteration of a loop. It skips the remaining
statements after the continue statement and moves the execution control to the next
iteration of the loop.
The general format is:
using System;
class demo{
public static void Main(){
for(int i=1;i<=25;i++){
if(i%2!=0){
continue;
}
else{
Console.Write(" "+i);
}
}
}
}
Use the break keyword to stop the loop and the continue keyword to skip one loop cycle
and continue to the next.
using System;
public class Program{
public static void Main(){
Console.WriteLine("Demonstrating the use of break.\n");
for (int x = 1; x < 10; x++){
if (x == 5) break;
Console.WriteLine("Number " + x);
}
Console.WriteLine("\nDemonstrating the use of continue.\n");
for (int x = 1; x < 7; x++){
if (x == 5) continue;
Console.WriteLine("Number " + x);
}
}
}
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Q. Give general form of switch statement. Explain with example.

 The switch statement is similar to if statement in that it executes code conditionally

based on the value of a test. However, switch enables us to test for multiple values
of a test variable in one go, rather than just a single condition.
 This test is limited to discrete values, rather than clauses such as ‘‘greater than X,’’
so its use is slightly different; but it can be a powerful technique.
 The basic structure of a switch statement is as follows:
switch (<testVar>)
{
case<comparisonVal1>:
<code to execute if <testVar> == <comparisonVal1>> break;
case<comparisonVal2>:
<code to execute if <testVar> == <comparisonVal2>> break;

case<comparisonValN>:
<code to execute if <testVar> == <comparisonValN>> break;
default:
<code to execute if <testVar> != comparisonVals> break;
}

Example:

class SwitchEg{
static void Main(string[] args){
const string myName = "karli";
const string brotherName = "john";
const string sisterName = "ploppy";
string name;
Console.WriteLine("What is your name?");
name = Console.ReadLine();
switch (name.ToLower()){
case myName:
Console.WriteLine("You have the same name as me!"); break;
case brotherName:
Console.WriteLine("My, what a sexy name you have!"); break;
case sisterName:
Console.WriteLine("That’s a very silly name."); break;
}
Console.WriteLine("Hello {0}!", name);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Q. Give syntax of foreach loop. Explain with example.

A foreach loop mostly used with array and collection such ArrayList. A foreach loop
enables us to address each element in an array using this simple syntax:

foreach (<baseType><name> in <array>)

{

// can use <name> for each element

This loop will cycle through each element, placing it in the variable <name> in turn,
without danger of accessing illegal elements. We don’t have to worry about how many
elements are in the array, and we can be sure that we get to use each one in the loop.

The main difference between using this method and a standard for loop is that foreach
gives us read- only access to the array contents, so we can’t change the values of any
of the elements.

Example
using System;
class Abc{
static void Main(string[] args){
string[] friendNames = {"Robert Barwell", "Mike Parry", "Jeremy Beacock"};
Console.WriteLine("Here are {0} of my friends:", friendNames.Length);
foreach (string friendName in friendNames){
Console.WriteLine(friendName);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}

Q. Difference between for and foreach loop

A for loop executes a statement or a block of statements repeatedly until a specified

expression evaluates to false. There is need to specify the loop bounds (minimum or
maximum).
Example:
int j = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++){

j= j + i ;

The foreach statement repeats a group of embedded statements for each element in an
array or an object collection. You do not need to specify the loop bounds minimum or
maximum.

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Example:

int j = 0;
int[] tempArr = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 };
foreach (int i in tempArr ){
j=j+i;
}

Q.Explain variable sized array with suitable example.

OR
Q.Explain jagged array with example.

Jagged array is also called Array of Array or variable sized array. In a jagged array,
each row may have different number of columns.
It is equivalent to an array of variable sized one-dimensional arrays. The Length
property is used to get the length of each one-dimensional array.

A jagged array can be declared and initialized as follows:

datatype[][] arrayname=new datatype[rowsize][];
arrayname[0]=new datatype[]{val1,val2,val3, …};
arrayname[1]=new datatype[]{val1,val2,val3, …};
arrayname[2]=new datatype[]{val1,val2,val3, …};
Example

class numadd{
public static void Main(){
int[][] x=new int[4][];
x[0]=new int[2]{5,13};
x[1]=new int[3]{7,8,11};
x[2]=new int[4]{2,3,4,5};
x[3]=new int[1]{9};
for(int i=0;i<4;i++){
for(int j=0;j<x[i].Length;j++){
Console.Write(x[i][j]+"\t");
}
Console.Write("\n");
}
}
}
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Q. Explain ref parameter and out parameter

Reference Parameter:
It is used as a call by reference in C#. It is used in both places; when we declare a
method and when we call the method. In this example we create a function (cube) and
pass a ref parameter in it, now we look at the value before we call the function and
after we call the function.
Class TryRef{
public void cube(ref int x){
x= x * x * x;
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){
TryRef tr = new TryRef();
int y = 5;
Console.WriteLine("The value of y before the function call: " + y);
tr.cube(ref y);
Console.WriteLine("The value of y after the function call: " + y);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Output Parameter:
Sometimes we do not want to give an initial value to the parameter; in this case we
use the out parameter. The declaration of the out parameter is the same as the ref
parameter. But it is used to
pass the value out of a method. Now we look at the

class TryOut{
public int mul(int a, out int b){
b = a * a;
return b;
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){
TryOut to = new TryOut();
int x,y;
x = to.mul(10, out y);
Console.WriteLine("The output is: "+x);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

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Q. Is Multiple Main () allowed in C#? Justify

We can use more than on Main Method in C# program, But there will only one Main
Method which will act as entry point for the program.

using System;
class A{
static void Main(string[] args){
Console.WriteLine("I am from Class A");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
class B{
static void Main(string[] args){
Console.WriteLine("I am from Class B");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
Try to execute Program as given below:

csc filename.cs /main:classname

As in given program there are two classes A and B in which each containing A Main
Method. We may write as.

csc filename.cs /main:A [ for Class A Main Execution ] or, csc filename.cs /main:B [ for
Class B Main Execution ]

Q. Difference between Structures and Classes.

Structure Class
It is value type It is reference type.
Structure stored in stack memory. Class stored in heap memory.
Does not consist of parametrized Consist of parametrized constructor.
constructor.
Does not allow inheritance. Allow inheritance.
Does not consist of destructor. Consist of destructor.
Structure created with help of struct Classes created with the help of class
keyword. keyword.
Example:- struct Book Example:- class Abc
{ {
} }

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Q. Need of enumerator data type in C#

 An enum is a value type with a set of related named constants often referred to
as an enumerator list.
 The enum keyword is used to declare an enumeration. It is a primitive data
type, which is user defined.
 Enums type can be integer (float, int, byte, double etc.). But if you used beside
int it has to be cast.
 The keyword enum is used to create numeric constants in .NET framework.
 There must be a numeric value for each enum type.
 The default underlying type of the enumeration elements is int. By default, the
first enumerator has the value 0, and the value of each successive enumerator is
increased by 1.

Example:-
using System;
enumDays {Sat, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri};
class Abc{
public static void main(){
Console.WriteLine((int)Days.Wed); Console.WriteLine((Days)4);
}
}

Q. Explain inheritance and polymorphism.

Inheritance
Inheritance is the concept we use to build new classes using the existing class
definitions. Through inheritance we can modify a class the way we want to create new
objects. The original class is known as base or parent class & the modified class is
known as derived or subclass or child class. The
concept of inheritance facilitates the reusability of existing code & thus improves the
integrity of programs & productivity of programmers.

Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability to take more than one form. For example, an operation may
exhibit different behavior in different situations. The behavior depends upon the types
of data used on the operation. Polymorphism is extensively used while implementing
inheritance.

Two types
Compile time polymorphism Runtime time polymorphism

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Q. What are sealed classes and sealed methods? Why are they used?

The methods declared with a sealed keyword in its header are known as sealed
methods. Such method provides a complete implementation to its base class virtual
method using the override keyword.
Characteristics
 A method cannot be defined as sealed unless that method is an override of a
method in its base class.
 A sealed method cannot be overridden further.
 Sealed methods are useful to avoid problems caused by overriding the existing
functionality.
 It prevents the user from changing the internal functionality of a class.
Example:
using System;
class A{
public virtual void F(){
Console.WriteLine("A.F");
}
public virtual void G(){
Console.WriteLine("A.G");
}
}
class B: A{
sealed override public void F(){
Console.WriteLine("B.F");
}
override public void G(){
Console.WriteLine("B.G");
}
}
class C: B{
override public void G(){
Console.WriteLine("C.G");
}
}
The class B provides two override methods: an F method that has the sealed modifier
and a G method that does not. B's use of the sealed modifier prevents C from further
overriding F.
Sealed Classes:
 Generally if we create classes we can inherit the properties of that created class
in any class without having any restrictions.
 In some situation we will get requirement like we don’t want to give permission
for the users to derive the classes from it or don’t allow users to inherit the
properties from particular class.
 For that purpose we have keyword called “sealed” in OOPS.
 When we defined class with keyword “Sealed” then we don’t have a chance to
derive that particular class and we don’t have permission to inherit the
properties from that particular class.
 A sealed class cannot be inherited.
 It is an error to use a sealed class as a base class.
 Use the sealed modifier in a class declaration to prevent inheritance of the class.
 It is not permitted to use the abstract modifier with a sealed class.
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Example:
using System;
sealed class MyClass{
public int x; public int y;
}
class MainClass{
public static void Main(){
MyClass mC = new MyClass();
mC.x = 110;
mC.y = 150;
Console.WriteLine("x = {0}, y = {1}", mC.x, mC.y);
}
}

Q. What are the rules in defining a constructor? Explain static constructor with
example.

Rules for constructor:

 A constructor should have the same name as that of its class.
 Constructors can take any number of arguments.
 Constructor cannot return any value.
 A static constructor is used to initialize static variables of a class. It is declared
using the static keyword. A class can have only one static constructor.
Static Constructor:
The general syntax of a static constructor is shown below.
static classname()
{
//static member initializations;
}

 Also note that a static constructor is parameter less and no access modifiers
are allowed with its declaration. The exact timing of static constructor
execution is implementation-dependent, but is subject to the following rules:
 The static constructor for a class executes before any instance of the class is
created.
 The static constructor for a class executes before any of the static members for
the class are referenced.
 The static constructor for a class executes after the static fields initializes for
the class.
 The static constructor for a class executes at most one time during a single
program execution.

Example:
class A{
static A(){
Console.WriteLine("static constructor A is invoked");
}
public static void Main(){
}
}
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Q. Explain various Types of Constructors in C#

Default and Parameterized

 When constructor does not accept any parameter then it is referred as default
constructor or zero parametrized.
 When constructor accepts the parameter then it is referred as parametrized
constructor.
Example:

using System;
class test{
double length, breadth;
public test(){
Console.WriteLine("default cons");
}
public test(double l, double b){
//Console.WriteLine("paramaterized cons");
length = l;
breadth = b;
}
public double area(){
return (length * breadth);
}
}
class testmain{
public static void Main(){
test defaultcon =new test();//calls default cons
test t1 = new test(10.05, 100.45);
double result = t1.area();
Console.WriteLine("area of rectangle-->" + result);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

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Private constructor
Private constructors are used to restrict the instantiation of object using ‘new’ operator.
A private constructor is a special instance constructor. It is commonly used in classes
that contain static members only. This type of constructors is mainly used for creating
singleton object. If you don't want the class to be inherited we declare its constructor
private.
Example:
using System;
class test{
private test(){
Console.WriteLine("private cons ");
}
public test(int x){
Console.WriteLine("non private cons--->"+ x);
}
}
class testmain{
public static void Main(){
test t1 = new test();//Error'test.test()' is inaccessible due to its protection level
test t2 = new test(10);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Static Constructor
There can be only one static constructor in the class. The static constructor should be
without parameters. It can only access the static members of the class. There should be
no access modifier in static constructor definition.
Example:
using System;
class test{
static int x;
static test(){
Console.WriteLine("static cons ");
x = 10;//set the values for static member here
}
public static void show(){
Console.WriteLine("show of x--->" + x);
}
}
class testmain{
public static void Main(){
test.show();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

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Copy constructor
When constructor accepts the object as parameter then it is referred as copy
constructor.
Example:
using System;
class test{
double length, breadth;
public test(){
Console.WriteLine("default cons");
}
public test(double l, double b){
//Console.WriteLine("paramaterized cons");
length = l;
breadth = b;
}
public test(test t1){
length = t1.length;
breadth = t1.breadth;
}
public double area() {
return (length * breadth);
}
}

class testmain
{
public static void Main(){
test defaultcon = new test();//calls default cons
test t1 = new test(10,10);
double result = t1.area();
Console.WriteLine("area of rectangle t1-->" + result);
test t2 = new test(20, 20);
double result1 = t2.area();
Console.WriteLine("area of rectangle t2-->" + result1);
test t3 = new test(t2);
double result_copy = t3.area();
Console.WriteLine("area of rectangle t3 is copy_con of t2-->" +
result_copy);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

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Q. How multiple inheritance achieved using interfaces?

C# does not support multiple inheritance among classes. However, you can use
interfaces to implement multiple inheritance. The following program demonstrates this:
Example:
using System;
class Shape{
protected int width; protected int height;
public void setWidth(int w){
width = w;
}
public void setHeight(int h){
height = h;
}
}
public interface PaintCost{
int getCost(int area);
}
class Rectangle : Shape, PaintCost{
public int getArea(){
return (width * height);
}
public int getCost(int area){
return area * 70;
}
}
class RectangleTester{
static void Main(string[] args){
Rectangle Rect = new Rectangle();
int area;
Rect.setWidth(5);
Rect.setHeight(7);
area = Rect.getArea();
Console.WriteLine("Total area: {0}", Rect.getArea());
Console.WriteLine("Total paint cost: ${0}" , Rect.getCost(area));
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Q. When is explicit interface necessary?

C# does not support multiple inheritances among classes, but a class has the option of
implementing one or more interfaces.
 One challenge with interfaces is that they may include methods that have the
same signatures existing class members or members of other interfaces.
 Explicit interface implementations can be used to disambiguate class and interface
methods that would otherwise conflict.
 Explicit interfaces can also be used to hide the details of an interface that the
class developer considers private.
 To explicitly implement an interface member, just use its fully qualified name in
the declaration.
 A fully qualified interface name takes the form InterfaceName.MemberName
Example:
interface I1{
void A();
}
interface I2{
void A();
}
class C : I1, I2{
public void I1.A(){
Console.WriteLine("A() from I");
}
void I2.A(){
Console.WriteLine("A() from I2");
}
}

Q. Explain the similarities and differences between Interfaces and Abstract

classes

Similarities:
 Both abstract classes and interfaces may contain members that can be inherited
by a derived class.
 Neither interfaces nor abstract classes may be directly instantiated, but we can
declare variables of these types. If we do, we can use polymorphism to assign
objects that inherit from these types to variables of these types.
 In both cases, we can then use the members of these types through these
variables, although we don’t have direct access to the other members of the
derived object.

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Differences:
 Derived classes may only inherit from a single base class, which means that only
a single abstract class can be inherited directly. Conversely, classes can use as
many interfaces as they want
 Abstract classes may possess both abstract members and non-abstract members.
Interface members conversely, must be implemented on the class that uses the
interface they do not possess code bodies.
 Moreover, interface members are by definition public but members of abstract
classes may also be private (as long as they aren’t abstract), protected, internal,
or protected internal. In addition, interfaces can’t contain fields, constructors,
destructors, static members, or constants.

Q. Explain method overriding with example

 Method overriding in C# is achieved through inheritance.

 If a class is inherited by a derived class, then the derived class can override the
base class method. This concept is termed as Method Overriding.
 Method Overriding is implemented in C# using the keywords virtual and
override. The base class method that has to be overridden must be marked as
virtual or abstract (if the base class is an abstract class).
 The derived class method that overrides the base class method should be marked
with the keyword override.
Example:
using System; class A{
public virtual void Test() {
Console.WriteLine("A::Test()");
}
}
class B : A{
public override void Test() {
Console.WriteLine("B::Test()");
}
}
class C : B{
public override void Test() {
Console.WriteLine("C::Test()");
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){
A a = new A();
B b = new B();
C c = new C();
a .Test(); // output --> "A::Test()"
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b.Test(); // output --> "B::Test()"

c.Test(); // output --> "C::Test()" a = new B();
a.Test(); // output --> "B::Test()" b = new C();
b.Test(); // output --> "C::Test()" Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Q. Differentiate Overloading and Overriding

Overloading
Method Overloading means having two or more methods with the same name but with
different signature (different parameters list and different type of parameters) in same
class or in different classes. Method Overloading forms compile-time polymorphism.

Overriding
Method overriding means having two methods with same name and same signature,
one method in base class and other method in derived class.
A subclass inherits methods from a base class. Sometimes, it is necessary for the
subclass to modify the methods defined in the base class. This is referred to as method
overriding.
This can be achieved by using the virtual and override keywords. We have to use the
virtual keyword for the method which in base class and override keyword for the
method in subclass.
By default functions are not virtual in C# and so you need to write “virtual” explicitly.

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Q. Explain method hiding with example.

In a C# program a derived class can have methods with the same signature as that of
its base class methods. This hides the base class methods by its derived class
counterparts and gives a warning. This warning can be suppressed by using the new
keyword with the derive class methods. This means that the members of the base class
are made intentionally hidden by the members having the same signature in the
derived class. The new function will never be invoked by a base class pointer.
Example:-
class demo{
public void disp(){
System.Console.WriteLine("From disp method of base class");
}
}

class test:demo{
new public void disp(){
System.Console.WriteLine("From disp method of derived class");
}
public static void Main(){
test t=new test(); t.disp();
}
}

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Q. What is the difference between overriding methods and hiding methods?

Overriding methods:
In method overriding we can override a method in base class by creating similar
method in derived class this can be achieved by using inheritance principle and using
“virtual & override” keywords.
If we want to override base class method then we need to declare base class method
with “virtual” keyword and the method which we created in derived class to override
base class need to declare with “override” keyword like as shown below
Example:-

class SampleA{
public virtual void Show(){
Console.WriteLine("Sample A Test Method");
}
}
class SampleB:SampleA{
public override void Show(){
Console.WriteLine("Sample B Test Method");
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){
SampleA a=new SampleA();
SampleB b=new SampleB();
a.Show();
b.Show();
a = new SampleB();
a.Show();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Hiding methods:
To hide base class methods in derived classes we can declare derived class methods
with new keyword. To use new keyword, we need to write the code like as shown
below
Example:-
class SampleA{
public void Show(){
Console.WriteLine("Sample A Test Method");
}
}
class SampleB:SampleA{
public new void Show(){
Console.WriteLine("Sample B Test Method");
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){

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SampleA a=new SampleA();

SampleB b=new SampleB();
a.Show();
b.Show();
a = new SampleB();
a.Show();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Q. Define each of the following terms:

Derived class

The functionality of an existing class can be extended by creating a new class from it.
The new class is then called a child class or derived class. The derived class inherits the
properties of the base class.

Abstract class

An Abstract class is a non-instantiable class which is either partially implemented, or

not at all implemented. It can have abstract methods as well as non-abstract methods.
Abstract classes require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract
methods. It provides default functionality to its sub classes.

Static class

A static class is class whose objects cannot be created and must contain only static
members.

Sealed class

A sealed class is a class which cannot be inherited. In C#, the sealed modifier is used
to define a class as sealed.

Partial class

It is possible to split the definition of a class over two or more source files. Each source
file contains a section of the type or meth

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Q. Write a short note on Assembly.

An assembly in ASP.NET is a collection of single-file or multiple files. The assembly that

has more than one file contains either a dynamic link library (DLL) or an EXE file. The
assembly also contains metadata that is known as assembly manifest.
The assembly manifest contains data about the versioning requirements of the
assembly, author name of the assembly, the security requirements that the assembly
requires to run, and the various files that form part of the assembly.
The biggest advantage of using ASP.NET Assemblies is that developers can create
applications without interfering with other applications on the system. When the
developer creates an application that requires an assembly that assembly will not affect
other applications.
The assembly used for one application is not applied to another application. However,
one assembly can be shared with other applications. In this case the assembly has to
be placed in the bin directory of the application that uses it.

This is in contrast to DLL in the past. Earlier developers used to share libraries of code
through DLL. To use the DLL that is developed by another developer for another
application, we must register that DLL in our machine. In ASP.NET, the assembly is
created by default whenever we build a DLL. We can check the details of the manifest
of the assembly by using classes located in the System.Reflection namespace.

Thus, we can create two types of ASP.NET Assemblies in ASP.NET: private ASP.NET
Assemblies and shared assemblies. Private ASP.NET Assemblies are created when you
build component files like DLLs that can be applied to one application.
Shared ASP.NET Assemblies are created when you want to share the component files
across multiple applications. Shared ASP.NET Assemblies must have a unique name
and must be placed in Global Assembly Cache (GAC). The GAC is located in the
Assembly directory in WinNT. You can view both the manifest and the IL using
ILDisassembler (ildasm.exe).

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Q. List and Explain the Components of assemblies.

An assembly is a fundamental building block of any .NET framework application. It

contains the code that is executed by common language runtime. For example, when
we build a simple C# application, Visual Studio creates an assembly in the form of a
single portable executable (PE) file, specifically an EXE or DLL.
Every assembly has a file called ‘manifest’ file that stores all information about that
assembly. This information’s are known as metadata.

The manifest file contains all the metadata needed to specify the assembly's version
requirements, security identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the
assembly and resolve references to resources and classes.
Components of Assembly Manifest
It describes the assembly. The manifest file contains all the metadata needed to
specify the assembly's version requirements, security identity, and all metadata
needed to define the scope of the assembly and resolve references to resources and
classes.

Type Metadata
It contains metadata, which describes each type (class, structure, enumeration, and so
forth)

MSIL
It contains Intermediate language code.

Resources
It contains bitmaps, icons, audios and other types of resources.

Q. Difference between public assembly and private assembly

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Q. How Garbage collector works.

Every time our application instantiates a reference-type object, the CLR allocates space
on the managed heap for that object. However, we never need to clear this memory
manually. As soon as our reference to an object goes out of scope (or our application
ends), the object becomes available for garbage collection. The garbage collector runs
periodically inside the CLR, automatically reclaiming unused memory for inaccessible
objects.

The .NET Framework provides automatic memory management called garbage

collection. A .NET program that runs in a managed environment is provided with this
facility by .NET CLR (common language runtime).
The purpose of using Garbage Collector is to clean up memory. In .NET all dynamically
requested memory is allocated in the heap which is maintained by CLR. The garbage
collector continuously looks for heap objects that have references in order to identify
which ones are accessible from the code. Any objects without reference will be
removed at the time of garbage collection. The Garbage collection is not deterministic.
It is called only when the CLR decides that it is most needed. It happens in a situation
such as the heap for the given process is becoming full and requires a clean-up. In the
common language runtime (CLR), the garbage collector serves as an automatic
memory manager. It provides the following benefits:
 Enables you to develop your application without having to free memory.
 Allocates objects on the managed heap efficiently.
 Reclaims objects that are no longer being used, clears their memory, and keeps
the memory available for future allocations. Managed objects automatically get
clean content to start with, so their constructors do not have to initialize every
data field.
 Provides memory safety by making sure that an object cannot use the content of
another object.
GC.Collect () method:
 This method is used to call garbage collector explicitly. It is used to force a
garbage collection to occur at any time.

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Q. What is namespace? Explain System namespace.

Namespaces are C# program elements designed to help you organize our programs.
They also provide assistance in avoiding name clashes between two sets of code.
Implementing Namespaces in our own code is a good habit because it is likely to save
us from problems later when we want to reuse some of our code.
For example, if we created a class named Console, we would need to put it in our own
namespace to ensure that there wasn't any confusion about when the System.Console
class should be used or when our class should be used. Generally, it would be a bad
idea to create a class named Console, but in many cases your classes will be named
the same as classes in either the .NET Framework Class Library or namespaces help us
to avoid the problems that identical class names would cause. System is fundamental
namespace for C# application. It contains all the fundamental classes and base classes
which are required in simple C# application. These classes and sub classes defines
reference data type, method and interfaces. Some classes provide some other feature
like data type conversion, mathematical function. Some functionality provided by
System namespace
Commonly-used value
Mathematics
Remote and local program invocation
Application environment management
Reference data types
Events and event handlers
Interfaces Attributes Processing exceptions
Data type conversion
Method parameter manipulation

Alias of namespace
Below example demonstrate use of alias where A is alias for System.Console
namespaces.

using A=System.Console;
class Abc{
public static void Main(){
A.Write(“Welcome to C# !!!!”);
}
}

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Q. List and explain the use of any five namespaces in c#.

The System namespace contains fundamental classes and base classes that define
commonly-used value and reference data types, events and event handlers, interfaces,
attributes, and processing exceptions.
 The System.Collections namespace contains interfaces and classes that define
various collections of objects, such as lists, queues, bit arrays, hash tables and
dictionaries.
 The System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace contains classes
like Regex, Match and MatchCollection Class that provide access to the
.NET Framework regular expression engine.
 The System.Data namespace provides access to classes that represent the
ADO.NET architecture. ADO.NET lets you build components that efficiently
manage data from multiple data sources.
 The System.Drawing parent namespace contains types that support basic GDI+
graphics functionality.

Q. What are the different types of collections in .NET? Explain.

Collection: Collections are basically group of records which can be treated as a one
logical unit.
.NET Collections are divided in to four important categories as follows.
 Indexed based.
 Key Value Pair.
 Prioritized Collection.
 Specialized Collection.

Indexed based:
It helps us to access the value by using generated index number by the collection.
ArrayList: A simple resizable, index-based collection of objects.

Key Value Pair: It helps you to access value by the user defined key.
SortedList: A sorted collection of name/value pairs of objects.
Hashtable: A collection of name/value pairs of objects that allows retrieval by name or
index
Prioritized Collection: It helps us to get the element in a particular sequence.
Queue: A first-in, first-out collection of objects
Stack: A last-in, first-out collection of objects

Specialized Collection:
It is very specific collections which are meant for very specific purpose like hybrid
dictionary that start as list and become Hashtable.
StringCollection: A simple resizable collection of strings
StringDictionary: A collection of name/values pairs of strings that allows retrieval by
name or index
ListDictionary: An efficient collection to store small lists of objects
HybridDictionary: A collection that uses a ListDictionary for storage when the number
of items in the collection is small, and then migrate the items to a Hashtable for large
collections
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Q. What is ArrayList? Explain Property and Methods of ArrayList.

ArrayList is a non-generic type of collection in C#. It can contain elements of any data
types. It is similar to an array, except that it grows automatically as you add items in it.
Unlike an array, we don't need to specify the size of ArrayList.

Example: Initialize ArrayList

ArrayList myArryList = new ArrayList();
Example: Add elements into ArrayList
ArrayList arryList1 = new ArrayList();
arryList1.Add(1);
arryList1.Add("Two");
arryList1.Add(3);
arryList1.Add(4.5);

ArrayList arryList2 = new ArrayList();

arryList2.Add(100);
arryList2.Add(200);

//adding entire arryList2 into arryList1 arryList1.AddRange(arryList2);

Example: Insert()
ArrayList myArryList = new ArrayList();
myArryList.Add(1);
myArryList.Add("Two");
myArryList.Add(3);
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myArryList.Add(4.5);
myArryList.Insert(1, "Second Item");
myArryList.Insert(2, 100);

Example: Remove()
ArrayList arryList1 = new ArrayList();
arryList1.Add(100);
arryList1.Add(200);
arryList1.Add(300);
arryList1.Remove(100); //Removes 1 from ArrayList

Example: RemoveAt()
ArrayList arryList1 = new ArrayList();
arryList1.Add(100);
arryList1.Add(200);
arryList1.Add(300);
arryList1.RemoveAt(1); //Removes the first element from an ArrayList

Example: Contains()
ArrayList myArryList = new ArrayList();
myArryList.Add(100);
myArryList.Add("Hello World");
myArryList.Add(300);
Console.WriteLine(myArryList.Contains(100));

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Q. What is generic class? Explain with example.

Generics introduced in C# 2.0. Generics allow us to define a class with placeholders for
the type of its fields, methods, parameters, etc. Generics replace these placeholders
with some specific type at compile time.

A generic class can be defined using angle brackets <>. For example, the following is a
simple generic class with a generic member variable, generic method and property.
Example:
class MyGenericClass<T>{
private T genericMemberVariable;
public MyGenericClass(T value){
genericMemberVariable = value;
}
public T genericMethod(T genericParameter){
Console.WriteLine("Parameter type: {0}, value: {1}",typeof(T).ToString(),genericParameter);
Console.WriteLine("Return type: {0}, value: {1}", typeof(T).ToString(), genericMemberVariable);
return genericMemberVariable;
}

public T genericProperty { get; set; }

}
MyGenericClass<int> intGenericClass = new MyGenericClass<int>(10);
int val = intGenericClass.genericMethod(200);
As we can see in the above code, MyGenericClass is defined with <T>. <> indicates
that MyGenericClass is generic and the underlying type would be defined later, for now
consider it as T. We can take any character or word instead of T.
Output:
Parameter type: int, value: 200 Return type: int, value: 10

Q. How to create and user property in C#.

In C#, properties are nothing but natural extension of data fields. They are usually
known as ' smart fields' in C# community. We know that data encapsulation and hiding
are the two fundamental characteristics of any object-oriented programming language.

In C#, data encapsulation is possible through either classes or structures. By using

various access modifiers like private, public, protected, internal etc it is possible to
control the accessibility of the class members.
Usually inside a class, we declare a data field as private and will provide a set of public
SET and GET methods to access the data fields.
In C#, properties are defined using the property declaration syntax. The general form of
declaring a property is as follows.

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<acces_modifier> <return_type> <property_name>{

get{
}
set{
}
}
Example:
using System;
class MyClass{
private int x; public int X{
get{
return x;
}
set{
x = value;
}
}
}

class MyClient{
public static void Main(){
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.X = 10;
int xVal = mc.X;
Console.WriteLine(xVal);//Displays 10
}
}

Q. What is delegate? Explain the steps to implement delegate in C#.NET.

Delegate:
The dictionary meaning of ‘Delegates’ is “A person acting for another person”. A
delegate in C# is a class type object & is used to invoke a method that has been
encapsulated into it at the time of its creation. Following steps are used to create
delegate:
Delegate declaration
modifier delegate return_type delegate_name(parameters)

Delegate methods definition

modifier function_name(parameters)
{
//statement(s)
}

Delegate instantiation
new delegate_type(expression);

Delegate invocation
Delegate_object (parameters);
Note: signature of delegate and function must be same
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Example:
public delegate void MyDelegate(int , int );
class Abc{
public void Addition(int a, int b){
Console.WriteLine (“Addition :”+(a+b));
}
public void Subtraction(int a, int b) {
Console.WriteLine (“Subtraction :”+(a-b));
}
}
class Xyz{
public static void Main(){
Abc a1=new Abc();
MyDelegate m1=new MyDelegate(a1.Addition);
MyDelegate m2=new MyDelegate(a1.Subtraction);
m1(10,20);
m2(40,5);
Console.Read();
}
}
Q. What is delegate? Explain multiple delegate with example.

Delegate:
A delegate in C# is similar to a function pointer in C or C++. It is a reference type
object that allows the programmer to encapsulate a reference to a method in it. It
defines the return type and signature for a method and can refer to any methods that
are of the same format in the signature.
When same delegate is used to call method multiple time then it is referred as Multicast
delegate or Multiple delegate.
Following are condition for multicast delegate:
 void is used as return type
 Out parameter is not allowed as arguments
Example
public delegate void MyDelegate();
class Abc{
public void Show(){
Console.WriteLine (“New Delhi”);
}
public void Display(){
Console.WriteLine (“New York”);
}
}
class Xyz{
public static void Main(){
Abc a1=new Abc();
MyDelegate m1=new MyDelegate(a1.Show);
MyDelegate m2=new MyDelegate(a1.Display);
m1=m1+m2+m1+m2-m1;
m1();
Console.Read();
}
}
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Q. Delegates in C# are used for Event Handling. Justify this statement with a
relevant example program
Events:
An important C# feature is built upon the foundation of delegates: the event. An event
is, essentially, an automatic notification that some action has occurred. Events work like
this: An object that has an interest in an event registers an event handler for that
event. When the event occurs, all registered handlers are called. Event handlers are
represented by delegates. Events are members of a class and are declared using the
event keyword.

Its most commonly used form is shown here:

event event-delegate event-name;

Here, event-delegate is the name of the delegate used to support the event, and event-
name is the name of the specific event object being declared.
Example:

using System;
delegate void MyEventHandler();
class MyEvent{
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent;
public void OnSomeEvent() {
if(SomeEvent != null)
SomeEvent();
}
}
class EventDemo{
static void Handler() {
Console.WriteLine("Event occurred");
}
static void Main(){
MyEvent evt = new MyEvent();
evt.SomeEvent += Handler; evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}

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 www.acuityeducare.com

Acuity Educare

ADVANCED WEB
PROGRAMMING
SEM : V
SEM V: UNIT 2

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Q. List and explain different files and folder in ASP.NET web application.

ASP.NET File Types: - ASP.NET applications can include many types of files. Below table
show list of files.

File Name Description

.aspx These are ASP.NET web pages. They contain the user
interface and, optionally, the underlying application code.
Users request or navigate directly to one of these pages to
start our web application

.ascx These are ASP.NET user controls. User controls are similar to
web pages, except that the user can’t access these files
directly. Instead, they must be hosted inside an ASP.NET
web page. User control allow you to develop a small piece of
user interface and reuse it in as many web forms as you want
without repetitive code.

web.config This is the configuration file for your ASP.NET application. It

includes settings for customizing security, state
management, memory management, and much more.

global.asax This is the global application file. You can use this file to
define global variables (variables that can be accessed from
any web page in the web application) and react to global
events (such as when a web application first starts).

.cs These are code-behind files that contain C# code. They allow
you to separate the application logic from the user interface
of a web page.

ASP.NET Web Folders.

Every web application starts with a single location, called the root folder. However, in a
large, well-planned web application.
Directory Description
App_Code Contains source code files that are dynamically compiled for
use in our application

App_GlobalResources Stores global resources that are accessible to every page

in th web application. This directory is used in
localization scenarios,when we need to have a website in
more than one language.

App_Data Stores data, including SQL Server Express database files

App_Themes Stores the themes used to standardize and reuse

that are formatting in
our web application.

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Q. Explain the three layer architecture of ASP.NET.

Asp.net architecture consists of 3 layers as follows:

Presentation Layer
The presentation layer consists of the Asp.net page that manages the appearance
of application. This layer can include bound data controls and ObjectDataSource
objects that bind data controls to the data.
Middle Layer
The middle layer contains the data access classes that manage the data access for
the application. This layer can also contain business objects that represent business
entities such as customers, products or employee and that implement business rules
such as credit and discount policies.
Database Layer
This layer consists of the database that contains the data for the application. Ideally
the SQL statement that do the database access should be saved in stored procedure
within the database, nut the SQL statement are often stored in the data access
classes.

Q. Explain ASP.NET Life Cycle Page.

ASP.NET life cycle specifies, how:

ASP.NET processes pages to produce dynamic output
The application and its pages are instantiated and processed
ASP.NET compiles the pages dynamically
When a page is requested, it is loaded into the server memory, processed and sent to
the browser. Then it is unloaded from the memory. At each of this steps, methods and
events are available, which could be overridden according to the need of the application.

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Following are the different stages of an ASP.Net page:

Page request
When ASP.Net gets a page request, it decides whether to parse and compile the page or
there would be a cached version of the page; accordingly the response is sent Starting
of page life cycle: At this stage, the Request and Response objects are set. If the
request is an old request or post back, the IsPostBack property of the page is set to
true.
Page initialization
At this stage, the controls on the page are assigned unique ID by setting the UniqueID
property and themes are applied.

Page load
At this stage, control properties are set using the view state and control state values.

Validation
Validate method of the validation control is called and if it runs successfully, the IsValid
property of the page is set to true.

Postback event handling

If the request is a postback (old request), the related event handler is called.

Page rendering
At this stage, view state for the page and all controls are saved.

Unload
The rendered page is sent to the client and page properties, such as Response and
Request are unloaded and all cleanup done.

Following are the page life cycle events:

PreInit() Init() InitComplete() LoadViewState() LoadPostData() PreLoad() Load()
LoadComplete() PreRender() PreRenderComplete() SaveStateComplete() UnLoad()

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Q. Differentiate between inline code and code behind

Q. Difference between HTML control and Web Server control.

HTML control Web Server control

HTML control runs at client side. ASP.Net controls run at server side.
We can run HTML controls at server Wecannot run ASP.Net Controls on client
side by adding attribute side as these controls have this
runat=”server”. attribute runat=”server” by default.
HTML controls are client side ASP.Net Controls are Server side controls,
controls, so it provides STATE management.
does not provide STATE
management.
HTML control does not require HTML control does not require rendering.
rendering.
As HTML controls runs on client As ASP.Net controls run on server side,
side, execution is fast. execution is slow.
HTML controls does not With ASP.Net controls, you have full support
support Object of Object oriented paradigm.
Oriented paradigm.
HTML control have limited set of ASP.Net controls have rich set of properties
properties and/or methods.
and/or methods.
<input type="text" <asp:TextBoxId="txtName"runat="server">
ID="txtName"> </asp:TextBox>

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Q. Short note on Page class.

When an ASP.NET page is requested and renders markup to a browser, ASP.NET

creates an instance of a class that represents our page. That class is composed not
only of the code that we wrote for the page, but also code that is generated by
ASP.NET.
Page Properties
Property Description
IsPostBack This Boolean property indicates whether this is the first time the
page is being run (false) or whether the page is being resubmitted
in response to a controlevent, typically with stored view state
information (true).
EnableViewState When set to false, this overrides the EnableViewState property of the
contained controls, thereby ensuring that no controls will maintain
state information.
Application This collection holds information that’s shared between all users
in our website. For example, we can use the Application collection to
count the number of times a page has been visited.
Session This collection holds information for a single user, so it can be
used different pages. For example, we can use the Session collection
to store the items in the current user’s shopping basket on an
e-commerce website.
Request This refers to an HttpRequest object that contains information about
the current web request. We can use the HttpRequest object to
get information about the user’s browser.
Response This refers to an HttpResponse object that represents the response
ASP.NET will send to the user’s browser

Q. Explain the use of global.asx and web.config files in ASP.NET application.

OR
Explain the files used to configure an ASP.NET Application.

The Global.asax file, also known as the ASP.NET application file, is an optional file
that contains code for responding to application-level events raised by ASP.NET or
by HttpModules.
The Global.asax file resides in the root directory of an ASP.NET-based application.
The Global.asax file is parsed and dynamically compiled by ASP.NET.
The Global.asax file itself is configured so that any direct URL request for it is
automatically rejected; external users cannot download or view the code written
within it.
The Global.asax file does not need recompilation if no changes have been made to
it. There can be only one Global.asax file per application and it should be located in
the application's root directory only.
The Global.asax contains two types of events those are
Events which are fired for every request
Events which are not fired for every request

Events which are fired for every request:-

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Application_BeginRequest() – This event raised at the start of every request for the
web application. Application_EndRequest() – This event raised at the end of each
request right before the objects released.
Application_PreRequestHandlerExecute() – This event called before the appropriate HTTP
handler executes the request.
Application_PostRequestHandlerExecute() – This event called just after the request
is handled by its appropriate HTTP handler.
Events which are not fired for every request:-
Application_Start() – This event raised when the application starts up and
application domain is created.
Session_Start() – This event raised for each time a new session begins, This is a
good place to put code that is session-specific.
Application_Error() – This event raised whenever an unhandled exception occurs in
the application. This provides an opportunity to implement generic application-wide
error handling.
Session_End() – This event called when session of user ends.
Application_End() – This event raised just before when web application ends.
Application_Disposed() – This event fired after the web application is destroyed and
this event is used to reclaim the memory it occupies.
Web.Config
Configuration file is used to manage various settings that define a website. The
settings are stored in XML files that are separate from our application code. In
this way we can configure settings independently from our code.
Generally a website contains a single Web.config file stored inside the application root
directory. However there can be many configuration files that manage settings at
various levels within an application.
There are number of important settings that can be stored in the configuration file.
Some of the most frequently used configurations, stored conveniently inside
Web.config file are:
Database connections
Caching settings
Session States
Error Handling
Security
Benefits of XML-based Configuration files
ASP.NET Configuration system is extensible and application specific information can be
stored and retrieved easily. It is human readable.
We need not restart the web server when the settings are changed in configuration file.
ASP.NET automatically detects the changes and applies them to the running ASP.NET
application.
Configuration file looks like this
1. <configuration>
2. <connectionStrings>
3. <add name="myCon"connectionString=" server=MyServer; database=puran;
uid=abcd;pwd=abcd1234" />
4. </connectionStrings>
5. </configuration>

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Q. Explain TextBox control in ASP.NET with any five properties.

This is an input control which is used to take user input. To create TextBox either
we can write code or use the drag and drop facility of visual studio IDE.
This is server side control, asp provides own tag to create it. The example is given below.
< asp:TextBoxID="TextBox1" runat="server" ></asp:TextBox>

This control has its own properties that are tabled below.

Property Description
Text It is used to set text to be shown for the control.

MaxLength It is used to set maximum number of characters that can

be entered.
Readonly It is used to make control readonly.

TextMode It used to determine behavior of control. Possible value

are Single / Multiline
/ Password
CausesValidation true/false – It is used to enable or disable validation effect
on control
Example:
Assign a text to TextBox control when Button click event fires using c#

C# code for above TextBox ExampleC#

protected void btndisplay_Click(object sender, EventArgs e){
TextBox1.Text = "Asp.net";
}
protected void btnclear_Click(object sender, EventArgs e){
TextBox1.Text = "";
}

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Q. What is the difference between buttons, Link Buttons and Image

Buttons? Explain any three common button attributes.

These controls differ only in how they appear to the user. A button displays text
within a rectangular area. A Link button displays text that look like a hyperlink and
an image button displays an image.
LinkButton control is a control just like a Button control along with the
flexibility to make it look like a Hyperlink. It implements an anchor <a/> tag
that uses only ASP.NET postback mechanism to post the data on the server.
Despite being a hyperlink, we can't specify the target URL. ImageButton
control is used to post the form or fire an event either client side or server side.
It’s like a asp:Button control, the only difference is, we have the ability to place
our own image as a button. ImageButton control is generally used to post the
form or fire an event either client side or server side.
Button control is used to post the form or fire an event either client side or
server side. Button control is generally used to post the form or fire an event
either client side or server side. When it is rendered on the page, it is generally
implemented through <input type=submit> HTML tag.

Q.Explain CheckBox and RadioButton web server controls in ASP.NET.

CheckBox:
CheckBox control is an asp.net web server control. CheckBox control visually as
square on web forms. The Checkbox control allow user to check square or uncheck
square. In CheckBox control check and uncheck checkbox specify by the checked
property of check box true or false.
Basic syntax for check box:
<asp:CheckBox ID= "chkoption" runat= "Server"></asp:CheckBox>
CheckBox properties:
AutoPostBack:Specifies whether the form should be posted immediately after
the Checked property has changed or not. Default is false
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CausesValidation:Specifies if a page is validated when a Button control is clicked

Checked:Specifies whether the check box is checked or not
Id:A unique id for the control
Text: The text next to the check box
Event:
OnCheckedChanged
The name of the function to be executed when the checked property has changed

RadioButton
Radiobutton isasp.net web server control. Radiobutton is used to allow user to select a
single radiobutton from group of radiobutton. In asp.net generally we use more
than one radiobutton and select only one radiobutton at a time from all the
radiobutton control. On other hand in checkbox control we can check and uncheck
multiple check box at a time.
Basic syntax for radio button:

<asp:RadioButton ID= "rdboption" runat= "Server"></asp: RadioButton>

RadioButton properties:
AutoPostBack:A Boolean value that specifies whether the form should be posted
immediately after the Checked property has changed or not. Default is false
Checked : A Boolean value that specifies whether the radio button is checked or not
id a unique id for the control
GroupName : The name of the group to which this radio button belongs
Text : The text next to the radio button

Q. Explain Listbox with properties and methods.

ListBox control is an asp.net web server control. ListBox control used to store the
multiple items and allow user to select multiple item from ListBox control.
ListBox control is same as dropdownlist control.
The dropdownlist control allow user to select maximum only one item at a time, on
other hand ListBox control allow user to select multiple items same time. So we can
also say ListBox is multi- row selection box control.
In a ListBox control there is a SelectionMode property to change the mode of section
from single to multiple. By default ListBox control selection mode is single if we want
to select multiple items from ListBox, then just change the SelectionMode property
to multiple.

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<asp:ListBox ID="dropStatic" runat="server">

<asp:ListItem Text="Red" Value="red"></asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Text="Blue" Value="blue"></asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Text="Green" Value="green"></asp:ListItem>
</asp:ListBox>
Some properties are

Following are the important methods and events:

GetSelectedIndices
Gets the array of index values for currently selected items in the ListBox control.
public virtual int[] GetSelectedIndices()
Say for example, if ID of the list box is ‘ListBox1’ then the following code displays
all selected items from the list box to a label with ID ‘Label1’.
int[] x = ListBox1.GetSelectedIndices(); Label1.Text = "";
for (int i = 0; i < x.Length; i++)
Label1.Text += ListBox1.Items[x[i]].Text + "<br>";
SelectedIndexChanged
SelectedIndexChanged event occurs when the selection from the list control
changes between posts to the server.
OnSelectedIndexChanged
OnSelectedIndexChanged method raises the SelectedIndexChanged event.
This allows you to provide a custom handler for the event.

Q. What is the difference between List Box and Drop-Down Lists? List and
explain any three common properties of these controls.

List boxes are used in cases where there are small numbers of items to be selected. In
contrast, drop-down lists are typically used with larger list so that they don’t take up
much space on the page.
A list box lets a user select one or more items from the list of items. A drop-
down list lets a user choose an item from the drop-down list of items.
Following are common properties of ListBox and DropDownList:

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Properties Description
Items Gets the collection of items from the dropdown box.
SelectedValue Get the value of the Selected item from the dropdown box.
SelectedIndex Gets or Sets the index of the selected item in the dropdown box.
SelectedItem Gets the selected item from the list.

Q. Explain any five Methods/Property of List Item collection objects.

Q. Explain Sorted, SelectedMode, MultiColumn, SelectedItem and

SelectedIndex properties of ListBox control.

Sorted
The Sorted property set to true, the ListBox items are sorted. The following code
snippet sorts the ListBox items.
listBox1.Sorted = true;
Selected Mode:
SelectionMode property defines how items are selected in a ListBox. The
SelectionMode value can be one of the following four SelectionMode enumeration
values. None - No item can be selected. One - Only one item can be selected.
MultiSimple - Multiple items can be selected. MultiExtended - Multiple items can
be selected, and the user can use the SHIFT, CTRL, and arrow keys to make
selections.
listBox1.SelectionMode = SelectionMode.MultiSimple;
ListBox1.SetSelected(1, true);
listBox1.SetSelected(2, true);
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MultiColumn:
A multicolumn ListBox places items into as many columns as are needed to make vertical
scrolling unnecessary. The user can use the keyboard to navigate to columns that are not
currently visible. Set the HorizontalScrollbar property to true to display a horizontal scroll
bar that enables the user to scroll to columns that are not currently shown in the visible
region of the ListBox. The value of the ColumnWidth property determines the width of
each column.
listBox1.MultiColumn = true;
SelectedItem
Gets or sets the currently selected item in the ListBox. We can get text associated
with currently selected item by using Items property.
string selectedItem = listBox1.Items[listBox1.SelectedIndex].ToString();
SelectedIndex
Gets or sets the zero-based index of the currently selected
item in a ListBox.
listBox1.SelectedIndex = 1;

Q. Explain Table control with example in ASP.NET

Table control is used to structure a web pages. In other words to divide a page into
several rows and columns to arrange the information or images. When it is rendered
on the page, it is implemented through <table> HTML tag. We can simply use
HTML <table> control instead of using <asp:Table> control. However many of one
benefits of using <asp:Table> control is we can dynamically add rows or columns at
the runtime or change the appearance of the table. Following are some important
properties that are very useful.
BackImageUrl Used to set background image of the table
Caption Used to write the caption of the table.
Example:
ASP.NET code for a table control
<asp:Table ID="Table1" runat="server" Height="123px" Width="567px">
<asp:TableRow runat="server">
<asp:TableCell runat="server"></asp:TableCell>
<asp:TableCell runat="server"></asp:TableCell>
<asp:TableCell runat="server"></asp:TableCell>
</asp:TableRow>
<asp:TableRow runat="server">
<asp:TableCell runat="server"></asp:TableCell>
<asp:TableCell runat="server"></asp:TableCell>
<asp:TableCell runat="server"></asp:TableCell>
</asp:TableRow>
<asp:TableRow runat="server">
<asp:TableCell runat="server"></asp:TableCell>
<asp:TableCell runat="server"></asp:TableCell>
<asp:TableCell runat="server"></asp:TableCell>
</asp:TableRow>
</asp:Table>
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Q. Explain Multiview and View control with example in ASP.NET

MultiView Control is an asp.net web server control. Multiview Control is a same as

Tab control. If we want make a complex designing on one web forms then you have
to use multiview control.
MltiView control is a container of several view control. In a multiview control
there are many view control for designing separation of view for user.
The View control is a container of several web server controls. Using the
multiview control we can feel the multiple page view design on a single web
page.
We can also say multiview control allow user to create different view on single web
page. There are many view control in a multiview control, each view control has
some web server control for design web page. We can see single view at a time on
web page by specify the ActiveViewIndex property of multiview control.
All view control assign automatically index to all it, the index always start from zero.
The first view1 index is zero, second is one and so on, If we want to display first
view on web page, then we need to write MultiView1.ActiveViewIndex=0.
Prefix for MultiView control is mv
Prefix for View control is v
The MultiView control has the following important properties:

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Q. Explain Adrotator control with example in ASP.NET

The AdRotator is one of the rich web server control of asp.net. AdRotator control is
used to display a sequence of advertisement images as per given priority of image.
Adrotator control display the sequence of images, which is specified in the external
XML file. In xml file we indicate the images to
display with some other attributes, like image impressions, NavigateUrl,
ImageUrl, AlternateText.
In Adrotator control images will be changed each time while refreshing the web page.
AdRotator Control Example in ASP.Net

The basic syntax of adding an AdRotator is as follows:

<asp:AdRotator runat = "server" AdvertisementFile = "adfile.xml" />
The advertisement file is an XML file, which contains the information about the
advertisements to be displayed.
There are the following standard XML elements that are commonly used in the

advertisement file:

The following code illustrates an advertisement file ads.xml:

<Advertisements>
<Ad>
<ImageUrl>rose1.jpg</ImageUrl>
<NavigateUrl>http://www.1800flowers.com</NavigateUrl>
<AlternateText>
Order flowers, roses, gifts and more
</AlternateText>
<Impressions>20</Impressions>
<Keyword>flowers</Keyword>
</Ad>

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<Ad>
<ImageUrl>rose2.jpg</ImageUrl>
<NavigateUrl>http://www.babybouquets.com.au</NavigateUrl>
<AlternateText>Order roses and flowers</AlternateText>
<Impressions>20</Impressions>
<Keyword>gifts</Keyword>
</Ad>
<Ad>
<ImageUrl>rose3.jpg</ImageUrl>
<NavigateUrl>http://www.flowers2moscow.com</NavigateUrl>
<AlternateText>Send flowers to Russia</AlternateText>
<Impressions>20</Impressions>
<Keyword>russia</Keyword>
</Ad>
</Advertisements>
Create a new web page and place an AdRotator control on it.
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div>
<asp:AdRotator ID="AdRotator1" runat="server" AdvertisementFile ="~/ads.xml"
onadcreated="AdRotator1_AdCreated" />
</div>
</form>

Q. Explain Calendar control with example in ASP.NET

ASP.NET provides a Calendar control that is used to display a calendar on the

Web page. This control displays a one-month calendar that allows the user to select
dates and move to the next and previous months.
By default, this control displays the name of the current month, day headings for
the days of the weeks, days of the month and arrow characters for navigation to
the previous or next month. The
class hierarchy for this control is as follows

Object->Control->WebControl->Calendar

The Calendar is complex, powerful Web server control that you can use to add
calendar feature to our web page. We can use calendar control display any date
between 0 A.D. and 9999A.D.The Calendar control is represented as:
<asp:Calendar ID="Calendar1" runat="server"></asp:Calendar>

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The Calendar control when rendered to a user browser, it generates an HTML <table>
element and a set of associated JavaScript. The Calendar control can be used to select a

single date or multiple dates. The SelectionMode property is used for this. The
SelectionMode properties are as:

Q. Explain any five common properties of web server controls.

Following are common properties of web server controls:

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Q. What is use of autopostback and runat properties?

AutoPostback or Postback is nothing but submitting page to server. AutoPostback is
webpage going to server, Server processes the values and sends back to same page
or redirects to different page.
HTML elements in ASP.NET files are, by default, treated as text. To make these
elements programmable, add a runat="server" attribute to the HTML element. This
attribute indicates that the element should be treated as a server control.
The runat="server" attribute indicates that the form should be processed on the
server. It also indicates that the enclosed controls can be accessed by server scripts.
AutoPostBack means that if any change happens on a control by the client, it should
postback to the server to handle that change at server side. If this property is set to
TRUE the automatic post back is enabled, otherwise FALSE. Default is FALSE.
Example
<asp:TextBox id= " t1" AutoPostBack="true" runat="server" />
Web server controls are created on the server and they require a runat="server"
attribute to work. This attribute indicates that the control should be treated as a
server control.

Q. Explain UrlEncode() and UrlDecode() methods in ASP.NET.

We cannot send special characters through query string. All special characters
should be encoded when you pass them through the query string. The encoded
string must be decoded at the receiver.
There are two methods to achieve this: UrlEncode and UrlDecode():
The main purpose of these two methods is to encode and decode the
URLrespectively. We need to encode the URL because some of the characters are not
safe sending those across browser.
Some characters are being misunderstood by the browser and that leads to data
mismatch on the receiving end. Characters such as a question mark (?), ampersand
(&), slash mark (/), and spaces might be truncated or corrupted by some
browsers.
UrlEncode()
This method is used to encode a string to be passed through URL to another web
page. URLencode replaces unsafe ASCII characters with a "%" followed by two
hexadecimal digits.
Syntax:
UrlEncode (string str )
UrlDecode()
This method is used to decode the encoded URL string. Decodes any %##
encoding in the given string.
Syntax:
UrlDecode (string str )

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Q. What is user control? How to create and use user control in ASP.NET Page.

A UserControl is a separate, reusable part of a page. We can put a piece of a page

in a UserControl, and then reuse it from a different location. A notable difference is
that User Controls can be included on multiple pages, while a page can't.
UserControls are used much like regular server controls, and they can be added
to a page declaratively, just like server controls can.
A big advantage of the UserControl is that it can be cached, using the OutputCache
functionality described in a previous chapter, so instead of caching an entire page,
we may cache only the UserControl, so that the rest of the page is still re-loaded on
each request.
Creation of UserControl:
Following steps are used to create UserControl.
Open Visual Studio.
"File" -> "New" -> "Project..." then select ASP.NET Webform Application.
Add a new web form.
To create a new UserControl, in Solution Expolrer, Add New Item, provide your File
Name and click Add
Design UserControl as per our requirement. Next step to use UserControl in .aspx
page. Add the following line below the standard page declaration:

<%@RegisterTagPrefix="My"TagName="UserInfoBoxControl"Src="~/UserInfoBoxCont
rol.ascx" %>

Make sure that the src value matches the path to your UserControl file. Now you
may use the UserControl in your page, like any other control. For instance, like this:

<My:UserInfoBoxControlrunat="server"ID="MyUserInfoBoxControl"/>

Q. Why we use validation controls? List various types of controls used in asp.net

Validation is important part of any web application. User's input must always be
validated before sending across different layers of the application.
Validation controls are used to:

Implement presentation logic.

To validate user input data.
Data format, data type and data range is used for validation.
Validation Controls in ASP.NET

An important aspect of creating ASP.NET Web pages for user input is to be able to
check that the information users enter is valid. ASP.NET provides a set of validation
controls that provide an easy-to- use but powerful way to check for errors and, if
necessary, display messages to the user.

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There are six types of validation controls in ASP.NET

RequiredFieldValidation Control
CompareValidator Control
RangeValidator Control
RegularExpressionValidator Control
CustomValidator Control
ValidationSummar

The below table describes the controls and their work:

Validation Control Description

RequiredFieldValidation Makes an input control a required field
CompareValidator Compares the value of one input control to the value of
another
input control or to a fixed value
RangeValidator Checks that the user enters a value that falls between
two values
RegularExpressionValidator Ensures that the value of an input control matches a
specified
pattern
CustomValidator Allows you to write a method to handle the validation
of the value
entered
ValidationSummary Displays a report of all validation errors occurred in a
Web page

Q. Explain following validation controls.

RequiredFieldValidator Control
The RequiredFieldValidator control is simple validation control, which checks to see
if the data is entered for the input control. We can have a RequiredFieldValidator
control for each form element on which you wish to enforce Mandatory Field rule.
The syntax of the control is as given:

<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="rfvcandidate" runat="server"

ControlToValidate="txtName" ErrorMessage="Please enter name
!!"></asp:RequiredFieldValidator>
RangeValidator Control
The RangeValidator Server Control is another validator control, which checks to see
if a control value is within a valid range. The attributes that are necessary to this
control are: MaximumValue, MinimumValue, and Type.

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It has three specific properties:

The syntax of the control is as given:

<asp:RangeValidator ID="rvclass" runat="server" ControlToValidate="txtclass"

ErrorMessage="Enter your class (6 - 12)"
MaximumValue="12" MinimumValue="6"
Type="Integer">
</asp:RangeValidator>

RegularExpressionValidator
The RegularExpressionValidator allows validating the input text by matching against a
pattern of a regular expression. The regular expression is set in the
ValidationExpression property.
The syntax of the control is as given:
<asp:RegularExpressionValidator ID="string" runat="server" ErrorMessage="string"
ValidationExpression="string" ValidationGroup="string">
</asp:RegularExpressionValidator

Q. What is the use of Compare Validator? Explain it along with its properties.

CompareValidator Control
The CompareValidator control allows you to make comparison to compare data entered
in an input control with a constant value or a value in a different control.
It can most commonly be used when you need to confirm password entered by the
user at the registration time. The data is always case sensitive.
It has the following specific properties:

The basic syntax of the control is as follows:

<asp:CompareValidator ID="CompareValidator1" runat="server"
ErrorMessage="CompareValidator">
</asp:CompareValidator>
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Example:

Small number:<br />

<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="txtSmallNumber" /><br />
<br /> Big number:<br />
<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="txtBigNumber" /><br />
<asp:CompareValidator runat="server" id="cmpNumbers"
controltovalidate="txtSmallNumber" controltocompare="txtBigNumber"
operator="LessThan" type="Integer" errormessage="The first number should be
smaller than the second number!" /><br />

Q. Explain the CustomValidator control with code

The CustomValidator control allows writing application specific custom validation routines
for both the client side and the server-side validation.
The client-side validation is accomplished through the ClientValidationFunction property.
The client- side validation routine should be written in a scripting language, such as
JavaScript or VBScript, which the browser can understand.
The server-side validation routine must be called from the control's ServerValidate event
handler. The server-side validation routine should be written in any .Net language, like C#
or VB.Net.
Below table shows the properties of CustomValidator.

Example:
In this below example we will simply check the length of the string in the TextBox. Custom
Text:<br />
<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="txtCustom" />
<asp:CustomValidator runat="server" id="cusCustom" controltovalidate="txtCustom"
onservervalidate="cusCustom_ServerValidate" errormessage="The text must be exactly 8
characters long!" />
<br /><br />
protected void cusCustom_ServerValidate(object sender, ServerValidateEventArgs e){
if(e.Value.Length == 8)
e.IsValid = true; else
e.IsValid = false;
}
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Q. Explain Menu control in ASP.NET

The Menu control is used to create a menu of hierarchical data that can be used to
navigate through the pages. The Menu control conceptually contains two types of items.
First is StaticMenu that is always displayed on the page, second is DynamicMenu that
appears when opens the parent item. Following steps are used to create Menu Control:
Toolbox > Navigation > Menu or add the following few lines of code snippet.
<asp:Menu ID="Menu1" runat="server" Orientation="Horizontal">
<Items>
<asp:MenuItem Text="HOME" NavigateUrl="~/Default.aspx" Selected="true" />
<asp:MenuItem Text="HTML" NavigateUrl="~/HTML.aspx">
<asp:MenuItem Text="HtmlTagList" NavigateUrl="~/HtmlTagList.aspx" />
</asp:MenuItem>

<asp:MenuItem Text="CSS" NavigateUrl="~/CSS.aspx">

<asp:MenuItem Text="CssSelectors" NavigateUrl="~/CssSelectors.aspx" />
</asp:MenuItem>
</Items>
</asp:Menu>

Below are the various Properties of Menu Control

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Q. When to use TreeView control in ASP.NET

ASP.NET TreeView Web control is used to display hierarchical data (such as a table of
contents) in a tree structure in a Web page.
The TreeView control is made up of TreeNode objects. The TreeView control can be bound
to data.

It supports the following features:

Automatic data binding, this allows the nodes of the control to be bound to hierarchical
data, such as an XML document.
Site navigation support through integration with the SiteMapDataSource control.
Node text that can be displayed as either selectable text or hyperlinks.
Customizable appearance through themes, user-defined images, and styles.
Programmatic access to the TreeView object model, which allows you to dynamically
create trees, populates nodes, set properties, and so on.
Node population through client-side callbacks to the server (on supported browsers).
The ability to display a check box next to each node.

<asp:TreeView ExpandDepth="1" runat="server">

<Nodes>
<asp:TreeNode Text="Employees">
<asp:TreeNode Text="Bradley" Value="ID-1234" />
<asp:TreeNode Text="Whitney" Value="ID-5678" />
<asp:TreeNode Text="Barbara" Value="ID-9101" />
</asp:TreeNode>
</Nodes>
</asp:TreeView>

Each node in the Tree is represented by a name/value pair (not necessarily unique),
defined by the Text and Value properties of TreeNode, respectively. The text of a
node is rendered, whereas the value of a node is not rendered and is typically used
as additional data for handling postback events.
This example also uses the ExpandDepth property of TreeView to automatically
expand the tree 1 level deep when it is first rendered.
The TreeView control is made up of one or more nodes. Each entry in the tree is called a
node and is represented by a TreeNode

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Q. Explain SiteMapPath control in ASP.NET

The SiteMapPath control basically is used to access web pages of the website from
one webpage to another. It is a navigation control and displays the map of the site
related to its web pages.
This map includes the pages in the particular website and displays the name of those
pages. We can click on that particular page in the Site Map to navigate to that page.
We can say that the SiteMapPath control displays links for connecting to URLs of other
pages.
The SiteMapPath control uses a property called SiteMapProvider for accessing data
from databases and it stores the information in a data source.
The representation of the SiteMapPath control is as follows:
Root Node->Child Node

Following steps are used to create Menu Control:

Toolbox > Navigation >SiteMapPath
Following are some important properties that are very useful.

ParentLevelsDisplayed : It specifies the number of levels of parent nodes and then

displays the control accordingly related to the currently displayed node.
RenderCurrentNodeAsLink : It specifies whether or not the site navigation node
that represents the currently displayed page is rendered as a hyperlink.

PathSeperator : It specifies the string that displays the SiteMapPath nodes in the
rendered navigation path.
Style properties of the SiteMapPath class
CurrentNodeStyle : It specifies the style used for the display text for the current node.
RootNodeStyle : It specifies the style for the root node style text.
NodeStyle : It specifies the style used for the display text for all nodes in the site
navigation path.
Sitemap file has been included in our project and we can see it in the Solution
Explorer. And now we have to set the URL and title attributes in the sitemap file.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>

<siteMap xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/AspNet/SiteMap-File-1.0" >

<siteMapNode url="Default.aspx" title="myhomepage" description="">
<siteMapNode url="myweb1.aspx" title="myfirstpage" description="" />
<siteMapNode url="myweb2.aspx" title="mysecondpage" description="" />
</siteMapNode>
</siteMap>

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 www.acuityeducare.com

Acuity Educare

ADVANCED WEB
PROGRAMMING
SEM : V
SEM V: UNIT 3

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Q1. Explain Error Handling in ASP.NET

Error handling in ASP.NET has three aspects:
Tracing - Tracing the program execution at page level or application level.
Error handling - Handling standard errors or custom errors at page level or application
level.
Debugging - Stepping through the program, setting break points to analyze the code.
Tracing
To enable page level tracing, you need to modify the Page directive and add a Trace
attribute as shown:
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="Default.aspx.cs"
Inherits="errorhandling._Default" Trace ="true" %>

Now when we execute the file, we get the tracing information:

It provides the following information at the top:

 Session ID
 Status Code
 Time of Request
 Type of Request
 Request and Response Encoding
The status code sent from the server, each time the page is requested shows the
name and time of error if any. The following table shows the common HTTP status
codes:
The class of a status code can be quickly identified by its first digit:

1xx: Informational

2xx: Success

3xx: Redirection

4xx: Client Error

5xx: Server Error

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Under the top level information, there is Trace log, which provides details of page life cycle. It
provides elapsed time in seconds since the page was initialized.

To check the Warn method, let us forcibly enter some erroneous code in the selected
index changed event handler:
try
{
int a = 0;
int b = 9 / a;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Trace.Warn("UserAction", "processing 9/a", e);
}

Try-Catch is a C# programming construct. The try block holds any code that may or may
not produce error and the catch block catches the error. When the program is run, it
sends the warning in the trace log.
Application level tracing applies to all the pages in the web site. It is implemented by putting the
following code lines in the web.config file:

<system.web>
<trace enabled="true" />
</system.web>

Error Handling
Although ASP.NET can detect all runtime errors, still some subtle errors may still be
there. Observing the errors by tracing is meant for the developers, not for the users.
Hence, to intercept such occurrence, we can add error handing settings in the web.config file of the
application. It is application-wide error handling. For example, we can add the following lines in the
web.config file:
<configuration>
<system.web>

<customErrors mode="RemoteOnly" defaultRedirect="GenericErrorPage.htm">

<error statusCode="403" redirect="NoAccess.htm" />
<error statusCode="404" redirect="FileNotFound.htm" />
</customErrors>
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</system.web>
<configuration>

Q2. What is Debugging? Explain in ASP.NET

Debugging allows the developers to see how the code works in a step-by-step manner,
how the values of the variables change, how the objects are created and destroyed, etc.
When the site is executed for the first time, Visual Studio displays a prompt asking whether it should
be enabled for debugging:

When debugging is enabled, the following lines of codes are shown in the web.config:

<system.web>
<compilation debug="true">
<assemblies>
..............
</assemblies>
</compilation>
</system.web>
The Debug toolbar provides all the tools available for debugging:

Breakpoints
Breakpoints specifies the runtime to run a specific line of code and then stop execution so
that the code could be examined and perform various debugging jobs such as, changing
the value of the variables, step through the codes, moving in and out of functions and
methods etc.

To set a breakpoint, right click on the code and choose insert break point. A red dot appears on the
left margin and the line of code is highlighted as shown:

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Next when you execute the code, you can observe its behavior.

At this stage, you can step through the code, observe the execution flow and examine
the value of the variables, properties, objects, etc.
We can modify the properties of the breakpoint from the Properties menu obtained by right clicking
the breakpoint glyph:

Q3. Why exception handling is required? Write syntax for user define exception?
Exception handling:
The mechanism of Exception Handling is throwing an exception and catching it C#
uses try-catch block. Code which may give rise to exceptions is enclosed in a try
block, and
Catch block catches that exception and handles it appropriately. The try block is followed by one or
more catch blocks.

Basic syntax:
{

//programming logic(code which may give rise to exceptions)

catch (Exception e)

//message on exception

finally

{
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// always executes

}
Try:A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions will be
activated. It's
followed by one or more catch blocks.
Catch:A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a program
where
you want to handle the problem. The catch keyword indicates the catching of an exception.
Finally:The finally block is used to execute a given set of statements, whether an exception
is thrown
or not thrown. For example, if you open a file, it must be closed whether an exception is
raised or
not.
Example:
using System;
class tryCatch

public static void Main()

int k=0;

try

int n= 10/k;

Console.WriteLine(”n=” + n);

catch(Exception e)

Console .WriteLine (“Division By zero exception”);

Console.WriteLtne(”Statement executed after Exception because of try catch”);

}
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Q4. What is user-defined exception? Explain with example.

We have seen built-in exception classes however, we often like to raise an exception when
thebusiness rule of our application gets violated. So, for this we can create a custom
exception class byderiving Exception or ApplicationException class.
For example, create InvalidStudentNameException class in a school application, which
does not allow any special character or numeric value in a name of any of the students.

class Student
{
public int StudentID { get; set; }
public string StudentName { get; set; }
}

class InvalidStudentNameException : Exception

{
public InvalidStudentNameException() {}
public InvalidStudentNameException(string name)
: base(String.Format("Invalid Student Name: {0}", name)){ }
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Student newStudent = null;

try
{
newStudent = new Student();
newStudent.StudentName = "James007";

ValidateStudent(newStudent);
}
catch(InvalidStudentNameException ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message );
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
private static void ValidateStudent(Student std)
{
Regex regex = new Regex("^[a-zA-Z]+$");

if (!regex.IsMatch(std.StudentName))
throw new InvalidStudentNameException(std.StudentName);
}
}
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Q5. What is state management? Explain Application state management

A web application is stateless. That means that a new instance of a page is created every
time when
we make a request to the server to get the page and after the round trip our page has been
lost immediately.
It only happens because of one server, all the controls of the Web Page are created and after the
round trip the server destroys all the instances. So, to retain the values of the controls we use state
management techniques.

State Management Techniques

They are classified into the following 2 categories:

Application State:
 If the information that we want to be accessed or stored globally throughout the
application, even if multiple users access the site or application at the same time,
then we can use an Application Object for such purposes.
 It stores information as a Dictionary Collection in key - value pairs. This value is
accessible across the pages of the application / website.
 There are 3 events of the Application which are as follows
Application_Start
Application_Error
Application_End
Example - Just for an example, I am setting the Page title in the Application Start event
of the Global.asax file.
Code for setting value to the Application Object - "PageTitle" is the Key and "Welcome to State
Management Application" is the value.

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Code for reading value from the Application Object

Q6. What is Query String? Explain encoding and decoding of Query string
 Query String is the most simple and efficient way of maintaining information across
requests.
 The information we want to maintain will be sent along with the URL. A typical URL
with a query string looks like www.somewebsite.com/search.aspx?query=foo
 The URL part which comes after the? Symbol is called a QueryString.
 QueryString has two parts, a key and a value. In the above example, query is
the key and foo is its value.
 We can send multiple values through querystring, separated by the & symbol. The
following code shows sending multiple values to the foo.aspx page.
Response.Redirect("foo.aspx?id=1&name=foo");
 The following code shows reading the QueryString values in foo.aspx
String id = Request.QueryString["id"];
String name = Request.QueryString["name"];

 The HtmlEncode() method is particularly useful if you’re retrieving values from a

database and you aren’t sure if the text is valid HTML.
 We can use the HtmlDecode() method to revert the text to its normal form if we
need to perform additional operations or comparisons with it in your code.
 The UrlEncode() method changes text into a form that can be used in a URL,
escaping spaces and other special characters. This step is usually performed with
information we want to add to the query string.
Label1.Text = Server.HtmlEncode("To bold text
use the <b> tag."); Advantages
 Query string is lightweight and will not consume any server resources.
 It is very easy to use, and it is the most efficient state management technique. However, it
has many
Disadvantages
 We can pass information only as a string.
 URL length has limitations. So, we can't send much information through URL.
Information passed is clearly visible to everyone and can be easily altered.

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Q7. Role of Cookies in ASP.NET

 A cookie is a small piece of information stored on the client machine. This file is located
on client machines "C:\Document and Settings\Currently_Login user\Cookie" path.
 It is used to store user preference information like Username, Password, City and
Phone No etc. on client machines. We need to import namespace called
Systen.Web.HttpCookie before we use cookie. 
Types of Cookies:
Persist Cookie - A cookie has not had expired time which is called as
Persist Cookie Non-Persist Cookie - A cookie has expired time which is
called as Non-Persist Cookie

Creation of cookies:
It’s really easy to create a cookie in the Asp.Net with help of Response object or HttpCookie
Example 1:
HttpCookie userInfo = new HttpCookie("userInfo");
userInfo["UserName"] = "Annathurai";
userInfo["UserColor"] = "Black";
userInfo.Expires.Add(new TimeSpan(0, 1, 0));
Response.Cookies.Add(userInfo);

Example 2:
Response.Cookies["userName"].Value = "Annathurai";
Response.Cookies["userColor"].Value = "Black";
Retrieve from cookie
Its easy way to retrieve cookie value form cookes by help of Request object.
Example 1:

string User_Name = string.Empty;

string User_Color = string.Empty;
User_Name = Request.Cookies["userName"].Value;
User_Color = Request.Cookies["userColor"].Value;

Example 2:

string User_name = string.Empty;

string User_color = string.Empty;
HttpCookie reqCookies = Request.Cookies["userInfo"];
if (reqCookies != null)
{
User_name = reqCookies["UserName"].ToString();
User_color = reqCookies["UserColor"].ToString();
}

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When we make request from client to web server, the web server process the request and give the
lot of information with big pockets which will have Header information, Metadata, cookies etc., Then
repose object can do all the things with browser.

Cookie's common property:

Domain: This is used to associate cookies to domain.
Secure: We can enable secure cookie to set true (HTTPs).
Value: We can manipulate individual cookie.
Values: We can manipulate cookies with key/value pair.
Expires: Which is used to set expire date for the cookies.
Advantages of Cookie:
 Its clear text so user can able to read it.
 We can store user preference information on the client machine.
 Its easy way to maintain.
 Fast accessing.

Disadvantages of Cookie
 If user clears cookie information we can't get it back.
 No security.
 Each request will have cookie information with page.
Q8. Write a program to create a new cookie with the name “Username” and add it to
the HttpResponse object on the click of a button. Set the expiry date of the cookie to
One year from Now.
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
HttpCookie Username = new HttpCookie("UserName",
"WELCOME"); Username.Expires=DateTime.Now.AddYears(1);
Response.Cookies.Add(Username);
}

Q9. Significant of ViewState in ASP.NET

View State
 View State is the method to preserve the Value of the Page and Controls between
round trips. It is a Page-Level State Management technique.
 View State is turned on by default and normally serializes the data in every control on
the page regardless of whether it is actually used during a post-back.
Features of View State
These are the main features of view state:
 Retains the value of the Control after post-back without using a session.
 Stores the value of Pages and Control Properties defined in the page.
 Creates a custom View State Provider that lets you store View State
Information in a SQL Server Database or in another data store.
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Advantages of View State

 Easy to Implement.
 No server resources are required: The View State is contained in a structure within the
page load.
 Enhanced security features: It can be encoded and compressed or Unicode
implementation.
Disadvantages of View State
 Security Risk: The Information of View State can be seen in the page output source
directly. We can manually encrypt and decrypt the contents of a Hidden Field, but It
requires extra coding. If security is a concern, then consider using a Server-Based
State Mechanism so that no sensitive information is sent to the client.
 Performance: Performance is not good if we use a large amount of data because
View State is stored in the page itself and storing a large value can cause the page to
be slow.
 Device limitation: Mobile Devices might not have the memory capacity to store a
large amount of View State data.
It can store values for the same page only.

Example:
If we want to add one variable in View State,
ViewState["Var"]=Count;
For Retrieving information from View State
string Test=ViewState["TestVal"];

Q10. Difference between Application state and Session state

 ASP.NET implements application state using the System.Web.HttpApplicationState class.
 It provides methods for storing information which can be accessed globally.
 Information stored on application state will be available for all the users using the website.
 Usage of application state is the same as sessions.
The following code shows storing a value in an application variable and reading from it.

Application["pageTitle"] = "Welcome to my website - ";

String pageTitle;
if (Application["pageTitle"] != null)
pageTitle = Application["pageTitle"].ToString();

We should get a basic knowledge about the events associated

with application and session.
These events can be seen in the global.asax file.
 Application_Start This event executes when application initializes. This will
execute when ASP.NET worker process recycles and starts again.
 Application_End Executes when the application ends.
 Session_Start Executes when a new session starts.
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Session_End Executes when session ends. Note: this event

will be fired only if you are using InProc as session mode.
Example
The most common usage of application variables is to count the active number of
visitors that are browsing currently.
The following code shows how this is done.
void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Application started - Initializing
to 0 Application["activeVisitors"] =
0;
}
void Session_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (Application["activeVisitors"] != null)
{
Application.Lock();
int visitorCount = (int)Application["activeVisitors"];
Application["activeVisitors"] = visitorCount++;
Application.UnLock();
}
}
 Data stored in session will be kept in server memory and it is protected as it will
never get transmitted to a client.
 Every client that uses the application will have separate sessions. Session state is
ideal for storing user specific information.
The following code shows storing a string value in session. Session
["name"] = "Value";
Values stored in sessions can be removed by several methods.
Session.Abandon() : Cancels the session and fires end event. This is used when you are done
with the session.
Session.Clear() /Session.RemoveAll() : Clears all contents of the session. This will not end the
session Session.Remove(string) : Removes the session name supplied.

Working of Session:
 ASP.NET maintains a unique id which is called as "session id" for each session.
This id is generated using a custom algorithm and it is unique always.
 Session id will be sent to the client as a cookie and the browser resends this upon each
request.
 ASP.NET uses this session id to identify the
session object. string sessionId =
Session.SessionID

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Session State
 Session state is user and browser specific.
 Session state can be stored in memory on the server as well as client's cookies.
 If client has disabled cookies in his browser then session state will be stored in URL.
 Session state has scope to the current browser only. If we change the browser
session id is changed.
Application State
 Application state is application specific.
 Application state is stored only in the memory on the server.
 Application state does not track client's cookies or URL.
 Application state has no scope to the current browser. If we change the browser
application id remains same.
Q11. Explain the different types of CSS present in ASP.NET.
There are three types of CSS as follows:
 External CSS
 Internal CSS or Embedded CSS
 Inline CSS
External Style Sheet
The first way to add CSS style sheets to your web pages is through the <link>
element that points to an external CSS file.
For example the following <link> shows what options you have when embedding a
style sheet in your page:
<link href=”StyleSheet.css” rel=”Stylesheet” type=”text/css” media=”screen” />
The href property points to a file within our site when we create links between two
pages. The rel and type attributes tell the browser that the linked file is in fact a
cascading style sheet. The media attribute enables us to target different devices,
including the screen, printer, and handheld devices. The default for the media
attribute is screen, so it’s OK.
Embedded style sheet
The second way to include style sheets is using embedded <style> elements. The
<style> element should be placed at the top of your ASPX or HTML page, between
the <head> tags.
For example, to change the appearance of an <h1> element in the current page
alone, we can add the following code to the <head> of our page:

<head runat=”server”>
<style type=”text/css”>
h1
{
color: Blue;
}
</style>
</head>
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Inline style sheet

The third way to apply CSS to your HTML elements is to use inline styles. Because the style
attribute
is already applied to a specific HTML element, we don’t need a selector and we can
write the declaration in the attribute directly:

<span style=”color: White; background-color:

Black ;”>This is white text on a black
background.
</span>

Q12. Explain the four most important selectors present in CSS.

Universal Selector
The Universal selector, indicated by an asterisk (*), applies to all elements in your page. The
Universal selector can be used to set global settings like a font family. The following rule set
changes the font for all elements in our page to Arial:
*{
font-family: Arial;
}

Type Selector
The Type selector enables us to point to an HTML element of a specific type. With a Type
selector all HTML elements of that type will be styled accordingly.
h1
{
color: Green;
}
This Type selector now applies to all <h1> elements in your code and gives them a green
color. Type Selectors are not case sensitive, so you can use both h1 and H1 to refer to the
same heading.
ID Selector
The ID selector is always prefixed by a hash symbol (#) and enables us to refer to a single
element in the page. Within an HTML or ASPX page, we can give an element a unique ID
using the id attribute. With the ID selector, we can change the behavior for that single
element, for example:
#IntroText
{
font-style: italic;

}
Because we can reuse this ID across multiple pages in our site (it only must be unique
within a single page), you can use this rule to quickly change the appearance of an element
that you use once per page, but more than once in our site, for example with the following
HTML code:
<p id=”IntroText”>I am italic because I have the right ID. </p>

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Class Selector
The Class selector enables us to style multiple HTML elements through the class attribute.
This handy when we want to give the same type of formatting to several unrelated HTML
elements. The following rule changes the text to red and bold for all HTML elements that
have their class attributes set to highlight:
.Highlight
{
font-weight:
bold;color: Red;
}

The following code snippet uses the Highlight class to make the contents of a <span>
element and a link (<a>) appear with a bold typeface:
This is normal text but <span class=”Highlight”>this is Red and
Bold.</span> This is also normal text but
<a href=”CssDemo.aspx” class=”Highlight”>this link is Red and Bold as well.</a>
Q13. Explain <LINK> tag with example
 The HTML <link> tag is used for defining a link to an external document. It is placed in the
<head> section of the document.
 The <link> tag defines a link between a document and an external resource.
 The <link> tag is used to link to external style sheets.

Syntax:
<head><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="theme.css"></head

Example:
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML link Tag</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="default.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div>
<p>Welcome to our website. We provide tutorials on various subjects.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Where,
 rel-can be used to specify the relationship of the target of the link to the current page.
 type-This attribute Provides information about the content type of the destination
resource, telling wether it's an HTML document, a JPG image, an Excel document, etc.
 href(uri)-The "href" attribute specifies the destination resource, which the element is linking to.
Itmay specify a resource in the same website or in an external one.

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Q14. What is Theme? How to create and use theme in ASP.NET page.
A theme decides the look and feel of the website. It is a collection of files that define
the looks of a page. It can include skin files, CSS files & images.
We define themes in a special App_Themes folder. Inside this folder is one or more
subfolders named Theme1, Theme2 etc. that define the actual themes. The theme
property is applied late in the page's life cycle, effectively overriding any customization
we may have for individual controls on our page.
There are 3 different options to apply themes to our website:
1. Setting the theme at the page level: The Theme attribute is added to the page directive of the
page.

<%@PageLanguage="C#"AutoEventWireup="true"CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs"Inherits="Default"T
heme="Theme1"%>
2. Setting the theme at the site level: to set the theme for the entire website we can set the
theme in the web.config of the website. Open the web.config file and locate the
<pages> element and add the theme attribute to it:

<pagestheme="Theme1">
....
....
</pages>
3. Setting the theme programmatically at runtime: here the theme is set at runtime
through coding. It should be applied earlier in the page's life cycle ie. Page_PreInit
event should be handled for setting the theme. The better option is to apply this to the
Base page class of the site as every page in the site inherits from this class.

Page.Theme = Theme1;
Uses of Themes
1. Since themes can contain CSS files, images and skins, you can change colors, fonts,
positioningand images simply by applying the desired themes.
2. We can have as many themes as we want, and we can switch between them by setting
a singleattribute in the web.config file or an individual aspx page. Also, we can switch
between themesprogrammatically.
3. Setting the themes programmatically, we are offering our users a quick and easy way
to changethe page to their likings.
4. Themes allow us to improve the usability of our site by giving users with vision
problems theoption to select a high contrast theme with a large font size.

Q15. What is Skin file? How to use it.

ASP.Net skins can only be used to apply the styles to the ASP.Net controls.so in this
article let ussee the procedure for using ASP.Net Skins.
First create the web application as in the following:
1. "Start" - "All Programs" - "Microsoft Visual Studio 2010"
2. "File" - "New Website" - "C# - Empty website" (to avoid adding a master page)
3. Provide the web site a name, such as UsingSkins or whatever you wish and specify the location
4. Then right-click on the solution in the Solution Explorer then select "Add New Item" - "Default.aspx
page" .

Add an ASP.Net Themes Folder

To use the themes in the web site, we need to add an ASP.Net Themes folder by right-clicking on
Solution Explorer as in the following:

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After adding the theme folder, add the SkinFile.skin file by right-clicking on the ASP.Net
themefolder. The Solution Explorer will then look as follows:

Now add the ASP.Net controls inside the SkinFile.Skin and assign the Style to the controls using
their properties as in the following:

1. A control Id cannot be assigned to ASP.Net controls inside the SkinFile.skin.

2. SkinId must be assigned to the ASP.Net controls inside the SkinFile.skin.
3. The SkinId should be uniquely defined because duplicate SkinId's per control type are
not allowedin the same theme.
4. Only one default control skin per control type is allowed in the same theme.

To use existing ASP.Net Skins in an ASP.Net page we need to assign the existing theme at page
level as in the following.
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In the preceding source code, we are assigning the existing ASP.Net Skin File at page
level, theexisting ASP.Net Skin automatically appears in the box after using the Themes
property in the page header.
Assigning the Skin to the ASP.Net Controls
to assign the skin to the ASP.Net controls, you need to assign it to the control's SkinId
Propertyas in the following:

Q16. Role of Master Page in ASP.NET

 ASP.NET master pages allow us to create a consistent layout for the pages in our
application.
 A single master page defines the look and feel and standard behavior that we want
for all of the pages (or a group of pages) in our application.
 We can then create individual content pages that contain the content we want to display.
 When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce
output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content
page.
 Master pages actually consist of two pieces, the master page itself and one or more content
pages.

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Use of Master Pages

The master pages can be used to accomplish the following:
Creating a set of controls that are common across all the web pages and attaching them to
all the web pages.
 A centralized way to change the above created set of controls which will
effectively change all the web pages.
 To some extent, a master page looks like a normal ASPX page.
 It contains static HTML such as the <html>, <head>, and <body> elements, and it
can also contain other HTML and ASP.NET server controls.
 Inside the master page, you set up the markup that you want to repeat on every
page, like the general structure of the page and the menu.
 However, a master page is not a true ASPX page and cannot be requested in the
browser directly it only serves as the template that real web pages called content
pages
 One difference is that while web forms start with the Page directive, a master page starts
with a Master directive that specifies the same information, as shown here

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Q17. Explain relation between content page and master page

 Master page provides a framework (common content as well as the layout) within
which the content from other pages can be displayed.
 It provides elements such as headers, footers, style definitions, or navigation bars
that are common to all pages in your web site.
 So the Content Pages need not have to duplicate code for shared elements within your
Web site.
 It gives a consistent look and feel for all pages in your application.
 The master page layout consists of regions where the content from each content page
should be displayed.
 These regions can be set using ContentPlaceHolder server controls.
 These are the regions where you are going to have dynamic content in your page

 A derived page also known as a content page is simply a collection of blocks the runtime
will use to fill the regions in the master.
 To provide content for a ContentPlaceHolder, you use another specialized control, called
Content.
 The ContentPlaceHolder control and the Content control have a one-to-one relationship.
 For each ContentPlaceHolder in the master page, the content page supplies a matching
Content control
 ASP.NET links the Content control to the appropriate ContentPlaceHolder by matching the
ID of the ContentPlaceHolder with the Content ContentPlaceHolderID property of the
corresponding Content control.

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Acuity Educare

ADVANCED WEB
PROGRAMMING
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Q. What is ADO.Net? Explain its architecture.

ADO.NET provides a bridge between the front-end controls and the back-end database. The
ADO.NET objects encapsulate all the data access operations and the controls interact with these
objects to display data, thus hiding the details of movement of data.
ADO.NET consist of a set of Objects that expose data access services to the .NET environment.
It is a data access technology from Microsoft .Net Framework, which provides communication
between relational and non-relational systems through a common set of components.
System.Data namespace is the core of ADO.NET and it contains classes used by all data
providers. ADO.NET is designed to be easy to use, and Visual Studio provides several wizards and
other features that we can use to generate ADO.NET data access code.

The two key components of ADO.NET are Data Providers and DataSet. The Data Provider
classes are meant to work with different kinds of data sources. They are used to perform all data-
management operations on specific databases. DataSet class provides mechanisms for
managing data when it is disconnected from the data source.
Data Providers
The .Net Framework includes mainly three Data Providers for ADO.NET. They are the Microsoft
SQL Server Data Provider, OLEDB Data Provider and ODBC Data Provider. SQL Server uses
the SqlConnection object , OLEDB uses the OleDbConnection Object and ODBC uses
OdbcConnection Object respectively
A data provider contains Connection, Command, DataAdapter, and DataReader objects.
These four objects provide the functionality of Data Providers in the ADO.NET.
DataSet
DataSet provides a disconnected representation of result sets from the Data Source, and it is
completely independent from the Data Source. DataSet provides much greater flexibility when
dealing with related Result Sets.

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Q. List and Explain ADO .NET objects.

ADO.NET includes many objects we can use to work with data. Some important objects of
ADO.NET are:
Connection
To interact with a database, we must have a connection to it. The connection helps identify the
database server, the database name, user name, password, and other parameters that are
required
for connecting to the data base.
A connection object is used by command objects so they will know which database to execute
the command on.
Command
The command object is one of the basic components of ADO .NET. The Command Object uses
the connection object to execute SQL queries.
The queries can be in the Form of Inline text, Stored Procedures or direct Table access. An
important feature of Command object is that it can be used to execute queries and Stored
Procedures with Parameters If a select query is issued, the result set it returns is usually stored in
either a DataSet or a DataReader object.
DataReader
Many data operations require that we only get a stream of data for reading. The data reader
object allows us to obtain the results of a SELECT statement from a command object. For
performance reasons, the data returned from a data reader is a fast forward-only stream of data.
This means that we can only pull the data from the stream in a sequential manner this is good for
speed, but if we need to manipulate data, then a DataSet is a better object to work with.
DataSet
DataSet objects are in-memory representations of data. They contain multiple Datatable
objects, which contain columns and rows, just like normal database tables. We can even define
relations between tables to create parent-child relationships.
The DataSet is specifically designed to help manage data in memory and to support
disconnected operations on data, when such a scenario make sense.
DataAdapter
The data adapter fills a DataSet object when reading the data and writes in a single batch when
persisting changes back to the database. A data adapter contains a reference to the
connection object and opens and closes the connection automatically when reading from or
writing to the database.

Q. Explain Command Class and DataAdapter class with properties and methods
Command class properties and methods

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
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Q. Differentiate between DataSet and DataReader.

Q. Explain the difference between DataReader and DataAdapter

in ADO.NET. DataReader
 DataReader is connection oriented architecture.
 DataReader is like a forward only recordset.
 It fetches one row at a time so very less network cost compare to DataSet (Fetches all the rows
at a time).
 DataReader is readonly so we can't do any update or transaction on them.
 DataReader will be the best choice where we need to show the data to the user which
requires no transaction.
 As DataReader is forward only so we can't fetch data randomly.
 .NET Data Providers optimizes the DataReader to handle huge amount of data.
 Performance is good.
DataAdapter
 DataAdapter acts as a bridge between DataSet and database.
 DataAdapter object is used to read the data from the database and bind that data to dataset.
 DataAdapter is a disconnected oriented architecture.
 DataAdapter resolves the changes made to the DataSet back to the database.

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Q. What is DataReader in ADO.NET? Explain with example.

DataReader provides an easy way for the programmer to read data from a database as if it
were coming from a stream. The DataReader is the solution for forward streaming data through
ADO.NET.
DataReader is also called a firehose cursor or forward read-only cursor because it moves
forward through the data. The DataReader not only allows us to move forward through each
record of database, but it also enables us to parse the data from each column. The DataReader
class represents
a data reader in ADO.NET.
Example:
In below example we read the all records from customer table using DataReader class.
string SQL = "SELECT * FROM Customers";
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(ConnectionString);
// create a command object
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(SQL, conn);
conn.Open();
// Call ExecuteReader to return a DataReader
SqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();
Console.WriteLine("customer ID, Contact Name, " + "Contact Title, Address ");
Console.WriteLine("=============================");
while (reader.Read())
{
Console.Write(reader["CustomerID"].ToString() + ", ");
Console.Write(reader["ContactName"].ToString() + ", ");
Console.Write(reader["ContactTitle"].ToString() + ", ");
Console.WriteLine(reader["Address"].ToString() + ", ");
}
//Release resources
reader.Close();
conn.Close();

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 TRAINING -> CERTIFICATION -> PLACEMENT BSC IT : SEM – V AWP:UNIT4

Q. What is data binding? Its types.

Data binding in ASP.NET is superficially similar to data binding in the world of desktop or
client/server applications, but in truth, it's fundamentally different. In those environments, data binding
involves creating a direct connection between a data source and a control in an application window.
If the user modifies the data in a data-bound control, our program can update the corresponding
record in the database, but nothing happens automatically.
ASP.NET data binding is much more flexible than old-style data binding. Many of the most powerful
data binding controls, such as the GridView and DetailsView, give us unprecedented control over the
presentation of our data, allowing us to format it, change its layout, embed it in other ASP.NET
controls, and so on.
Types of ASP.NET Data
Binding
Two types of ASP.NET data binding exist: single-value binding and repeated-value binding.
Single- value data binding is by far the simpler of the two, whereas repeated-value binding provides
thefoundation for the most advanced ASP.NET data controls.
Single-Value, or "Simple," Data Binding
We can use single-value data binding to add information anywhere on an ASP.NET page. We can
even place information into a control property or as plain text inside an HTML tag.
Single-value data binding doesn't necessarily have anything to do with ADO.NET. Instead, single-
value data binding allows us to take a variable, a property, or an expression and insert it dynamically
into a page.
Repeated-Value, or "List," Binding
Repeated-value data binding allows us to display an entire table (or just a single field from a table).
Unlike single-value data binding, this type of data binding requires a special control that supports it.
Typically, this will be a list control such as CheckBoxList or ListBox, but it can also be a much
more sophisticated control such as the GridView.

Q. What is a Data source? Explain various types of data sources in ASP.NET.

The Data source control connects to and retrieves data from a data source and makes it available
for other controls to bind to, without requiring code. ASP.NET allows a variety of data sources such
as a database, an XML file, or a middle-tier business object.
The common data source controls are:
 AccessDataSource – Enables you to work with a Microsoft Access database.
 XmlDataSource – Enables you to work with an XML file.
 SqlDataSource – Enables you to work with Microsoft SQL Server, OLE DB, ODBC, or
Oracle databases.
 ObjectDataSource – Enables you to work with a business object or other class
 SiteMapDataSource – Used for ASP.NET site navigation.
 EntityDataSource - Enables you to bind to data that is based on the Entity Data Model.
 LinqDataSource – Enables you to use Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) in an ASP.NET Web
page.

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Q. Explain SqlDataSource in ADO.NET.

The SqlDataSource control represents a connection to a relational database such as SQL Server
or Oracle database, or data accessible through OLEDB or Open Database Connectivity (ODBC).
Connection to data is made through two important properties ConnectionString and ProviderName.
The following code snippet provides the basic syntax of the control:
<asp:SqlDataSource runat="server" ID="MySqlSource"
ConnectionString='<%$ ConnectionStrings:Empconstr %>'
SelectionCommand= "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES" />

The following table provides the related sets of properties of the SqlDataSource control,
which provides the programming interface of the control:

The following code snippet shows a data source control enabled for data manipulation:

<asp:SqlDataSource runat="server" ID= "MySqlSource"

ConnectionString=' <%$ ConnectionStrings:Empconstr %>'
SelectCommand= "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES"
UpdateCommand= "UPDATE EMPLOYEES SET LASTNAME=@lame"
DeleteCommand= "DELETE FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMPLOYEEID=@eid"
FilterExpression= "EMPLOYEEID > 10">
.....
.....
</asp:SqlDataSource


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 TRAINING -> CERTIFICATION -> PLACEMENT BSC IT : SEM – V AWP:UNIT4

Q. What is a GridView control? Explain how to enable row selection, paging and sorting
features of GridView.
The GridView control displays the values of a data source in a table. Each column represents
a field, while each row represents a record. The GridView control supports the following
features:
 Binding to data source controls, such as SqlDataSource.
 Built-in sort capabilities.
 Built-in update and delete capabilities.
 Built-in paging capabilities.
 Built-in row selection capabilities.
 Multiple key fields.
 Multiple data fields for the hyperlink columns.
 Customizable appearance through themes and styles
Sorting allows the user to sort the items in the GridView control with respect to a specific
column by clicking on the column's header. To enable sorting, set the AllowSorting property to
true.
AllowSorting="True"
Instead of displaying all the records in the data source at the same time, the GridView control
can automatically break the records up into pages. To enable paging, set the AllowPaging
property to true.
AllowPaging="True"
Also we can set how many rows we want to see in a page.
PageSize="4"
Example:
<asp:gridview AllowSorting="true" AllowPaging="true" PageSize="5" ID="Gridview1"
runat="server"
DataKeyNames="pid" DataSourceID="SqlDS" >
<Columns>
<asp:BoundField DataField="pname" HeaderText="PRODUCT NAME"
SortExpression="pname"></asp:BoundField>
</Columns>
</asp:gridview>

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 TRAINING -> CERTIFICATION -> PLACEMENT BSC IT : SEM – V AWP:UNIT4

Q. Write a program which display all records from table to GridView

string constr = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["constr"].ConnectionString;
using (SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(constr))
{
using (SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Customers"))
{
cmd.Connection = con;
using (SqlDataAdapter sda = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd))
{
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
GridView1.DataSource = dt;
GridView1.DataBind();
}
}
}

Q. Explain DetailsView Control.

 DetailsView control is a data-bound control that renders a single record at a time. It can
provide navigation option also. DetailsView control supports the edit, insert, delete and paging
functionality.
 It can insert, update and delete the record also. When it is rendered on the page, generally it is
implemented through <table> HTML tag.
 The DetailsView control supports exactly the same fields as the GridView control:
BoundField: Enables us to display the value of a data item as text.
CheckBoxField: Enables us to display the value of a data item as a check box.
CommandField: Enables us to display links for editing, deleting, and selecting rows.
ButtonField: Enables us to display the value of a data item as a button.
HyperLinkField: Enables us to display the value of a data item as a link.
ImageField: Enables us to display the value of a data item as an image.
TemplateField: Enables us to customize the appearance of a data item.
Properties of DetailsView:

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Properties Description
AllowPaging Gets or sets a value indicating whether the paging feature is enabled.
DataSource Gets or sets the object from which the data-bound control retrieves its
list of data items.
DataSourceID Gets or sets the ID of the control from which the data-bound control
retrieves its list of data items.
AutoGenerateEditButton Gets or sets a value indicating whether the built-in controls to edit the
current record are displayed in a DetailsView control.
AutoGenerateDeleteButton Gets or sets a value indicating whether the built-in control to delete
the current record is displayed in a DetailsView control.
AutoGenerateRows Gets or sets a value indicating whether row fields for each field in the
data source are automatically generated and displayed in
a DetailsView control.
DefaultMode Get or sets the default data-entry mode of the DetailsView control.
SqlConnection conn;
SqlDataAdapter adapter;
DataSet ds;
SqlCommand cmd;
string cs = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["conString"].ConnectionString;

protected void PopulateDetailView()
{
try
{
conn = new SqlConnection(cs);
adapter = new SqlDataAdapter("select * from tblEmps", conn);
ds = new DataSet();
adapter.Fill(ds);
DetailsView1.DataSource = ds;
DetailsView1.DataBind();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Label1.Text = "ERROR :: " + ex.Message;
}
}
protected void DetailsView1_PageIndexChanging(object sender, DetailsViewPageEventArgs e)
{
DetailsView1.PageIndex = e.NewPageIndex;
PopulateDetailView();
}
protected void DetailsView1_ModeChanging(object sender, DetailsViewModeEventArgs e)
{
DetailsView1.ChangeMode(e.NewMode);
PopulateDetailView();
}
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
Q. Briefly explain FormView control. How is it different from DetailsView?

 Like DetailsView, FormView also displays a single record from the data source at a
time. Both controls can be used to display, edit, insert and delete database records but one
at a time. Both have paging feature and hence support backward and forward traversal.
 FormView is a new data-bound control that is nothing but a templated version of
DetailsView control. The major difference between DetailsView and FormView is, here user
need to define the rendering template for each item.
 The FormView control provides more formatting and layout options than DetailsView.
 The DetailsView control uses <BoundField> elements or <TemplateField> elements to
display bound data whereas FormView can use only templates to display bound data.
 The FormView control renders all fields in a single table row whereas the DetailsView
control displays each field as a table row.
 When compare to DetailsView, the FormView control provides more control over
the layout.
 Following are some important properties that are very useful.

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Q. What is the difference between ListView and Gridview control? Explain the ListView
control.
ListView presents the data in rows and columns just like a GridView control. The main
difference between the ListView control and Gridview control is that the ListView control includes
an additional row for inserting a new row into the table.
ListView Control:
The ListView control displays columns and rows of data and allows sorting and paging. It is by
far the most popular data display control and is ideal for understanding how data display
controls interact with data retrieval controls and code.
ListView provides various templates which we can use to display the data. The templates are:
o LayoutTemplate
o ItemTemplate
o ItemSeparatorTemplate
o GroupTemplate
o GroupSeparatorTemplate
o EmptyItemTemplate
o EmptyDataTemplate
o SelectedItemTemplate
o AlternatingItemTemplate
o EditItemTemplate
o InsertItemTemplate

Example:
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<asp:ListView ID="ListView1" runat="server" DataSourceID="SqlDataSource1">
</asp:ListView>
<asp:SqlDataSource ID="SqlDataSource1" runat="server"
ConnectionString="<%$ ConnectionStrings:ConnectionString %>"
SelectCommand="SELECT * FROM [Customer]"></asp:SqlDataSource>
</form>

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Q. What is the application services provided in ASP.NET? Explain.

ASP.NET 4 ships with a number of application services, of which the most important ones are:
Membership: Enables us to manage and work with user accounts in our system.
Roles: Enables us to manage the roles that your users can be assigned to.
Profile: Enables us to store user-specific data in a back-end database.
Figure below gives an overview of these services and shows how they are related to our web
site and the underlying data stores that the services may use.

A provider is software that provides a standardized interface between a service and a data
source. ASP.NET providers are as follows:
 Membership
 Role management

 Site map
 Profile
 Session state etc.

At the top of the diagram you see the ASP.NET 4 web sites and web applications that represent the
web sites that you build. These web sites can contain controls like the login controls that in turn can
talk to the ASP.NET application services such as membership and profile. To create a flexible
solution, these services don’t talk to an underlying data source directly, but instead talk to a
configured provider.
A provider is an interchangeable piece of software that is designed for a specific task. For example, in
the case of the membership services, the membership provider is designed to work with users in the
underlying data store. You can configure different providers for the same application service depending
on your needs.

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Acuity Educare

ADVANCED WEB
PROGRAMMING
SEM : V
SEM V: UNIT 5

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Q. What is XML? List the various XML classes.

Extensible Markup Language (XML) stores and transports data. If we use a XML file to store
the data then we can do operations with the XML file directly without using the database.
The XML format is supported for all applications.
It is independent of all software applications and it is accessible by all applications. It is a very
widely used format for exchanging data, mainly because it's easy readable for both humans
and machines. If we have ever written a website in HTML, XML will look very familiar to us, as
it's basically a stricter version of HTML. XML is made up of tags, attributes and values and
looks something like this:
<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="utf-8"?>
<EmployeeInformation>
<Details>
<Name>Richa</Name>
<Emp_id>1</Emp_id>
<Qualification>MCA</Qualification>
</Details>
</EmployeeInformation>
XML Classes:
ASP.NET provides a rich set of classes for XML manipulation in several namespaces that
start with
System.Xml. The classes here allow us to read and write XML files, manipulate XML data
in memory, and even validate XML documents.
The following options for dealing with XML data:
XmlTextWriter
The XmlTextWriter class allows us to write XML to a file. This class contains a number of methods
and properties that will do a lot of the work for us. To use this class, we create a new XmlTextWriter
object.
XmlTextReader
Reading the XML document in our code is just as easy with the corresponding
XmlTextReader class. The XmlTextReader moves through our document from top to bottom,
one node at a time. We call the Read() method to move to the next node. This method returns
true if there are more nodes to read or false once it has read the final node.
XDocument
The XDocument class contains the information necessary for a valid XML document. This
includes an XML declaration, processing instructions, and comments. The XDocument makes
it easy to read and navigate XML content. We can use the static XDocument.Load() method
to read XML documents from a file, URI, or stream.

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Q. What is XmlTextWriter? Explain with example

XmlTextWriter is one of many useful classes in System.Xml namespace, and it provides
several useful methods to write a complete XML Document from scratch.
Following form is simple ASP.NET web form asking user to input some data about the
product. I will save this data in a separate XML document named Product.xml using
XmlTextWriter object.

Following C# code is saving all the user input values in XML file.
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
XmlTextWriter writer = null;
try
{
string filePath = Server.MapPath("~") + "\\Product.xml";
writer = new XmlTextWriter(filePath, System.Text.Encoding.UTF8);
writer.Formatting = Formatting.Indented;
writer.WriteComment("Created On: " + DateTime.Now.ToString("dd-MMM-yyyy"));
writer.WriteComment("===============================");
writer.WriteStartElement("Product");
writer.WriteAttributeString("ProductID", TextBox1.Text);
writer.WriteElementString("ProductName", TextBox2.Text);
writer.WriteElementString("ProductQuantity", TextBox3.Text);
writer.WriteElementString("ProductPrice", TextBox4.Text);
writer.WriteEndElement();
writer.WriteEndDocument();
writer.Flush();
Response.Redirect("Product.xml");
}
catch (Exception ex){ }
}

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Q. What is XmlTextReader? Explain with example

Reading the XML document in our code is just as easy with the corresponding
XmlTextReader class.The XmlTextReader moves through our document from top to bottom,
one node at a time.
Example:
TernTenders.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<Tenders>
<Ravina>
<BillNo>1</BillNo>
<PageNo>10</PageNo>
<Activity>Metals</Activity>
</Ravina>
<Ravina>
<BillNo>2</BillNo>
<PageNo>20</PageNo>
<Activity>Formworks</Activity>
</Ravina>
< Ravina>
<BillNo>3</BillNo>
<PageNo>30</PageNo>
<Activity>SiteWorks</Activity>
</ Ravina>
</Tenders>
ASPX Page:
<asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server"></asp:GridView>
<asp:DropDownList ID="DropDownList1BillNo" runat="server"></asp:DropDownList>
Code behind Page
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (!IsPostBack)
{
BindDataToGridview();

}
protected void BindDataToGridview()
{
XmlTextReader xmlreader = new

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XmlTextReader(Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TernTenders.xml"));
DataSet ds = new DataSet();
ds.ReadXml(xmlreader);
xmlreader.Close();
if (ds.Tables.Count != 0)
{
GridView1.DataSource = ds;
GridView1.DataBind();

DropDownList1BillNo.DataSource = ds;
DropDownList1BillNo.DataTextField = "BillNo";
DropDownList1BillNo.DataValueField = "BillNo";
DropDownList1BillNo.DataBind();

DropDownList2PageNo.DataSource = ds;
DropDownList2PageNo.DataTextField = "PageNo";
DropDownList2PageNo.DataValueField = "PageNo";
DropDownList2PageNo.DataBind();

DropDownList3Activity.DataSource = ds;
DropDownList3Activity.DataTextField = "Activity";
DropDownList3Activity.DataValueField = "Activity";
DropDownList3Activity.DataBind();
}
}

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Q. What is XDocument? Explain with example

The XDocument class contains the information necessary for a valid XML document. This includes
an XML declaration, processing instructions, and comments. The XDocument makes it easy to
read and navigate XML content. We can use the static XDocument.Load() method to read XML
documents from a file, URI, or stream.
Example:
TernTenders.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<Tenders>
<Ravina>
<BillNo>1</BillNo>
<PageNo>10</PageNo>
<Activity>Metals</Activity>
</Ravina>
<Ravina>
<BillNo>2</BillNo>
<PageNo>20</PageNo>
<Activity>Formworks</Activity>
</Ravina>
< Ravina>
<BillNo>3</BillNo>
<PageNo>30</PageNo>
<Activity>SiteWorks</Activity>
</ Ravina>
</Tenders>
ASPX Page:
<asp:Button ID="ReadXmlUsingXMLDocument" runat="server"
Text="ReadXMLDataUsingXMLDocument" OnClick="ReadXmlUsingXMLDocument_Click" />
<asp:ListBox ID="ListBox2" runat="server" Height="500px" Width="500px"></asp:ListBox>
Code behind Page
protected void ReadXmlUsingXMLDocument_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
XmlDocument doc = new XmlDocument();
doc.Load(Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TernTenders.xml"));
XmlNodeList elemList = doc.GetElementsByTagName("Activity");
for (int i = 0; i < elemList.Count; i++)
{
ListBox2.Items.Add(elemList[i].InnerXml);

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}
}

Q. What is XElement? Explain with example

The XElement class represents an XML element in System.Xml.XLinq. XElement loads and
parses XML. It allows us to remove lots of old code and eliminate the possibility of bugs and
typos. The XAttribute class represents an attribute of an element. XElement.Save method
saves the contents of XElement to a XML file.
Example:
Authors.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<Authors>
<Author Name="Mahesh Chand">
<Book>GDI+ Programming</Book>
<Cost>$49.95</Cost>
<Publisher>Addison-Wesley</Publisher>
</Author>
<Author Name="Mike Gold">
<Book>Programmer's Guide to C#</Book>
<Cost>$44.95</Cost>
<Publisher>Microgold Publishing</Publisher>
</Author>
<Author Name="Scot t Lysle">
<Book>Custom Controls</Book>
<Cost>$39.95</Cost>
<Publisher>C# Corner</Publisher>
</Author>
</Authors>
Code Behind
XElement allData = XElement.Load(Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ Authors.xml")
if (allData != null)
{
IEnumerable<XElement> authors = allData.Descendants("Author");
foreach(XElement author in authors)
Response.Write ((string) author);
}

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Q. What is XML Validation?

The validation of an Xml input File could occur at various instances of processing as mentioned
below:
 using a schema file
 In the Database Code for validating against business rules.
All Xml code can be considered as categorically correct if they are well-formed and valid xml files.
Well-formed - The XML code must be syntactically correct or the XML parser will raise an
error.
Valid - If the XML file has an associated XML Schema, the elements must appear in the
defined structure and the content of the individual elements must conform to the declared
data types specified in the schema.
Validation of Xml Files can be achieved through the use of various Technologies ex. Visual
Studio Net. Also, there are many on-line Tools available for validating an input .xml File. Few
of them are mentioned below:
Xml Schema Validation
An Xml File is generally validated for its conformance to a particular schema. The Xml
schema file usually is a XML Schema definition language (XSD). The input Xml File could be
even validated against a set of Schema Files. The Schema File is the structural representation
of how a given Xml Data File should resemble.
Validation using XSL Technology:
XSLT [Extended Stylesheet Language Transformation] is basically used for transforming the input
xml
File from one form to another, which could be .html, .xml etc. Here, we use XSLT to transform
the input Xml File to a form that we require for further processing

Q. What is XML Transform using XslCompiledTransform Class? Explain with example

In the .NET Framework a class XslCompiledTransform is present in the System.Xml.Xsl
namespace that can be used to do the transformation. Then theXslCompiledTransform object
calls the Load () method to load the XSLT file content into the object.
Example:
Data.xml
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<bookstore>
<book genre="A" publicationdate="1981" ISBN="1-11111-11-0">
<title>title 1</title>
<author>
<first-name>A</first-name>
<last-name>B</last-name>
</author>
<price>8</price>
</book>
<book genre="B" publicationdate="1999" ISBN="0-222-22222-2">
<title>title 2</title>
<author>
<first-name>C</first-name>
<last-name>D</last-name>

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</author>
<price>11.99</price>
</book>
</bookstore>
Data.xsl
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0">
<xsl:template match="/">
<xsl:element name="Authors">
<xsl:apply-templates select="//book"/>
</xsl:element>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="book">
<xsl:element name="Author">
<xsl:value-of select="author/first-name"/>
<xsl:text> </xsl:text>
<xsl:value-of select="author/last-name"/>
</xsl:element>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.ContentType = "text/xml";
string xsltFile = Path.Combine(Request.PhysicalApplicationPath, "Data.xslt"); string xmlFile =
Path.Combine(Request.PhysicalApplicationPath, "Data.xml");
XslCompiledTransform xslt = new XslCompiledTransform();
xslt.Load(xsltFile);

XPathDocument doc = new XPathDocument(xmlFile);

xslt.Transform(doc, new XmlTextWriter(Response.Output));
}

Q8. What do you mean by authentication? Explain its types.

Authentication is process of validating the identity of a user so the user can be granted access to an
application. A user must typically supply a user name and password to be authenticated.
After a user authenticated, the user must still be authorized to use the required application.
The process of granting user access to an application is called authorization.
There are 3 types of authentication as follows:

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Windows-based authentication:
 It causes the browser to display a login dialog box when the user attempts to access restricted page.
 It is supported by most browsers.
 It is configured through the IIS management console.
 It uses windows user accounts and directory rights to grant access to restricted pages.

Forms-based authentication:
 Developer codes a login form that gets the user name and password.
 The username and password entered by user are encrypted if the login page uses a
secure connection.
 It doesn’t reply on windows user account.

Windows Live ID authentication:

 It is centralized authentication service offered by Microsoft.
 The advantage is that the user only has one maintain one username and password.
Q. What do you mean by Impersonation in ASP.NET?

ASP.NET impersonation is used to control the execution of the code in authenticated and
authorized client. It is not a default process in the ASP.NET application. It is used for
executing the local thread in an application. If the code changes the thread, the new thread
executes the process identity by default.
The impersonation can be enabled in two ways as mentioned below:
Impersonation enabled: ASP.NET impersonates the token passed to it by IIS, can be an
authenticated user or an internet user account. The syntax for enabling is as shown below:
<identity impersonate=”true” />
Impersonation enabled for a specific identity: ASP.NET impersonates the token generated
using the identity specified in the Web.config file.
<identity impersonate=”true”
userName=”domain\user”
password=”password” />
Impersonation disabled: It is the default setting for the ASP.NET application. The process
identity of the application worker process is the ASP.NET account.
<identity impersonate=”false” />
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Q. Steps to use Windows authentication with sample code

When we configure our ASP.NET application as windows authentication it will use local windows
user and groups to do authentication and authorization for our ASP.NET pages.
In ‘web.config’ file set the authentication mode to ‘Windows’ as shown in the below code snippets.
<authentication mode="Windows"/>
We also need to ensure that all users are denied except authorized users. The below code
snippet inside the authorization tag that all users are denied. ‘?’ indicates any
<authorization>
<deny users="?"/>
</authorization>
We also need to specify the authorization part. We need to insert the below snippet in the
‘web.config’ file .stating that only ‘Administrator’ users will have access to
<location path="Admin.aspx">
<system.web>
<authorization>
<allow roles="questpon-srize2\Administrator"/>
<deny users="*"/>
</authorization>
</system.web>
</location>
The next step is to compile the project and upload the same on an IIS virtual directory. On the
IIS virtual directory we need to ensure to remove anonymous access and check the integrated
windows authentication.
Now if we run the web application we will be popped with a userid and password box.

Q. Short note on Web Site Administration Tool (WAT) in ASP.NET.

Another way to set up our authentication and authorization rules. Rather than edit the
web.config file by hand, we can use the WAT from inside Visual Studio. It’s also often quicker to
enter a list of authorization rules by hand than to use the WAT.
To use the WAT for this type of configuration, select Website ➤ ASP.NET Configuration from
the menu. Next, click the Security tab.
We will see the window shown in figure, which gives us links to set the authentication type,
define authorization rules (using the Access Rules section), and enable role-based security.

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(Role-based security is an optional higher-level feature we can use with forms authentication.

To set an application to use forms authentication, follow these steps:

1. Click Select Authentication Type.
2. Choose the From the Internet option.
3. Click Done. The appropriate <authorization> tag will be created in the web.config
file. Next, it’s time to define the authorization rules. To do so, click the Create
Access Rules link.

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Q. What is AJAX? Its Advantages and Disadvantages

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) is a development technique used to create
interactive web applications or rich internet applications.
AJAX uses several existing technologies together, including: XHTML, CSS, JavaScript,
Document Object Model, XML, XSLT, and the XMLHttpRequest object.
With AJAX, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously, in the
background, without reloading the entire browser page. The use of AJAX has led to an
increase in interactive animation on web pages
Advantages
 Reduces the traffic travels between the client and the server.
 No cross browser pains.
 Better interactivity and responsiveness.
 With AJAX, several multipurpose applications and features can be handled using a
single web page(SPA).
 API's are good because those work with HTTP method and JavaScript.
Disadvantages
 Search engines like Google would not be able to index an AJAX application.
 It is totally built-in JavaScript code. If any user disables JS in the browser, it won't work.
 The server information cannot be accessed within AJAX.
 Security is less in AJAX applications as all the files are downloaded at client side.
 The data of all requests is URL-encoded, which increases the size of the request.

Q. What are the benefits using Ajax? Explain UpdatePanel and ScriptManager.
The major benefit of Ajax is partial page rendering. The partial update of a page does not
necessitate full reload of the page and hence leads to flicker-free page rendering.
UpdatePanel
 We can refresh the selected part of the web page by using UpdatePanel control, Ajax
UpdatePanel control contains a two child tags that is ContentTemplate and Triggers. In a
ContentTemplate tag we used to place the user controls and the Trigger tag allows us to define
certain triggers which will make the panel update its content.
<asp:UpdatePanel ID="updatepnl" runat="server">
<ContentTemplate>

 All the contents that must be updated asynchronously (only ContentTemplate parts are
updated and rest of the web page part is untouched) are placed here. It allows us to send
request or post
data to server without submit the whole page so that is called asynchronous.
 UpdatePanel is a container control. A page can have multiple update panels.
 The UpdatePanel control enables you to create a flicker free page by providing partial-
page update support to it.

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 It identifies a set of server controls to be updated using an asynchronous post back.

If a control within the UpdatePanel causes a post back to the server, only the content
within that UpdatePanel is refreshed.
<asp:UpdatePanel ID="UpdatePanel1" runat="server">
<ContentTemplate>
</ContentTemplate>
</asp:UpdatePanel>

ScriptManager
 The ScripManager Control manages the partial page updates for UpdatPanel controls that
are on the ASP.NET web page or inside a user control on the web page.
 This control manages the client script for AJAX-enabled ASP.NET web page and
ScripManager control support the feature as partial-page rendering and web-service calls.
 The ScriptManager control manages client script for AJAX-enabled ASP.NET Web pages.
 Although this control is not visible at runtime, it is one of the most important controls for
an Ajax enabled web page.
 There can be only one ScriptManager in an Ajax enabled web page.

<asp:ScriptManager ID="ScriptManager1" runat="server" />

Q. Explain the use of UpdateProgress control in AJAX.

The UpdateProgress provides status information about partial page updates in UpdatePanel
controls. Despite the visual problems that post backs usually cause, they have one big advantage:
the user can see something is happening.
The UpdatePanel makes this a little more difficult. Users have no visual cue that something is
happening until it has happened. To tell users to hold on for a few seconds while their request
is being processed, we can use the UpdateProgress control.
We usually put text such as “Please wait” or an animated image in this template to let the user know
something is happening, although any other markup is acceptable as well. We can connect the
UpdateProgress control to an UpdatePanel using the AssociatedUpdatePanelID property.
Its contents, defined in the <ProgressTemplate> element, are then displayed whenever the
associated UpdatePanel is busy refreshing.

Example:
In the example below, we use the same .gif to display progress while the UpdatePanel is
updating its content. For understanding purposes, we have emulated a time-consuming operation
by setting a delay of 3 seconds by using Thread.Sleep(3000) on the button click.

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protected void btnInvoke_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(30
00); lblText.Text = "Processing
completed";
}
<asp:ScriptManager ID="ScriptManager1" runat="server">
</asp:ScriptManager>
<asp:UpdateProgress ID="updProgress"
AssociatedUpdatePanelID="UpdatePanel1"
runat="server">

<img alt="progress" src="images/progress.gif"/>

</ProgressTemplate>
</asp:UpdateProgress>

<asp:UpdatePanel ID="UpdatePanel1" runat="server">

<ContentTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="lblText" runat="server" Text=""></asp:Label>
<br />
<asp:Button ID="btnInvoke" runat="server" Text="Click"
onclick="btnInvoke_Click" />
</ContentTemplate>
</asp:UpdatePanel>
In the code shown above, we use the AssociatedUpdatePanelID property of the
UpdateProgress control to associate it with an UpdatePanel control. The ProgressTemplate
property that can contain HTML, is used to specify the message displayed by an UpdateProgress
control. In our case, we are displaying a .gif image progress as shown below.

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Q. Explain the use of Timer control in AJAX.

Timer controls allow us to do postbacks at certain intervals. If used together with UpdatePanel,
which is the most common approach, it allows for timed partial updates of our page, but it can be
used for posting back the entire page as well.
The Timer control uses the interval attribute to define the number of milliseconds to occur before
firing the Tick event.

<asp:Timer ID="Timer1" runat="server" Interval="2000"

OnTick="Timer1_Tick">
</asp:Timer>
Example:
Here is a small example of using the Timer control. It simply updates a timestamp every 5 seconds.
<asp:ScriptManager ID="ScriptManager1" runat="server" />
<asp:Timer runat="server" id="UpdateTimer" interval="5000" ontick="UpdateTimer_Tick" />
<asp:UpdatePanel runat="server" id="TimedPanel" updatemode="Conditional">
<Triggers>
<asp:AsyncPostBackTrigger controlid="UpdateTimer" eventname="Tick" />
</Triggers>
<ContentTemplate>
<asp:Label runat="server" id="DateStampLabel" />
</ContentTemplate>
</asp:UpdatePanel>
We only have a single CodeBehind function, which we should add to our CodeBehind file:
protected void UpdateTimer_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
DateStampLabel.Text = DateTime.Now.ToString();
}

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Q. Explain ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit.

The Ajax Control Toolkit is an open source library for web development. The ASP.net Ajax
Control toolkit contains highly rich web development controls for creating responsive and
interactive AJAX enabled web applications.
ASP.Net Ajax Control Toolkit contains 40 + ready controls which is easy to use for fast
productivity. Controls are available in the Visual Studio Toolbox for easy drag and drop
integration with our web application. Some of the controls are like AutoComplete, Color Picker,
Calendar, Watermark, Modal Popup Extender, Slideshow Extender and more of the useful
controls.
The ASP.Net AJAX Control toolkit is now maintained by DevExpress Team. The Current Version
of ASP.Net AJAX Toolkit is v16.1.0.0. There are lot of new enhancement in the current version from new
controls to bug fixes in all controls.
The ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit has a lot going for it:
 It’s completely free.
 It includes full source code, which is helpful if we’re ambitious enough to want to create our own
custom controls that use ASP.NET AJAX features.
 It uses extenders that enhance the standard ASP.NET web controls. That way, we don’t have to
replace all the controls on our web pages.

Q. Explain Accordion in ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit.

Accordion control provides us multiple collapsible panes or panels where only one
can be expanded at a time. Each AccordionPane control has a template for its Header
and its content.
Accordion Web Control contains multiple panes and shows one at a time. The panes
contain content of images and text having wide range of supported properties from
formatting of the panes and text, like header and content templates, also it formats the
selected header template.
Accordion contains multiple collapsible panes while one can be shown at a time and the
extended features of accordion also has support data source which points to the
DataSourceID and binds through .DataBind() method.
Example we have lot of paragraphs in a single page and we don’t have much space and
want to summarize in small space then we need to embed to the div or some container
which can hold all the information in accordion collapsible pans.

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1. Go to File, New, then Website and Create an Empty Website. Add a webform (Default.aspx)
in it.
2. Add ScriptManager from AJAX Extensions (from v15.1 of AJAX
Control Toolkit, ToolScriptManager is removed. Use Standard Script
Manager).

3. Go to AJAX Control Toolkit in Toolbox and drop Accordion Control on Default.aspx

4. Add AccordionPane in Panes collection of the Accordion.

AccordionPane contains two parts i.e. Header and Content. When AccordionPane is
collapsed, only Header part is visible to us.

Accordion control have several other properties like:

 FadeTransitions: FadeTransitions is used for adding the transition effect.
 SelectedIndex: The AccordionPane to be initially visible.
 TransitionDuration: Number of milliseconds to animate the transitions.
 Panes: Collection of AccordionPane controls.

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Q. Explain AutoCompleteExtender in ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit.

AutoComplete is an ASP.NET AJAX extender that can be attached to any TextBox
control and will associate that control with a Popup panel to display a result returned
from web services or retrieved from a database on the basis of text in a TextBox.
The Dropdown with name retrieved from the database or web service is
positioned on the bottom-left of the TextBox.
Properties of AutoCompleteExtender:
 TargetControlID: The TextBox control Id where the user types text to be automatically
completed.
 EnableCaching: Whether client-side caching is enabled.
 CompletionSetCount: Number of suggestions to be retrieved from the web service.
 MinimumPrefixLength: Minimum number of characters that must be entered
before getting suggestions from a web service.
 CompletionInerval: Time in milliseconds when the timer will kick in to get a
suggestion using the web service.
 ServiceMethod: The web service method to be called.
 FirstRowSelected: Whether the first row is selected from the suggestion.

Example:
<asp:ScriptManager ID="ScriptManager1" runat="server" EnablePageMethods="true">
</asp:ScriptManager>
<asp:AutoCompleteExtender ServiceMethod="GetSearch" MinimumPrefixLength="1"
CompletionInterval="10" EnableCaching="false" CompletionSetCount="10"
TargetControlID="TextBox1" ID="AutoCompleteExtender1" runat="server"
FirstRowSelected="false">
</asp:AutoCompleteExtender>
<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text="Search Name"></asp:Label>
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"></asp:TextBox>
Source Code:
[System.Web.Script.Services.ScriptMethod()] [System.Web.Services.WebMethod]
public static List<string> GetSearch(string prefixText)
{
SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection("connectionString"); //Create a Sql connection
SqlDataAdapter da;
DataTable dt;
DataTable Result = new DataTable();
string str = "select nvName from Friend where nvName like '" + prefixText + "%'";
da = new SqlDataAdapter(str, con);
dt = new DataTable();
da.Fill(dt);
List<string> Output = new List<string>();
for (int i = 0; i < dt.Rows.Count; i++)

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Output.Add(dt.Rows[i][0].ToString());
return Output;
}

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