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REVIEWER

IN
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

SIMANGAN, JOYCE PAOLA C.


ABM 11 – NARRA
CHAPTER 1
- discover real world application of what you're
LESSON 1: Research Experience studying.
and Knowledge
- have hands-on, practical experience

- way to network and meet allows new people

RESEARCH - allow you grow and uncover opportunities for


later career
- Research is a systematic investigation for
- solving problems and answering questions in all
information. It is a process of inquiring. Research is
disciplines.
an act of studying something carefully and
extensively in order to attain deep knowledge.

Forms of Undergraduate Research


Inquiry Experiences:
- Seeking for truth, information or knowledge. a. class-based activities

-naturalistic observations.

Experience -surveys

- Familiar and well used of knowledge. -experiments

b. Class-based projects.
Knowledge
- term papers
- Sought from other people who had experienced
what the problem is or some other sourcws of - service learning
expertise.
- community based learning

- campus based learning


Authority
- People - Lawyer, Teacher, and Physician c. Capstone experiences
- Not people - Dictionary and Encyclopedia - senior research projects

- research tasks/ assignments

Why do Research
- will make you confident in In your ability to find
d. Out-of-the-class student/faculty
information & present it effectively in varied ways collaborative research

- can investigate topics of interest - on-going research/project jointly planned on


designed by both.
- make you study more meaningful
LESSON 2: Importance of
Research in Daily Life Research and other fields Areas.
Agriculture - high-yield & drought resistant
Significance of Research varieties

Research is undertaken because of some Psychology - developing / discovering


importance it has and does for individuals and the appropriate treatments
society. Reasons for its significance are given as
Business - make forecast and formulate
follows:
strategies.
1. To gather necessary information.
Academic - learning process.
It provides you with all necessary information in
the field of your wok or study and gives a basic
a. Economic research - concerning the
environment
idea about the things needed.

2. To improve the standard of living b. Social research - relevant to policy makers

Only through research can new inventions come c. Environmental research - ensure
into life. sustainable food production

3. To have a safer life d. Cultural research - understanding of cultural


values / social approaches
Discoveries and development in the field of health,
technology, nutrition, and medicine. e. Health research - understanding of the
causes of medical conditions
4. To know the truth

Investigates and exposes what wong beliefs people


hold.

5. To explain our history

Learn and understand the past and prepare for a


better future.

6. To understand arts

Works of artist in different fields of arts. Arts-


contribute to the retinement of our sensibilities &
cultirate values.

Research and Society


Research is closely connected with development.
The results/findings of studies also affect society
and the lives of each one of us. Research is very
vital to our everyday decision making.
Qualitative research studies behavior as it happens
LESSON 3: Characteristics, naturally in a school, classroom, community or an
Processes, and Ethics of organization.
Research 3. Humans as Instruments

Characteristics of Research The researcher is the primary instrument for


gathering and for analyzing data.
1. Empirical - Research is based on
4. Descriptive Data
observations and experimentation of theories.
Data used in qualitative studies are in the form of
2. Systematic - Research follows orderly and words or pictures or other visuals rather than
sequential procedures, based on valid procedures
and principles. numbers and statistics.

3. Controlled - In research, all variables, except 5. Emergent Design


those that are tested/experimented on, are kept
constant. In qualitative research, the design cannot be
finalized at the onset because the researcher
4. Employs hypothesis - The hypothesis continues to adjust his/her methods and ways of
guides the investigation process. Research refers proceeding as the study progresses.
to a search for facts, answers to questions and
solutions to problems.

5. Analytical -There is a critical analysis of all Types of Research


data used so that there is no error in the
1. Library Research - this type is done
researcher's interpretations.
primarily in the library where answers to specific
questions or problems are available.
6. Objective - The term also refers to the
research as unbiased and logical.
2. Field Research - the research is done in the
natural setting such as barangay, school or factory.
7. Original work - Requires effort to get at the
researcher's own investigation and produce the
3. Laboratory Research - this type is
data needed to complete the study.
conducted in an artificial or controlled conditions
by doing the study in a thoroughly specified and
equipped area.
Other Characteristics of Qualitative
Research
Ethics and Research
Studies under qualitative research have certain
characteristics in common that make them The most common way of defining "ethics" is to
different from quantitative research. Some of refer to it as norms for conduct that distinguish
these are: between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
These are direct networks among people because
1. Concern for context and meaning they recognize some common ethical norms but
interpret, apply and balance them in different
Qualitative research is bounded by a particular
ways in the light of their own values and
context which the research aims to study.
experiences (Resmik, 2015).
2. Naturally occurring settings
Functions of Ethics
Ethics as important component in research writing
shows the following functions:

1. Norms promote the aims of research such as


knowledge, truth and evidence of error.

2. Ethical standards promote the values that are


essential to collaborative work such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect and faimess.

3. Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be


held accountable to the public.

4. Ethical norms in research, is research that helps


build public support quality integrity of research.

The Research Process


Research is a process that requires patience and
thought. There is no easy way to make certain that
you have exhausted every resource and found the
best research.

1. Define research problem

2. Review the literature

3. Formulate hypothesis

4. Design research

5. Collect data

6. Interpret and report

7. Analyze data
LESSON 4: Difference between Quantitative Research
Quantitative and Qualitative Quantitative research is more often associated
Research with hard data. This research is used to quantify-
that is to put numerical equivalents to findings.
This type of research is not limited to
Similarities of Quantitative and mathematics. It quantifies altitudes, opinions,
behaviors and other defined variables and
Qualitative Research generalize results from a large sample of
populations It discusses the quantitative relation
You have examined and compared qualitative and between the participant's and the researcher.
quantitative categories of research. Further,
Bachman (2009) identifies the following
commonalities:

1. Empirical research is aimed at creating new


knowledge.

2. Research creates knowledge by observing


phenomena.

3. All the entities of interest like attitudes, motives


and learning can be inferred from observing what
people do or say in a given setting.

4. All researchers are concerned about the


universality of ideas or expressing an idea in a
general statement; that is, they desire to find
meaning for the research results beyond a
particular study.

Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is primarily an exploratory
research. It is used to give an understanding of
underlying reasons opinions and motivations. It is
also used to uncover trends in thought and
opinions and dig deeper into the problem.
- is a type conducted for a problem that has not
LESSON 5: Types and Example been clearly defined. It helps determine the best
of Research in Different research design, data collection method and
Area/Field selection of subjects.

Historical Research
Types and Examples of Research
- is one involving analysis of events that occurred
Applied Research in the remote or recent past.

- is designed to solve practical problems of the Phenomenological Research


modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge
for knowledge's sake; its goal is to improve human - is an inductive descriptive research developed
condition. from phenomenological philosophy. Its aim is to
describe an experience as it is actually lived by the
Basic Research person.

- also referred to as fundamental or pure research, Action Research


is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a
scientific question. -involves the application of the steps of the
scientific method in the classroom problems. This
Correlational Research type of research is done on a very limited scope.

- refers to the systematic investigation or statistical Two Approaches to Ethnography


study of relationships among two or more
variables, without necessarily determining cause 1. Realist - researcher provides an objective
and effect. account of the situation

Descriptive Research 2. Critical researcher - shows his advocacy for


a marginalized group or attempts to empower the
- refers to research that provides an accurate group by giving it voice.
portrayal of a class or a particular individual
situation or group. It is also known as statistical Types of Case Studies
research.
1. Intrinsic case - study is conducted to
Ethnographic Research understand a particular case that may be unusual
or unique.
- refers to the investigation of a culture through an
in-depth study of the members of the culture; it
2. Instrumental case - study represents some
involves the systematic collection, description, and
other issues under study and the researcher
analysis of data for development of theories of
believes that this particular case can provide
cultural behavior.
additional insights into that issue.
Experimental Research 3. Multiple or collective case study - uses
- is an objective, systematic, controlled several cases selected to further understand and
investigation, for the purpose of predicting and investigate a phenomenon, population or general
controlling phenomena and examining probability condition
and causality among fected variables.

Exploratory Research
CHAPTER 2
LESSON 1: Kinds of Qualitative Films, Videos and Photographs - these
provide visual records of events, especially the
Research, Characteristics, films and videos which capture the perspective of
Uses, Strengths and the filmmaker or videographer.

Weaknesses Strengths and Weaknesses of


Qualitative Research
What is Qualitative Research? Strengths
Qualitative Research has, so to speak, formalized - Qualitative research can offer the best light on or
this manner of getting at the bottom of human best answers to certain phenome- na-social,
situations, social phenomena or inquiries about economic, political or even psychological.
human behavior in daily life.
- Research results are exhaustive; even underlying
Kinds of Qualitative Research meanings surface.

Marshall and Rossman (1995) describe succinctly - It offers several avenues to understand
varied qualitative research methods: phenomena, behavior, human conditions and the
like.
Participant Observation - demands immersion
in the natural setting of the research participant's. - It can build on, or even develop theories through
consistent themes, categories, relationships,
Observation - entails the systematic noting or interrelationships that are crystallized during the
recording of events, behaviors and artifacts data gathering and data analysis processes.
(objects) in the social setting chosen for study.

In-depth Interviewing - resembles


Weaknesses
conversations, but with pre-determined response
categories. A degree of systematization in
- The so-called weaknesses of qualitative
questioning may be necessary, especially in a
research will not affect the serious researcher
multisite case study or when many participants are
who is willing to invest any amount of time or
interviewed.
resources in this endeavor.
Focus Group Interviewing - involves7-10, at
times 6-8 people, who are unfamiliar with one - Total immersion in the natural setting of the
another and have been selected because they research can be time-consuming and tedious,
share certain characteristics that are relevant to and resource-draining, as well.
the research inquiry or problem.
- There comes a point when the personal-self
Content Analysis - calls for systematic and the researcher-self are inseparable, so,
examination of forms of communication to subjectivity, on the part of the researcher, can
document patterns objectively-as shown in letters, happen.
emails, minutes of meetings, policy statements
and a lot more.

Narratology- can be applied to any spoken or


written story. Narrative inquiry requires a great
deal of sensitivity between participant and
researcher.
LESSON 2: Importance of
Qualitative Research across
Different Fields Qualitative Research in Social Work

Many people, through their personal memory of


traumatic events, give meaning to what has
Qualitative Research In Education
happened to them. They are faced with questions
Green and Bloome (1997) confronted with the regarding their identity and relation with others,
question what counts as ethnography made a and the world.
useful distinction between Ethnography of
education and Ethnography in education.
Qualitative Research in Marketing

Qualitative research in marketing has a long


Qualitative Research in Technical
history. Influenced by social research, marketing
Communication researchers embedded projective devices within
the approach of in-depth interview.
Qualitative methodologies are also effective for
Technical Communication which determines the
effective use of technology in the workplace to
ensure smooth flow of communication. Qualitative Research in International
Business

The establishment of the Asean Economic


Qualitative Research in Psychology
Community (AEC) in 2015 is a major milestone in
Braun and Clarke (2013) claimed that a qualitative the regional economic integration agenda in
research paradigm in psychology as been ASEAN, offering opportunities in the form of 2.6
emerging. Qualitative ideas and approaches have trillion US dollars and over 622 million people
been part of psychology since inception in the (asean.org.asean-economic community.
second half of the nineteenth century.

Evaluation of Qualitative Research


Qualitative Research in Advertising Now the big question comes. How does one
evaluate qualitative research? Experts agree on
Most advertising agencies use the following
one answer. Triangulation, which is a good guide,
definitions whenever they commission qualitative
if not to convincing theory, then, at least to the
research in specific areas of advertising:
rigorous verification of data (Osland and Osaland,
Qualitative research refers to "the meanings,
2001). Triangulation is a term mainly used to refer
concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors,
to the concurrent use of both qualitative and
symbols and definitions of things" (Berg, 1989, as
quantitative data (Mcdonald, 1985). Usunier
cited in Morrison, M., Haley, E., Sheehan, K.B.,
(1998) contends that qualitative and quantitative
Taylor, R., 2002).
research are 'complementary' rather than
'competing traditions, and should be merged in
the search for meaning as differences in nature
and differences in degree.
CHAPTER 3
Lesson 1: Designing a Research Project related to Daily Life

Research Topics and their Sources


Research topics are as varied and numerous as the realities and complexities of daily life, a personal,
institutional, national or global level. Sources of research topics are:

1. Pressing Issues on an individual, organizational or societal level, or success stories.

An example of a research topic on an individual level is the problem of low self-esteem. On an organizational
level, a campus organization can investigate the seeming apathy of the majority of students towards Student
Council elections.

2. Wide Reading Critical Film Viewing

Varied reading materials- books, journals, magazines, newspapers, monographs can help crystallize topics of
interest. Films, as well as videos and documentaries, can spark off a research inquiry or problem.

3. Social Networking

The role of netizens in present-day society cannot be overemphasized. Netizens voice their observations,
opinions, even condemnation of current happenings, no- holds-barred.

4.Replication

Theses and dissertations are good sources of topics. A theory used in a previous study can still be further
investigated.

5. Lectures, Talks, Seminars

These are breeding grounds of ideas. Many researchers have claimed that their research topics were offshoots
of ideas heard in lectures or even during the open forum.

6. Gray Areas

These are points of interest but very little is known about them. Examples of these are: "Is female circumcision
still practiced among specific groups of people?
a. Replicate a previous research project exactly or
Lesson 2: Writing a Research with slight variations.
Title
b. Explore unexpected findings discovered in
A research title, or research project, is a product of previous research.
real world observations, lemmas, wide reading,
c. Follow suggestions an author gives for future
selective viewing (television programs, films,
research at the end of an article.
documentaries, videos, c) meaningful interactions
with significant others, and deep reflection d. Extend an existing explanation or theory to a
new topic or setting.

e. Challenge findings or attempt to refute a


Broad and Specific Topics relationship.

The following are examples of broad topics: f. Specify the intervening process and consider
linking relations.
- Lack of Self-confidence
2. Talk over ideas with others.
- Smoking Hazards
a. Ask people who are knowledgeable about the
- Marketable Popular Garment Brand
topic for questions about it that they have thought
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) of.

The following are examples of specific topics: b. Seek out those who hold opinions that differ
from yours on the topic and discuss possible
- Lack of Self-confidence in Adolescents: Root research questions with them.
Causes, Manifestations Intervention
3. Apply to a specific context.
- Health Hazards of Direct and Indirect Smoking:
Prevention and Cure a. Focus the topic on a specific historical period or
time period.
- Marketability of a Popular Garment Brand: A
Case Study b. Narrow the topic to a specific society or
geographic unit.
- HIV: Causes, Prevention, Treatment and Care
c. Consider which subgroups or categories of
people/units are involved and whether there are
differences among them.
Techniques for Narrowing a Topic Into a
Research Question 4. Define the aim or desired outcome of the
study.
1. Examine the literature. Published articles are an
excellent source of ideas for research questions. a. Will the research question be for an
They are usually at an appropriate level of exploratory, explanatory, or descriptive
specificity and suggest researchquestions that study?
focus on the following:
b. Will the study involve applied or basic
researc
Lesson 3: Justification and

Reason for Conducting Qualitative Research

Factors That Justify Conduct of Qualitative Research


1. Credibility - refers to the "truth value" of the qualitative study, its applicability, consistency and
neutrality.

2. Validity - refers to an in-depth description that shows the complexities of variables and the
embedding of interactions in data derived from the setting.

3. Transferability - is the applicability of one set of findings to another context. Under this factor is
triangulation which is the act of bringing more than one source of data to bear on a single point.

4. Dependability - refers to the researchers' attempts to account for changing conditions in the
phenomenon chosen for study, as well as change in the design created by increasing refined
understanding of the setting.

5. Conformability - answers the following question: Do the data help confirm

the general findings and lead to the implicati


Lesson 4: Stating Research Question
Whenever one does research, his/her goal is to help people, groups or organizations understand
better phenomena, human behaviour, human interactions and other complex events. With this in
mind, the researcher's formulation of research questions is of primary importance.

Throughout the research process, the researcher makes crucial decisions, particularly in the choice
of methods of data collection, and in data analysis procedures.n. The research questions formulated
give focus to the research, as well as guides the appropriately of decisions made by the researcher.

If the research questions are not clearly formulated, or have no direction, so to speak, the
researcher will find himself/herself with too much data, and yet, not knowing what to do with them

Suffice it to say that the research questions express clearly the specific direction or focus of the
research problem or inquiry. Needless to say, the research questions comprise the core of the study.

The Research Question in the Research Process


- Formulation of the overall question

- Formulation of specific research question

- Formulation of sensitizing concepts

- Selection of research groups with which to study the question

- Selection of appropriate designs and methods

- Evaluation and reformulation of the specific research questions

- Collection of data

- Evaluation and reformulation of the specific research questions

- Analyzing the data

- Generalization and evaluation of the analyses

- Formulation of the findings


Lesson 5: SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF RESEARCH

Scope and Delimitation


There is a distinction between the use of limitation and delimitation. Limitation is ociated with
qualitative study as related to validity and reliability. Experts agree that ecause qualitative research
occurs in the natural setting, it is extremely difficult to replicate odies. When you select certain
methodologies and designs, for example, phenomenology, ou will encounter limitations over which
you may have little control.

Examples of Delimitation of Research


1. This study covers only those families in Barangay San Jose, Pasig City, benefited by the
government's Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program

2. This study includes only those English freshman classes that use both Blended Learning and
standard ways of Language teaching.

3. This research investigation covers only Landbank-sponsored livelihood projects in Barangay San
Juan, Apalit, Pampanga
Lesson 6: BENEFITS AND BENEFICIARIES OF RESEARCH

Aspects of Significance
1. Significance for Theory

In this section of the problem statement, the researcher can outline the research study's contribution to
fundamental knowledge by describing how the study fits into the theoretical traditions in the sciences or
applied fields in ways that will be new, insightful or creative (Marshall and Rossman, 1995)

2. Significance for Policy and Practice

The significance of a study for policy and practice can be established by presenting data that show how often
the problem occurs and how costly it can be.

In conclusion, when mulling over the significance of the research study you wish to undertake, ask yourself the
following questions:

1. Who has an interest in my research topic?

2. What do we already know about the topic?

3. What has not been answered adequately in previous research and practice?

4. How will this new research contribute to theory, policy and practice in his area?
Lesson 7: Presentation of Written Statement of the Problem
Research studies generally include the following interrelated parts, with each one building on the other: the
introduction, which includes an overview of the research they, the statement of the problem, its significance,
the research questions and the scope and limitations of the research study, the review of related literature and
the research design and research methods.

Purposes of Statement of the Problem


Marshall and Rossman (1995) explain clearly the purposes of the problem statement or inquiry

1. to describe the substantive focus of the research study

2. to frame it as

a. a larger theoretical policy

b. a practical problem and thereby, develop its significance

3. to pose initial research questions

4. to forecast the literature to be discussed in the second section and

5. to discuss the limitations of the study.

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