DBMS Normalization-Exercises IS304

ITS 350

- Functional Dependency

Suppose R is a relation, X,Y are attributes over R, t1,t2 are tuples in the
relation R:

X Y
t1 a1 b1
t2 a2 b2
X→Y if and only if {(t1.X=t2.X)═►(t1.Y=t2.Y)}

Example1: Suppose you have the following table:

A B
a1 b1
a2 b1
A→B is true (B is Functionally Dependent (FD) on A) because each value in A
achieves one atomic value in B.

The following table:

A B
a1 b1
a1 b1
A→B is true (B is FD on A) because each value in A achieves one atomic value in
B.

The following table:

A B
a1 b1
a1 b2

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A→B is False (B is Not FD on A) because each value in A achieves two different

values in B.

The Following table:

A B
a1 b1
a2 b2
A→B is True (B is FD on A) because each value in A achieves different value in
B.

- Partial Dependency

A functional dependency A → B is a full functional dependency if removal of any

attribute from A results in the dependency no longer existing. A functional
dependency A→B is a partially dependency if there is some attribute that can be
removed from A and yet the dependency still holds.

FD : AB → CDE where AB is Primary Key.

Then, { A → C; A → D; A → E; B → C; B → D; B → E}
all are Partial Dependencies.

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DBMS Normalization-Exercises ITS 350 IS304

Example1: Suppose you have the following table:

stud_id course_name m_grade f_grade
111 Programming 44 79
112 DB 50 88
111 OOP 60 80

Both (stud_id, course_name) are PK, and m_grade and f_grade depend on
this PK.
So m_grade and f_grade are partially depended on only course_name instead
on all PK componenets.

 Partial Dependency occurs when there is PK consists of many keys

(composite key) and non-primary keys depended on part of this
composite key.
- Transitive Dependency
A condition where A, B, and C are attributes of a relation such that if A→B
and B→C, then C is transitively dependent on A via B (provided that A is
not functionally dependent on B or C).
- Non-attribute key determines non-attributes key.
Example: the table below:

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The functional dependency {Book} → {Author Nationality} applies; that is, if we

know the book, we know the author's nationality. Furthermore:

 {Book} → {Author}
 {Author} does not → {Book}
 {Author} → {Author Nationality}

Therefore {Book} → {Author Nationality} is a transitive dependency.

-First Normal Form (1NF)

Example-1: Suppose a company wants to store the names and contact details of its
employees. It creates a table that looks like this:

emp_id emp_name emp_address emp_pos

1022 Sameer Hakim Basrah Manager
HR Head Assist.
1223 Ibrahim Kamil Basrah Sales Officer
1221 Ali Hussain Basrah Sales Manager
HR Manager
1322 Hayat Fadhil Basrah Marketing Director
HR Head Assist.

Three Employees (Sameer Hakim, Ali Hussain, and Hayat Fadhil ) have two
positions.The rule to make the relation in 1NF is (each tuple has single atomic
value), so we should separate the tuples which have more than one value in the
column.The result table is:

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ITS 350

emp_id emp_name emp_address emp_pos

1022 Sameer Hakim Basrah Manager
1022 Sameer Hakim Basrah HR Head Assist.
1223 Ibrahim Kamil Basrah Sales Officer
1221 Ali Hussain Basrah Sales Manager
HR Manager
1221 Ali Hussain Basrah HR Manager
1322 Hayat Fadhil Basrah Marketing Director
HR Head Assist.
1322 Hayat Fadhil Basrah HR Head Assist.

Example-2: Suppose you have the following table:

cust_id cust_name item_id id_price

10331 Ahmed 210 20$
293 30$
10233 Ali 210 20$
211 30$
213 40$
10332 Ameer 201 40$
200 20$
203 20$

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So the 1NF of the table is:

cust_id cust_name item_id id_price

10331 Ahmed 210 20$
293 30$
10331 Ahmed 293 30$
10233 Ali 210 20$
10233 Ali 211 30$
10233 Ali 213 40$
10332 Ameer 201 40$
10332 Ameer 200 20$
10332 Ameer 203 20$

Example-3: Convert the following table into 1NF:

stud_name stud_birth course_id course_name grade

ali 1995 IS102 C++ 70
IS1205 Web Design 80
ahmed 1995 IS202 Programming 80
IS304 DB 79
IS101 C++ 85

stud_name stud_birth course_id course_name grade

ali 1995 IS102 C++ 70
ali 1995 IS1205 Web Design 80
ahmed 1995 IS202 Programming 80

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ahmed 1995 IS304 DB 79

ahmed 1995 IS101 C++ 85

-Second Normal Form (2NF)

2NF table is a relation that is in First Normal Form and every non-primary-key
attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key (not partial
dependency).
Exmaple-1: Suppose you have the following table:

teacher_id teach_mat teacher_age

111 c++ 40
112 OOP 43
111 DB 40
123 DW 42
123 ADB 42

So the PK can be the composite key (teacher_id, teach_mat), teacher_age is non-

primary key depends on PK (teacher_id,teach_mat). We can find that teacher_age
depends on teacher_id alone which satisfying the partial dependency rule, so we
should remove this dependency. So the first rule of converting table into 2NF
should assure that the table be in 1NF and the table above in 1NF.

The second rule is removing partial dependency and to do so you should divide the
table into sub-tables and ensure that the non-primary attributes depends on primary
attributes.

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Teacher Material table

teacher_id teach_mat
111 c++
112 OOP
111 DB
123 DW
123 ADB

Teacher Age table

teacher_id teacher_age
111 40
123 43
123 42

Example-2: Convert the following table into 2NF:

name age pet pet_name

Jimmy 10 Dog Rex
Lesy 11 Cat Kitty
Jimmy 10 Cat Fluff
Lesy 11 Dog Max
Heather 11 Cat Kimba

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- The table in 1NF.

- Divide the table to many tables to ensure that the NP attribute depend on PK.
Names table
name age
Jimmy 10
Lesy 11
Heather 11
Pet table
name pet pet_name
Jimmy Dog Rex
Lesy Cat Kitty
Jimmy Cat Fluff
Lesy Dog Max
Heather Cat Kimba

Example-3: convert the following table into 2NF:

stud_name stud_birth course_id course_name grade

ali 1995 IS102 C++ 70
ali 1995 IS1205 Web Design 80
ahmed 1995 IS202 Programming 80
ahmed 1995 IS304 DB 79
ahmed 1995 IS101 C++ 85

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The table in 1NF so we should start dividing the table to ensure the PK
dependency.

Students Names table

stud_name stud_birth
ali 1995
ahmed 1995

Students Grade table

stud_name course_id course_name grade

ali IS102 C++ 70
ali IS1205 Web Design 80
ahmed IS202 Programming 80
ahmed IS304 DB 79
ahmed IS101 C++ 85

-Third Normal Form (3NF)

To ensure that the table in the 3NF:

- Table in 2NF.
- No transitive dependency found.

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Example-1: suppose a company wants to store the complete address of each

employee:

emp_id emp_name emp_zip emp_state emp_city emp_district

112 Ali 12010 Basrah Ashar Ashar
123 Sally 12011 Basrah Basrah Nadhran
132 Ahmed 13011 Thi-Qar Shatra Shatra
122 Hamid 12013 Basrah Shat-Alarab Tannuma

So the table in 2NF

But (emp_state, emp_city, emp_district) depend on non-primary key (emp_zip),so:

Employee Names table:

emp_id emp_name emp_zip

112 Ali 12010
123 Sally 12011
132 Ahmed 13011
122 Hamid 12013
And Employee Location table:

emp_zip emp_state emp_city emp_district

12010 Basrah Ashar Ashar
12011 Basrah Basrah Nadhran
13011 Thi-Qar Shatra Shatra
12013 Basrah Shat-Alarab Tannuma

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Example-2: Suppose you have the following table:

book_id genre_id genre_type book_price
1 1 Gardening 10$
2 2 Sport 20$
3 1 Gardening 12$
4 3 Travel 15$
5 2 Sport 12$

So the table in 2NF but genre_type depends on genre_id (transitive

dependency).
Book types table:
book_id genre_id book_price
1 1 10$
2 2 20$
3 1 12$
4 3 15$
5 2 12$

Book Genre Types table:

genre_id genre_type
1 Gardening
2 Sport
3 Travel

- All non-primary keys are depended on PK in each table.

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Example-3: Suppose you have the following tables:

name age
Jimmy 10
Lesy 11
Heather 11

name pet pet_name

Jimmy Dog Rex
Lesy Cat Kitty
Jimmy Cat Fluff
Lesy Dog Max
Heather Cat Kimba

To convert them into 3NF we should ensure all non-primary key attributes
depend on PK attributes.
So:
Pet Names table:
pet_id pet pet_name name_id
1 Dog Rex 1
2 Cat Kitty 2
3 Cat Fluff 1
4 Dog Max 2
5 Cat Kimba 3

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Kids Names table:

name_id name age
1 Jimmy 10
2 Lesy 11
3 Heather 11

Q1:The table shown in the below figure lists sample dentist/patient

appointment data. A patient is given an appointment at a specific time and
date with a dentist located at a particular surgery. On each day of patient
appointments, a dentist is allocated to a specific surgery for that day.

a) The table shown in figure is susceptible to update anomalies. Provide

examples of insertion, deletion, and update anomalies.
b) Identify the functional dependencies represented by the attributes shown
in the table of figure. State any assumptions you make about the data and the
attributes shown in this table.
c) Describe and illustrate the process of normalizing the table shown in
figure to 3NF relations. Identify the primary, alternate, and foreign keys in
your 3NF relations.

Q2: The table shown in figure is susceptible to update anomalies:

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a) Provide examples of insertion, deletion, and update anomalies.

b) Identify the functional dependencies represented by the attributes shown
in the table of the figure. State any assumptions you make about the data and
the attributes shown in this table.
c) Describe and illustrate the process of normalizing the table shown in
Figure 13.20 to 3NF. Identify primary, alternate and foreign keys in your
relations.

Q3: Examine the Patient Medication Form for the Wellmeadows Hospital case
study shown in figure.

(a) Identify the functional dependencies represented by the attributes shown in the
form in the figure.
State any assumptions you make about the data and the attributes shown in this
form.

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(b) Describe and illustrate the process of normalizing the attributes shown in the
figure to produce a set of well-designed 3NF relations.
(c) Identify the primary, alternate, and foreign keys in your 3NF relations.

Q4: convert the following tables into 3NF and give examples of (update, delete,
and insert anomalies):
1-
item colors price tax
T-Shirt red, blue 12$ 0.60
Trouser red, yellow 12$ 0.60
T-Shirt red, blue 12$ 0.60
Skirt black, blue 25$ 1.25
2-
name assignment1 assignment2
Ali Ahmed IS201 IS202
Sami Ali IS201 IS203
Ahmed Jabbar IS201 IS203
3-
course_id semester_id students_num course_name
IT101 201301 25 Database
IT101 201302 25 Database
IT102 201301 30 Web Design
IT102 201302 35 Web Design
IT103 201401 20 Networking

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