Exercise 2.

3
Page No 2.57:
Question 1: Apply division algorithm to find the quotient 𝑞(𝑥) and
remainder 𝑟(𝑥) in dividing 𝑓(𝑥) by g(𝑥) in each of the following :
(i) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6, g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 10𝑥 4 + 17𝑥 3 − 62𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 3, g(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 1
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 + 7, g(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1

T IO S
(iv) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 15𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 12, g(𝑥 ) = 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2

I
NO A D
ANSWER:

CO N
A
(i) We have

PY
DO U A
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6
T
ED PR

, g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
Here, degree [𝑓(𝑥 )] = 3 and
C

Degree (g(𝑥 )) = 2
©

Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) is of degree 3 − 2 = 1 and the remainder 𝑟(𝑥 )

is of degree less than 2
Let 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 and
𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
Using division algorithm, we have
𝑓(𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥 )
𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑑
𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑑
Equating the co-efficient of various powers of 𝑥 on both sides, we get
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 3
𝑥 3 = 𝑎𝑥 3
𝑥 3 = 𝑎𝑥 3
1=𝑎
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 2

T IO S I
−6𝑥 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 2
NO A D
CO N
−6𝑥 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 2
A
−6 = 𝑎 + 𝑏

PY
DO U A

Substituting 𝑎 = 1
T
ED PR

−6 = 1 + 𝑏
−6 − 1 = 𝑏
C
©

−7 = 𝑏
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥
11𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )𝑥
11𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )𝑥
11 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
Substituting 𝑎 = 1; and 𝑏 = −7 we get,
11 = 1 + (−7) + 𝑐
11 = −6 + 𝑐
11 + 6 = 𝑐
17 = 𝑐
On equating the constant terms
−6 = 𝑏 + 𝑑
Substituting 𝑏 = −7 we get,
−6 = −7 + 𝑑
−6 + 7 = 𝑑
1=𝑑

T IO S
Therefore,

I
Quotient 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
NO A D
CO N
= (1𝑥 − 7)
A
And remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

PY
DO U A

= (17𝑥 + 1)
T
ED PR

Hence, the quotient and remainder is given by,

𝑞 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 7)
C
©

𝑟(𝑥 ) = 17𝑥 + 1.

(ii) We have
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 10𝑥 4 + 17𝑥 3 − 62𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 3
g(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 1
Here, Degree (𝑓(𝑥 )) = 4 and
Degree (g(𝑥 )) = 2
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) is of degree 4 − 2 = 2 and remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) is
of degree less than 2

(𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒(g(𝑥 ))) = 2
Let g(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 and
𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
Using division algorithm, we have
𝑓(𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥 )
10𝑥 4 + 17𝑥 3 − 62𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 3 = (2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 1)(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
10𝑥 4 + 17𝑥 3 − 62𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 3
= 2𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 (7𝑎 + 2𝑏) + 𝑥 2 (𝑎 + 7𝑏 + 2𝑐) + 𝑥(𝑏 + 7𝑐 + 𝑝) + 𝑐 + 𝑞

T IO S
10𝑥 4 + 17𝑥 3 − 62𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 3

I
NO A D
= 2𝑎𝑥 4 + 7𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 3 + 7𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞

CO N
A
10𝑥 4 + 17𝑥 3 − 62𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 3

PY
DO U A
= 2𝑎𝑥 4 + 7𝑎𝑥 3 + 2𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 7𝑏𝑥 2 + 2𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 7𝑥𝑐 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝑞
T
ED PR

Equating the co-efficient of various powers 𝑥on both sides, we get

On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 4
C
©

2𝑎 = 10
10
𝑎=
2

𝑎=5
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 3
7𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 17
Substituting 𝑎 = 5 we get
7 × 5 + 2𝑏 = 17
35 + 2𝑏 = 17
2𝑏 = 17
 2𝑏 = 17 − 35
2𝑏 = −18
−18
𝑏=
2

𝑏 = −9
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥²
𝑎 + 7𝑏 + 2𝑐 = −62

T IO S
Substituting 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑏 = −9, we get

I
NO A D
5 + 7 × −9 + 2𝑐 = −62

CO N
A
5 − 63 + 2𝑐 = −62

PY
2𝑐 = −62 + 63 − 5
DO U A

2𝑐 = −4
T
ED PR

−4
𝑐=
2
C

𝑐 = −2
©

On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥

𝑏 + 7𝑐 + 𝑝 = 30
Substituting 𝑏 = −9 and 𝑐 = −2,we get
−9 + 7 × −2 + 𝑝 = 30
−9 − 14 + 𝑝 = 30
−23 + 𝑝 = 30
𝑝 = 30 + 23
𝑝 = 53
On equating constant term, we get
𝑐 + 𝑞 = −3
Substituting 𝑐 = −2, we get
−2 + 𝑞 = −3
𝑞 = −3 + 2
𝑞 = −1
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
= 5𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 2

T IO S I
Remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
NO A D
CO N
= 53𝑥 − 1
A
Hence, the quotient and remainder are 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 2 and

PY
DO U A
𝑟(𝑥 ) =.
T
ED PR

(iii) we have
C

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 + 7
©

g(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
Here, Degree (𝑓(𝑥 )) = 3 and
Degree (g(𝑥 )) = 2
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) is of degree 3 − 2 = 1 and
Remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) is of degree less than 2
Let 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 and
𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
Using division algorithm, we have
𝑓(𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞(𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥 )
4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 7 = (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 7 = 2𝑎𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑑
4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 7 = 2𝑎𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑑
4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 7 =
2𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 (−𝑎 + 2𝑏) + 𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐) + 𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐) + 𝑏 + 𝑑
Equating the co-efficient of various Powers of 𝑥 on both sides, we get
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 3

T IO S I
2𝑎 = 4
NO A D
CO N
4
𝑎=
A
2

PY
𝑎=2
DO U A
T
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 2
ED PR

8 = −𝑎 + 2𝑏
C

Substituting 𝑎 = 2 we get
©

8 = −2 + 2𝑏
8 + 2 = 2𝑏
10 = 2𝑏
10
=𝑏
2

5=𝑏
On equating the co-efficient of
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =8
Substituting 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = 5 we get
2−5+𝑐 =8
 −3 + 𝑐 = 8
𝑐 =8+3
𝑐 = 11
On equating the constant term, we get
𝑏+𝑑 =7
Substituting 𝑏 = 5, we get

T IO S
5+𝑑 =7

I
𝑑 =7−5
NO A D
CO N
𝑑=2
A
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

PY
DO U A

= 2𝑥 + 5
T
ED PR

Remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
= 11𝑥 + 2
C
©

Hence, the quotient and remainder are 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 5 and 𝑟(𝑥 ) =

11𝑥 + 2.

(iv) Given,
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 15𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 12
g(𝑥 ) = 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2
Here, Degree (𝑓(𝑥 )) = 3 and
Degree (g(𝑥 )) = 2
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) is of degree 3 − 2 = 1 and
Remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) is of degree less than
Let 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 and
𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
Using division algorithm, we have
𝑓(𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞(𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥 )
15𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 12 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2)(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
15𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 12 = 𝑎𝑥 3 − 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 − 2𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
15𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 12 = 𝑎𝑥 3 − 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 2𝑏 + 𝑑

T IO S
15𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 12 = 𝑎𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑏) + 𝑥(2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐) + 2𝑏 + 𝑑

I
NO A D
Equating the co-efficient of various powers of 𝑥 on both sides, we get

CO N
A
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 3

PY
DO U A
𝑎𝑥 3 = 15𝑥 3
T
ED PR

𝑎𝑥 3 = 15𝑥 3
𝑎 = 15
C

On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 2

©

2𝑎 − 𝑏 = 20
Substituting 𝑎 = 15, we get
2 × 15 − 𝑏 = 20
30 − 𝑏 = 20
−𝑏 = 20 − 30
−𝑏 = −10
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥
2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 13
Substituting 𝑎 = 15, we get
2 × 15 − 2 × 10 + 𝑐 = 13
30 − 20 + 𝑐 = 13
10 + 𝑐 = 13
𝑐 = 13 − 10
𝑐=3
On equating constant term

T IO S
2𝑏 + 𝑑 = −12

I
Substituting 𝑏 = 10 and, we get
NO A D
CO N
2 × 10 + 𝑑 = −12
A
20 + 𝑑 = −12

PY
DO U A

𝑑 = −12 − 20
T
ED PR

𝑑 = −32
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
C
©

= 15𝑥 + 10
Remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 32
= 3𝑥 − 32
Hence, the quotient and remainder are 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 15𝑥 + 10 and 𝑟(𝑥 ) =
3𝑥 − 32.

Page No 2.57:
Question 2: Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second
polynomial by applying the division algorithm:
(i) g(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 3, 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 − 9𝑡 − 12
(ii) g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
(iii) g(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15
ANSWER:
(i) Given g(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 3
𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 − 9𝑡 − 12

T IO S
Here, Degree (𝑓(𝑡)) = 4 and

I
Degree (g(𝑡)) = 2
NO A D
CO N
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑡) is of degree 4 − 2 = 2
A

PY
Remainder 𝑟(𝑡) is of degree 1 or less
DO U A
T
Let 𝑞 (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐 and
ED PR

𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑝𝑡 + 𝑞
C

Using division algorithm, we have

©

𝑓(𝑡) = g(𝑡) × 𝑞 (𝑡) + 𝑟(𝑡)

2𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 − 9𝑡 − 12 = (𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐)(𝑡 2 − 3) + 𝑝𝑡 + 𝑞
2𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 − 9𝑡 − 12 = 𝑎𝑡 4 + 𝑏𝑡 3 + 𝑐𝑡 2 − 3𝑎𝑡 2 − 3𝑏𝑡 − 3𝑐 + 𝑝𝑡 + 𝑞
2𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 − 9𝑡 − 12 = 𝑎𝑡 4 + 𝑏𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑐) − 𝑡(3𝑏 − 𝑝) − 3𝑐 + 𝑞
Equating co-efficient of various powers of t, we get
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑡 4
2𝑡 4 = 𝑎𝑡 4
2𝑡 4 = 𝑎𝑡 4
2=𝑎
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑡 3
3𝑡 3 = 𝑏𝑡 3
3𝑡 3 = 𝑏𝑡 3
3=𝑏
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑡 2
2 = 3𝑎 − 𝑐
Substituting 𝑎 = 2, we get

T IO S
2=3×2−𝑐

I
2=6−𝑐
NO A D
CO N
2 − 6 = −𝑐
A
−4 = −𝑐

PY
DO U A

𝑐=4
T
ED PR

On equating the co-efficient of 𝑡

9 = 3𝑏 − 𝑝
C
©

Substituting 𝑏 = 3, we get
9=3×3−𝑝
9=9−𝑝
9 − 9 = −𝑝
0 = −𝑝
𝑝=0

On equating constant term

−12 = −3𝑐 + 𝑞
Substituting 𝑐 = 4, we get
 −12 = 3 × 4 + 𝑞
−12 = −12 + 𝑞
−12 + 12 = +𝑞
0=𝑞
Quotient 𝑞 (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐
= 2𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 + 4

T IO S
Remainder 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑝𝑡 + 𝑞

I
= 0𝑡 + 0
NO A D
CO N
0
A
Clearly, 𝑟(𝑡) = 0

PY
DO U A

Hence,(g(𝑡)) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑡).

T
ED PR

(ii) Given
C
©

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1
Here, Degree (𝑓(𝑥 )) = 5 and
Degree (g(𝑥 )) = 3
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) is of degree 5 − 3 = 2 and
Remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) is of degree 1
Let 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 and
𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
Using division algorithm, we have
 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥 )
𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1)(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
= 𝑎𝑥 5 − 3𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 4 − 3𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
= 𝑎𝑥 5 + 𝑏𝑥 4 − 3𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 3𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑐 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝑞

T IO S
𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1

I
= 𝑎𝑥 5 + 𝑏𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 (3𝑎 − 𝑐) + 𝑥 2 (𝑎 − 3𝑏) + 𝑥 2 (𝑎 − 3𝑏) + 𝑥(𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 𝑝) + 𝑐 +
𝑞 NO A D
CO N
A
Equating the co-efficient of various powers of on both sides, we get

PY
DO U A
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 5
T
𝑥 5 = 𝑎𝑥 5
ED PR

𝑥 5 = 𝑎𝑥 5
C

1=𝑎
©

On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 4

𝑏𝑥 4 = 0
0
𝑏=
𝑥4

𝑏=0
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 3
3𝑎 − 𝑐 = 4
Substituting 𝑎 = 1 we get
3×1−𝑐 =4
3−𝑐 =4
 −𝑐 = 4
−𝑐 = 4 − 3
𝑐=1
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥
𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 𝑝 = 3
Substituting 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑐 = −1, we get

T IO S
0 − 3 × −1 + 𝑝 = 3

I
3+𝑝 =3
NO A D
CO N
+𝑝 =3−3
A
𝑝=0

PY
DO U A

On equating constant term, we get

T
ED PR

𝑐+𝑞 =1
Substituting 𝑐 = −1, we get
C
©

−1 + 𝑞 = 1
𝑞 =1+1
𝑞=2
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
= 1𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 1
= 𝑥2 − 1
Remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
=0 ×𝑥+2
=2
Clearly, 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 2
Hence,g(𝑥 ) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).

(iii) Given,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15
g(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3
Here, Degree (𝑓(𝑥 )) = 5 and

T IO S
Degree (g(𝑥 )) = 2

I
Therefore, quotient 𝑞(𝑥 ) is of degree 5 − 2 = 3 and
NO A D
CO N
Remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) is of degree less than 1
A
Let 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 and

PY
DO U A
T
𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
ED PR

Using division algorithm, we have

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥 )
C
©

6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15 = (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3)(𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 +
𝑑) + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15 = 2𝑎𝑥 5 − 𝑎𝑥 4 + 3𝑎𝑥 3 + 2𝑏𝑥 4 −
𝑏𝑥 3 + 3𝑏𝑥 2 + 2𝑐𝑥 3 − 𝑐𝑥 2 + 3𝑐𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15 = 2𝑎𝑥 5 − 𝑎𝑥 4 + 2𝑏𝑥 4 + 3𝑎𝑥 3 −
𝑏𝑥 3 + 2𝑐𝑥 3 + 3𝑏𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑 − 𝑐𝑥 2 + 3𝑐𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 3𝑑 + 𝑞
6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15 = 2𝑎𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 (𝑎 − 2𝑏) −
𝑥 3 (3𝑎 − 𝑏 + 2𝑐) − 𝑥 2 (𝑐 − 3𝑏 − 2𝑑) − 𝑥 (𝑑 − 3𝑐 − 𝑝) + 3𝑑 + 𝑞
Equating the co-efficient of various powers of 𝑥 on both sides, we get
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 5
2𝑎𝑥 5 = 6𝑥 5
2𝑎𝑥 5 = 6𝑥 5
6
𝑎=
2

𝑎=3
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 4
𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 1
Substituting 𝑎 = 3, we get

T IO S
3 − 2𝑏 = 1

I
NO A D
−2𝑏 = 1 − 3

CO N
A
−2
−𝑏 =
−2

PY
DO U A
−𝑏 = −1
T
ED PR

𝑏=1
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 3
C

3𝑎 − 𝑏 + 2𝑐 = 4
©

Substituting 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 1, we get

3 × 3 − 1 + 2𝑐 = 4
9 − 1 + 2𝑐 = 4
8 + 2𝑐 = 4
2𝑐 = 4 − 8
2𝑐 = −4
−4
𝑐=
2

𝑐 = −2
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥 2
𝑐 − 3𝑏 − 2𝑑 = 5
Substituting 𝑐 = −2, 𝑏 = 1, we get
−2 − 3 × 1 − 2𝑑 = 5
−2 − 3 − 2𝑑 = 5
−5 − 2𝑑 = 5
−2𝑑 = 5 + 5

T IO S
−2𝑑 = 5 + 5

I
−2𝑑 = 10
NO A D
CO N
10
𝑑=
A
−2

PY
𝑑 = −5
DO U A
T
On equating the co-efficient of 𝑥
ED PR

−3𝑐 + 𝑑 − 𝑝 = 1
C

Substituting 𝑐 = −2 and 𝑑 = −5, we get

©

−3 × −2 − 5 − 𝑝 = 1
6−5−𝑝 =1
1−𝑝 =1
−𝑝 = 1 − 1
−𝑝 = 0
0=𝑝
On equating constant term
3𝑑 + 𝑞 = −15
Substituting 𝑑 = −5, we get
3 × −5 + 𝑞 = −15
 −15 + 𝑞 = −15
𝑞 = −15 + 15
𝑞=0
Therefore, Quotient 𝑞 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
= 3𝑥 3 + 1𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5
Remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞

T IO S
= 0𝑥 + 0

I
=0
NO A D
CO N
Clearly, 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 0
A
Hence,g(𝑥 ) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Page No 2.57:
Question 3: Obtain all zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 −
C

14𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 6, if two of its zeros are −2 and −1.

©

ANSWER:
We know that, if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is a zero of a polynomial, and then 𝑥 = 𝛼 is a
factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Since −2 and −1 are zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Therefore
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑓 (𝑥 ). Now, We divide 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 2 −
19𝑥 − 6 by g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 to find the other zeros of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 +2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 6
+2𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2
− − −
3 2
−5𝑥 − 18𝑥 − 19𝑥
−5𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 − 10𝑥
+ + +
2
−3𝑥 − 9𝑥 − 6
−3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 6
+ + +
0

T IO S I
NO A D
By using division algorithm, we have, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 )

CO N
A
2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3)

PY
2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1𝑥 − 3)
DO U A

2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 6 = [𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 1(𝑥 + 2)][2𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 1(𝑥 − 3)]

T
ED PR

2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 6 = [(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)]

−1
Hence, the zeros of the given polynomials are −1, −2, and 3.
C

2
©

Page No 2.57:
Question 4: Obtain all zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20, if one
of its zeros is −2.
ANSWER:
Since −2 is one zero of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Therefore, we know that, if 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a zero of a polynomial, then
(𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Now, we divide 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20 by g(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 2) to
find the others zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 10
𝑥 + 2 +𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20
+𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2
− −
+11𝑥 2 + 32𝑥
+11𝑥 2 + 22𝑥
− −
+10𝑥 + 20
+10𝑥 + 20

T IO S
− −
0

I
NO A D
CO N
A
By using that division algorithm we have, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 )

PY
𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 10) + 0
DO U A
T
𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 1𝑥 + 10)
ED PR

𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20 = (𝑥 + 2)[𝑥 (𝑥 + 10) + 1(𝑥 + 10)]

C

𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 10)

©

Hence, the zeros of the given polynomials are −2, −1 and −10.

Page No 2.57:
Question 5: Obtain all zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 −
𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6, if two of its zeros are −√3 and √3
ANSWER:
We know that if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is a zero of a polynomial, then (𝑥 − 𝛼 ) is a
factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Since −√3 and √3 are zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Therefore
(𝑥 + √3)(𝑥 − √3) = 𝑥 2 + √3𝑥 − √3𝑥 − 3
= 𝑥 2 + √3𝑥 − √3𝑥 − 3
= 𝑥2 − 3
𝑥 2 − 3 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ). Now, we divide 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 +
9𝑥 − 6 by g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3 to find the other zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 + 3 +𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6

T IO S
+𝑥 4 − 0 − 3𝑥 2

I
− + +
NO A D −3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
3

CO N
A
−3𝑥 3 + 0 + 9𝑥
+ − −

PY
DO U A
2
2𝑥 − 6
+2𝑥 2 − 6
T
ED PR

− +
0
C
©

By using division algorithm we have, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 ).

𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2) + 0
𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 2 − 3)[𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) − 1(𝑥 − 2)]
𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 2 − 3)[(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)]
𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 + √3)(𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
Hence, the zeros of the given polynomials are −√3, +√3, +1, +2.

Page No 2.57:
Question 6: Find all zeros of the polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 −
3 3
7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6, if its two zeros are −√ and √
2 2

ANSWER:
3 3
Since −√ and √ are two zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).Therefore,
2 2

√3 √3
= (𝑥 − ) (𝑥 + )
2 2

T IO S
3
= (𝑥 2 − )

I
2
NO A D
CO N
1
= (2𝑥 2 − 3) is a factor of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
A
2

PY
Also 2𝑥 2 − 3 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
DO U A

Let us now divide 𝑓 (𝑥 ) by 2𝑥 2 − 3. We have,

T
ED PR

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
2𝑥 2 + 3 +2𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6
C

+2𝑥 4 + 0 − 3𝑥 2
©

− − +
−2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
−2𝑥 3 − 0 + 3𝑥
+ + −
−4𝑥 2 + 6
−4𝑥 2 + 6
+ −
0

By using division algorithm we have, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 )

2𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6 = (2𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2) + 0
2𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6 = (√2𝑥 + √3)(√2𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 2 + 1𝑥 −
2𝑥 − 2)
2𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6 = (√2𝑥 + √3)(√2𝑥 − √3)[𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) −
2(𝑥 + 1)]
2𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6 = (√2𝑥 + √3)(√2𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)
3 3
Hence, The zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ) are −√ , √ , 2, −1.
2 2

Page No 2.57:

T IO S
Question 7: Find all the zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 34𝑥 2 −

I
NO A D
4𝑥 + 120, if two of its zeros are 2 and −2.

CO N
A
ANSWER:

PY
We know that if 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a zero of a polynomial, then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a factor
DO U A

of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
T
ED PR

Since, 2 and −2 are zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).

Therefore
C
©

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 2 − 22
= 𝑥2 − 4
𝑥 2 − 4 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ). Now, we divide 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 34𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 +
120 by g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4 to find the other zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).

𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 30
𝑥 2 − 4 +𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 34𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 120
+𝑥 4 + 0 + 4𝑥 2
− − −
+ 𝑥 − 30𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
3

+ 𝑥 3 − 0 − 4𝑥
+ + +
 −30𝑥 2 + 120
−30𝑥 2 + 120
+ −
0

By using division algorithm we have, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 )

𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 34𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 120 = (𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 30) − 0
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 34𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 120 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 30)

T IO S
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 34𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 120 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥(𝑥 + 6) − 5(𝑥 + 6))

I
NO A D
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 34𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 120 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 5)

CO N
A
Hence, the zeros of the given polynomial are −2, +2, −60 and 5.

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Page No 2.57:
Question 8: Find all zeros of the polynomial 2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 −
C

14𝑥 + 30, if two of its zeros are √2 and −√2.

©

ANSWER:
We know that if 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a zero of a polynomial, then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a factor
of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
Since √2 and −√2 are zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Therefore
2
(𝑥 + √2)(𝑥 − √2) = 𝑥 2 − (√2)
= 𝑥2 − 2
𝑥 2 − 2 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ). Now, we divide 2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 +
30 by g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 2 to find the zero of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 15
 𝑥 2 − 2 +2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 30
+2𝑥 4 + 0 − 4𝑥 2
− − +
+ 7𝑥 − 15𝑥 2 − 14𝑥
3

+ 7𝑥 3 − 0 − 14𝑥
− + +
2
−15𝑥 + 30
−15𝑥 2 + 30
+ −
0

T IO S I
NO A D
By using division algorithm we have, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 )

CO N
A
2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 30 = (𝑥 2 − 2)(2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 15) + 0

PY
2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 30 = (𝑥 + √2)(𝑥 − √2)(2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 15)
DO U A
T
2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 30 = (𝑥 + √2)(𝑥 − √2)[2𝑥(𝑥 + 5) − 3(𝑥 + 5)]
ED PR

2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 30 = (𝑥 + √2)(𝑥 − √2)(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)

C

+3
Hence, the zeros of the given polynomial are −√2, +√2, , −5.
©

Page No 2.58:
Question 9: Find all the zeros of the polynomial 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3, if
two of its zeros are −√3 and √3.
ANSWER:
We know that if 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a zero of a polynomial, then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a factor
of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
Since √3 and −√3 are zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Therefore
 2
(𝑥 + √3)(𝑥 − √3) = 𝑥 2 − (√3)
= 𝑥2 − 3
𝑥 2 − 3 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ). Now, we divide 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3 by
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3 to find the other zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 − 3 +2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3
+2𝑥 3 − 0 − 6𝑥

T IO S
− +
2
+𝑥 + 0 − 3

I
+𝑥 2 + 0 − 3
NO A D
CO N
− +
A
0

PY
DO U A

By using division algorithm we have 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 )

T
ED PR

2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 2 − 3) × (2𝑥 + 1) + 0
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 2 + √3)(𝑥 − √3)(2𝑥 + 1)
C
©

−1
Hence, the zeros of the given polynomial are −√3, +√3, .
2

Page No 2.58:
Question 10: Find all the zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6,
if two of its zeros are −√2 and √2.

ANSWER:
We know that if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is a zero of a polynomial, and then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a
factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Since √2 and −√2 are zeros of .
Therefore
2
(𝑥 + √2)(𝑥 − √2) = 𝑥 2 − (√2)
= 𝑥2 − 2
𝑥 2 − 2 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ). Now, we divide 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 by
g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 2 to find the other zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
𝑥+3
2
𝑥 − 2 +𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
3

T IO S
+𝑥 3 − 0 − 2𝑥

I
− +

NO A D 2
+3𝑥 − 6

CO N
+𝑥 2 − 3
A
− +

PY
DO U A
0
T
ED PR

By using division algorithm we have 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 )

𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 2 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) − 0
C
©

= (𝑥 + √2)(𝑥 − √2)(𝑥 + 3)

Hence, the zeros of the given polynomials are −√2, +√2 and −3.

Page No 2.58:
Question 11: Find all zeros of the polynomial 2𝑥 4 – 9𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 +
3𝑥 – 1, if two of its zeros are 2 + √3 and 2 − √3.
ANSWER:
It is given that 2 + √3 and 2 − √3 are two zeroes of the polynomial
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 4 – 9𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1.
∴ {𝑥 − (2 + √3)} {𝑥 − (2 − √3)} = (𝑥 − 2 − √3) (𝑥 − 2 + √3)
 2
= (𝑥 − 2)2 − (√3)
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 3
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
is a factor of 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Now, divide 𝑓(𝑥 ) by 𝑥 2 – 4𝑥 + 1.
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 2 – 𝑥 – 1)

T IO S
Hence, other two zeroes of f(x) are the zeroes of the polynomial

I
2𝑥 2 – 𝑥 – 1.
NO A D
CO N
2𝑥 2 – 𝑥 – 1 = 2𝑥 2 – 2𝑥 + 𝑥 – 1 = 2𝑥(𝑥 – 1) + 1 (𝑥 – 1) =
A
(2𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 – 1)

PY
DO U A
1
Hence, the other two zeroes are − and 1.
T 2
ED PR

Page No 2.58:
C
©

Question 12: What must be added to the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 +

2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 so that the resulting polynomial is exactly divisible
by 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3?
ANSWER:
We know that,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 )
𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑟(𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞(𝑥 )
𝑓(𝑥 ) + {−𝑟(𝑥 )} = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞 (𝑥 )
Clearly, Right hand side is divisible by g(𝑥 ).
Therefore, Left hand side is also divisible by g(𝑥 ).Thus, if we add
−𝑟(𝑥 ) to 𝑓(𝑥 ), then the resulting polynomial is divisible by g(𝑥 ).
Let us now find the remainder when 𝑓(𝑥 ) is divided by g(𝑥 ).
𝑥2 + 1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 +𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
+𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2
− − +
+ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 1
+ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
− − +
−𝑥 + 2

T IO S I
NO A D
Hence, we should add −𝑟(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 2 to 𝑓(𝑥 ) so that the resulting

CO N
A
polynomial is divisible by .

PY
DO U A
T
Page No 2.58:
ED PR

Question 13: What must be subtracted from the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) =

𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 21 so that the resulting polynomial is
C

exactly divisible by 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3?
©

ANSWER:
We know that Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder.
Dividend − Remainder = Quotient × Divisor..
Clearly, Right hand side of the above result is divisible by the divisor.
Therefore, left hand side is also divisible by the divisor.
Thus, if we subtract remainder from the dividend, then it will be exactly
divisible by the divisor.
Dividing 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 21 by 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8
 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 +𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 21
+𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2
− + −
+ 6𝑥 − 16𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
3

+ 6𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 18𝑥
− + −
2
+8𝑥 − 30𝑥 + 21
+8𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 24
− + −
+2𝑥 − 3

T IO S I
NO A D
Therefore, quotient = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 and remainder = (2𝑥 − 3).

CO N
A
Thus, if we subtract the remainder 2𝑥 − 3 from 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 −

PY
12𝑥 + 21, it will be divisible by 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3.
DO U A
T
ED PR

Page No 2.58:
C

Question 14: Given that √2 is a zero of the cubic polynomial 6𝑥 3 +

©

√2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 4√2 , find its other two zeroes .

ANSWER:
We know that if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is a zero of a polynomial, and then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a
factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
It is given the √2 is a zero of the cubic polynomial = 6𝑥 3 + √2𝑥 2 −
10𝑥 − 4√2.
Therefore, 𝑥 − √2 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ). Now, we divide 6𝑥 3 + √2𝑥 2 −
10𝑥 − 4√2 by 𝑥 − √2 to find the other zeroes of.
6𝑥 2 + 7√2𝑥 + 4
𝑥 − √2 6𝑥 3 + √2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 4√2
 6𝑥 3 − 6√2𝑥 2
− +
7√2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 4√2
7√2𝑥 2 − 14𝑥
− +
4𝑥 − 4√2
4𝑥 − 4√2
− +
0

T IO S I
∴ Quotient = 6𝑥 2 + 7√2𝑥 + 4 and remainder = 0.
NO A D
CO N
By using division algorithm, we have 𝑓(𝑥) = g(𝑥) × 𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥).
A
𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − √2)(6𝑥 2 + 7√2𝑥 + 4) + 0

PY
DO U A
T
= (𝑥 − √2)(√2𝑥 + 1)(3√2𝑥 + 4)
ED PR

1 4
Hence, the other two zeroes of the given polynomial are − and − .
√2 3√2
C
©

Page No 2.58:
Question 15: Given that 𝑥 − √5 is a factor of the cubic polynomial
𝑥 3 − 3√5𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 3√5 , find all the zeroes of the polynomial .

ANSWER:
We know that if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is a zero of a polynomial, and then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a
factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
It is given that 𝑥 − √5 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 3√5𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 3√5.
Now, we divide 𝑥 3 − 3√5𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 3√5 by 𝑥 − √5 to find the other
zeroes of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
 𝑥 2 − 2√5𝑥 + 3
𝑥 − √5 𝑥 3 − 3√5𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 3√5
𝑥 3 − √5𝑥 2
− +
−2√5𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 3√5
−2√5𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
+ −
3𝑥 − 3√5
3𝑥 − 3√5

T IO S
− +

I
0
NO A D
CO N
A
∴ Quotient = 𝑥 2 − 2√5𝑥 + 3 and remainder = 0.

PY
DO U A
By using division algorithm, we have 𝑓(𝑥) = g(𝑥) × 𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥).
T
𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − √5)(𝑥 2 − 2√5𝑥 + 3) + 0
ED PR

= (𝑥 − √5)[𝑥 − (√5 + √2)][𝑥 − (√5 − √2)]

C
©

Hence, the zeroes of the given polynomial are √5, √5 + √2 and √5 −

√2.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

Page No 2.58:
Question 1: Define a polynomial with real coefficients.
ANSWER:
In the polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 ,
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥, and 𝑎0 are known as the terms of the
polynomial and 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , … 𝑎1 and 𝑎0 are their real coefficients.
For example, 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 2 is a polynomial and 3 is a real coefficient

Page No 2.58:
Question 2: Define degree of a polynomial.
ANSWER:
The exponent of the highest degree term in a polynomial is known as its
degree.

T IO S
In other words, the highest power of 𝑥 in a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) is called the

I
NO A D
degree of the polynomial.

CO N
A
For Example: g(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 is a polynomial in the variable x of
degree 2.

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Page No 2.58:
Question 3: Write the standard form of a linear polynomial with real
C

coefficients.
©

ANSWER:
Any linear polynomial in variable 𝑥 with real coefficients is of the form
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏, where 𝑎, 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0

Page No 2.58:
Question 4: Write the standard form of a quadratic polynomial with real
coefficients.
ANSWER:
Any quadratic polynomial in variable 𝑥 with real coefficients is of the
form 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0
 Page No 2.58:
Question 5: Write the standard form of a cubic polynomial with real
coefficients.
ANSWER:
The most general form of a cubic polynomial with coefficients as real
numbers is of the form 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are

T IO S
real number and 𝑎 ≠ 0

I
NO A D
CO N
Page No 2.58:
A
Question 6: Define value of polynomial at a point.

PY
DO U A

ANSWER:
T
ED PR

If 𝑓(𝑥 ) is a polynomial and 𝛼 is any real number, then the real number
obtained by replacing 𝑥 by 𝛼 in 𝑓(𝑥 ), is called the value of 𝑓(𝑥 ) at 𝑥 =
C

𝛼 and is denoted by 𝑓(𝛼 )

©

Page No 2.58:
Question 7: Define the zero of a polynomial.
ANSWER:
The zero of a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) is defined as any real number such that
𝑓(𝛼 ) = 0

Page No 2.58:
Question 8: The sum and product of the zeros of a quadratic polynomial
1
are − and −3 respectively. What is the quadratic polynomial?
2
ANSWER:
−1
Let sum of quadratic polynomial is 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
2

Product of the quadratic polynomial is 𝛼𝛽 = −3

Let S and P denote the sum and product of the zeros of a polynomial as
−1
and −3.
2

Then

T IO S
The required polynomial g(𝑥 ) is given by

I
g(𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃)
NO A D
CO N
−1
A
= 𝑘(𝑥 2 − ( ) 𝑥 + (−3)
2

PY
DO U A
1
= 𝑘 [𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3]
T 2
ED PR

1
Hence, the quadratic polynomial is g(𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3), where k is
2
any non-zero real number
C
©

Page No 2.58:
1
Question 9: Write the family of quadratic polynomials having − and 1
4
as its zeros.
ANSWER:
We know that, if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is a zero of a polynomial then 𝑥 − 2 is a factor
of quadratic polynomials.
−1
Since and 1 are zeros of polynomial.
2
1
Therefore (𝑥 + ) (𝑥 − 1)
4
 1 1
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 −
4 4
1 1×4 1
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − −
4 1×4 4
1−4 1
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥−
4 4
3 1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥 −
4 4
3 1
Hence, the family of quadratic polynomials is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − ),
4 4

T IO S
where k is any non-zero real number

I
NO A D
CO N
A
Page No 2.58:

PY
Question 10: If the product of zeros of the quadratic polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
DO U A

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑘 is 3, find the value of k.

T
ED PR

ANSWER:
We have to find the value of k.
C
©

Given,
The product of the zeros of the quadratic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 +
𝑘 is 3
Product of the polynomial = 3
Constant term
=3
Coefficient of 𝑥 3
𝑘
=3
1

𝑘 =3×1
𝑘=3
Hence, the value of k is 𝑘 = 3.
 Page No 2.58:
Question 11: If the sum of the zeros of the quadratic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑘𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 is 1, write the value of k.
ANSWER:
We have to find the value of k, if the sum of the zeros of the quadratic
polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 is 1
Given

T IO S
Sum of the polynomial = 1

I
NO A D
−Coefficient of 𝑥
=1

CO N
Coefficient of 𝑥 2
A
−3
−( ) = 1

PY
𝑘
DO U A

3=1×𝑘
T
ED PR

3=𝑘
Hence, the value of k is 3
C
©

Page No 2.59:
Question 12: In Fig. 2.17, the graph of a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) is given. Find
the zeros of the polynomial.
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A

ANSWER:
T
ED PR

Just see the point of intersection of the curve and x-axis and find out the
x-coordinate of these points. These x-coordinates will be the zeros of the
C

polynomial.
©

Since the intersection points are

Hence, the zeros of the polynomial is −3 and − 1

Page No 2.59:
Question 13: The graph of a polynomial 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), shown in Fig. 2.18.
Find the number of real zeros of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C

ANSWER:
©

A real number 𝛼 is a zero of polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ), if 𝑓(𝛼 ) = 0

In the above figure the curve intersects x-axis at one point and touches at
one point.
When a curve touches x-axis at one point, it means it has two common
zeros at that point.
Hence the number of real zeroes is 3

Page No 2.59:

T IO S
Question 14: The graph of the polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is as

I
shown below (Fig. 2.19). Write the signs of 'a' and 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐.
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©

ANSWER:
Clearly 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, represent a parabola opening upwards.
Therefore, 𝑎 > 0
Since the parabola cuts x-axis at two points, this means that the
polynomial will have two real solutions
Hence 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0
Hence 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0

T IO S
Page No 2.59:

I
NO A D
Question 15:

CO N
A
The graph of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is as shown in Fig.
2.20. Write the value of 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and the number of real zeros of 𝑓(𝑥).

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©

ANSWER:
The graph of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or the curve touches
−𝑏
x−axis at point ( , 0). The x-coordinate of this point gives two equal
2𝑎
zeros of the polynomial and 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0.
 T IO S I
Hence the number of real zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is 2 and 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
NO A D
CO N
A
Page No 2.59:

PY
DO U A

Question 16: In Q. No. 14, write the sign of c.

T
ED PR

ANSWER:
The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cuts y-axis at point P which lies on y-
C

axis. Putting 𝑥 = 0 in 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, we get y = c. So the

©

coordinates of P are (0, 𝑐). Clearly, P lies on OY. Therefore

𝑐>0

Hence, the sign of c is 𝑐 > 0

 Page No 2.59:
Question 17: In Q. No. 15, write the sign of c.
ANSWER:
The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cuts y-axis at P which lies on OY.

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, we get 𝑦 = 𝑐. So the coordinates of

P are. Clearly, P lies on. Therefore
C
©

Page No 2.59:
Question 18: The graph of a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) is as shown in Fig. 2.21.
Write the number of real zeros of 𝑓(𝑥).
ANSWER:
The graph of a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) touches x−axis at two points

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
We know that if a curve touches the x-axis at two points then it has two
DO U A

common zeros of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
T
ED PR

Hence the number of zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ), in this case is 2.

C
©

Page No 2.60:
Question 19: If 𝑥 = 1 is a zero of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥3 − 2𝑥 2 +
4𝑥 + 𝑘, write the value of k.

ANSWER:
We have to find the value of K if 𝑥 = 1 is a zero of the polynomial
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑘.

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑘
𝑓(1) = 13 − 2(1)2 + 4 × 1 + 𝑘
 0=1−2+4+𝑘
0=5−2+𝑘
0=3+𝑘
−3 = 𝑘
Hence, the value of k is 𝑘 = −3

T IO S
Page No 2.60:

I
Question 20: State division algorithm for polynomials.
NO A D
CO N
ANSWER:
A
If 𝑓(𝑥 ) and g(𝑥 ) are any two polynomials with g(𝑥 ) ≠ 0 then we can

PY
DO U A
always find polynomials 𝑞 (𝑥 ) and 𝑟(𝑥 ) such that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑞 (𝑥 )g(𝑥 ) +
T
𝑟(𝑥 ), where 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 0 or degree 𝑟(𝑥 ) < degree g(𝑥 )
ED PR
C

Page No 2.60:
©

Question 21: Give an example of polynomials 𝑓(𝑥 ), g(𝑥 ), 𝑞 (𝑥 ) and

𝑟(𝑥 ) satisfying 𝑓(𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ), 𝑞 (𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥 ), where degree 𝑟(𝑥 ) = 0.
ANSWER:
Using division algorithm, we have
𝑓(𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞(𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥 )
𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 1) + 2
𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 1 + 2
𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 + 2
𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
Hence an example for polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ), g(𝑥 ), 𝑞 (𝑥 ) and 𝑟(𝑥 ) satisfying
𝑓(𝑥 ) = g(𝑥 ) × 𝑞(𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥 ) are
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
g(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1)
𝑞 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑟(𝑥 ) = 2

T IO S
Page No 2.60:

I
NO A D
Question 22: Write a quadratic polynomial, sum of whose zeros is 2√3

CO N
A
and their product is 2.

PY
DO U A
ANSWER:
T
Let S and P denotes respectively the sum and product of the zeros of a
ED PR

polynomial 2√3 are 2 and.

The required polynomial g(𝑥) is given by
C
©

g(𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃)
g(𝑥 ) = 𝑘(𝑥 2 − 2√3𝑥 + 2)

Hence, the quadratic polynomial g(𝑥 ) = 𝑘(𝑥 2 − 2√3𝑥 + 2) is where k

is any non-zeros real number.

Page No 2.60:
Question 23: If fourth degree polynomial is divided by a quadratic
polynomial, write the degree of the remainder.
ANSWER:
Here 𝑓 (𝑥 ) represent dividend and g(𝑥 ) represent divisor.
g(𝑥 ) = quadratic polynomial
g(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Therefore, degree of (𝑓(𝑥 )) = 4
Degree of (g(𝑥 )) = 2
The quotient 𝑞 (𝑥 ) is of degree 2 = (4 − 2)
The remainder 𝑟(𝑥 ) is of degree 1 or less.

T IO S
Hence, the degree of the remainder is equal to 1 or less than 1

I
NO A D
CO N
Page No 2.60:
A

PY
Question 24:
DO U A

If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is divisible by 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 write the value of a

T
ED PR

and b.
ANSWER:
C

We are given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is exactly divisible by 𝑥 2 − 𝑥

©

then the remainder should be zero

𝑥+2
2
𝑥 − 𝑥 +𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏
+𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2
− +
+2𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
+2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
− +
𝑥 (2 − 𝑎) + 𝑏

Therefore Quotient = 𝑥 + 2 and

Remainder = 𝑥 (2 − 𝑎) + 𝑏
Now, Remainder = 0
𝑥 (2 − 𝑎) + 𝑏 = 0
𝑥 (2 − 𝑎) + 𝑏 = 0𝑥 + 0
Equating coefficient of x, we get
2−𝑎 =0
2=𝑎

T IO S
Equating constant term

I
𝑏=0
NO A D
CO N
Hence, the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏 are 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 0
A

PY
DO U A

Page No 2.60:
T
ED PR

Question 25: If 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎 and 𝑏 are zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) =

2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 7, write the value of 𝑎.
C

ANSWER:
©

Let 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 be the zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 −

6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 7 then
−Coefficient of 𝑥 2
Sum of the zeros =
Coefficient of 𝑥 3
−6
(𝑎 − 𝑑) + 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) = − ( )
2
6
𝑎+𝑎+𝑎−𝑑−𝑑 =
2

3𝑎 = 3
3
𝑎=
3

𝑎=1
Hence, the value of a is 1.

Page No 2.60:
Question 26: Write the coefficient of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑧) = 𝑧 5 −
2𝑧 2 + 4.
ANSWER:
We have to find the co-efficient of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑧) = 𝑧 5 − 2𝑧 2 + 4

T IO S
Co-efficient of 𝑧 5 = 1

I
NO A D
Co-efficient of 𝑧 4 = 0

CO N
A
Co-efficient of 𝑧 3 = 0

PY
DO U A
Co-efficient of 𝑧 2 = −2
T
ED PR

Co-efficient of 𝑧 = 0
Constant term = 4
C

Hence, the co-efficient of 𝑧 5 , 𝑧 4 , 𝑧 3 , 𝑧 2 , 𝑧 and constant term is

©

1,0,0, −2,0,4

Page No 2.60:
Question 27: Write the zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6.
ANSWER:
We have to find the zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 6
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 (𝑥 − 3) + 2(𝑥 − 3)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
We know that if (𝑥 − 𝛼 ) is a factor of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) then 𝑥 = 𝛼 is a zero of
polynomial
Therefore, we have
𝑥+2=0
𝑥 = −2
Also

T IO S
𝑥−3=0

I
NO A D
𝑥=3

CO N
A
Hence, the zeros of polynomial 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 is 3, −2

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Page No 2.60:
Question 28: If (𝑥 + 𝑎) is a factor of 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 10, find a.
C

ANSWER:
©

Given (𝑥 + 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 10.

Let us now divide 𝑓 (𝑥 ) by 𝑥 + 𝑎.
We have,
2𝑥 + 5
2
𝑥 + 𝑎 +2𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 10
+2𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥
− −
+5𝑥 + 0 + 10
+5𝑥 + 5𝑎 + 0
− −
−5𝑎 + 10
Now, remainder = 0
10 − 5𝑎 = 0
10 = 5𝑎
10
=𝑎
5

2=𝑎
Hence, the value of a is 2.

T IO S I
NO A D Page No 2.60:

CO N
Question 29: For what value of k, −4 is a zero of the polynomial 𝑥 2 −
A
𝑥 − (2𝑘 + 2)?

PY
DO U A

ANSWER:
T
ED PR

We know that if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is zero polynomial then 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 )

Since −4 is zero of 𝑓(𝑥 )
C
©

Therefore 𝑥 + 4 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 )

Now, we divide 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − (2𝑘 + 2) by g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 4 to find the
value of k
𝑥−5
𝑥 + 4 +𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑘 − 2
+𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
− −
−5𝑥 − 2𝑘 − 2
−5𝑥 − 20
+ +
−2𝑘 + 18

Now, Remainder = 0
−2𝑘 + 18 = 0
−2𝑘 = −18
−18
𝑘=
2
−18
𝑘=
−2

𝑘=9
Hence, the value of k is 9

T IO S I
NO A D Page No 2.60:

CO N
A
Question 30: If 1 is a zero of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 −

PY
3(𝑎 − 1) 𝑥 − 1, then find the value of 𝑎.
DO U A
T
ANSWER:
ED PR

We know that if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is a zero of polynomial then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a factor of

𝑝(𝑥 )
C
©

Since 1 is zero of 𝑝(𝑥 )

Therefore, 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥 )
Now, we divide 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 3(𝑎 − 1)𝑥 − 1 by x − 1.
𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎 + 3
𝑥 − 1 𝑎𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1
+𝑎𝑥 2 − 1𝑎𝑥
− +
−2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑥
−2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎
+ −
+3𝑥 − 2𝑎 − 1
+3𝑥 − 0 − 3
− +
−2𝑎 + 2
Now, Remainder = 0
−2𝑎 + 2 = 0
−2𝑎 = −2
−2
𝑎=
−2

𝑎=1
Hence, the value of a is 1

T IO S I
NO A D Page No 2.60:

CO N
Question 31: If α, β are the zeros of a polynomial such that α + β = −6
A
and αβ = −4, then write the polynomial.

PY
DO U A

ANSWER:
T
ED PR

Let S and P denotes respectively the sum and product of the zeros of a
polynomial
C

We are given S = −6 and P = −4. Then

©

The required polynomial g(𝑥 ) is given by

g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃
g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − (−6)𝑥 + (−4)
= 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 4
Hence, the polynomial is 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 4

Page No 2.60:
Question 32: If α, β are the zeros of the polynomial 2𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 5,
write the value of α + β + αβ.
ANSWER:
Let α and β are the zeros of the polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 5.Then
−Coefficient of 𝑦 −7
The sum of the zeros = = The product of the zeros =
Coefficient of 𝑦 2 2
Constant term 5
=
Coefficient of y2 2

Then the value of α + β + αβ is

𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛼𝛽

T IO S
−7 5
= +

I
2 2
−7+5 NO A D
CO N
=
A
2
−2

PY
=
DO U A
−2
T
= −1
ED PR

Hence, the value of 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛼𝛽 is 1

C
©

Page No 2.60:
Question 33: For what value of k, is 3 a zero of the polynomial 2x2 + x +
k?
ANSWER:
We know that if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is zero polynomial, and then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a factor of
𝑓(𝑥 )
Since 3 is zero of 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Therefore 𝑥 − 3 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 )
Now, we divide 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑘 by g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 3 to find the value
of k
 𝑥−5
𝑥 − 3 +2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑘
+2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
− +
+7𝑥 + 𝑘
+7𝑥 − 21
− +
𝑘 + 21

T IO S
Now, remainder = 0

I
𝑘 + 21 = 0
NO A D
CO N
𝑘 = −21
A
Hence, the value of k is −21

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Page No 2.60:
Question 34: For what value of k, is −3 a zero of the polynomial 𝑥 2 +
C

11𝑥 + 𝑘?
©

ANSWER:
We know that if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is zero polynomial, and then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a factor of
𝑓(𝑥 )
Since −3 is zero of 𝑓(𝑥 ). Therefore 𝑥 + 3 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 )
Now, we divide 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 𝑘 by g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 3 to find the
value of k.
 𝑥+8
𝑥 + 3 +𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 𝑘
+𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
− −
+8𝑥 + 𝑘
+8𝑥 + 24
− −
𝑘 − 24

T IO S
Now, Remainder = 0

I
𝑘 − 24 = 0
NO A D
CO N
𝑘 = 24
A
Hence, the value of k is 24.

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Page No 2.60:
Question 35: For what value of k, is −2 a zero of the polynomial 3𝑥 2 +
C

4𝑥 + 2𝑘?
©

ANSWER:
We know that if 𝑥 = 𝛼 is zero polynomial, and then 𝑥 − 𝛼 is a factor of
𝑓(𝑥 )
Since −2 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ).Therefore 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Now, we divide 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑘 by g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 2 to find the
value of k
 3𝑥 − 2
𝑥 + 2 +3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑘
+3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
− −
−2𝑥 + 2𝑘
−2𝑥 + 0 − 4
+ +
2𝑘 + 4

T IO S
Now, Remainder = 0

I
Hence, the value of k is −2
NO A D
CO N
A
Page No 2.60:

PY
DO U A

Question 36: If a quadratic polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is factorable into linear

T
ED PR

distinct factors, then what is the total number of real and distinct zeros of
𝑓(𝑥 )?
C

ANSWER:
©

If a quadratic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is factorized into linear

polynomials then the total number of real and distinct zeros of 𝑓(𝑥 ) will
be 2.

Page No 2.61:
Question 37: If a quadratic polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is a square of a linear
polynomial, then its two zeros are coincident. (True/False).
ANSWER:
The polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 = (𝑥 − 0)(𝑥 − 0) has two identical factors.
The curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cuts X axis at two coincident points that is exactly at
one point.
Hence, quadratic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) is a square of linear polynomial then
its two zeros are coincident. True.

Page No 2.61:
Question 38: If a quadratic polynomial f(x) is not factorable into linear
factors, then it has no real zero. (True/False)
ANSWER:

T IO S
When polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is not factorable then the curve

I
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 does not touch x-axis. Parabola open upwards above
NO A D
CO N
the x-axis or open downwards below x-axis where 𝑎 > 0 or 𝑎 < 0.
A
Hence, if quadratic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) is not factorable into linear factors

PY
DO U A
then it has no real zeros. True.
T
ED PR

Page No 2.61:
C

Question 39: If 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial such that 𝑓 (𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) < 0, then what
©

is the number of zeros lying between 𝑎 and 𝑏?

ANSWER:
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial such that 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑏) < 0 then this means the value
of the polynomial are of different sign for 𝑎 to 𝑏
Hence, at least one zero will be lying between 𝑎 and 𝑏

Page No 2.61:
Question 40: If graph of quadratic polynomial 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cuts
positive direction of y-axis, then what is the sign of c?
ANSWER:
If graph of quadratic polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑥cuts positive
direction of y−axis, then
Put x = 0 for the point of intersection of the polynomial and y−axis
We have 𝑦 = 0 + 0 + 𝑐 = 𝑐
Since the point (0, 𝑐) is above the x-axis
Hence, the sign of c is positive, that is 𝑐 > 0

T IO S
Page No 2.61:

I
NO A D
Question 41: If the graph of quadratic polynomial 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cuts

CO N
A
negative direction of y-axis, then what is the sign of c?

PY
DO U A
ANSWER: T
Since graph of quadratic polynomial𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑥 cuts negative
ED PR

direction of y−axis
So put 𝑥 = 0 to find the intersection point on y-axis
C
©

So the point is (0, 𝑐 )

Now it is given that the quadratic polynomial cuts negative direction of y
So 𝑐 > 0