Exercise 2.

2
Page No 2.43:
Question 1: Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic
polynomials below are their zeros. Also, verify the relationship between
the zeros and coefficients in each case:
1
(i) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2; , 1, −2
2

(ii) g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2; 2, 1, 1

T IO S
ANSWER:

I
NO A D
We have,

CO N
A
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2; 12, 1, −2

PY
DO U A
1 1 3 1 2 1
𝑓( ) = 2( ) + ( ) − 5( )+ 2
T
2 2 2 2
ED PR

1 1 1 5
𝑓( ) = + − +2
2 4 4 2
C

1
𝑓( ) = 0
©

𝑓 (1) = 2(1)3 + (1)2 − 5(1) + 2

𝑓 (1) = 2 + 1 − 5 + 2
𝑓 (1) = 0
𝑓 (−2) = 2(−2)3 + (−2)2 − 5(−2) + 2
𝑓 (−2) = −16 + 4 + 10 + 2
𝑓(−2) = 0

1
So, , 1 and – 2 are the zeros of polynomial p(x)
2
 1
Let 𝛼 = , 𝛽 = 1 and 𝛾 = −2. Then
2
1
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 = +1−2
2
1 1×2 2×2
= + −
2 1×2 1×2
1+2−4
=
2
−1
=
2

T IO S
From 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2

I
NO A D
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =
−Coefficient of 𝑥 2

CO N
Coefficient of 𝑥 3
A
1
𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = −( )

PY
DO U A
2
T 1 1
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = (1) + 1(−2) − 2 ( )
ED PR

2 2
1 2
= −2−
2 2
C
©

Taking least common factor we get,

1 2×2 2
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = − −
2 1×2 2
1−4−2
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
2
1−6
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
2
−5
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
2

From 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2
Coefficient of 𝑥
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
Coefficient of 𝑥 3
−5
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
2
 1
𝛼𝛽𝛾 = × 1 × (−2)
2
−2
𝛼𝛽𝛾 =
2

𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −1
From 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2
−Coefficient of 𝑥
𝛼𝛽𝛾 =
Coefficient of 𝑥 2
2

T IO S
𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − ( )
2

I
𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −1
NO A D
CO N
A
Hence, it is verified that the numbers given alongside of the cubic
polynomials are their zeros and also verified the relationship between

PY
DO U A
the zeros and coefficients
T
ED PR

(ii) We have,
C

g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2
©

g(2) = (2)3 − 4(2)2 + 5(2) – 2

g(2) = 8 − 16 + 10 − 2
g(2) = 0
g(1) = (1)3 − 4(1)2 + 5(1) – 2
=1−4+5−2
=0
g(1) = (1)3 − 4(1)2 + 5(1) – 2
=1−4+5−2
=0
So 2,1and 1 are the zeros of the polynomial g(x)
Let 𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 1 and 𝜆 = 1. Then
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =2+1+1
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =4
From g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2
−Coefficient of 𝑥 2
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =
Coefficient of 𝑥 3

T IO S
4
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =

I
1

NO A D
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =4

CO N
A
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 2(1) + 1(1) + 1(2)

PY
DO U A
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 2 + 1 + 2
T
ED PR

𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 5
From g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2
C

Coefficient of 𝑥
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
©

Coefficient of 𝑥 3
5
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
1

𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 5
𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 2 × 1 × 1
𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 2
From g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 – 2
−Coefficient of 𝑥
𝛼𝛽𝛾 =
Coefficient of 𝑥 2
−2
𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − ( )
1

𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 2
Hence, it is verified that the numbers given alongside of the cubic
polynomials are their zeros and also verified the relationship between
the zeros and coefficients.

Page No 2.43:
Question 2: Find the cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product
of its zeros taken two at a time, and product of its zeros as 3, −1 and − 3
respectively.

T IO S
ANSWER:

I
NO A D
If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the zeros of a cubic polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥), then

CO N
A
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑘{𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 )𝑥 2 + (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 )𝑥 − 𝛼𝛽𝛾 } where k is

PY
DO U A
any non-zero real number.
T
Here,
ED PR

𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =3
C

𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = −1
©

𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −3
Therefore
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑘{𝑥 2 − (3)𝑥 2 + (−1)𝑥 − (−3)}
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑘{𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 + 3}
Hence, cubic polynomial is 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑘{𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 + 3}, where k is
any non-zero real number.

Page No 2.43:
Question 3: If the zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 +
37𝑥 − 30 are in A.P., find them.
ANSWER:
Let 𝛼 = 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝛽 = 𝑎 and 𝛾 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 be the zeros of the polynomial
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 37𝑥 − 30
Therefore
−Coefficient of 𝑥 2
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =
Coefficient of 𝑥 3
−15
= −( )
2

T IO S
15

I
=
2
NO A D
CO N
−Coefficient of 𝑥
𝛼𝛽𝛾 =
A
Coefficient of 𝑥 2

PY
−30
DO U A
= −( )
2
T
ED PR

= 15
−Coefficient of 𝑥 2
Sum of the zeros =
C

Coefficient of 𝑥 3
©

15
(𝑎 − 𝑑) + 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) =
2
15
𝑎+𝑎+𝑎−𝑎+𝑎 =
2
15
3𝑎 =
2
15 1
𝑎= ×
2 3
5
𝑎=
2
Constant term
Product of the zeros =
Coefficient of 𝑥 2

𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 15
(𝑎 − 𝑑) + 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) = 15
 𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑑2 ) = 15
5
Substituting 𝑎 = we get
2

5 5 2
(( ) − 𝑑) = 15
2 2

5 25
( − 𝑑2 ) = 15
2 4
25 2
− 𝑑2 = 153 ×
4 5

T IO S
25
− 𝑑2 = 3 × 2

I
4
25NO A D
CO N
− 𝑑2 = 6
A
4
25

PY
− 𝑑2 = 6 −
DO U A
4
T
24−25
− 𝑑2 =
ED PR

4
−1
− 𝑑2 =
C

4
©

1 1
𝑑×𝑑 = ×
2 2
1
𝑑=
2
5 1
Therefore, substituting 𝑎 = and 𝑑 = in 𝛼 = 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝛽 = 𝑎 and 𝛾 =
2 2
𝑎+𝑑
𝛼 =𝑎−𝑑
5 1
𝛼= −
2 2
5−1
𝛼=
2
4
𝛼=
2
𝛼=2
𝛽=𝑎
5
𝛽=
2

𝛾 =𝑎+𝑑
5 1
𝛾= +
2 2
5+1
𝛾=

T IO S
2

I
6
𝛾=
2
NO A D
CO N
𝛾=3
A

PY
5
Hence, the zeros of the polynomial are 2, , 2.
DO U A
2
T
ED PR

Page No 2.43:
C

Question 4: Find the condition that the zeros of the polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =

©

𝑥 3 + 3𝑝𝑥 2 + 3𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 may be in A.P.

ANSWER:
Let 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 and 𝑎 + 𝑑 be the zeros of the polynomials 𝑓(𝑥 ) .Then,
−Coefficient of 𝑥 2
Sum of the zeros =
Coefficient of 𝑥 3
−3𝑝
𝑎−𝑑+𝑎+𝑎+𝑑 =
1

𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = −3𝑝
3𝑎 = −3𝑝
−3×𝑝
𝑎=
3
 −3×𝑝
𝑎=
3

𝑎 = −𝑝
Since 𝑎 is a zero of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ).Therefore,
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑝𝑥 2 + 3𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
𝑓 (𝑎 ) = 0
𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑎3 + 3𝑝𝑎2 + 3𝑞𝑎 + 𝑟

T IO S
𝑎3 + 3𝑝𝑎2 + 3𝑞𝑎 + 𝑟 = 0

I
NO A D
Substituting 𝑎 = −𝑝 we get,

CO N
A
(−𝑝)3 + 3𝑝(−𝑝)2 + 3𝑞 (−𝑝) + 𝑟 = 0

PY
−𝑝3 + 3𝑝3 − 3𝑝𝑞 + 𝑟 = 0
DO U A
T
2𝑝3 − 3𝑝𝑞 + 𝑟 = 0
ED PR

Hence, the condition for the given polynomial is 2𝑝3 − 3𝑝𝑞 + 𝑟 = 0.

C
©

Page No 2.43:
Question 5: If the zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 3𝑏𝑥 2 +
3𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 are in A.P., prove that 2𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑑 = 0.

ANSWER:
Let 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 and 𝑎 + 𝑑 be the zeros of the polynomial f(x). Then,
−Coefficient of 𝑥 2
Sum of the zeros =
Coefficient of 𝑥 3
−3𝑏
(𝑎 − 𝑑) + 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) =
𝑎
−3𝑏
𝑎+𝑑+𝑎+𝑎−𝑑 =
𝑎
 −3𝑏
3𝑎 =
𝑎
−3𝑏 1
𝑎= ×
𝑎 3
−𝑏
𝑎=
𝑎

Since a is a zero of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ).

Therefore,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 3𝑏𝑥 2 + 3𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

T IO S I
𝑓 (𝑎) = 0
NO A D
CO N
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎3 + 3𝑏𝑎2 + 3𝑐𝑎 + 𝑑
A
𝑎𝑎3 + 3𝑏𝑎2 + 3𝑐𝑎 + 𝑑 = 0

PY
DO U A
−𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑏
𝑎× × × +3×𝑏× × +3×𝑐× +𝑑 =0
T
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
ED PR

−𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑏
𝑎× × × +3×𝑏× × +3×𝑐× +𝑑 =0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
C

−𝑏3 3𝑏3 𝑐𝑏
+ −3 +𝑑 =0
©

𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎
−𝑏3 +3𝑏3 −3𝑎𝑏𝑐+𝑎2 𝑑
=0
𝑎2

2𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑑 = 0 × 𝑎2
2𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑑 = 0
Hence, it is proved that 2𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑑 = 0.

Page No 2.43:
Question 6: If the zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 39𝑥 +
𝑘 are in A.P., find the value of k.
ANSWER:
Let 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 and 𝑎 + 𝑑 be the zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 ).
Then,
−Coefficient of 𝑥 2
Sum of the zeros =
Coefficient of 𝑥 3
−(−12)
(𝑎 − 𝑑) + 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) =
1

𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 − 𝑑 = 12
3𝑎 = 12

T IO S
12

I
𝑎=
3
NO A D
CO N
𝑎=4
A
Since 𝑎 is a zero of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥 )

PY
DO U A

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 39𝑥 + 𝑘

T
ED PR

𝑓(𝑎) = 0
𝑓(𝑎) = 43 − 12 × 42 + 39 × 4 + 𝑘
C
©

0 = 64 − 192 + 156 + 𝑘
0 = 220 − 192 + 𝑘
0 = 28 + 𝑘
−28 = 𝑘
Hence, the value of k is −28.