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Active transport uses energy from ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient by coupling ATP hydrolysis to molecular transport. It allows cells to accumulate molecules needed for processes like signaling and energy production. Active transport is necessary when substances cannot enter cells by diffusion or osmosis due to size, charge, or moving against the concentration gradient.

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60 views7 pages

Untitled

Active transport uses energy from ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient by coupling ATP hydrolysis to molecular transport. It allows cells to accumulate molecules needed for processes like signaling and energy production. Active transport is necessary when substances cannot enter cells by diffusion or osmosis due to size, charge, or moving against the concentration gradient.

Uploaded by

Mati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment

1. Explain how active transport works in a cell?

Active transport works by using the energy stored in the phosphate


bonds of ATP to power transport against a concentration gradient.
Active transport is a type of cellular transport that uses energy. In
active transport proteins couple the breaking of the phosphate bonds
in ATP to moving molecules. When broken, release energy that can be
used to move molecules from a low to high concentration. This allows
the cell to build up concentrations of certain molecules, which can be
used for signaling, creating more energy, or other cellular processes.

2. Give some example of a situation when a substance can't be moved


into a cell by osmosis or diffusion and how active transport solves the
problem?

Some of the situation when a substance can't be moved into a cell by


osmosis or diffusion are:

* Absorbing glucose into the blood by animals.

* Uptake of glucose from kidney tubules into the blood in animals.

* Uptake of nitrate ions.

Active transport helps in this by passing elements against their


concentration gradient, generating an energy expenditure for this to
occur since this movement is not energetically possible.

Therefore, we can confirm that when a substance cannot move by


osmosis or diffusion, it is because it cannot cross the plasma membrane
due to its charge or size, and if it is by diffusion, it is because it is against
its concentration gradient.

3. Why do sharks find an injured fish or person easily?

A shark's sense of smell comes in handy in this situation. Sharks have


noses that are not used to breathe but to smell (they have a gill system
for breathing) the shark can smell blood from up to a quarter- mile
away. Most of shark's brain is used for processing smells.

4. What is meant by the net movement of particles?

The net movement of particles refers to the overall movement of


particles from one location to another. This movement can be
influenced by various factors, such as temperature, concentration, and
the presence of membrane or other barrier.

In the context of diffusion, the net movement of particles refers to the


movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration. This movement occurs as a result of the natural
tendency of particles to move from areas of higher concentration to
lower concentration in order to achieve equilibrium.

In the context of osmosis, the net movement of particles refers to the


movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable
membrane. This movement occurs as a result of the concentration
gradient of the solute (the dissolved substance) on either side of the
membrane. If the concentration of the solute is higher on one side of
the membrane, water molecules will tend to move from the side with a
lower concentration of solute to the side with a higher concentration in
order to dilute the solute and achieve equilibrium.
5. Why are organelles important in the structure of a cell?

An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs


to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. Among the
more important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic
information; mitochondria, which produce chemical energy; and and
ribosomes, which assemble proteins.

An organelle is a specific structure with in a cell, there are many


different type of organelles. Organelles are also called vessicles with in
a cell. And they really have important function that's important because
we need to comparmentalize all the function with in the cell. So there
needs to be a membrane around the mechanisms for making a
different product with in a cell. So really, organelles are all membrane-
bound And they separate one function from another function. So for
example, the mitochondrion has the function to produce energy, and
the lysosome has the function of producing small molecules from large
molecules, from breaking those things down. They need to be
compartmentalized because the mitochondrion all of its pathways, all
of its proteins and enzymes in it, to convert one chemical to another,
and the lysosome needs an acid pH. And if those things were to mix,
none of the functions would be produced at all. So that really is the
heart and soul of an organelle: To be compartmentalized and allow a
high concentration of proteins or acid, or whatever to create that
environment so that a particular function can be performed.

6. What happen in the cytoplasm of a cell?

Cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for
chemical reaction. It provides platform upon which other organelles
can operate within the cell. All of the functions for the expansion,
growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell. With
in the cytoplasm, materials move by diffusion, a physical process that
can work only for short distances.

7. Animals which live fresh water have a constant problem with their
body. the single-celled organism called an amoeba has a special vacuole
in every cell. it fills with water and then moves to the outside of the cell
and bursts a new vacuole starts forming straight away. explain interms
of osmosis why the amoeba needs one of these vacuoles?

An amoeba needs a contractile vacuole in order to maintain a balance


of water in its one celled body. The outer membrane of the amoeba,
the plasma lemma, is semipermeable, and depending upon the
conditions of the surrounding medium of pond, lake, or whatever, too
much water may enter the amoeba, causing it to burst. The contractile
vacuole is able to fill up with the excess water and cause it to exit from
the amoeba as it goes to the membrane wall, and bursts, releasing the
water into the surrounding medium. The contractile vacuole can also
eliminate some of the wastes inside the amoeba in the same manner.

8. Experiments on osmosis are often carried out using potato cylinders.


you have been asked to find out if sweet potato or bread fruit would be
a good alternative. describe in detail how might find out is either of
these would be better than the traditional potato?

The osmosis process is based on solute concentration, if sweet potato


or bread fruit has more amount of sucrose changing the osmolarity,
hence not used for osmosis.

When a potato is placed in salt water, all the water inside it, plants
have a lot of water inside them, that's what gives a plant its structure
travels out by Osmosis because water will move from an area of less
salt to more salt (more water to less water).

The cell that makeup potatoes have cell walls that function as a
semipermeable membranes. Incomparision to the fluid inside the
potato cells, the salt water solution is hypotonic, meaning that it has
more water and fewer salts. This is because a sweet potato has more
sugar than a regular potato, changing the osmolarity conditions during
osmosis.

Therefore, osmolarity conditions is more important during osmosis,


hence sweet potato or bread fruit would not be a good alternative.

9. Why is it so important for animals to keep the concentration of their


body fluids constant?

It is important for animals to keep body fluid concentration constant


because it may lead to cell destruction and death. Animals regulate
their body fluids through a process known as homeostasis. It helps to
maintain steady conditions in cells for optimal functioning. When the
concentration of body fluids isn't constant in cells, it may lead to the
cell shrinking as a result of being too concentrated or bursting as a
result of too much of fluids in it. This then destroy the cells and leads to
death.

10. What is the difference between 70s and 80s ribosomes?

Difference Between 70s and 80s Ribosomes


70s Ribosome 80s Ribosome
Occurence
In prokaryotes such as bacteria. Exclusively occurs in eukaryotes
Also occurs in eukaryotic cells
In the cell
Found freely inside the cytoplasm Found inside the cytoplasm or
of prokaryotes. Also occurs in attached to the Endoplasmic
eukaryotic cell organelles such as reticulum
mitochondria and chloroplast
Synthesis
Synthesized inside the cytoplasm Synthesized inside the nucleolus
of prokaryotes
RNA
3 molecules of RNA 4 molecules of RNA

Weight
2.7-3.0 million Daltons 4.0-4.5 million Daltons
Sedimentation coefficient
70 80

Number of proteins
55 protein molecules, with 34 in 73 protein molecules, with 40 in
larger subunit and 21 in smaller larger subunits and 33 in smaller
subunit subunits
RNA-to-protein ratio
2:1 (more RNA) 1:1

Influence of Antibiotics
Protein synthesis is inhibited by Protein synthesis is not inhibited
antibiotics by antibiotics

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