Introduction To Information Technology: Digital Assignment-2

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Introduction to Information

Technology
Digital assignment-2

NAME YOGESHWAR V

REGISTER NUMBER 22BCC0216


COURSE B.COM

STAFF NAME MANI P

COURSE CODE CCA1704

TOPIC NAME DA-2

SUBMISSION DATE 05.01.2023


1. Explain the software development steps with example.

In the software development service, different software development models are


employed depending on the development team and the project to be completed. The
software process involved in these models clearly defines the steps of the software
application development life cycle. Every step in the development life cycle gives rise to
the end-product needed by the next stage in the cycle. The layout design for the product is
made from the gathered requirements.
In the software development service, six basic steps define the process of software
development.
They are:
 Analysis
 Design
 Coding
 Testing
 Implementation
ANALYSIS
In software development, requirements for the products to be designed are sourced in this
step. For most projects, this step happens to be the primary focus. Project managers and
interested stakeholders gather around to meet and put together the requirements. 
After the requirements have been gathered, and questions like the above have been answered,
analysis of the conditions comes next. The plausibility of putting the elements assembled into
the final product is analyzed and carefully studied in detail.
A requirement specification document is created. After completion of the requirement’s
analysis, the development team can then proceed to the next level of making out a product
design to be followed throughout the product development process.
DESIGNING
During this step, the creation of the product design from the requirement’s documentation
ensues. Product design assists in the specification of the necessary hardware required to run
the product, in other words, the deployment.
It is also time to make a choice of development platform, e.g. .NET, Java, Laravel, Ruby on
Rails, or FileMaker. This choice depends on the requirements themselves, but also on which
platform is commonly used within the company.
CODING
After the phase of product design, the development team moves on to the stage of coding and
implementation. Once the development team has the requirement specification and the design
documents in hand, the software developers can start programming. Besides coding, the
developers also perform unit or module testing in this phase, as to detect potential problems
as early as possible in the development phase.

TESTING
After the step of coding and implementation, the team can then proceed to integration and
validation testing. Software development service teams are in the constant software process
of releasing different software applications for various purposes, This phase exposes potential
bugs in the product, and if any, these are corrected. This also means that the software product
will be a risk assessment in this stage. As we saw in the previous step, the software
developers themselves will perform unit or module testing. The next stage of testing would
be Integration testing. 
MAINTENANCE
Once all the above steps have been successfully passed, and the software product is fully
released into the market, the product must be kept operational and maintenance of the product
is required. This involves fixing issues and keeping the systems up to date with the latest
operating system patches or updates of used third-party software. In case the user base of the
software product increases significantly, expansion in the form of additional processing
power, memory, and/or database capacity.

2.Explain the Data, Database, and DBMS.


DATA.

Data, in the context of databases, refers to all the single items that are stored in a database,
either individually or as a set. Data in a database is primarily stored in database tables, which
are organized into columns that dictate the data types stored therein. So, if the “Customers”
table has a column titled “Telephone Number,” whose data type is defined as “Number,” then
only numerals can be stored in that column.
DATABASE.
Data base is a collection of data. It contains information about one particular enterprise.
Database systems are designed to manage large bodies of information. The database system
must provide the safety of the information stored, despite system crashes or attempts at
unauthorized access.
DBMS.
A database management system (DBMS) consists of a collection of interrelated data and set of
programs to access the data. DBMS is a set of prewritten programs that are used to store, update and
retrieve a database. A DBMS controls the organization, storage , management and retrieval of
database.
FUNDAMENTALS OF DBMS.

 Redundancy can be reduced 


 Inconsistency can be avoided 
 The data can be shared 
 Standards can be enforced
 Security can be enforced 
 Integrity can be maintained.
TYPES OF DATABASE.
o File processing system 
 Data base management system

DATABASE MODELS.
 Structure of the database is called as data model. It is a collection of conceptual tools for describing
data, data relationships , data semantics, and consistency constraints.

Entity relationship model(ER-Model) 

 Relational model 
 Hierarchical model 
 Network model 
 Object oriented model.

DATABASE LANGUAGES.
A database system provides a data definition language(DDL) to specify the database structure and a
data manipulation language(DML) to express database queries and updates.
DDL.

Set of SQL commands used to create, modify and delete database structures but not data. These
commands are not normally used by a general use who should be accessing the database via an
application. They are normally used the DBA to a limited extent, a database designer, or application
developer.

Example: To create objects in the database- create table account(acc_no varchar(45),balance


varchar(4));

Alter: Alter the structure of the database.

Drop: Delete objects from the database.

DML.

Enables users to access or manipulate data in database.  Retrieval of information stored in the
database  Insertion of new information into the database  Deletion of information from the
database  Modification of information stored in the database  , 

 Insert: Insert data into a table  Example:insert into account values(‘A001’,’1000’);

 Update: Update existing data within a table 

Delete: deletes all records from a table 

Query: A query is a statement requesting the retrieval of information.

 Ex: select * from account.


3.Explain the applications of DBMS in VIT.

VIT university have to deal with lots of student data courses in which the students are enrolled faculty
teaching for particular departments subjects attached with it.
1.Streamlined activities.
In VIT the DBMS allowed the remainders to set up for the various events and activities that need to
be performed by the administration team this result in letter productivity and growth with minimum
effort.

2. Library management system


The library provide the books to students for reacting and then the student returns to library.
So which has taken which book what is the due date to return the book, what are the charges
on taking that book etc.
3.Transport management.
It allows to stay updated inj realtime on the number of students using the college transport
system along with their address.
4.Effortless assignment management.
Instead of manually managing this task, the online software also makes provision for the
due date to be allotted to each assignment makes managing the assignment effortless and
simper.
5.Increased data security.
6.Efficient admission management.
Examples of DBMS software: Foxppro dbase.
Characteristics of DBMS.
 Data stored into tables
 Reduced redundancy
 Data consistency
 Support multiple user and concurrent access
 Query language.
 Security
 DBMS supports transaction
Advantages of DBMS.
 Segregation of application program.
 Minimal data duplication or data redundancies.
 Easy retrieval of data using the query language .
 Reduced development time and maintenance.
4.Write the Algorithm and flowchart for the below activities.
a)Find the area of square.
Input : Get the value of side of square.
Process : calculate the area of square.
Output : Produce the area of software.
Variable description
a: first variable
s: output of product of (a * a)
Algorihtm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Input a
Step3: Calculate s=a*a
Step4: Output s

Step5: stop
Flowchart:
b.Find the biggest number between two numbers.
Input : Get the value of two numbers.
Process : calculate the biggest number.
Output : Produce the biggest number between 2.
Variable description
A : first number
B : second number
Algorihtm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Input a
Step3: Input b
Step4: if A>B, print A
Step5: else print B
Step6: stop
Flowchart:

Start

Get A,B

yes
If A>B
Print A

Print B

stop
c. Login verification process for v-top.
Input : Enter the User Id and password.
Process : Verification of User Id and password.
Output : Display the vtop main screen.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Entre the “User Id”
Step3: Entre the “password’
Step4: if User Id 7 password are correct display “vtop main screen”
Step5: else display “Invalid user Id & password”.
Step6: stop

Start

Enter the
user i&pass

If user Vtop main


id&pass
are screen
correct

Invalid User
id &
password

Stop

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