International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 120 No. 6 2018, 10853-10873

ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
Special Issue
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

A Review of Unidirectional AC-DC

Converter Topologies For Level-1
Charging of Electric Vehicles
S.Harika1 , Dr.R.Seyezhai2 ,
Dr.A.Jawahar3 , 1 Research Scholar
2
Associate Professor, 3 Professor
1,2,3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
SSN College of Engineering
Chennai, INDIA.
1
[email protected]
2
[email protected]
3
[email protected]
August 4, 2018

Abstract
AC-DC converter plays an essential role in charging ap-
plication. This paper deals with review of different unidi-
rectional ac-dc converter topologies for the level-1 charging.
The performance of the proposed ac-dc converter topolo-
gies are investigated and compared based on the parameters
like voltage gain, ripple content, switching loss, number of
switch, number of diode and number of inductor. From
the analysis, the suitable converter topology is chosen for
level-1 charging application. Overview of different unidi-
rectional ac-dc converter topologies is highlighted. Further,
the need of converter for charging application and use of
battery charger for EV (Electric Vehicle) is described. Sim-
ulation studies of the ac-dc converter topologies are carried
out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are verified.

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Keywords:Electric Vehicle (EV), unidirectional ac-dc

converter, Voltage gain, Efficiency, Ripple factor.

1 Introduction
Though, transportation systems are essential in todays human life,
the concern is about intrinsic worth of mode of transport. It means
that using of internal combustion engine (ICE) based vehicle has
major effects on global warming as it emits greenhouse gases, mak-
ing air pollution and depletion of the earths petroleum resources.
To overcome this, electric vehicle (EV) has emerged. Electrifying
the vehicle is the most challenging and competitive solution. The
survey clears that for the same amount of energy, the range of EV
is three times greater than gasoline powered vehicle and also it has
numerous advantages like no gas requirement, zero emission, low
maintenance, reduced noise pollution and cost effective. The use
of renewable energy resources such as solar, wind etc for electricity
generation made the electric vehicle easily accessible. It is safe to
drive an EV car as in case of an accident, one can open up the air
bag and cut the electricity supply from battery so that everyone
can be prevented from serious injuries. The Indian government has
announced that by 2030 all the IC vehicles will be replaced by EVs
[1] and India stands top ten positions in automotive market in the
world. For electric vehicle, battery charger plays a major role as it
requires frequent charging [2 &3] and it is essential to ensure the
life cycle of the battery and state of charge (SOC). On-board bat-
tery charger is required to perform EV battery charging from grid
which converts ac voltage into dc voltage and controls the charging
process [4].
The charging of battery is classified into three types : Level-
1,Level-2 and Level- 3 chargers. Level -1 charger uses 120V which
is readily available in household outlets and transfer electricity
through normal power cord and uses the basic equipment that the
most EV’s come with. Level -2 charger uses 240V for enabling fast
charging of EV battery system but it requires an additional elec-
tric vehicle service equipment (EVSE) and proper electric wiring
capable of handling high voltage. Level-3 provides DC fact charg-
ing which chargers the battery in 20-30 minutes. Level-1 and Level

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-2 provides AC electricity to battery through on- board charger

but Level-3 charger bypass the on-board charger and provides the
DC electricity directly to the battery via special charging port.
The most commonly used charging ports are SAE and CHAdeMO
chargers [5]. Though the Level-2 and Level-3 are fast charging,
Level -1 is preferable because of
• Low cost installation
• Less expensive compared with other two chargers
• No need of EVSE equipment
• Less impact on electric utility peak demand charges
For EV battery charging, converters are essential for charging and
controlling process, converters of two types ac-dc converter and
dc-dc converter [6]. With dc-dc converter, rectifier is required to
converter ac to dc which is uncontrolled output. And then dc-dc
converter converts and provides controlled output. As input current
should be nearly sinusoidal, a small filter is required but to get dc
output with low ripple, then large capacitor is placed which makes
the use of additional control scheme to get high frequency chopped
sinusoidal shape of input current because it reflects as pulsed ac
current as input side [7]. This makes it as a tedious process. So,
ac-dc converter bridgeless topology is preferable for battery charg-
ing application [8]. Further, it is classified as unidirectional and
bidirectional ac-dc converters. Unidirectional ac-dc converter al-
lows power flow in one direction whereas bidirectional ac-dc con-
verter allows power flow in two direction i.e., source to load and
vice-versa. For the specification of level-1 charging, unidirectional
ac-dc converter is chosen because it is less expensive and requires
less components compared to bidirectional ac-dc converter.[9-12].
Ac- dc converter suffers from power quality issues like injection
of current harmonics, flow of reactive power, losses in transmission
and distribution line [13 -15]. So, to improve the power quality,
passive and active filters are used but it has the drawbacks of large
size, expensive and complex control makes the system too bulky.
Thus the new type of converter called improved power quality uni-
directional converters has been introduced to address the power
quality issues efficiently [16 - 17]. The converter design makes use
of MOSFET as active switch since diode and thyristor has the de-
merits of
• Poor power quality

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• Poor power factor

• Voltage distortion
• Rippled dc output
This paper deals with the some of the six converter topologies.
They are:
A. Single Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter
B. Single Phase Unidirectional Converter with High Power Factor
C. SEPIC Converter
D. Unidirectional Boost-Buck Converter for EV Battery Charger
E. Unidirectional Ac-Dc Converter with Coupled Inductor
F. Zero Voltage Source Hybrid Resonant PWM

2 UNIDIRECTIONAL AC-DC CON-

VERTER
A. Single Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter

The first topology deals with single- phase unidirectional buck

converter for power quality improvement. The control of buck con-
verter is done in two ways: (i) Constant frequency control or pulse
width modulation (ii) Variable frequency control or frequency mod-
ulation control The operation is based on constant frequency in
which the output is regulated through duty cycle, keeping frequency
as constant. Constant frequency operation is preferable instead of
variable frequency because it reduces the filter size and controls
the ripple content in dc output. The frequency is kept constant
and the value of frequency is chosen in the range of few kHz to
few hundred kHz. Maximum power factor and maximum output
power will be available and current is in phase with the voltage [18].
The proposed circuit requires one active switch, five diode and one
inductor. The schematic circuit diagram of proposed single- phase
unidirectional buck converter is shown in Fig.1.

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Fig.1. Single-phase unidirectional buck converter

Though it requires one active switch, the switching loss across the
switch is high which does not allow soft switching [19]. This topol-
ogy fails to achieve the standard required for battery charging.
Moreover, the buck converter is not suitable for charging appli-
cation as it has low voltage gain and conversion ratio.

Fig.2 Input and Output Voltage of Single phase unidirectional

buck converter
In Fig.2, the input voltage and output voltage of single phase uni-
directional buck converter is depicted. The input voltage of 230V
is stepped down to 220V.
B. Single Phase Unidirectional Converter With High Power
Factor
In unidirectional buck converter, passive filter is employed to get
sinusoidal input current waveform, but it makes the circuit bulky,
and with diode bridge rectifier, the power factor will be low and
harmonic current will be injected to the source which makes the
system unhealthy. So, current wave shaping technique is proposed
in this topology to achieve unity power factor, controlled dc volt-
age and fast dynamic response. The other topologies like neutral
point clamped, flying capacitor and series connection of H-bridge
requires eight switches, four clamping diode and two flying capac-
itor to meet the standard but PWM operation of proposed single-

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phase unidirectional converter with high power factor requires only

four switches, two diodes and two capacitors. No clamping diode
and flying capacitor are required [20 & 21]. The schematic diagram
of single- phase unidirectional converter with high power factor is
shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3. Single phase unidirectional converter with high power factor

Based on the polarity of the input current, the switches will be

turned on and turned off which leads to six operating states. To
analyze the operating states, following assumptions are made:
• the power switches are ideal
• supply voltage is constant
• dc capacitor voltages are equal
The principle of operation shows that high carrier frequency with
three-level voltage will be generated on rectifier leg a and with line
frequency two level voltage will be obtained on rectifier leg b. Thus,
the output side of the ac source, five level voltage will be generated.
During positive half cycle, diode D2 is turned on and the voltage
level Vdc , Vdc /2 and 0 are generated. During negative half cycle,
diode D1 is turned off and the voltage level 0, -Vdc , and -Vdc /2 are
generated. The drawback of the topology is it requires four active
switches and the switching loss across the single switch is about
0.714W which makes the system unhealthy for charging application.
The ripple content is high, the voltage gain and conversion ratio is
high.

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Fig.4 Input and output voltage of Single phase unidirectional

converter with high power factor

In Fig.4, the input voltage and output voltage of single phase uni-
directional converter with high power factor is depicted. The input
voltage of 230V is boosted to 400V.
C.SEPIC Converter
Single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) has the following
features (i) use of unidirectional switch with anti-parallel diode and
(ii) input current switching
the latter one ensures the high frequency switching with the use of
small size filter in order to get sinusoidal current shape and input
current in phase with the input voltage without the need of any
additional control scheme but there is little dependence on the in-
put voltage and output load. With nearly sinusoidal input current
shape, the power factor will be good which does not have any im-
pact on input voltage, output filter and load changing. Thus the
distortion level will be low and high efficiency and high power factor
can be obtained [22]. The schematic diagram of SEPIC converter
is shown in Fig.5.

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Fig.5. SEPIC converter

The proposed circuit comprises of four inductors, five diodes and

four capacitors. The input ac supply conversion is done with the
help of power switch and proper positioning of diodes. The inductor
L1 n provides a current path during negative half cycle of the sup-
ply voltage. A high frequency ac input current provides a switched
input current and it requires a small filter to obtain a sinusoidal
input current and it is in phase with the input voltage. This leads
to low input current THD and improved power factor. This can be
achieved with the help of high frequency conversion of both positive
and negative cycles of the input signal [23].
• Merits of SEPIC converter
• Output is non-inverted
• Less EMI problem
• Inherent inrush current limitation
Demerits of SEPIC converter
• High switching losses
• Number of inductors required is large
• System is bulky
• Conduction loss is high

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Fig.6. Input and Output Voltage of SEPIC converter

In Fig.6, the input voltage and output voltage of SEPIC converter

is depicted. The input voltage of 230V is boosted to 420V.
D. Unidirectional Boost-Buck Converter For EV Battery
Charger
It has front end bridgeless boost type converter and back end in-
terleaved buck converter. Front end converter act as an interface
between grid and dc link which is split into two (voltage doubler
circuit) and back end converter act as an interface between dc link
and battery. Because of voltage doubler circuit, the dc link volt-
age is double the time of maximum instantaneous value of grid
voltage and has a feature of high power factor. Due to interleav-
ing operation, the ripple content in battery is half of the ripple
content present in inductor and frequency is double the time of
switching frequency since the inductors connected to the battery
through same point [24]. The schematic diagram of unidirectional
boost-buck converter for EV battery charger is shown in Fig.7.

Fig.7. Unidirectional boost-buck converter for EV battery charger

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The front-end boost converter transfers energy from the power grid
to the dc-link. As shown in Fig. 7, the front end converter consists
of two MOSFETs (S1 and S2), two inductive filters (L1 and L2),
two diodes (D1 and D4) and split dc-link. The inductor L1 is
connected to positive of AC supply and inductor L2 is connected to
the negative of power supply and the middle point of input diode
and dc link is connected. During positive half cycle, MOSFET S1
and diode D3 and D4 is used. During negative half cycle, MOSFET
S2 and diode D4 and D1 is used.
The dc-dc back-end interleaved buck converter transfers energy
from the dc-link to the batteries. As shown in Fig. 4, the back
end dc-dc converter consists of two MOSFETs (S3 and S4), two
inductive filters (L3 and L4) and two diodes (D5 and D6). The
inductors are connected to the battery through the same point, and
the middle point of the dc-link is connecting to the middle point
of the output diodes D5 and D6. Though the ripple content is low
and power factor is high, the switching losses and voltage gain are
not upto the standard hence we are going for next topology [25].

Fig.8. Input and Output Voltage of Unidirectional boost-buck

converter for EV battery charger

In Fig.8, the input voltage and output voltage of unidirectional

boost-buck converter for EV battery charger is depicted. The in-
put voltage of 230V is bucked to 169V.
E. Unidirectional Ac-Dc Converter With Coupled Induc-
tor
Normally boost converter has the problem of reduced efficiency
when working for high gain so, a modification is done to the pro-
posed converter with replacing the inductor by coupled inductor.
With the help of coupled inductor, high gain and high efficiency

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can be achieved. Ac-dc converter suffers from harmonic injection,

dc-link voltage ripple and to reduce that huge capacitor is needed
which makes system bulky. Instead of using large capacitor, ultra
capacitor is used in this topology, with this capacitor value is re-
duced from 500 F to 10 F for single phase and 300 F to 10 F for
three phase [26]. The schematic diagram of unidirectional ac-dc
converter with coupled inductor is shown in Fig.9.

Fig.9. Unidirectional ac-dc converter with coupled inductor

During positive half cycle, switch S1 is operated and during neg-

ative half cycle, switch S2 is operated. The input side inductor is
used to get input current nearly sinusoidal waveform. With the help
of coupled inductor, the gain is increased but ripple content present
in the voltage is also increased. The dc link voltage is adjusted by
adjusting the duty cycle. Here, ultra capacitor is used as auxiliary
energy storage system. The power density of the converter depends
upon the ratio of power to volume [27].
The uses of ultra capacitor are:
• Regenerated power is stored in drive system
• To meet transient power requirement of the system
• Ultra capacitor with dc-link can be used as a buffer for ripple
energy of dc-link

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Fig.10. Input and Output Voltage of Unidirectional ac-dc

converter with coupled inductor

In Fig.10, the input voltage and output voltage of unidirectional

ac-dc converter with coupled inductor is depicted. The input volt-
age of 230V is bucked to 169V.
F. Zero Voltage Source Hybrid Resonant PWM Converter
(ZVSHRPWM)
Power factor correction requires boost converter with diode bridge
rectifier which has the drawback of high switching losses and con-
duction losses. Thus, the bridgeless topology is preferred which
allows soft switching operation thereby enabling high frequency op-
eration but still conduction losses exists. The proposed ZVS hybrid
resonant pulse width modulated converter (ZVSHRPWM) topology
shown in Fig.11, achieves zero voltage for all switches which mini-
mizes the switching losses and zero current ZCS for output rectifier
diode to reduce the reverse recovery losses. The bridgeless oper-
ation also minimizes the heat management issues in diode bridge
rectifier [28 29]. The features of ZVSHRPWM:
(i)The positive and negative of the AC supply need not be sensed.
(ii) Size of resonant components are reduced compared to SEPIC
and CUK converter.
(iii) Switching frequency can be high without any undesirable volt-
age spike across the PWM switch

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Fig.11. ZVSHRPWM
Only one input inductor Lin is required since the topology is bridge-
less. Switches S1 and S2 are PFC switches which is driven with
same PWM signal and because of that it is not necessary to sense
the positive and negative half of input AC line. The converter op-
erates in two mode:
• When switches S1 and S2 are on, the circuit operates in resonant
mode utilizing resonance between capacitance Cr, and inductance
Lr,
• When S1 and S2 are off and the auxiliary switch Sa is on, the cir-
cuit operates in PWM mode. Hence its operation can be described
as hybrid resonant PWM. The operation of the proposed converter
circuit depends on resonant frequency of the HRPWM. Thus, there
can be three possible modes of operation when resonant frequency
is higher, lower or equal to the switching frequency [30]. The pro-
posed topology has the following merits:
• Soft switching operation
• Reduced ripple content
• High voltage gain
• Switching losses are low
• Low conduction losses
Thus, the zero voltage source hybrid resonant PWM (ZVSHRPWM)
converter is chosen for electric vehicle charging operation.

3 SIMULATION RESULTS
The six topologies are simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. All the
topologies are simulated with design parameters of output filter C

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

= 20 µ F and load of R = 1000 . The simulation analysis of chosen

ZVSHRPWM converter is discussed below:

Fig.12. Input and output voltage of ZVSHRPWM converter

The output voltage and input voltage of ZVSHRPWM is shown in

Fig.12. The input voltage 230V is boosted to 720V.

Fig13. ZVS operation across switch

The gate-source voltage (Vgs ) and drain-source voltage (Vds ) across

the switch is shown in Fig.13 and shows that when drain-source
voltage drops to zero, the gate-source voltage starts to increase.

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Fig.14. Switch voltage and Switch current

Fig.14, shows the voltage across the switch and current through
switch. From the Fig.14, it is observed that the power transition
period is low and hence power loss across the switch is low compared
to the other topologies. The topologies are compared based on the
parameters like voltage gain, ripple content, efficiency, number of
switches, number of diodes and number of inductors. From the
analysis, the topology for battery charger has been chosen. The
comparison is listed in table I.
TABLE I. Review of unidirectional ac-dc converters

From Table 1, zero voltage source hybrid resonant PWM is chosen

for battery charger application as it has high voltage gain, low rip-

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ple content and low switching losses with low number of switches,
diode and inductors. The proposed converter has 85.13 % efficiency
and also it enables the soft switching which allows high frequency
operation. This topology reduces switching losses and conduction
losses by employing ZVS and ZCS. Thus, the ZVSHRPWM con-
verter is suitable for battery charging application. The proposed
topology can also be used in plug-in hybrid vehicle(PHEV), resi-
dential application and smart grid application

4 CONCLUSION
This paper has presented the various topologies of unidirectional
converter for battery charging applications. These topologies are
designed and simulated in MATLAB. From the results, it is ob-
served that ZVS hybrid resonant PWM (ZVSHRPWM) results in
high gain, high efficiency, reduced output voltage ripple, and low
switching losses compared to the other topologies. Hence, the pro-
posed AC-DC converter will be an appropriate topology for Electric
Vehicles.

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