A Quick-And-Dirty Introduction To Accelerationism: Nick Land
A Quick-And-Dirty Introduction To Accelerationism: Nick Land
INTRODUCTION TO
ACCELERATIONISM
Nick Land
May 25, 2017
Anyone trying to work out what they think about accelerationism better do so quickly.
That’s the nature of the thing. It was already caught up with trends that seemed too fast to
track when it began to become self-aware, decades ago. It has picked up a lot of speed since
then.
Time-pressure, by its very nature, is difficult to think about. Typically, while the
opportunity for deliberation is not necessarily presumed, it is at least – with overwhelming
likelihood – mistaken for an historical constant, rather than a variable. If there was ever
time to think, we think, there still is and will always be. The definite probability that the
allotment of time to decision-making is undergoing systematic compression remains a
neglected consideration, even among those paying explicit and exceptional attention to the
increasing rapidity of change.
Accelerationism links the implosion of decision-space to the explosion of the world – that
is, to modernity. It is important therefore to note that the conceptual opposition between
implosion and explosion does nothing to impede their real (mechanical) coupling.
1
Thermonuclear weapons provide the most vividly illuminating examples. An H-bomb
employs an A-bomb as a trigger. A fission reaction sparks a fusion reaction. The fusion
mass is crushed into ignition by a blast process. (Modernity is a blast.)
This is already to be talking about cybernetics, which also returns insistently, in waves. It
amplifies to howl, and then dissipates into the senseless babble of fashion, until the next
blast-wave hits.
For accelerationism the crucial lesson was this: A negative feedback circuit – such as a
steam-engine ‘governor’ or a thermostat – functions to keep some state of a system in the
same place. Its product, in the language formulated by French philosophical cyberneticists
Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, is territorialization. Negative feedback stabilizes a
process, by correcting drift, and thus inhibiting departure beyond a limited range. Dynamics
are placed in the service of fixity – a higher-level stasis, or state. All equilibrium models of
complex systems and processes are like this. To capture the contrary trend, characterized by
self-reinforcing errancy, flight, or escape, D&G coin the inelegant but influential
term deterritorialization. Deterritorialization is the only thing accelerationism has ever
really talked about.
In socio-historical terms, the line of deterritorialization corresponds to uncompensated
capitalism. The basic – and, of course, to some real highly consequential degree actually
installed – schema is a positive feedback circuit, within which commercialization and
industrialization mutually excite each other in a runaway process, from which modernity
draws its gradient. Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche were among those to capture
important aspects of the trend. As the circuit is incrementally closed, or intensified, it
exhibits ever greater autonomy, or automation. It becomes more tightly auto-
productive (which is only what ‘positive feedback’ already says). Because it appeals to
nothing beyond itself, it is inherently nihilistic. It has no conceivable meaning beside self-
amplification. It grows in order to grow. Mankind is its temporary host, not its master. Its
only purpose is itself.
“Accelerate the process,” recommended Deleuze & Guattari in their 1972 Anti-Oedipus,
citing Nietzsche to re-activate Marx. Although it would take another four decades before
“accelerationism” was named as such, critically, by Benjamin Noys, it was already there, in
its entirety. The relevant passage is worth repeating in full (as it would be, repeatedly, in all
subsequent accelerationist discussion):
… which is the revolutionary path? Is there one?—To withdraw from the world market, as
Samir Amin advises Third World countries to do, in a curious revival of the fascist
“economic solution”? Or might it be to go in the opposite direction? To go still further,
that is, in the movement of the market, of decoding and deterritorialization? For perhaps
the flows are not yet deterritorialized enough, not decoded enough, from the viewpoint of a
theory and a practice of a highly schizophrenic character. Not to withdraw from the
process, but to go further, to “accelerate the process,” as Nietzsche put it: in this matter,
the truth is that we haven’t seen anything yet.
The point of an analysis of capitalism, or of nihilism, is to do more of it. The process is not
to be critiqued. The process is the critique, feeding back into itself, as it escalates. The only
way forward is through, which means further in.
2
Marx has his own ‘accelerationist fragment’ which anticipates the passage from Anti-
Oedipus remarkably. He says in an 1848 speech ‘On the Question of Free Trade’:
…in general, the protective system of our day is conservative, while the free trade system is
destructive. It breaks up old nationalities and pushes the antagonism of the proletariat and
the bourgeoisie to the extreme point. In a word, the free trade system hastens the social
revolution. It is in this revolutionary sense alone, gentlemen, that I vote in favor of free
trade.
In this germinal accelerationist matrix, there is no distinction to be made between the
destruction of capitalism and its intensification. The auto-destruction of capitalism is what
capitalism is. “Creative destruction” is the whole of it, beside only its retardations, partial
compensations, or inhibitions. Capital revolutionizes itself more thoroughly than any
extrinsic ‘revolution’ possibly could. If subsequent history has not vindicated this point
beyond all question, it has at least simulated such a vindication, to a maddening degree.
In 2013, Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams sought to resolve this intolerable – even
‘schizophrenic’ – ambivalence in their ‘Manifesto for an Accelerationist Politics,’ which
aimed to precipitate a specifically anti-capitalist ‘Left-accelerationism’, clearly demarcated
over against its abominably pro-capitalist ‘Right-accelerationist’ shadow. This project –
predictably – was more successful at re-animating the accelerationist question than at
ideologically purifying it in any sustainable way. It was only by introducing a wholly
artificial distinction between capitalism and modernistic technological acceleration that
their boundary lines could be drawn at all. The implicit call was for a new Leninism
without the NEP (and with the Utopian techno-managerial experiments of Chilean
communism drawn upon for illustration).
3
Perhaps we ought to get started? In its colder variants, which are those that win out, it
tends to laugh.
4
Esto ya está hablando de cibernética, que también regresa insistentemente, en oleadas.
Se amplifica para aullar, y luego se disipa en el balbuceo sin sentido de la moda, hasta que
llega la próxima onda expansiva.
Para el aceleracionismo, la lección crucial fue esta: un circuito de retroalimentación
negativa, como un "gobernador" de una máquina de vapor o un termostato, funciona para
mantener algún estado de un sistema en el mismo lugar. Su producto, en el lenguaje
formulado por los cibernéticos filosóficos franceses Gilles Deleuze y Félix Guattari, es la
territorialización. La retroalimentación negativa estabiliza un proceso, corrigiendo la
deriva y, por lo tanto, inhibiendo la salida más allá de un rango limitado. Las dinámicas se
ponen al servicio de la fijación: una estasis o estado de nivel superior. Todos los modelos
de equilibrio de sistemas y procesos complejos son así. Para capturar la tendencia
contraria, caracterizada por errancias, huidas o fugas que se refuerzan a sí mismas, D&G
acuña el término de desterritorialización poco elegante pero influyente. La
desterritorialización es lo único de lo que el aceleracionismo ha hablado realmente.
5
d Si la historia posterior no ha justificado este punto más allá de toda duda, al menos ha
simulado tal reivindicación, en un grado enloquecedor.
En 2013, Nick Srnicek y Alex Williams buscaron resolver esta intolerable, incluso
"esquizofrénica", ambivalencia en su "Manifiesto para una política aceleracionista", que
tenía como objetivo precipitar un "aceleracionismo de izquierda" específicamente
anticapitalista, claramente demarcado en contra de su sombra abominablemente pro-
capitalista 'aceleracionista de derecha'. Este proyecto, como era de esperar, tuvo más
éxito en animar nuevamente la cuestión aceleradora que en purificarla ideológicamente
de una manera sostenible. Fue solo mediante la introducción de una distinción totalmente
artificial entre el capitalismo y la aceleración tecnológica modernista que se pudieron
trazar sus líneas divisorias. El llamado implícito era un nuevo leninismo sin la NEP (y con
los experimentos utópicos tecno-gerenciales del comunismo chileno basados en
ilustración).
El capital, en su máxima autodefinición, no es nada más que el factor social acelerado
abstracto. Su esquema cibernético positivo lo agota. El fugitivo consume su identidad.
Cualquier otra determinación se descarta como un accidente, en alguna etapa de su
proceso de intensificación. Dado que todo lo que sea capaz de alimentar constantemente
la aceleración sociohistórica será necesariamente, o por esencia, capital, la posibilidad de
que cualquier "aceleracionismo de izquierda" sin ambigüedades gane un impulso serio
puede descartarse con confianza. El aceleracionismo es simplemente la autoconciencia del
capitalismo, que apenas ha comenzado. ("Todavía no hemos visto nada").
En el momento de escribir este artículo, el aceleracionismo de izquierda parece haberse
deconstruido de nuevo en la política socialista tradicional, y la antorcha aceleradora ha
pasado a una nueva generación de jóvenes pensadores brillantes que promueven un
'Aceleracionismo incondicional' (ni R / Acc., Ni L / Acc., Pero U / Acc.). Sus identidades en
línea, si no de manera fácil de extraer de sus ideas, pueden buscarse a través de la
peculiar etiqueta de hash de redes sociales #Rhetttwitter.
A medida que las cadenas de bloques, la logística de drones, la nanotecnología, la
computación cuántica, la genómica computacional y la realidad virtual se inunden,
empapadas en densidades cada vez mayores de inteligencia artificial, el aceleracionismo
no irá a ninguna parte, a menos que sea más profundo en sí mismo. Ser apresurado por el
fenómeno, hasta el punto de una parálisis institucional terminal, es el fenómeno.
Naturalmente, es decir, completamente inevitable, la especie humana definirá este último
evento terrestre como un problema. Verlo ya es decir: tenemos que hacer algo. A lo que el
aceleracionismo solo puede responder: ¿finalmente estás diciendo eso ahora? ¿Quizás
deberíamos comenzar? En sus variantes más frías, que son las que ganan, tiende a reír.