Ammeter: Objective
Ammeter: Objective
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab
Experiment no. : 1
Name of the Experiment: Familiarization with some Electrical Instruments.
Objective:
In this lab, you will able to-
earn knowledge about some electrical instruments
uses of the electrical instruments
measure electrical parameters using those instruments
Ammeter
Ammeter is used to measure current. Current is measured in amps (amperes), A. 1A is quite
large, and so mA (milliamps) and µA (microamps) are often used. 1000mA = 1A, 1000µA =
1mA, 1000000µA = 1A. Ammeters are connected in series. Ammeters have a very low
resistance. Ammeters measure current.
Use:An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes, hence the name. The word "ammeter" is
commonly misspelled or mispronounced as "amp meter" or "ammeter" by some.
Connection
Types: There are two types of ammeters. One is analogue and another is digital.
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Voltmeter
Voltmeters measure voltage.
Voltage is measured in volts, V.
Voltmeters are connected in parallel across components.
Voltmeters have a very high resistance.
Use: A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit.
Connection
Types: There are three types of voltmeter. Analogue, Vacuum Tube, Digital Voltmeter.
Multimeter
Multimeters are very useful test instruments. By operating a multi-position switch on the
meter they can be quickly and easily set to be a voltmeter, an ammeter or an ohmmeter.
They have several settings (called 'ranges') for each type of meter and the choice of AC or
DC. Some multimeters have additional features such as transistor testing and ranges for
measuring capacitance and frequency.
Use: A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service
work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can
be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household
devices such as batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.
Types: There are two categories of multimeters, analogue multimeters and digital
multimeters.
Wattmeter
Wattmeter is used to measure power. It measured in watt (W). It has two coil systems. One is
current coil(CC) and another is potential coil(PC).
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Use: The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of
electric energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electronic wattmeters are used for direct, small
power measurements or for power measurements at frequencies beyond the range of
electrodynamometer-type instruments.
Connection
Types: There are two types of wattmeter. One is analogue and another is digital.
Capacitor
Capacitors store electric charge. A capacitor functions much like a battery, but charges and
discharges much more efficiently (batteries, though, can store much more charge).
Use:
A device used to store charge in an electrical circuit. They are used with resistors in
timing circuits because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to
smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter
circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant)
signals.
Diagram:
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Types:
Practical capacitors are available commercially in many different forms. The type of internal
dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the
characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications. There are many types of capacitor but
they can be split into two groups, polarised and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit
symbol.
Resistor
Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a
light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED. Resistance is
measured in ohms; the symbol for ohm is an omega .
Use:The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. This symbol is
used to indicate a resistor in a circuit diagram, known as a schematic. Resistance value is
designated in units called the "Ohm."
Connection:
Diagram:
Types: There are two types of resistor. One is fixed resistor and another is variable
resistor.
Inductor
An inductor is a coil of wire which may have a core of air, iron or ferrite (a brittle material
made from iron). Its electrical property is called inductance and the unit for this is the henry,
symbol H. 1H is very large so mH and µH are used, 1000µH = 1mH and 1000mH = 1H.
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Use: Inductors are mainly used in tuned circuits and to block high frequency AC signals
(they are sometimes called chokes). They pass DC easily, but block AC signals; this is the
opposite of capacitors. Inductors are rarely found in simple projects, but one exception is the
tuning coil of a radio receiver. This is an inductor which you may have to make yourself by
neatly winding enameled copper wire around a ferrite rod. Enameled copper wire has very
thin insulation, allowing the turns of the coil to be close together, but this makes it impossible
to strip in the usual way - the best method is to gently pull the ends of the wire through folded
emery paper.
Connection: An inductor may be connected either way round and no special precautions
are required when soldering.
Diagram:
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is a test instrument which allows you to look at the 'shape' of electrical
signals by displaying a graph of voltage against time on its screen.
Use: It is like a voltmeter with the valuable extra function of showing how the voltage
varies with time. A graticule with a 1cm grid enables you to take measurements of voltage
and time from the screen. The graph, usually called the trace, is drawn by a beam of electrons
striking the phosphor coating of the screen making it emit light, usually green or blue. This is
similar to the way a television picture is produced.
Diagram:
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Bread Board
Bread board usually uses in lab other circumstances, when need not to solder. In this case it is
very useful element.
Use: A breadboard is used to make up temporary circuits for testing or to try out an idea.
No soldering is required so it is easy to change connections and replace components. Parts
will not be damaged so they will be available to re-use afterwards.
Diagram:
Use: Linear circuit lab module is used for circuit experiment and designing exercises.
Diagram:
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DC Power Supply
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by
such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and communicator type electric
machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as wire, but can
also through semiconductor, insulators, or even through vacuum as in electron or icon beams.
Uses: Direct current is used to charge batteries, and in nearly all electronic systems as the
power supply. It is used in production of aluminum and many other electrochemical
processes.
Connection: Direct current installations usually have different types of sockets, switches
and fixtures, mostly due to the low voltages used, from those suitable for alternating current.
It is usually important with a direct-current appliance not to reverse polarity unless the device
has a diode bridge to correct for this.
Diagram:
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Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab
Experiment no. : 2
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Ohm’s Law.
Objective:
In this lab, you will verify Ohms Law for different resistors. You will measure the true
resistance of each resistor and the voltage applied to each resistor. You will then calculate the
predicted current through each resistor. Finally, you will measure the actual current through
each resistor to verify Ohm’s Law.
Theory:
Ohm’s law states that at constant temperature current in a resistive circuit is directly
proportional to its applied voltage and is inversely proportional to its resistance. In equation
form, Ohm’s law states that
I = current (A)
I R
Figure 1
Dc power supply
Breadboard
Resistor
Ammeter
Multimeter
Wires
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Circuit diagram:
I R
+ -
A
E
( 5-10 v)
Procedure:
Icalculated ~ Im easured
% of error 100
Im easured
Data table:
Report:
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Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab
Experiment no. : 3
Name of the Experiment: Demonstration on Series Circuit and verification of
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
Objective:
In this lab, you will know about series circuit & will be able to measure unknown
voltage using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL).
Theory:
Series circuit: Two elements are said to be in series if they have only one terminal in
common and the common point between the two elements is not connected to another
current carrying element. In a series circuit,
Total resistance RT = R1 + R2 + …………… + Rn ; where n = 1, 2, 3……etc
Current I will flow through all the elements. I = E / RT.
E = V1 + V2 + ………….. + Vn ; where V1, V2 ….. etc are the voltage drop
across R1 , R2 respectively.
I R1
R2
E
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law(KVL): A closed circuit path is any continuous path that
leaves a point in one direction and returns to the same point from another direction
without leaving the circuit. KVL states that the algebraic sum of the potential rises
and drops around a close circuit path is zero.
A potential rise will be positive if negative (–ve) terminal is seen first.
A potential drop will be positive if positive (+ve) terminal is seen first.
Potential rise will be considered positive and potential drop will be considered
negative. Voltage drop = Voltage rise
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I
+ V2 -
- -
V1 V3
+ +
+V4-
For the given circuit, V1 and V2 are voltage drops and V3 and V4 are voltage rise components.
So,
according to KVL, V1 + V2 = V3 + V4
Power supply
Breadboard
Resistors
Multimeter
Ammeter
Wires, etc
Circuit Diagram:
I R1
R2
E
Procedure:
Icalculated ~ Im easured
% of error 100
Im easured
13
Data table:
Report:
+ 15V -
+ + +
V1 10V V2
- _ -
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Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab
Experiment no. : 4
Name of the experiment: Demonstration on parallel circuit and verification of KCL
Objective:
In this lab, you will know about parallel circuit & will be able to measure unknown currents
using Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).
Theory:
Parallel circuit: Two elements are said to be in parallel if they have two points in common.
In a parallel circuit,
1 1 1 1
..............
Rt R1 R 2 Rn
E = V1 = V2 = ……………= Vn
Total current IT = I1 + I2 + …… + In
= E / Rt
IT
I2
E R1 R2
I1
Figure 1
Kirchhoff’s current law(KCL): KCL states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering any
node is identically zero for all instants of time. In other words,
Consider the case of a few conductors meeting at a point (or node) A as in the Fig.2. Some
conductors have currents leading to node A, whereas some have currents leading away from
node A. Assuming the incoming currents to be positive and the outgoing currents negative,
we have,
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I1 I2
I3
I7 A
I4
I6
I5
Figure 2
Circuit diagram:
I
+ mA - I1 I2
R2=560
R1=330
E +
mA mA
+
- -
Figure 3
Procedure:
Icalculated ~ Im easured
% of error 100
Im easured
16
Data table:
Report:
IT
I2
E R1 R2
I1
Figure 4
Applying KCL, find the values of currents I2 and I4 in the network of Figure 5
I4
I 1=6A I2
2A
I 3=9A
Figure 5
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Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab
Experiment no. : 5
Name of the Experiment: Determination of power by Wattmeter, Ammeter & Voltmeter
Objective:
To know how to measure power using wattmeter.
How to measure power using voltmeter and ammeter.
Theory:
Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric
circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt. When electric current flows in a circuit with
resistance, it does work. Devices convert this work into many useful forms, such as heat
(electric heaters), light (light bulbs), motion (electric motors) and sound (loudspeaker).
Electricity can be produced by generation or from storage such as batteries.
Electric power, is represented by the letter P in electrical equations."In direct current resistive
circuits, instantaneous electrical power is calculated using Joule's Law, which is named after
the British physicist James Joule, who first showed that heat and mechanical energy were
interchangeable.
P = VI where V = voltage (Volt), I = current (A) and P = power (Watt)
Joule's law can be combined with Ohm's law to produce two more equations:
P = I2R = V2/R
Electric power is measured by means of a Wattmeter. It consists of a pair of fixed coils,
known as current coil (c.c.) and a movable coil known as potential coil (p.c.). The current coil
is made up of a few turns of a comparatively large conductor. The potential coil consists of
many turns of fine wire.
W
C.C
p.c.
supply
load
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Required instruments and circuit components:
Power supply
Breadboard
Resistors
Multimeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Wires,etc
Circuit diagram:
W
c.c.
A
p.c.
R1
E V
Figure 4
Procedure:
Data table:
Obs. E R1 R2 P/ m.f. P1 V I P2 % of
no. error
(V) (Ώ) (Ώ) (watt) (watt) (volt) (mA) (watt) for
power
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Report:
0.5k 0.2k
I
E
2
3
6V
Figure 5
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Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab
Experiment no. : 6
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem
Objective:
To know how to replace the entire network by using Thevenin’s theorem.
Theory: Thévenin's Theorem states that we can replace entire network, exclusive of the load,
by an equivalent circuit that contains only an independent voltage source in series with an
impedance (resistance) such that the current-voltage relationship at the load is unchanged.
Any two-terminal linear bilateral DC network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source and a series resistor as shown in the following figure
Multimeter
Milliammeter
DC variable voltage source (30v)
Resistors(56Ω, 100Ω, 220Ω)
Bread-board
Wire
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Circuit diagram:
Figure 2
Figure 3 Figure 4
Figure 5
Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit
Procedure:
Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3. Determine Rth for that circuit.
Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4.Determine Vth for the given circuit
Connect the circuit shown in Figure 5. Measure I’Lcal.
Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2. Measure IL.
Calculate the % of error using the formula
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Data table:
(volt) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (volt) (mA) (Ω) (volt) (mA)
Report:
23
Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab
Experiment no. : 7
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Norton’s Theorem
Objective:
To know how to replace the entire network by using Norton’s theorem.
Theory: Norton's Theorem states that we can replace entire network, exclusive of the load,
by an equivalent circuit that contains only an independent current source in parallel with
impedance (resistance) such that the current-voltage relationship at the load is unchanged.
Any two-terminal linear bilateral DC network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source and a parallel resistor as shown in the following figure
Multimeter
Milliammeter
DC variable voltage source (18v)
Resistors(330Ω, 220Ω)
Bread-board
Wire
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Circuit diagram:
Figure 2
Figure 3 Figure 4
Procedure:
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Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4.Determine IN for the given circuit
Connect the circuit shown in Figure 5. Measure Icalc.
Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2. Measure I.
Calculate the % of error for using the formula
Data table:
Report:
26
Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab
Experiment no. : 8
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Superposition Theorem
Objective:
In this experiment, you will be able to verify superposition theorem.
Theory:
Superposition Theorem: The current through or voltage across an element in a linear
bilateral network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced
independently by each source.
If the current produced by one source is in one direction, while that produced by the other is
in the opposite direction through the same resistor, the resulting current is the difference of
the two and has the direction of the larger. If the individual currents are in the same direction,
the resulting current is the sum of the two currents.
Ammeter
DC variable voltage source
Resistors
Circuit board
Wire
Circuit diagram:
Figure 1
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Figure 2 Figure 3
Procedure:
Data table:
Report:
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