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Ammeter: Objective

This document provides information about electrical instruments and components that will be discussed in an introductory electrical circuits laboratory course. It defines ammeters, voltmeters, ohmmeters, resistors, capacitors, inductors, breadboards, power supplies, and other tools. The objective is for students to learn about these components and how to measure electrical parameters using them. It also outlines the second experiment which will verify Ohm's Law by measuring the voltage, current, and resistance in different circuit configurations.

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Ankhi Baroi
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
124 views26 pages

Ammeter: Objective

This document provides information about electrical instruments and components that will be discussed in an introductory electrical circuits laboratory course. It defines ammeters, voltmeters, ohmmeters, resistors, capacitors, inductors, breadboards, power supplies, and other tools. The objective is for students to learn about these components and how to measure electrical parameters using them. It also outlines the second experiment which will verify Ohm's Law by measuring the voltage, current, and resistance in different circuit configurations.

Uploaded by

Ankhi Baroi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Eastern University

Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab

Experiment no. : 1
Name of the Experiment: Familiarization with some Electrical Instruments.

Objective:
In this lab, you will able to-
 earn knowledge about some electrical instruments
 uses of the electrical instruments
 measure electrical parameters using those instruments

The following instruments will be discussed in this lab-


 Ammeter  Ohmmeter  Resistor
 Voltmeter  Power Supply  Inductor
 Wattmeter  Breadboard  Capacitor

Ammeter
Ammeter is used to measure current. Current is measured in amps (amperes), A. 1A is quite
large, and so mA (milliamps) and µA (microamps) are often used. 1000mA = 1A, 1000µA =
1mA, 1000000µA = 1A. Ammeters are connected in series. Ammeters have a very low
resistance. Ammeters measure current.

Use:An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes, hence the name. The word "ammeter" is
commonly misspelled or mispronounced as "amp meter" or "ammeter" by some.

Connection

Types: There are two types of ammeters. One is analogue and another is digital.

3
Voltmeter
 Voltmeters measure voltage.
 Voltage is measured in volts, V.
 Voltmeters are connected in parallel across components.
 Voltmeters have a very high resistance.

Use: A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit.

Connection

Types: There are three types of voltmeter. Analogue, Vacuum Tube, Digital Voltmeter.

Multimeter
Multimeters are very useful test instruments. By operating a multi-position switch on the
meter they can be quickly and easily set to be a voltmeter, an ammeter or an ohmmeter.
They have several settings (called 'ranges') for each type of meter and the choice of AC or
DC. Some multimeters have additional features such as transistor testing and ranges for
measuring capacitance and frequency.

Use: A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service
work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can
be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household
devices such as batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.

Types: There are two categories of multimeters, analogue multimeters and digital
multimeters.

Wattmeter
Wattmeter is used to measure power. It measured in watt (W). It has two coil systems. One is
current coil(CC) and another is potential coil(PC).

4
Use: The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of
electric energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electronic wattmeters are used for direct, small
power measurements or for power measurements at frequencies beyond the range of
electrodynamometer-type instruments.

Connection

Types: There are two types of wattmeter. One is analogue and another is digital.

Capacitor
Capacitors store electric charge. A capacitor functions much like a battery, but charges and
discharges much more efficiently (batteries, though, can store much more charge).

Use:
A device used to store charge in an electrical circuit. They are used with resistors in
timing circuits because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to
smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter
circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant)
signals.

Diagram:

5
Types:
Practical capacitors are available commercially in many different forms. The type of internal
dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the
characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications. There are many types of capacitor but
they can be split into two groups, polarised and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit
symbol.

Resistor
Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a
light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED. Resistance is
measured in ohms; the symbol for ohm is an omega .

Use:The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. This symbol is
used to indicate a resistor in a circuit diagram, known as a schematic. Resistance value is
designated in units called the "Ohm."

Connection:

Diagram:

Types: There are two types of resistor. One is fixed resistor and another is variable
resistor.

Inductor
An inductor is a coil of wire which may have a core of air, iron or ferrite (a brittle material
made from iron). Its electrical property is called inductance and the unit for this is the henry,
symbol H. 1H is very large so mH and µH are used, 1000µH = 1mH and 1000mH = 1H.

6
Use: Inductors are mainly used in tuned circuits and to block high frequency AC signals
(they are sometimes called chokes). They pass DC easily, but block AC signals; this is the
opposite of capacitors. Inductors are rarely found in simple projects, but one exception is the
tuning coil of a radio receiver. This is an inductor which you may have to make yourself by
neatly winding enameled copper wire around a ferrite rod. Enameled copper wire has very
thin insulation, allowing the turns of the coil to be close together, but this makes it impossible
to strip in the usual way - the best method is to gently pull the ends of the wire through folded
emery paper.

Connection: An inductor may be connected either way round and no special precautions
are required when soldering.

Diagram:

Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is a test instrument which allows you to look at the 'shape' of electrical
signals by displaying a graph of voltage against time on its screen.

Use: It is like a voltmeter with the valuable extra function of showing how the voltage
varies with time. A graticule with a 1cm grid enables you to take measurements of voltage
and time from the screen. The graph, usually called the trace, is drawn by a beam of electrons
striking the phosphor coating of the screen making it emit light, usually green or blue. This is
similar to the way a television picture is produced.

Diagram:

7
Bread Board
Bread board usually uses in lab other circumstances, when need not to solder. In this case it is
very useful element.
Use: A breadboard is used to make up temporary circuits for testing or to try out an idea.
No soldering is required so it is easy to change connections and replace components. Parts
will not be damaged so they will be available to re-use afterwards.

Diagram:

Linear Circuit Lab module


Linear circuit lab module is a comprehensive and self-contained system. All necessary
equipments for electronic circuit experiments such as power supply function generator,
analogue and digital meters are installed on it. The 17th modules covered a wide variety of
essential topics in the field of electronics circuit.

Use: Linear circuit lab module is used for circuit experiment and designing exercises.

Connection: Circuits are connected on breadboard installed on linear circuit lab


module.

Diagram:

8
DC Power Supply
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by
such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and communicator type electric
machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as wire, but can
also through semiconductor, insulators, or even through vacuum as in electron or icon beams.

Uses: Direct current is used to charge batteries, and in nearly all electronic systems as the
power supply. It is used in production of aluminum and many other electrochemical
processes.

Connection: Direct current installations usually have different types of sockets, switches
and fixtures, mostly due to the low voltages used, from those suitable for alternating current.
It is usually important with a direct-current appliance not to reverse polarity unless the device
has a diode bridge to correct for this.

Diagram:

9
Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab

Experiment no. : 2
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Ohm’s Law.

Objective:
In this lab, you will verify Ohms Law for different resistors. You will measure the true
resistance of each resistor and the voltage applied to each resistor. You will then calculate the
predicted current through each resistor. Finally, you will measure the actual current through
each resistor to verify Ohm’s Law.
Theory:
Ohm’s law states that at constant temperature current in a resistive circuit is directly
proportional to its applied voltage and is inversely proportional to its resistance. In equation
form, Ohm’s law states that

E = IR where E = applied voltage (V)

or, I = E / R R = resistance (Ω)

I = current (A)

I R

Figure 1

Required instruments and circuit components:

 Dc power supply
 Breadboard
 Resistor
 Ammeter
 Multimeter
 Wires

10
Circuit diagram:

I R
+ -
A

E
( 5-10 v)

Figure 2: Circuit diagram for the verification of Ohm's Law

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit shown in figure 2.


 For a particular applied voltage and resistance, measure I from the ammeter.
This current is Imeasured.
 Repeat the above procedures for different values of E and R. For first six
observations, vary the voltage E while keeping the resistance R constant. For
the next six observations, vary resistance R while keeping E constant.
 Calculate I using the formula I = E / R. This current is Icalculated.
 Calculate the % of error using the formula

Icalculated ~ Im easured
% of error  100
Im easured

Data table:

Obs. no. E (volts) R (Ω) Imeasured (mA) Icalculated= E/R % of error


(mA)

Report:

 Complete the data table.


 Calculate I for different values of E and R.
 Calculate the % of error for each data.
 Draw I vs. E curve in the graph sheet for the first six observations.
 Draw I vs. R curve in the graph sheet for the last six observations.

11
Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab

Experiment no. : 3
Name of the Experiment: Demonstration on Series Circuit and verification of
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

Objective:
In this lab, you will know about series circuit & will be able to measure unknown
voltage using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL).

Theory:
Series circuit: Two elements are said to be in series if they have only one terminal in
common and the common point between the two elements is not connected to another
current carrying element. In a series circuit,
 Total resistance RT = R1 + R2 + …………… + Rn ; where n = 1, 2, 3……etc
 Current I will flow through all the elements. I = E / RT.
 E = V1 + V2 + ………….. + Vn ; where V1, V2 ….. etc are the voltage drop
across R1 , R2 respectively.
I R1

R2
E

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law(KVL): A closed circuit path is any continuous path that
leaves a point in one direction and returns to the same point from another direction
without leaving the circuit. KVL states that the algebraic sum of the potential rises
and drops around a close circuit path is zero.
 A potential rise will be positive if negative (–ve) terminal is seen first.
 A potential drop will be positive if positive (+ve) terminal is seen first.
 Potential rise will be considered positive and potential drop will be considered
negative. Voltage drop = Voltage rise

12
I
+ V2 -

- -
V1 V3
+ +

+V4-

For the given circuit, V1 and V2 are voltage drops and V3 and V4 are voltage rise components.
So,
according to KVL, V1 + V2 = V3 + V4

Required instruments and circuit components:

 Power supply
 Breadboard
 Resistors
 Multimeter
 Ammeter
 Wires, etc

Circuit Diagram:

I R1

R2
E

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit shown in figure.


 For a particular applied voltage and resistance, measure I from the ammeter. This
current is Imeasured . Also measure voltage drop across R1 and R2 and named them V1
and V2 accordingly.
 Repeat the above procedures for different values of E and R2.
 Calculate I using the formula I = E /RT; where RT = (R1 + R2). This current is Icalculated .
 Calculate E using the formula E = V1 + V2. This voltage is Ecalculated.
 Calculate the % of error for both E and I using the formula

Icalculated ~ Im easured
% of error  100
Im easured

13
Data table:

Obs. E R1 R2 RT = Imsrd. V1 V2 Ical. Ecal. % of % of


no. R1+ R2 error error
(V) (Ώ) (Ώ) (Ώ) (A) (V) (V) (A) (V)
For I For
E

Report:

 Complete the data table.


 Calculate I for different values of E and R.
 Calculate E from the data.
 Calculate the % of error for each data.
 Calculate the total power delivered by the source.
 Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law, find V1 and V2 of the figure given below

+ 15V -

+ + +
V1 10V V2

- _ -

14
Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab

Experiment no. : 4
Name of the experiment: Demonstration on parallel circuit and verification of KCL

Objective:
In this lab, you will know about parallel circuit & will be able to measure unknown currents
using Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).

Theory:
Parallel circuit: Two elements are said to be in parallel if they have two points in common.
In a parallel circuit,
1 1 1 1
    .............. 
Rt R1 R 2 Rn
 E = V1 = V2 = ……………= Vn
 Total current IT = I1 + I2 + …… + In
= E / Rt

IT
I2

E R1 R2

I1

Figure 1

Kirchhoff’s current law(KCL): KCL states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering any
node is identically zero for all instants of time. In other words,

Incoming current = Outgoing current

Consider the case of a few conductors meeting at a point (or node) A as in the Fig.2. Some
conductors have currents leading to node A, whereas some have currents leading away from
node A. Assuming the incoming currents to be positive and the outgoing currents negative,
we have,

(-I1)+ I2 + (-I3) + (-I4) + I5 + (-I6) + I7 = 0


Or, I2 + I5 + I7 = I1 + I3 + I4 + I6

Incoming current = Outgoing current

15
I1 I2
I3

I7 A
I4
I6
I5
Figure 2

Required instruments and circuit components:

Power supply, Breadboard, Resistors, Multimeter, Ammeter, Wires, etc

Circuit diagram:
I
+ mA - I1 I2

R2=560
R1=330

E +
mA mA
+
- -
Figure 3

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit shown in figure.


 For a particular applied voltage and resistance, measure I, I1 and I2 from the
ammeters.
 Measure the voltage drop across R1 and R2 .
 Repeat the above procedures for different values of E .
 Calculate I using the formula I = I1 + I2. This voltage is Icalculated.
 Calculate the % of error for I using the formula

Icalculated ~ Im easured
% of error  100
Im easured

16
Data table:

Obs. E R1 R2 Imsrd. I1 I2 V1 V2 Ical. % of


no. error
(V) (Ώ) (Ώ) (mA) (mA) (mA) (V) (V) (mA)
For I

Report:

 Complete the data table.


 Calculate I for different values of E using the branch currents.
 Calculate the % of error for each data.
 For the given circuit of figure 4, E = 20V, R1 = 20 Ώ, R2=25 Ώ. Calculate RT, IT, I1
and I2.

IT
I2

E R1 R2

I1

Figure 4

 Applying KCL, find the values of currents I2 and I4 in the network of Figure 5

I4
I 1=6A I2

2A
I 3=9A

Figure 5

17
Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab

Experiment no. : 5
Name of the Experiment: Determination of power by Wattmeter, Ammeter & Voltmeter

Objective:
 To know how to measure power using wattmeter.
 How to measure power using voltmeter and ammeter.
Theory:
Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric
circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt. When electric current flows in a circuit with
resistance, it does work. Devices convert this work into many useful forms, such as heat
(electric heaters), light (light bulbs), motion (electric motors) and sound (loudspeaker).
Electricity can be produced by generation or from storage such as batteries.
Electric power, is represented by the letter P in electrical equations."In direct current resistive
circuits, instantaneous electrical power is calculated using Joule's Law, which is named after
the British physicist James Joule, who first showed that heat and mechanical energy were
interchangeable.
P = VI where V = voltage (Volt), I = current (A) and P = power (Watt)

Joule's law can be combined with Ohm's law to produce two more equations:

P = I2R = V2/R
Electric power is measured by means of a Wattmeter. It consists of a pair of fixed coils,
known as current coil (c.c.) and a movable coil known as potential coil (p.c.). The current coil
is made up of a few turns of a comparatively large conductor. The potential coil consists of
many turns of fine wire.

W
C.C

p.c.
supply

load

Figure 3: Wattmeter connection


One can also measure power using voltmeter and ammeter. A voltmeter is a device that is
used for measuring the voltage between two points in an electric circuit. An ideal voltmeter
has an infinite resistance. An ammeter is a device that detects an electric current with some
readily available material. An ideal ammeter has zero resistance so that the circuit in which it
has been placed is not disturbed.

18
Required instruments and circuit components:

 Power supply
 Breadboard
 Resistors
 Multimeter
 Ammeter
 Wattmeter
 Wires,etc

Circuit diagram:

W
c.c.
A
p.c.

R1
E V

Figure 4

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2.


 For a particular applied voltage and resistance, measure power from the wattmeter. This
power is P/.
 Determine the multiplying factor (m.f.) and actual power is P1 = m.f.  P/.
 Also measure current (I) from the ammeter and voltage (V) from the voltmeter.
Calculate power using the formula, P = VI. This power is P2.
 Repeat the above procedures for different values of E.
 Calculate the % of error for P using the formula

% of error = (Measured value ~ Calculated value) ×100/ Measured value

Data table:

Obs. E R1 R2 P/ m.f. P1 V I P2 % of
no. error
(V) (Ώ) (Ώ) (watt) (watt) (volt) (mA) (watt) for
power

19
Report:

 Complete the data table & calculate P for different values of E .


 Calculate the % of error for each data.
 For the circuit given below, find I, E, total resistance, RT and power dissipated by
each resistors. Also calculate the power delivered by the source..

0.5k 0.2k

I
E

2
3
6V

Figure 5

20
Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab

Experiment no. : 6
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem

Objective:
 To know how to replace the entire network by using Thevenin’s theorem.
Theory: Thévenin's Theorem states that we can replace entire network, exclusive of the load,
by an equivalent circuit that contains only an independent voltage source in series with an
impedance (resistance) such that the current-voltage relationship at the load is unchanged.
Any two-terminal linear bilateral DC network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source and a series resistor as shown in the following figure

Figure 1: Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

Required instruments and circuit components:

 Multimeter
 Milliammeter
 DC variable voltage source (30v)
 Resistors(56Ω, 100Ω, 220Ω)
 Bread-board
 Wire

21
Circuit diagram:

Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

Figure 5
Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3. Determine Rth for that circuit.
 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4.Determine Vth for the given circuit
 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 5. Measure I’Lcal.
 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2. Measure IL.
 Calculate the % of error using the formula

% of error = (Measured value ~ Calculated value) ×100/ Measured value

22
Data table:

E R1 R2 R3 Rth Eth IL R´th E´th I´L


cal cal cal

(volt) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (volt) (mA) (Ω) (volt) (mA)

Report:

 Calculate Rth , Vth and IL for the circuit shown in Figure 2.


 Complete the data table.
 Calculate the % of error for each data.

23
Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab

Experiment no. : 7
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Norton’s Theorem

Objective:
 To know how to replace the entire network by using Norton’s theorem.
Theory: Norton's Theorem states that we can replace entire network, exclusive of the load,
by an equivalent circuit that contains only an independent current source in parallel with
impedance (resistance) such that the current-voltage relationship at the load is unchanged.
Any two-terminal linear bilateral DC network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source and a parallel resistor as shown in the following figure

Figure 1: Norton’s equivalent circuit

Required instruments and circuit components:

 Multimeter
 Milliammeter
 DC variable voltage source (18v)
 Resistors(330Ω, 220Ω)
 Bread-board
 Wire

24
Circuit diagram:

Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

Figure 5: Norton's Equivalent Circuit

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3. Determine RN for that circuit.

25
 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4.Determine IN for the given circuit
 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 5. Measure Icalc.
 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2. Measure I.
 Calculate the % of error for using the formula

% of error = (Measured value ~ Calculated value) ×100/ Measured value

Data table:

E R1 R2 RN IN R´N I´N % of error % of error


cal cal for for
RN IN
(volt) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (mA) (Ω) (mA)

Report:

 Calculate RN , VN and IL for the circuit shown in Figure 2.


 Complete the data table.
 Calculate the % of error for each data.

26
Eastern University
Faculty of E & T
EEE 112/148: Basic Electrical Circuit Lab

Experiment no. : 8
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Superposition Theorem

Objective:
 In this experiment, you will be able to verify superposition theorem.
Theory:
Superposition Theorem: The current through or voltage across an element in a linear
bilateral network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced
independently by each source.
If the current produced by one source is in one direction, while that produced by the other is
in the opposite direction through the same resistor, the resulting current is the difference of
the two and has the direction of the larger. If the individual currents are in the same direction,
the resulting current is the sum of the two currents.

Required instruments and circuit components:

 Ammeter
 DC variable voltage source
 Resistors
 Circuit board
 Wire

Circuit diagram:

Figure 1

27
Figure 2 Figure 3

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2. Measure IR2 (12v).


 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3.Measure IR2 (5v)
 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1. Measure I´R2 (12v + 5v).
 Calculate the % of error for using the formula

% of error = (Measured value ~ Calculated value) ×100/ Measured value

Data table:

No. E1 E2 R1 R2 R3 IR2 IR2 I´R2 I´´R2 % of


cal error
(12v) (5v) (12v+5v) (12v+5v)
(v) (v) (kΩ) (kΩ) (kΩ) (μA) (μA) (μA) (μA)

Report:

 Complete the data table.


 Calculate the % of error for each data.
 Verify the Superposition theorem for circuit shown in Figure 1.

28

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