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    of 230

    Model Z-2 0 System Two

    Model Z-2 One or two disks Dual d isk


    Up to 512K of RAM/ROM Up to 512K of RAM/ROM Up to 512K of RAM/ ROM
    Up to 184K of disk Up to 184K of disk

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    • Cromemco card support of more
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    I

    i
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    liability. • software support, including
    Your range of choice includes ,,:. ...:. ..:. ...:. COBOL, FORTRAN IV, 16K Disk­
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    up to four 8'' disk drives. Or choose Assembler, Cromemco Multi­
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    from the System Two and Z-20 with Two to four disks user Operating System - and
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    Up to 1 megabyte of disk more coming.
    there's the Z2. Each of these com­ • Rugged, professional all-metal
    puters further offers up to V2 mega­ • 30-amp power supply- more construction for rack (or bench
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    most professional microcomputers
    • 21 card slots to allow for un­
    because they have outstand ing fea ­
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    ing industry-standard S-100 Cromemco computers will meet
    • Z-SOA microprocessor - oper­
    cards. your needs now and in the future
    ates at 250 nano second cycle
    time - nearly twice the speed of • S-100 bus - don't overlook how because of their unquestioned tech­
    most others. important this is. It has the in­ nical leadership, professionalism
    dustry's widest support and Cro­ and enormous expandability.
    • Rated in The 1977 Computer Store memco has professionally imple­ See them today at your dealer.
    Survey by Image Resou rc es, Westlake mented it in a fully-shielded There's no substitute for getting
    Vill age , CA. design. the best.

    see next~
    page L/"
    Cromemco
    I ncorpora t ed
    Specialists in computers and peripherals
    280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400

    Circle 80 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978


    SEE YOUR LOCAL CROMEMCO DEALER

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    .DENOTES SYSTtMS THRU D~lfR

    Cromemeo
    2 BY TE October 1978 C3 i n c o r p o r a t e
    Specialists in computers and peripherals
    d

    280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400 Ci rcle 80 on inquir y card .
    .
    -

    r
    ' E~TI October 1978 "

    In lihe Queue Volume 3 Number 10

    PUBLISHERS
    Virgini;a Londoner
    Foreground Gordon R Willi;amson
    EDITOR IN CHIEF
    C;arf T Helmers Jr
    22 NO POWER FOR YOUR INTER FACES?: Build a 5 W DC to DC Converter VICE-PRESIDENT, PRODUCTION
    Judith H;avey
    Hardware-Ciarcia PRODUCTION MANAGER
    34 K;aren GregOfy
    A "TINY" PASCAL COMPI LEA, Part 2: The P-Compiler ADVERTISING DIRECTOR
    Pascal-Chung· Yuen John H;ayes
    CIRCULATION MANAGER
    58 TESTING MEMORY IN BASIC Gregory Spiuh.den
    COMMUNICATIONS COORDINATOR
    Software-Adams f.iimes C Morrisseu
    86 FIRST STEPS IN COMPUTER CHESS PROGRAMMING SENIOR EDITOR
    Christopher P Morpn
    Software Chess-the Spracklens EDITORS
    R;aymond G A Cole
    100 LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Blaise W Liffick
    Simulation-Anderson Richard Shuford
    PRODUCTION EDITORS
    122 SOLVING THE EIGHT QUEENS PROBLEM Nincy Silmon
    D.Jvid Williim H;ayw.Jrd
    Software-Smith Peter Perin
    142 A SIMPLER DIGITAL CASSETTE TAPE INTERFACE PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
    Cheryl A Hurd
    Hardware-Burhans PRODUCTION ART
    144 Stephen Kruse
    SOUPING UP YOUR SwTPC 6800 W;ai Chiu Li
    Hardware-Hughes Dorothy Sh.ilmonsky
    Ellen Shimonsky
    162 A NOVEL BAR CODE READER NEW PRODUCTS EDITOR
    CLUBS , NEWSLETTERS
    Hardware-Fame/I Laur;a A HiinSon
    168 A COMPUTER CHESS TUTORIAL ASSISTANT ADVERTISING DIRECTOR
    P1trici1 Clirk
    Computer Chess-Whaland ASSISTANT PRODUCTION COOR DINATOR
    Thom~ Huvey
    ADVERTISING ASSISTANTS

    Background Noreen B;ards.ley


    Jill Callih;an
    COMPTROLLER
    12 A MEMORY PATTERN SENSITIVITY TEST Kevin Mq:uire
    ASSISTANT TO COMPTROLLER
    Debugging-Kinzer Ruth M Wilsh
    EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
    70 PAM/8: A New Approach to Front Panel Design Wle Britton
    Computer Design-Letwin CIRCULATION ASSISTANTS
    Christine Dixon
    130 ASSEMBLING THE H9 VIDEO TERMINAL Ann Gr;aves
    Pimela R Heaslip
    Product Description-Steeden Agnes E Perry
    182 CREATING A CHESS PLAYER DEALER SALES
    Ginnie F Boudriuu
    Chess Tutorial-Frey-Atkin Anne M8.tildwin
    TRAFFIC MANAGER
    Rick Fueue

    Nucleus RECEPTIONIST
    Jacqueline hrnsl'lilw
    DRAFTING
    4 In This BYTE Techilrt Associates
    DRAWING EDITOR
    6 On Using a Personal Computer for a Practical Purpose
    Kent Rich.Jrd
    TYPOGRAPHY
    10 Letters
    Goodwily Graphics
    Book Reviews
    PHOTOGRAPHY
    54 Ed Cr.1.btree
    57,65 Technical Forum PRINTING
    The George B.inta Comp.Jny
    68, 136, 141 Programming Quickies ASSOCIATE EDITOR
    151 BYTE's Bits Daniel Fylsrra
    ASSOCIATES
    151 BYTE's Bugs Wilter Binks
    Steve Ciircii
    152 Clubs, Newsletters Divid Fylstri
    154 Event Queue Porti.i Is.ucson
    BOOK DIVISION:
    166 Product Description: Micro-Scan Corp Bar Code Scanner PRODUCTION MANAGER
    Edmond C Kelly Jr
    193 What's New? PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
    222 Unclassified Ads Citherine Lahive
    ADVERTISING SALES REPRESENTATIVES:
    224 BOMB EAST, MIOWEST
    Hiµir Associites Inc
    224 Reader Service 17 Durint St
    West Roxbury MA 02132
    (617) 32S-S380
    BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. Address all mail except su&
    100 WChiugo Av
    scriptions to above address: phone (603) 924-7217 . Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Chicigo IL 60610
    Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage . Not responsible for lost manu· (312) 337-8008
    scripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Address all subscriptions, change of WEST, SOUTHWEST
    address. Form 3579, and fulfillment complaints to BYTE Subscriptions, PO Box 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class Buckley/Boris Anocbtes Inc
    postage paid at Peterborough N~ 03458 and at additional mailing offices-USPS Publication No. 102410. Canadian second 912 South Birrington, Suite 202
    class registration No. 9321. Subscriptions are $15 for one year, $27 for two years, and $39 for three years in the USA and its Los Anaeles CA 90049
    (213) 826-4621
    possessions. In Caiiada and Mexico, $17.50 for one year, $32 for two years, and $46.50 for three yea~. $25 for a one year
    subscription by surface mail worldwide. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates available upon reQuest. $25 for a one DISTRIBUTORS:

    EASTERN CANADA

    year subscription by air delivery to Europe. Single copy price is $2.00 in the USA and its possessions. $2.40 in Canada and
    RS-232 Distribution Comp1ny
    Mexico, $3.50 in Europe, and $4.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds. 186 Queen St W, Suite 232
    Printed in United States of America. Each separate contribution to this issue and the issue as a collective work copyright © Toronto ONTARIO
    1978 by BYTE Publication Inc. All rights reserved. WESTERN CANADA
    Ki Ironic Ltd
    26236 26th Av RR S
    Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485 Aldera:rove BC VOX 1AO
    '

    October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 3


    ..... ~,, t-'~"'ting on the A New Approach to Front Panel
    scribes an updated version of earlier
    cover this month is a fanciful image Design. page 70
    digital recording schemes in A Simpler
    of computer chess. A Knight floats Digital Cassette Tape Interface.
    above an ancient stone chessboard page 742
    with the ubiquitous floppy disk
    beneath. Four articles in this issue are If you own a SwTPC 6800 com­
    devoted to the art of computer chess, puter and want to increase the pro­
    including the first part of a 4 part cessor clock speed with a minimum of
    series by the creators of Chess 4.6, fuss, read Souping Up Your SwTPC
    the world championship chess pro­ 6800 by Steve A Hughes. The article
    gram. describes a simple circuit that plugs
    directly into a socket on the 6800
    processor board. Changing the clock
    In This speed is then done by simply plugging
    in a new crystal oscillator. page 744

    One cause of seemingly unexplain­ The winning program at the Second


    Last year we ran a contest in which
    able program errors may be incorrectly West Coast Computer Faire's Micro­
    readers were asked to design their own
    operating memory. A Memory Pattern computer Chess T ournamcnt in March
    PAPERBYTEtm bar code readers and
    Sensitivity Test discussed by Don of 1978 was Sargon, written in Z-80
    submit them to us. One of the winning
    Kinzer will help to determine if your assembler language. Sargon's creators,
    entries, by Campbell Farnell and Glen
    memory is operating correctly. Dan and Kathe Spracklen, describe the
    Seeds, is described in their article, A
    page 72 move generating portion of their pro­
    Novel Bar Code Reader. page 762
    gram in First Steps in Computer Chess
    If you need-12 or +15 Vforyour Programming. page 86
    For a short introduction to the
    latest hardware design, and have only
    world of computer chess, read Norman
    +5 V, what can you do? Read No A computer allows you to try out a
    Whaland's A Computer Chess Tutorial.
    Power for Your Interfaces? Build a variety of ideas with nothing more
    The basic principles of chess strategy
    5 W· DC to DC Converter by Steve than a program to see if they will
    and tactics are covered in discussions
    Ciarcia. Several inexpensive, practical work. One way to use this potential is
    of game trees, alpha-beta pruning,
    designs are described, to give you to model electrical circuits in software.
    minimax strategies and so on. page 768
    everything from -15 to +15 V from Leonard H Anderson describes how to
    a +5 V source. page 22 perform Linear Circuit Analysis on
    your computer. page 700
    In Part 1 of A "Tiny" Pascal Com­
    piler, in the September 1978 BYTE, The eight Queens problem is a
    Kin-Man Chung and Herbert Yuen venerable puzzle in recreational mathe­
    described the syntax of a Pascal subset matics. Terry Smith describes his
    and described a hypothetical stack thought processes in working out a
    machine, called a p-machine. This solution in his article, Solving the
    month they describe a compiler that Eight Queens Problem. An occasional
    generates codes for the p-machine. dose of cleverness is often the key to
    page 34 solving a difficult problem, as Terry
    demonstrates. page 722
    Would you like a fast and easy
    way to test your new memory board? For someone who is looking for a
    Author Russell Adams shows you how good quality video terminal which is
    in Testing Memory in BASIC. A simple easy to work with and will be user Creating a Chess Player was written
    program loads the memory locations serviceable, the Heath kit H9 is the by two people at the forefront of re­
    with alternating 1s and Os to spot solution. Terry Steeden describes his search in computer chess : David Frey,
    those bad bits. page 58 pleasant experiences Assembling the editor of Chess Skill in Man and Ma­
    H9 Video Terminal and having it work chine, and Larry Atkins, coauthor of
    The H8 computer from Heath fea­ correctly the first time. page 730 Chess 4.6, the world champion chess
    tures a novel firmware front panel program that recently beat a Grand­
    monitor comprised of both hardware Digital recording of computer pro­ master in a simultaneous exhibition.
    and software elements. Gordon Let­ grams and data is an attractive alterna­ The article discusses the thin king pro­
    win, Heath software designer, de­ tive to standard audio cassette record­ cesses in the chessplayer's mind and
    scribes the design philosophy and ing techniques because of its reliability . how such processes are transformed
    the features of the system in PAM/8: and simplicity. Ralph Burhans de­ into a computer program. page 782

    4 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


    AC/~
    was ce•'"ll' "'""' I ..,

    WE'RE ALTOS COMPUTER SYSTEMS. Our SUN-SERIES ACS8000 business/scientific


    computer creates a new standard in quality and reliability in high technology computers.
    HIGH TECHNOLOGY The ACS 8000 is a single board, BUILT-IN RELIABILITY The ACS 8000 is a true single
    Z80® * disk-based computer. It utilizes the ultra-reliable board computer. This makes it inherently reliable and main­
    Shugart family of 8 inch, IBM co mpatible, disk drives. A tainable . The boa rd and the t wo S'huga<r.t d rives are easily ac­
    choice of drives is available : single or double density, single or cessible and can be removed in less than five minutes. All elec­
    double sided . Select the disk capacity you need, when you tronics are socketed for quick replacement. Altos provides
    need it : Y2M , IM, 2M, or 4M bytes. The ACS8000 features complete diagnostic utility software for drives and memory.
    the ultimate in high technology hardware : a fast 4 MHz Z80
    CPU, 64 kilobytes of 16K dynamic RAM , I kilobyte o f 2708 QUALITY SOFTWARE Unlimited versa t ilit y. T he ACS
    EPROM , an AMO 9511 floating point processor , a Western 8000 suppo rts the wid ely acce pted CP/ M® .,.. disk operating
    Digital floppy disk controller, a Z8 0 direct memory access, system and .FOUR hjgh level la ngu ages : BASI C, COBOL ,
    Z80 Parallel and Serial 1/0 (two serial RS232 ports, I parallel PASCAL and FORllRAN IV . A: ll ava ilab le NOW .
    port), and a Z80 CTC Programmable Counter/Timer (real time
    clock) . In essence, the best in integrated circuit technology . PRICE $3,840. Standard ACS 8000 system with 32 Kb RAM
    and 'h Mb disk . FPP , OMA and software optional. Dealer/OEM
    discounts available . Delivery: 3 weeks ARO .

    (Ali:O~J
    •ziw t'.'i ;1 1r.1<l c.- m;..irl.. ol Zil og. I nc
    •• (_' p M i ~ a 1r:1dcm.:.irk o l D1g11a l Rcsc;.irch . Inc

    Dealer /rep inquiries invited .

    Circle 7 on inquiry card .

    COMPUTER SYSTEMS 23788 WALSH AVENUE • SANTA CLARA • CA 95050 • (408) 244-5766
    On Using a Personal Computer for a Practical Purpose

    Finally, it had to happen to me. We all and type preparation facility I would like
    know that personal computers are supposed to have some day if and when I ever become
    to be a cross between a necessity and a rich and famous. But this is a genuine, once
    luxury. But the critics tend to harp on our a month, cyclically run application program.
    tendency to get carried away by the fun and At BYTE, we have so far purchased two
    by Carl Helmers to ignore the practical uses of our wonderful Apple 11 computers (among others) for use
    servants. As if to answer that justified in educating our employees, and in order
    criticism, I finally came up with a genuine to have some facilities around the office.
    practical use for a small computer in the One of these Apple 11 computers sits in
    monthly operations of BYTE 's editorial my office, and at the time of this exercise
    office. Now this practical application is by
    no means the kind of automated editing Continued on page 147

    Total Standard Deviations


    Rank Topic Weighted Count Away from Mean

    1 Applications to everyday life 12888 2.178


    2 Household automation with computers 12886 2.177
    3 Personal data base design and implementation 10911 1.179
    4 Applications to personal business 10683 1.064
    5 Voice recognition by computers 10654 1.049
    6 The art of programming 10552 .997
    7 Logical games (require much thinking, no dexterity) 10277 .858
    8 Voice synthesis with computers 10014 .725
    9 The art of hardware design 9875 .655
    10 Computer control of mechanisms 9832 .633
    11 Graphics software design 9707 .570
    12 Artific ial intelligence: general interest in Al 9523 .477
    13 Action games (require much thinking, no dexterity) 9465 .448
    14 Educational uses of computers 9439 .435
    15 Computer system design 9311 .370
    16 Text editing and processing 9233 .330
    17 Graphics hardware design 8876 .150
    18 Applications of computers to engineering 8766 .092
    19 Experimentation with designs 8723 .073
    20 General robotics: whole systems 8642 .032
    21 Applications of computers to physical science 8593 0.
    22 Chess and computers 8553 -.013
    23 Computer communicat ions networks 8424 -.079
    24 Simulations of real or mythical situations 8315 -.134
    25 Al: pattern recognition 8221 -.181
    26 Design of information structures 8111 - .237
    27 Use of graphic d isplays for artistic purposes 7556 -.517
    28 Mathematical analysis and algorithm design 7551 -.520
    29 Language design 7534 - .529
    30 Compiler or interpreter design 7273 - .669
    31 Al: representations of knolllAedge 6982 -.848
    32 Al: Natural language parsing 6531 -1.035
    33 Computers used for musical purpose:
    real time performance 6477 -1.062
    34 Applications of computers to biological sciences 5785 -1.412
    35 Amateur radio and computers 5369 -1.623
    36 Computers and music: stochastic composition 5138 - 1.739
    37 Application of computers to social sciences 4745 -1.938
    38 Al: theorem proving 4686 -1.968

    Table 7: Respondents were asked to assign a numerical preference from 0 (no interest) to 70
    (highest interest) for each of these 38 categories. The column labelled total weighted count con­
    tains the sum of counts in each possible response (l to 70) multiplied by the response itself
    Thus if a count of 29 were found in the interest weight 7 for some category, the contribution
    to the weighted sum would be 7 x 29 = 203. The standard deviation and mean were calculated
    for the data, and the deviation from the mean was expressed in the rightmost column in units
    of one standard deviation for each category. These data were "output" to a typewriter from the
    screen of the Apple II using a manual process, then typeset in the usual method.

    6 October 1978 ©BYTE Publintions Inc


    More and more, you see the North Star
    HORIZON computer at work: in busi­

    North Star Systems


    ness, research, and education. Its high
    performance qualifies the HORIZON
    for demanding professional applica­

    Go To Work tions. Over 10,000 users during the


    past two years have proven that North
    Star hardware has the reliability
    for day-in, day-out computing. The
    HORIZON is now a serious candidate
    for any small system installation.
    SOFTWARE IS THE KEY
    TO HORIZON MATURITY
    North Star BASIC and DOS have been
    used to develop hundreds of com­
    mercial program packages . These
    packages establish that North Star
    software has the completeness and
    convenience necessary for serious
    program development. Because of the
    many independent vendors offering
    software using North Star BASIC and
    DOS , the HORIZON owner now has
    the widest selection of software in the
    microcomputer industry! Software
    available includes: word processing,
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    inventory and income tax prepar­
    ation. Program development systems
    such as assemblers , debuggers ,
    editors, PILOT and FORTRAN are
    also available .
    EXPAND YOUR HORIZON
    The basic HORIZON computer in­
    cludes a Z80 microprocessor, 16K
    bytes of RAM memory, an 1/0 interface
    and one Shugart minifloppy disk drive.
    The HORIZON can be expanded to 60K
    bytes or more of RAM , three disk
    drives, and three 1/0 inter­
    faces. Performance
    can be enhanced by
    the addition of the
    North Star hardware
    floating point board.
    Also, S-100 bus pro­
    ducts from other
    manufacturers may
    be used to expand
    the HORIZON.
    For more informa­
    tion , contact your
    I'
    c ' • .,.. ~ local computer store.
    N ·' 5 ·"
    HORIZON
    *
    NoRTH * STAR
    COMPUTERS
    2547 Ninth Street
    Berkeley, California 94710
    (415) 549-0858
    C ircle 28 5 on in q uir y ca rd . BYTE Ocrnber 1978 7
    Sol:
    The small computer

    that won't
    fence you in.
    A lot of semantic nonsense is to use the best fully supported already been written in this well
    being tossed around by some of the diskoperatingsystem on themarket established language.
    makers of so-called "personal" today, PTDOS, which we also Processor Technology PILOT is
    computers. To hear them tell it, an designed. We designed them to use an excellent language for teachers.
    investment of a few hundred our Helios II mass memory. And It is a string-oriented language
    dollars will give you a computer to for Sol small computer systems we designed expressly for interactive
    run your small business, do a designed new and adapted existing applications such as programmed
    great amount of financial planning, software to give you the choice of instruction, drill and testing.
    analyze a host of data in the the best on the market today. No wonder we call it the
    engineering or scientific lab and Build computer power serious solution to the small
    when day is done play games with our software. computer question.
    by the hour. No system is complete without It's the small computer system
    Well, the games part is true. software, and at Processor to do the general ledger and
    The rest of the claims should be T ec h noIogy we h ave tai·1 ored a the payroll. Solve engineering and
    taken with a grain of salt. All of group of high level languages, scientific problems. Use it for
    the personal computers will help and assembler and other packages word processing. Program it for
    you learn about computers and to suit the wide capabilities of computer aided instruction.
    how they work in general and the our hardware. Use it anywhere you want versatile
    kinds of things they can do for Take a look at our exclusive computer power!
    you. Only a few have the capacity Extended BASIC as an example. In
    to grow and handle meaningful cassette form, this BASIC features Sold and serviced only
    work in a very real sense. And they string and advanced file handling, by the best dealers.
    don't come for peanuts. special screen commands, timed Sol Systems are sold and serviced
    by an outstanding group of
    Remember, there's no input, complete matrix, logarithmic conveniently located computer
    free lunch. and trigonometric functions, stores throughout the United
    So before you buy any personal 8 digit precision and square root. States and Canada. They are also
    computer, consider Sol~ the small The language handles serial available in Australia, Europe,
    computer. Consider it because it access files, provides tape rewind the United Kingdom, Central
    costs more at the start so in the and offers cursor control for America, South America, Japan
    end it costs less. Consider it because graphics capability. and Singapore.
    it can grow with the complexity The disk version has all the For more information contact
    of the tasks you ask it to perform number crunching talents of the your nearest dealer listed on
    and grow with your ability to cassette BASIC plus instant the following page. Or write Depart­
    use it. No, it's not cheap. But it's access to data and programs on ment B, Processor Technology
    not a delusion either. floppy disks. It includes Corporation, 7100 Johnson
    From the very beginning, Sol random as well as sequential files Industrial Drive, Pleasanton, CA
    small computer systems were and a unique ability to update 94566. Phone (415) 829-2600.
    designed to be at the very top of the sequential data in place.
    microcomputer spectrum. We Processor Technology FORTRAN In sum, all small computers
    designed them so you wouldn't have is similar to FORTRAN IV and are not created equal
    to add costly extras to do many · has a full set of extensions designed and Sol users know it to their
    jobs. We designed them so you could for the "stand alone" computer everlasting satisfaction.
    add quality peripherals and more environment. Thousands of special
    memory to take care of more application programs available
    complex tasks. We designed them through books and periodicals have ProcessorTechnology
    Circle 305 on inquiry card. BYTE Ocrober 1978 9
    See Sol®
    at all these I 56 GREAT LOCATIONS

    fine I Computerl.and®

    NOW OPEN:

    computer TOP-DOWN MODULAR


    ALABAMA
    Huntsville
    CALIFORNIA
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    centers
    AL: Birmingham : ICP Computerland,
    PROGRAMMING

    enjoyed the article, "Top-Down


    Dublin
    El Cerrito
    Hayward
    (41 5)
    (415)
    (415)
    828-8090
    233-5010
    538-8080
    Los Altos (415) 941-8154
    {205) 979-0707. CA: Berkeley: The Byte Shop.
    {415) 845 -6366. Citrus He ights: Byte Shop.
    vlodular Programming," by Albert D Los Angeles (213) 776-8080
    {916) 961-2983. Costa Mesa : Orange County -learn in July 1978 BYTE, page 32; I Mission Viejo (714) 770-0131
    Computer Center. {714) 646 -0221 . Hayward : .liought he did a good job of explaining San Bernardi no (714) 886-6838
    Computerland of Hayward, {415 ) 538 -8080. San Diego (714) 560-9912
    Lawndale: The Byte Shop, {213) 371 - 2421 :he subject. While I realize that he was
    Modesto : Computer Magic, {2091 527-5156.
    San Francisco (415) 546-1592
    JUrposely trying to simplify matters, San Jose (408) 253-8080
    Mountain View: Digital Deli . {4151961-2670.
    San Fran c.1 sco Computer Center. Inc . (415) do take exception to his comment that San Mateo (415) 572 -8080
    387-2513 San Rafael : The Byte ShoP. {415 ) t module should be no more than 50 Santa Rosa (707) 528-1775
    457-9311 walnut Creek: The Byte Shop. {415) Thousand Oaks
    933-62 5 2 CO: Boulder : Byte Shop, {303) ines long. (805) 495-3554
    444-6550. Denver : Byte Shop. {303) 399-8995 The concepts of structured pro­ Lawndale (213) 371-7144
    CT: Bethel : Technology Systems. {203) 748-6856 . Tustin (714) 544-0542
    ~ramming are intended as guidelines,
    FL: Ft . Lauderdale: Byte Shop of Ft . Lauderdale, Walnut Creek (415) 935-6502
    {305) 561 - 2983. Miami . Byte Shop of iot as the dogma for a programmer 's COLORADO
    Miami. {305) 264-2983. Tampa : Microcomputer
    Systems. Inc .. {813) 879-4301. GA: Atlanta :
    ·cligion. All of the better known pro ­ Colorado Springs Call Directory Assistance
    Atlanta Computer Mart. {404) 455-0647 IL: rnnen ts of the methodology stress this Denver (303) 759-4685
    Lombard : Midwe st Microcomputer. (312 ) rnint, along with the idea that you must CONNECTICUT
    495-9889. IA: Davenport: Computer Store of
    Davenport, {319) 386 -3330. KY: Louisville : 1pproach the study of structured pro­ Fairfield (203) 374-2227
    Mart ronix Associates. {502) 459-0500. MD: ~ramming with your eyes open, making DELAWARE
    Towso n . Computers Etc .. {301) 296-0520. Newark (302) 738-9656
    MN: Minneapolis: Co mpute r Depot . {612) four own evaluation. In this I ight let
    927-5601 . MO: Florissant · Computer
    FLORIDA
    JS explore the 50 line limit.
    Gountry. {314) 921 - 4434 . NH: Nashua: Boca Raton Call Directory Assistance
    Computerland ol Nashua . {603) 887-5238 NJ: One of the bases for breaking a Ft. Lauderdale Call Directory Assistance
    Cherry Hill: Computer Emporium, {609) Jrogram up into modules is so that a GEORGIA
    6 67-7555 lselin : Computer Mart of New Jersey.
    {201 J 283 -0600. NY: Endwell : The Computer
    com r lcx problem can be handled with Atlanta (404) 953-0406
    Tree . {607) 748 -1223. New York: Computer Mart ;mall, easy -to-understand pieces of code. HAWAII
    of New York. {212) 686-7923. Wh1t o Plains : )ne of the thoughts about module size Honolulu Call Directory Assistance
    The Computer Corner. {914)949-3282. NC:
    Raleigh: Roms ' N ' Rams. {919) 781 -0003 is, therefore, that a module ought to be ILLINOIS
    OH: Akr on: The Basic Computer Shop. {216) Arlington Heights (312) 255-6488
    ible to fit on the printed page. Tl1is is
    867- 0 808 Columbus. Byte Shop , {614) Downers Grove (312) 560-0193
    486- 7761 Dayton : Compute r Mart of Dayton. ;o that all the information about the Niles (312) 967-1714
    {513) 296-1248. OR: Beaverton : Byte nodule is in one place and the pro­ Oak Lawn (312) 422-8080
    Shop Computer Store. {503) 644-2686. Portland :
    Byle Shop Computer Store. (503) 223-3496. ;rammer doesn't have to thumb through Peoria Call Directory Assistance
    Salem : Computer Pathways, {503) 399 -0534 . ;everal pages to read the code for a single IN DIANA
    PA: King of Prussia: Computer Ma11 of Ft. Wayne Call Directory Assistance
    Pennsylvania. {215) 265-2580. RI: Warwick·
    nodule. (Having ex per ienced "modules"
    Computer Power. Inc, {401 J 738-4477 .
    · unning as long_ as 10 to 15 pages, I KENTUCKY
    SC: Columbia: Byte Shop, {803) 771- 7824 . TN :
    Louisville (502) 425-8308
    ieartily agree with this philosophy.)
    Kingsport : Microproducts & Systems, {615)
    MARYLAND
    245-8081. TX: Arlington: Computer Port . {817)
    In professional programming instal ­ Rockville (301) 948-7676
    469-1502. Arlington : Micro Store. {817)
    ations this idea has frequently been
    461-6081 . Houston · Interactive Computers . {713)
    MICHIGAN
    772-5257. Houston: Interactive Computers. rransl ated into a local standard of about Grand Rapids (616) 942-2931
    {713) 486 -0291 . Lubbock : Neighborhood 50 lines of code, since this is the number Detroit (313) 356-8111
    Computer Store. {806) 797-1468. Ric h ardson
    Micro Store. {214) 231-1096. UT: Salt Jf lines which are printed on an 8Vi by MINNESOTA
    Lake City : Home Computer Store {801 J484-6502 11 inch (21 .25 by 27.5 cm) page coming Bloomington (612) 884-1474
    VA: McLean · The Computer Systi=ms Store . NEW HAMPSHIRE
    {703 ) 821-8333. WA: Bellevue . Byte Shop out of a line printer (allowing for
    Computer Store, {206) 746 -0651. Seattle:
    Nashua (603) 889-5238
    l1eaders, footers, etc). For the personal
    Byte Shop of Seattle . {206) 622-7196. WI: NEW JERSEY
    ~omputer enthusiast, however, this limit
    Madison :The Madison Computer Store. Cherry Hill (609) 795-5900
    {608 ) 255-5552. Milwaukee . The Milwaukee
    might be more conveniently set at 24, 32 Bergan County (201 ) 845-9303
    Computer Store. {414) 445-4280. DC:

    Washington : Georgetown Computer Emporium,


    or 40 lines - the si ze of the video Morristown (201) 539-4077
    {202) 337-6545. CANADA: London. Ontario : display . NEW YORK
    Computer Circuit Ltd .. 737 Richmond St .. {519) l· o r many more complex problems, Buffalo (716) 836-6511
    672-9370. Toronto: Computer Mart Ltd .. 1543 Ithaca (607) 277-4888
    Bayview St .. {416) 484 - 9708. Vancouver: Basic it is possible that a significant module
    Computer Group Ltd .. 1548 West 8th Ave., cannot be constructed in 24 lines.This is NO. CAROLINA
    (6 041 736- 74 74 ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires : Charlotte (704) 536-8500
    Basis Sistemas Digitales. Colombres no problem - just make the modules
    OHIO
    849-1-A 93-1988or57-7177 AUSTRALIA: longer . The point is to try to restrict
    Sydney Automatio n Statham Ply Ltd ., 47 Cleveland (216) 461-1200
    Birch St .. {02) 709.4144 . Carnegie: Sontron the module size to a length whicl1 en ­ OREGON
    Instruments, 17 Arawatta St .. (03) 56g.7867. hances the programmer's ability to Portland (503) 620-6170
    BELGIUM: Bruxelles: S . PR. L. Fl nncon tac l.
    Square Larousse. 5, 2/345-g8-g5 . COLOMBIA: understand the code. PENNSYLVANIA
    Bogota: Video National, Diagonal 34N 5-62, The basics of structured program­ Harrisburg (717) 736-1116
    326650. GREECE:Athens:Attikos, Inc .. 41 Char.
    ming must be studied, evaluated, and TEXAS
    Tricoupi T.T 145, 36040g1 . JAPAN: Tokyo: Austin (512) 452-5701
    Japan Personal Computers, ltd .. Yamamoto Bldg . possibly modified to work in each
    No. 11-18. {03) 375-5078.507g. MEXICO: Dallas Call Directory Assistance
    individual situation. r11c rc are a lot of Houston (713) 977-0909
    Plateros: Industrias Digitales, S .A. de C.V.. {g05J
    524-5132 . PHILIPPINES: San Juan : great ideas included in the structured WASHINGTON
    Integrated Computer Systems. Inc .. Suite 118, programming lore, but they sliould not Bellevue (206) 746-2070
    LIM KET KAI Bldg .. OrtigasAve. SWEDEN:
    Stockholm :Wernor Elektronix. Torsvagen 61, Box be adopted blindly . Federal Way (206) 838-9363
    72, {0) 8 717-62-88. UNITED KINGDOM: Tacoma (206) 581-0388
    Hu m 1ng c.1on. England: Comart . Ltd. 24A Market
    Jim Fleming WASHINGTON, D.C. Call Directory Assistance
    Square. St. Neats. Cambridgeshire. {0480)
    74356. VENEZUELA: Los Ru1c e s. Caracas : 2220 Sims Dr WISCONSIN
    Componentes Y Circuitos Electronicos . Madison (608) 273-2020
    Columbus IN 47201
    TT LCA 3555g1 INTERNATIONAL
    Sydney, NSW Australia 29-3753
    Processor Continued on page 156 Winnipeg, Canada Call Directorv Assistance

    10 BYrEonnt<• 1978 Circle 305 on inquiry card . Circle 75 on inquiry card.


    ---

    If the truth is that you want a computerize things like accounting,


    computer .. . then we want ta be your inventory control, record keeping, word
    computer store. processing and more. The net result is the
    We"re Computerland, the #1 reduction of administrative overhead and
    computer store chain in the U.S. What"s the improvement of efficiency which allows
    meaningful about that fact is, that the business to be managed more
    Computerland has been chosen by more effectively.
    people as having what they 've been In the home, a computer can be used
    looking for. And, since you"re looking, let for personal budgeting, tracking the stock
    us tell you what you 'll f ind, when you visit market, evaluating investment opportunities,
    a Computerland store. controlling heating to conserve energy,
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    continually evaluated to provide you with the garden's watering, storing recipes,
    the widest and best selection in quality, designing chal lenging games, tutoring the
    brand name microcomputers anywhere. children ... and the list goes on.
    You'll find an enthusiastic and
    In industry, the basic applications are
    knowledgeable staff able to interpret all
    in engineering development, process
    the equipment specifications, in terms of
    control, and scientific and analytical work.
    how they apply to you, and in a way
    Users of microcomputers in industry
    you'll understand. You"ll find demonstration
    Enough about us. How about what have found them to be reliable, cost­
    areas where you can get a firsthand
    computers do. To attempt to describe all effective.tools which provide computing
    experience of running a computer yourself.
    the things your computer might do, would capability to many who would otherwise
    be to describe your imagination. So have to wait for time on a big computer,

    CllPmRS
    instead, we"ll briefly list some of the many
    things far which small computers are
    or work with no computer at all.

    FIR IUSllESS
    already being used.
    In business, the advent of the
    versatile and compact microcomputer has
    put the benefits of computing within reach
    of small companies . With systems starting
    at less than $6000, the businessman can

    CllPUTERS

    FIRTHE HIME

    You"ll find educat ional materials to give


    you a total insight into the world of
    microcomputers.
    You "ll find a fully equ ipped service And now we come to you, which leads
    department to provide whatever assistance us right back to where we started: If you
    is required to keep your computer running want a computer, then we want to be
    in top-notch condit ion. You "ll find computer your computer store.
    user"s clubs to join, where you can share Whether you want a computer for the
    ideas with people as enthusiastic as home, business or industry, come to
    yourself. And, with each new visit, you"ll Computerland first. We"ll make it easy for
    f ind excitement-from the people you deal you to own your first computer. Because,
    with, the equipment they offer, and from simply put, we really want your business.
    your own ever-grow ing personal When you come right down to it, that's
    involvement. what makes us #1.

    Compute1Land"
    WE KNOW SMALL COMPUTERS
    14400 Catalina St., San Leandro, CA 94577 {415) 895-9363 • Franchise Opportunities Available
    BYTE October 1978 11
    A Mernory Pattern Sensitivity Test

    Don Kinzer
    3885 NW Columbia Av
    Portland OR 97229

    Faulty memory is a very difficult prob­ diagnosis of the problems by discussing a


    lem to detect. Most distributors of memory recent experience.
    board kits supply a simple memory test Every memory test is capable of detecting
    designed to detect assem bl y errors such as only a certain few of the many possible
    misplaced components, solder bridges, etc. memory faults. Because of this, the user
    These tests are ineffective in detecting should be armed with a battery of memory
    certain types of memory related problems . tests and run them all at the first sign of
    One of these problems, called pattern sen ­ trouble . Better yet, the tests cou Id be run
    sitivity, manifests itself in the very dis­ at regular intervals. A very good selection
    turbing fact that accessing one memory of such tests is contained in a package
    location alters another memory location, available from Technical Systems Con­
    but only when the memory contains a sultants (POB 2574, W Lafayette IN 47906)
    certain pattern of bits. as their SL68-23 Diagnostic Package. This
    It is my intention, through th is article, to package contains, among other tests, five
    make the experimenter aware of potential memory tests, written in 6800 code, to
    memory problems and to provide some expose bad bits, convergence problems
    information which may be helpful in and some types of pattern sensitivity. This
    package is highly recommended for all
    system users as the tests can be rewritten
    Listing 7: Memory E- for the user's own machine.
    CHANGE program written 1 *
    As indicated before, the more tests, the
    2 *
    for the 6800 to test for 3 * EXCHANGE better. The new test I am about to describe
    memory pattern sensiti- 4 * A MEMJRY TEST
    was discovered quite by accident. I was
    5 *
    vity. 6 * writing a resident assembler for my 6800
    7 *
    8 * EXTERNAL ROJI'INES (MIKBtx; ROIJI'I NE.S) and was working on the sort routine which
    E07E 9 POATA EQU $E07E alphabetizes the symbol table. The sort,
    El Dl 10 OUTCH EQU $E1Dl
    E067 11 CUTHL EJ;)U $E067 called a shell sort, works by comparing
    E06 B 1 2 CUJ'HR EQU $E06 B symbol table entries and exchanging them
    13 * if they are not in alphabetical order. The
    14 *
    15 * S'!ORAGE process involves a tremendous amount of
    0000 16 ORG 0
    0000 17 BEGIN RMB 2 data shuffling. To my dismay, after the sort,
    0002 18 END RMB 2 the labels and their values had changed.
    000 4 19 X'I'EMPl RMB 2
    0006 20 X'I"EMP2 RMB 2 TEMPl became TEMQl. Before the sort
    0008 21 CXJI.CNr RMB 1 MASK was hexadecimal 3E ; after the sort
    22 * it was hexadecimal BE. Needless to say, I
    23 *
    0009 BE AO 7F 24 !NIT ms #$A07F set up s t ack wasted a lot of time looking for a software
    oooc BD 00 9D 25 START JSR PCRLF go d o CRLF
    OOOF 37 26 IJXJP PSHB sa v e starting poi n t bug before I decided to test the memory.
    0010 DE 00 27 lDX BEGIN get beginnin g a ddress
    0012 09 28 DEX ad just
    The tests from the Technical Systems
    0013 08 29 INI TLP INX point next l ocatio n Consultants diagnostic package revea led
    0014 E7 00 30 STAB O,X init ialize
    0016 SC 31 I l'l:B s et ne xt value
    a 2102 with pattern problems. However,
    0017 9C 02 32 CPX END see if d one replacing the bad memory did not stop the
    0019 26 F8 33 EN E INI TLP if no t, do again
    errors.
    34 *
    35 * It occurred to me that writing a test
    001£ DF 06 36 BUBBLE STX X'I"EMP2 save end r:ointer
    OOlD DE 00 37 !DX BEGIN program which operated in a manner similar
    OOlF DF 04 38 EXCHG STX X'I"EMPl save t op pointer to the sort routine wou ld help track down

    12 Oc tober 1978 © BYTE Publi ca tions In c


    You ' ve decided you want am icrocomputer
    DP center - but what to buy? A component supply, twin mini-flop­
    system? A computer box here, a CRT box pies, a multi-slotted mother­ price/performance means every
    there, a keyboard box, a noppy disk box . board, 9-inch CRT, plus RAM at a home or business can now afford a
    A so called inexpensive $695 system? No new price/performance never before complete DP center. Check us out. IMSAI
    disk; no way to add enough memory ... and achieved. has what you want and what you need. Visit
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    and you still wind up with a collection of S-100 bus motherboard and our new power Fca1urcs subjcc110 change without no1icc.
    boxes. supply allow almost unlimited expansion.
    The IMSA I VDP-40 is a fully integrated Need more disk expansion'! A controller
    Video Data Processing system and comes option of the VDP-40 allows expansion to
    equipped with your choice of J2K or 64K greater than 4.SM Bytes.
    RAM on our own advanced RAM Ill board. Add a line printer, an IBM compatible tape
    In one cabinet, the VDP-40 combines a drive, a modem: all arc available, with the
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    IMSAI Manufacturing Corporation. IMSAI EUROPE In Microcomputer Systems

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    Price/Performance no one else has put together.

    Circle 175 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 13


    WliyApple theworldS
    st selli8'! p---·· Onal computer.
    satisfaction a personal computer can
    bring, today and in the future.
    15 col rs & hi-~esolution
    ~mphics. too.
    Don't settle for a black and
    white display! Connect your
    Apple to a color TV and
    BASIC gives you instant
    command of three display
    modes: Text, 40h x 48v
    Color-graphics in 15 colors,
    and a 280h x 192v High
    Resolution
    array that
    lets you plot
    graphs and
    compose
    3-D images.
    Apple gives
    you the added
    capability of combining
    text and graphics, too.
    Back to basics.and
    owners on top of what's new. assembly la~ too.
    Apple is so powerful and easy to use Apple speaks three languages: fast
    that you'll find dozens of applications. integer BASIC, floating point BASIC
    There are Apples in major universities, for scientific and financial applications,
    ''4f' ·
    helping teach computer skills. There and 6502 assembly language. That's
    WW°hich personal computer will be are Apples in the office, where they're maximum programming flexibility. And,
    most enjoyable and rewarding for you? being programmed to control inven­ to preserve user's space, both integer
    Since we delivered our first Apple® II tories, chart stocks and balance the BASIC and monitor are permanently
    in April, 1977, more people have chosen books. And there are Apples at home, stored in 8K bytes of ROM, so you
    our computer than all other personal where they can help manage the family have an easy-to-use, universal language
    computers combined. Here are the budget, control your home's environ­ instantly available. BASIC gives you
    reasons Apple has become such an ment, teach arithmetic and foreign graphic commands: COLOR=, VLIN,
    overwhelming favorite. languages and, of course, enable you HLIN, PLOT and SCRN. And direct
    Apple is a fully tested and assembled to create hundreds of sound and memory access, with PEEK, POKE
    mainframe computer. You won't need action video games. and CALL commands.
    to spend weeks and months in assembly. When you buy an Apple II you're
    Just take an Apple home, plug it in, investing in the leading edge of tech- Software: Ours and yours.
    hook up your color TV* and any cassette nology. Apple was the first computer There's a growing selection of pre­
    tape deck-and the fun begins. to come with BASIC in ROM, for programmed software from the Apple
    To ensure that the fun never stops, example. And the first computer with Software Bank-Basic
    and to keep Apple working hard, we've up to 48K bytes RAM on one board, Fipance, Checkbook, High
    spent the last year expanding the Apple using advanced, high density 16K Resolution Graphics and
    system. There are new peripherals, devices. We're working to keep Apple more. Now there's a User
    new software, and the Apple II Basic the most up-to-date personal computer Section in our bank, to make
    Programming Manual. And wait till money can buy. Apple II delivers the it easy for you to obtain ,
    you see the Apple magazine to keep features you need to enjoy the real programs developed
    14 BYTE October 1978
    by other Apple owners. Our Software
    Bank is your link to Apple owners all
    Apple peripherals New from Apple.

    are smart peripherals. Valuable new series of software


    over the world. packages for investors
    Watch the far right column of this ad
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    their own stock market reports and per­
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    the sound "intelligent interfaces:' They're smart with Apple II. Just log your Apple II
    of music. peripherals, so you can plug them in computer on to Dow Jones' central data
    Apple's ex­ bank with powerful Apple software: the
    and run them from BASIC without Dow Jones Series. The first two of these
    clusive built-in having to develop custom software. highly practical programs
    speaker delivers No other personal computer comes are available now.
    the added dimension of sound to your close to Apple's expandability. In addi­ With Apple's Stock
    programs. Sound to compose electronic tion to the built-in video interface, cas­ mEJ::::._':"" Quote Reporter
    ..,."Ml-- · - program, a local tele­
    music. Sound to liven up games and sette 1/0, and four AID inputs with two \
    1
    · phone call
    educational programs. Sound, so that continuously variable game paddles, : I • links you to
    any program can "talk" back to you. Apple has eight peripheral slots, three \ • Dow Jones'
    That's an example of Apple's "people ' • , continuously
    TTL inputs and four TTL outputs. Plus ~...;- "" updated
    compatible" design. Another is its light, a powerful, state-of-the-art switching ~~ #~"!._ stock quotes for
    durable injection-molded case, s.o you power supply that can drive all your · \,~ more than
    can take Apple with you. And the Apple peripherals. ~~ --.,•. ' :, · " 6000 com­
    professional quality, typewriter-style ~- · panies listed
    on six major U.S.
    keyboard has n-key rollover, for fast, Available now. exchanges. Current
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    delivery at a store near you. Call us for the investors portfolio is delivered
    Apple is the the dealer nearest you. Or, for more automatically: ask/open, bid/close, high,
    proven computer. low and last prices, and volume traded.
    details and a copy of our "Consumer's Our Portfolio Evaluator enables
    Apple is a state-of-the-art single Guide to Personal Computers," call you to analyze current value of your
    board computer, with advanced LSI 800/538-9696* * portfolio, and short- and long-term gain/
    design to keep component count to a or write Apple loss for each stock-or for your entire
    portfolio.
    minimum. That makes it more reliable. Computer, Inc., Cost of Apple's Dow Jones service
    If glitches do occur, the fully socketed 10260 Bandley is a one time contract fee of $25, which
    board and built-in diagnostics sim­ Drive, Cuper­ includes the Stock Quote Reporter pro­
    plify troubleshooting. In fact, on our tino, CA
    gram. An additional $3 charge is made
    for the first three minutes of any transac­
    assembly line, we use Apples to ~------....... 95014.
    tion and 50¢ per minute thereafter.
    test new Apples.
    To take advantage of Apple's new
    financial services, Apple II users need
    *Apple II plugs into any standarti TV using
    only a communications card, a modem
    an inexpensive modulator (not included).

    and an ordinary telephone. This equip­


    ••In California. call 408/996-1010.
    ment, the Dow Jones Series, and a broad
    selection of other Apple software are
    now in stock at your local Apple dealer.

    -apple! computczr® Circle 15 on inquiry card.

    Apple's smart peripherals make


    expansion easy. Just plug 'em in and
    Those math programs I wrote they're ready to run. I've already
    Programming is a snap! last week-/ just rewrote them using
    I'm halfway through Apple's BASIC added two disks, a printer and the
    Apple's mini-assembler and got them communications card.
    manual arid already I've programmed to run a hundred times faster.

    ~
    my own space wars game.
    Listing 1, continued: the trouble. The result is a program called
    EXCHANGE which is shown in listing 1.
    0021 AG 00 39 IDAA O,X get byte The program works by initializing the
    0023 DE OG 40 LOX X'I'EM'2
    0025 EG 00 41 Ul'\B o,x get other memory to be tested to a sequence of the
    0027 A7 00 42 SfAA o.x put alternate 256 eight bit numbers. Then pointers are
    0029 09 43 DEX
    002A DF OG 44 S1'X X'l'EMP2 set to the beginning and end of that same
    002C DE 04 45 IDX X'I'Fl'lPl get other FOinter block of memory, XTEMPl and XTEMP2
    002E E7 00 4G SfAB o,x put byte
    0030 9C OG 47 CPX X'l'EMP2 check drne respectively. Next, the data at each of the
    0032 27 05 48 BEYJ O!Kl pointers is exchanged. The pointers are then
    0034 08 49 INX
    0035 9C OG 50 CPX check drne moved toward one another. The process of
    0037 2G EG 51 BNE exchanging and moving repeats until the
    0039 32 52 O!Kl PULA
    003A 3G 53 PSHA get starting value pointers meet. The inverted sequence is then
    003B 4A 54 DEX::A adjust checked for accuracy. Any discrepancies are
    003C DE 02 55 IDX END get end FOinter
    003E OF OG 5G STX XTEMP2 set end FOinter reported by printing the memory location
    0040 DE 00 57 IDX BEGIN get begin FOinter
    0042 OF 04 58 STX X'I'EM'l save
    which is incorrect, the location where the
    59 • data resided before the exchange, what the
    GO •
    0044 DE OG Gl O!EO< IDX X'I'EM'2 get current FOinter
    data was supposed to be and what the data
    004G
    0047
    0049
    4C
    Al 00
    2G lF
    62
    G3
    G4
    =
    CM'A
    BNE
    O,X
    ERK>R
    set value
    check match
    if not, error
    actually was.
    The first time I ran the test, the program
    004B 9C 00 G5 CXNJ'IN CPX BffiIN see if checked all crashed. The memory problem had caused a
    004D 27 oc GG BEYJ CD:JD if so, goo<l pass
    004F DE 04 G7 IDX X'I'EM'l byte of the program to change. After several
    0051 08 68 INX tries with the same results, I took my
    0052 OF 04 G9 S1'X X'I'EM'l advance FOinter
    0054 DE OG 70 IDX X'I'EM'2 machine to work and attached an oscillo­
    005G 09 71 DEX scope to the data bus. I found that the data
    0057 DF OG 72 STX retard FOinter
    0059 20 E9 73 BRA go check .next lines had an unbelievable amount of noise.
    74 •
    75 •
    At the advice of a friend, I installed resistive
    005B 8G 21 7G GXJD LDAA #'!I terminations on the data lines, which
    005D 8D 33 77 BSR PRINl' signal good pass immediately cleaned up the signals. This
    005F 7A 00 08 78 DEx: ffilCNI' need CRLF?
    OOG2 2G 02 79 BNE PA<;S if not, skip eliminated the majority of the memory
    OOG4 8D 37 80 BSR IaUF perfo:an CRLF
    OOGG 33 81 PA<;S PUI.B get old value
    problem and even allowed the EXCHANGE
    OOG7 SC 82 INCB set new value program to run without crashing. Several
    OOG8 20 A5 83 BRA .IroP do again
    84 • hours of further testing using EXCHANGE
    85 • exposed three more malfunctioning 2102s
    OOGA EG 00 8G ERK>R llWl O,X get contents
    006C 37 87 PSHB save in my 12 K byte system.
    OOGD 3G 88 PSHA save check value After all of this I am happy to say that
    OOGE 8D 2D 89 BSR PCRIF new line
    0070 9G OG 90 IDAA X'I'EM'2 the sort routine was in fact working pro­
    0072 8D 21 91 BSR Our2H perly . Furthermore, the pattern sensitivity
    0074 9G 07 92 LDAA X'I'EM'2+1
    007G 8D lG 93 BSR OlJI'2HS print address problem explains away several bugs in other
    0078 9G 04 94 LDAA X'I'EM'l programs I have worked on.
    007A 8D 19 95 BSR OUI'2H
    007C 9G 05 9G IDAA X'I'EM'l+l Before closing I would like to offer a few
    007E 8D OE 97 BSR OUI'2HS print alternate address pointers on using EXCHANGE. If you
    0080 32 98 PUIA
    0081 lG 99 TAB suspect memory problems, run a bit test
    0082 8D OA 100 BSR wr2HS print check value or convergence test to rule out physical
    0084 32 101 PUIA
    0085 8D 07 102 BSR OUI'2HS print contents problems (like shorted wires) and bad bits
    0087 8D 14 103 BSR PCRIF new line (nonfunctioning memory parts). If the
    0089 17 104 TBA
    008A DE OG 105 LOX get FOinter back problem persists, run EXCHANGE on the
    000c 20 BD lOG BAA start new pass
    107 • entire contiguous memory (except, of
    108 • course, where EXCHANGE is located)
    008E 8D 05 109 ClUr2HS BSR OOT2H print 2 characters
    0090 8G 20 110 LDAA #' • noting any errors as they are printed. Next,
    0092 7E El Dl 111 PRINI' JMP CXJIOl print character run EXCHANGE on smaller areas corres­
    112 •
    113 • ponding to each set of 2102s. Replace the
    0095 3G 114 our2tt PSHA save byte memory chips as necessary but don't throw
    009G BD EO G7 115 JSR print left hexadecimal digit
    0099 32 llG PUIA them away yet. If the memory is still bad
    009A 7E EO GB 117 JMP print right hexadecimal digit in the same area then the memory chips
    118 •
    119 • are not to blame and it is time to put an
    009D CE DO A7 120 PCRIF IDX #CRIF FOint to string oscilloscope on your system to see what
    OOAO 8G 20 121 IDAA #32
    00A2 97 08 122 STAA COLJ:NJ' set colurm count the problem is.
    QOM 7E EO 7E 123 JMP PDATA go print string
    124 •
    Based on my own experience with a
    125 * homebrew computer I recommend running
    00A7 OD OA 12G CRIF FCB $D,$A
    OOA9 00 00 127 FCB 0,0
    a battery of tests after any system hardware
    OOAB 00 00 04 128 FCB 0,0,4 changes to uncover memory prublems before
    129 •
    130 • they turn up as a bug in your next
    ODAE 131 program .•

    16 Ocrober 1978 ©BYTE Publicarions Inc


    Heathkit Personal Computers
    are"System Designed"­
    Read about them in the

    II
    I
    HEATHKIT CATALOG
    Complete descriptions of the best in The ultimate personal computer Is our 16-bit H11. Very few

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    hobby.The H11 offers unequalled software, too, so the number of

    In the world of personal computing, compatibility of design and useful applications is virtually unlimited. The H11 will soon have

    operation is an important consideration. The computer hobbyist its own Floppy Disk System, the WH27. And what a floppy it is!

    or small business user of today doesn't have time to iron out Fully-compatible with the DEC RX01® floppy for the PDP-11/03,

    hardware and software problems that can arise from a "shot­ the WH27 lets you take advantage of all existing PDP-11/03

    gun" approach to system design. software in addition to those you develop on your own. Dual

    Heathkit Personal Computer Systems are just that-systems. drives give you 512K Bytes of program and data storage. The

    They were designed around each other for total complementary WH27's ZBO microprocessor-based controller permits a head

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    peripheral devices is always a trouble-free transition. that are almost twice as fast. Other features include built-in self

    You can start with our low-cost test on power-up; mechanical interlock to prevent disk damage;

    8-bit HS Computer and just 4 K write protect function that precludes written-over disks; com­
    plete HT11 disk operating system software that includes ex­
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    out make learning a simple mat­


    ter. As your abilities grow, so can optionally available soon.

    your computer. Add more mem­ Read more about Heath system-designed computers and other

    ory and one or more peripherals outstanding kits (nearly 400 in all) in the latest Heathkit Catalog.

    like the H9 Video Terminal with its ASCII keyboard for convenient It's FREE. Specificat ions subject to change without notice.

    entry and display of your programs. And you can store your ~ ~ --------------.,
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    diskette has 102K Bytes of available storage so you can store 1
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    Please send me my FREE Heathkit Catalog. I
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    Circle 160 on inquiry card. --------------~~~bc~9~-, 7
    Considering a Micraca111puter?

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    D I'm enclosing $1.00 for your 64-page small computer buyer's guide.

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    Ohio residents add 4% tax. !~i~': i!':!.:~: :." '~1.0111 ~ t• o ~, ­
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    Address

    City
    1333 S. Chillicothe Road
    Aurora, Ohio 44202
    ~.... .."~:?..!?.~ ==~~~
    ~-=·
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    18 BYTE October 1978 Circle 290 on inquiry card.


    Tha
    C3-SI

    by Ohio Scientific
    Possibly tt. world's
    mast popular
    floppy disk basld
    micracamputar.
    Since its introduction in August, 1977, the Challenger Ill has
    gained tremendous acceptance n small business, educational
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    units are set up at computer retailers around the country.
    because it uses Microsoft BASIC, the standard of the industry.
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    the possible reasons.
    • The C3 electronics and software are available in alternate
    • The Challenger Ill is the fastest microcomputer in BASIC mechanical configurations for special applications including
    (see "BASIC Timing Comparisons," Kilobaud, October, 1977, the C3-0EM for volume users and the C3 letter series (C3-A,
    where Ohio Scientific out benchmarks all competitors). C3-B) which are optimized for use with hard disks.
    • The Challenger 111 is the only computer system with a • C3 systems are always delivered ready to use with 32K
    6502A, 6800 and Z-80 offering the programmer all popular static RAM, dual floppys for 500K bytes of on-line storage and
    micros for maximum versatility. an RS-232 port strappable from 75 to 19,200 baud all standard
    • The C3 is backed by the largest base of systems level n the minimum configuration.
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    For the 6502A:
    microcomputer industry. The C3 series supports OHIO
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    numerous control interfaces.
    For Floppys
    • C3 systems have phenomenal performance-to-cost ratios.
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    sion accessories are comparably priced. For example, the
    For the 6800:
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    Floppy DOS
    and OS-65U operating system at about $6000.
    Asser;nbler Ei:ditor
    The C3 series is quite possibly so successful because it offers
    For the Z-80:
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    most versatility and greatest expandability in the micro­
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    For more information, contact your local OHIO SCIENTIFIC
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    Circle 290 on inquiry card. BV·TE'Octoi>or 1978 1!I


    ALABAMA
    M.C.S. Corp.

    dealer near you.

    Columbus Software Center

    4723 Northgate, Box 8088

    IOWA
    Microbus
    Impact Systems
    Decker Building
    Olson Electronics
    6813 Pearl

    Kay Computers
    1230 Main

    Pelham Mall
    Columbus, GA 31908
    1910 Ml. Vernon, S. E.
    613 W. 3rd Cleveland, OH 44130
    League City, TX 77573

    Pelham, AL 35124
    (404) 563-7729
    Cedar Rapids, IA 52403
    P.O. Box 478
    (216) 845-2424
    (713) 332-5555

    (205) 663-1287
    Olson Electronics (319) 364-5075
    Lee's Summit, MO 66463
    Olson Electronics UTAH

    ALAS.KA
    2571 N. Decatur American Microprocessors (816) 524·5919
    6153 Mayfield

    Decatur, GA 30033
    102 E. 4th
    The Computer Bit
    Home Computer Store
    Scientific Business lnstr's Cleveland, OH 44124
    2343 East 3300 South

    500W. 27th
    (404) 378-4201
    Waterloo, IA 50703
    1320 S. Glens tone
    (216) 449·2690
    (319) 296·2255
    Salt Lake City, UT 84109

    Anchorage, AK 99503
    HAWAII
    KANSAS
    ~~r;)&\~~70~0 65804
    Olson Electronics (801) 484-6502

    (907) 277-2650
    Small Computer Systems 21850 Center Ridge

    Barney & Associates Futureworld


    VIRG INIA

    CALIF0RNIA
    3149c Wailalae Cleveland, OH 44116

    Expansion Techniques 425 N. Broadway


    1909 Seven Pines
    (216) 331-4600
    Community General Store
    Honolulu, HI 96816

    2534 Ganesha
    Pittsburg, KS 66762
    St. Louis, MO 63141
    Small Computer Co. 2704 N. Pershing

    (808) 732·5246
    Alladena, CA 91001
    (316) 231-1970
    (314) 434·1121 6685 Beta
    Arlington, VA 22201

    (213) 794-0476
    11.LINOIS Technigraphics Sauer Computer Systems Cleveland, OH 44143
    (703) 527-4600

    Shuey Aircraft
    American Microprocessors 5911 Claredon
    1750 Soulh Brentwood (216) 461-7650
    HJB Computers
    1009 E. Vermont
    1100 E. Broadway Wichita, KS 67220
    Suite 601
    Byte Shop
    217 E. Main

    Anaheim, CA 92805
    Alton, IL 62002
    (316) 744-2443
    St. Louis, MO 63144
    2432 Chester
    Charlottesville, VA 22101

    (714) 991-3940
    (618) 465-4489
    KENTUCKY
    (314) 962-0382
    Columbus, OH 43221
    (804) 295-1975

    Professional Services Tech· Tronics Olson Electronics MONT.AN..


    (614) 486-7761
    Microsystems, Inc.
    139 S. Beverly, 1308
    714 S. University 117 Southland
    Lin co Olson ElectroniGS
    5320 Williamson

    Beverly Hills, CA 90212


    Carbondale, IL 62901
    Lexington, KY 40503
    P.O. Box 2418
    1975 Henderson
    Roanoke, VA 24012

    (213) 550-1560
    (618) 549-8495
    (606) 278-9413
    Cut Bank, MT 59427
    Columbus, OH 43220
    (703) 563-0693

    Olson Electronics Adonis Computing Data Domain (406) 336-3117


    (614) 451·3245 WASHINGTON

    11332 East South


    2855W. Nelson
    3028 Hunsinger
    NEBRASJ("'
    Johnson Computer Ye Olde Computer Shoppe

    Cerrilos, CA 90701
    Chicago, IL 60618
    Louisville, KY 40220
    Intelligent Sys. & Robotics
    123 W. Wash ington
    1301 George Washington

    (213) 860-0060
    (312) 463-0847
    (502) 456-5242
    Medina, OH 44256
    Richland, WA 99352

    2335 S. 35th

    Adventures in Computing Electronic Systems Olson Electronics Lincoln, NE 68506


    (216) 725·4560 (509) 946-3330

    8756 Warner
    611 N. Wells
    4137 Shelbyville
    (402) 483-1989
    Micro Systems Sales Ye Olde Computer Shoppe

    Fountain Valley, CA 92706


    Chicago, IL 60610
    Louisville, KY 40207
    Omaha Computer Store 7841 Glenallen
    546 North 6th

    (714) 848-8388
    (312) 944·6565 (502) 893-2562
    4540 South 84th
    Northfield, OH 44067
    Walla Walla, WA 99362

    Olson Electronics Olson Electronics MARYLAND


    Omaha, NB 68127
    (216) 467-0003
    (509) 529-9566

    4642 West Century


    4101 N. Milwaukee The Mathbox (402) 592·3590 Olson Electronics WEST VIRGIN IA

    Inglewood, CA 90304
    Ch'icago, IL 60641
    4431 Lehigh J.B.A. Associates
    7401 Market
    Interactive Operations
    (213) 674-5740
    (312) 545-7336
    g~\lm:.:~~B MD 20740
    3316 N. Garehime
    Southern Park Mall
    Box 1322

    Computers Are Fun-Westwood Olson Electronics Las Vegas, NV 89108


    Youngstown, OH 44512
    Bluelield, WV 24701

    2268 Weslwood
    1734 Ogden
    Systems Engineering (702) 648·2069
    (216) 758-3828
    (304) 327-6583

    1749 Rockville Pike #307

    ~~&~~~ri~~ CA 90064
    Downers Grove, IL 60515

    (312) 852-9650
    Rockville , MD 20842

    NEVADA
    OKLAHOMA
    WISCONSIN

    ~ a ug~[e~~gin ee ring
    The Computer Center
    3205 Ronson

    A & H Associates, ltd.

    (301) 468-1822

    MASSACHUSETTS

    J.B.A. Associates

    3316 N. Garehime
    1
    0 MicroComp
    785 S. Main

    2530 Crawford
    Clinton. OK 73601

    San Diego, CA 92111


    Evanston, IL 60602
    Computer Shop-Aircom fto~ivil'.Pt~9v e91oe Accounting Systems
    Fond du Lac, WI 54935

    288 Norfolk (414) 922·2515


    (714) 292-5302
    (312) 328·2800 2709 Orlando

    Cambridge, MA 02139 NEW JERSEY SpecialtyOffice Machines


    Olson Electronics
    No-Name Oklahoma City, OK 73120

    Kearny Mesa, 4840 Convoy


    (617) 661-2670
    Computer Power 20 East Second

    2701 Grand
    (405) 751-1537
    Fon du Lac, Wt 54935

    San Diego, CA 92111


    Bradshaw Enterprises
    235 Nutley

    (714) 292-1100
    g~~)s~'!{.~11~ 61401
    18 Harborview
    Nutley, NJ 07110
    Gauger Engineering
    3824 S. 79th East

    (414) 922·5440
    Hingham, MA 02043 (201) 667-5502
    Computer Consultants
    Systems Engineering Processor Systems Tulsa, OK 74145

    (617) 749-6844
    Computer Corner 206 Hood, Box 1027

    900 3rd Slreet


    228 School (918) 627-1064
    La Crosse, WI 54601

    San Francisco, CA 94107


    Geneva, IL 60134
    MICHIGAN
    240 Wanaque

    The Abacus
    Pompton, NJ 07 442
    OREGON
    (608) 784·7979

    (415) 777-3150
    (312) 232-7195

    Route 1, Box 193


    (201) 835-7080
    Fial Computer Madison Computer Store
    Olson Electronics CompuTerminal Systems, Inc.
    2125 El Camino Real
    Niles Road
    Garden State Computer 11013 S. E. 52nd
    1863 Monroe

    1132 Waukegan Berrien Springs, Ml 49103


    223 Park Milwaukie, OR 97222
    Madison, WI 53711

    Santa Clara, CA 95051


    Glenview, IL 60025
    (616) 429·3034 Scotch Plains, NJ 07076 (503) 654·9574
    (608) 255-5552

    (408) 248·4886
    (312) 724-3690

    COIORADO
    Kimble Term inals (201) 322·9195
    PENNSYLVANIA
    Milwaukee Magnetic Media
    Tek·Aids Industries 451 S. Eton
    NEW YORK
    Broadt Enterprises 1750 West Silver Spring

    Byte Shop, Inc.


    1711 Chestnut Milwaukee, WI 53209

    3464 South Acoma Birmingham, Ml 48008


    Associated Consultants 550 N. Derr/Rt. 15

    Glenview, IL 60025
    (313) 645-5553
    (414) 228·8930
    ~i3\e~~~~32 co 80110
    (312) 724-2620

    Microcomputer World
    33 Ogden

    East Williston, NY 11596

    M~l~%'.~f 17837
    lndianhead Computer
    American Microprocessors 313 Michigan N. E.
    (516) 746-1079
    Olson Electronics Box 178 Route 4

    Total Data Systems


    6934 N. University Rice Lake, WI 54868

    125 Fairway Lane Grand Rapids, Ml 49503


    Computer Mart of N. Y. 5918 Penn

    Peoria, IL 61614
    (616) 451·8972 Pittsburgh, PA 15206
    (715) 234-4323

    Fort Collins, CO 80521


    118 Madison

    (309) 692·5852 Concept Engineering (412) 362-1333


    Farragher & Assoc.
    (303) 491-5692
    New York, NY 10016

    American Microprocessors 3706 Malibu


    (212) 686· 7923
    Olson Electronics 1322 N. ?1st.

    Tricomp/Computer Country 20 N. Milwaukee Wauwatosa, WI 53213

    7115 N. Federal
    Lans ing, Ml 48910
    Yingco 3405 Saw Mill Run

    Prairieview, IL 60069
    (517) 394-0585
    Pittsburgh, PA 15227
    (414) 77ij-2243
    Westminster, CO 80030
    Two World Trade Center

    (312) 634-0076
    Olson Electronics Penlhouse 107th Floor
    (412) 881-0702
    Olson Electronics
    (303) 426-7743

    Wysocki Electric 29121 DeQuindre


    New York, NY 10048
    Olson Electronics 3125 South 1081h

    DEi AWARE
    West Allis, WI 53227

    3080 Soulh Blvd.


    Madison Heights, Ml 48071
    (212) 775-9000
    4778 McKnight

    Delaware Microsystems Rockford, IL 61109


    (313) 546-0190
    (414) 541·1406
    Piltsburgh, PA 15237

    92 East Main 11
    (815) 874-4846
    Great Lakes Photo
    ~~a8a~i~;i~~~mputers (412) 366-7298
    WYOMING
    Newark, DE 19711

    (302) 738-3700 (after 7 PM) Data Domain 5001 Eastman


    Rochester, NY 14607
    Abacus Data Systems
    Control Technology
    1612 E. Algonquin
    Midland, Ml 48640
    (716) 442-5861
    Route 8
    204 Crazy Horse Lane
    DISTRICT OF COLUM BIA
    Newtronics ~~~)~;;;~~;&,IL 60195

    (517) 631-5461
    Universal Data Research
    Reno, PA 16343

    (814) 677-6502

    Gillette, WY 82716

    (307) 682·0300
    1647 Lamont NW
    MINNESOT"'
    234 Tennyson Terr ace

    Washington D.C. 20034


    IN DIANA Custom Computer Systems Williamsville, NY 14221
    SOUTH CAROLINA
    CANADA
    (202) 234-6646
    Data Domain 1823 Lowry
    (716) 632-8270
    Island Business Machines Omega Computing ltd.

    406 S. College
    Minneapolis, MN 55411
    NORTH DAKOTA
    21 Kingbird
    Box 220

    FLORID.II
    (612) 588-3944

    Bloomington, IN 46401
    General Sys. Programming Hilton Head Is., SC 29928
    Station P

    Olson Electronics (812) 334-3607


    Micro Business Sales
    5833 Ponce de Leon
    Box 8032, University Sta.
    (803) 785-3631
    Toronto, Ontario
    American Microprocessors 4345 L yndale N.
    Grand Forks, ND 58202
    SOUTH DAKOTA
    Canada M5S 2F7
    Coral Gables, FL 33146
    Minneapolis, MN 55412

    (305) 666-3327
    146 N. Broad
    (218) 773-1239
    (416) 425-9200

    (612) 871-9230
    Exe Engineering
    Griffith, IN 46319
    OHIO
    804 E. Lewis Robo-Tronics
    Olson Electronics ABS

    (219) 924-7901
    Vermillion, SD 5ZOS9 509 16th N. W.
    1644 N. E. Second
    547·25th N.
    Olson Electronics
    Miami, FL 33132
    American Microprocessors (605) 624-6411
    Calgary, Alberta
    St. Cloud, MN 56301
    69 West State
    Canada T2M OJ6
    (305)374-4121
    3602 East Washington
    Akron, OH 44308
    TENNESSEE

    Indianapolis, IN 46201
    (612) 253-8722
    (403) 282·9468
    Calculator Place (216) 762-0301
    ComputerPowerof Memphis
    (317) 359.7445 Frisch Computer Systems
    AUS TRALIA
    12 South Orange
    1415 Arcade
    Olson Electronics 3065 James

    Sarasota, FL 33577
    Data Domain 1994 Brittain
    Memphis, TN 38128
    Sys. Automation Propr. Ltd .
    St. Paul, MN 55106

    (813) 366-7449
    7027 N. Michigan
    (612) 771-7569
    Akron, OH 44310
    (901) 386-9905
    26 Clark St., Crows Nest,
    Olson Electronics Indianapolis, IN 46268
    (216) 633-4338
    N.S.W.

    Ronald D. Frisch
    Smart Machine Mart Australia 2065

    6901 22nd Avenue, N. (317) 251-3139


    Olson Electronics 5151 Hillson

    3034 Marine Circle (02) 439-6477

    Tyrone Square Mall Olson Electronics Stillwater, MN 55082


    3265 W. Market
    Nashville, TN 37211

    St. Petersburg, FL 33710


    5353 N. Keystone
    (612) 439-8212
    Akron, OH 44313
    (615) 933.9773 PUERTO RICO

    (813) 345-9119
    Indianapolis, IN 46220
    (216) 864-3407
    Puerto Rico Key Punch
    Westronics Comgu1er Powerol OakRIOfJ"
    Olson Electronics (317) 253·1584 Lucas Office Equipment P.0. Box 2036

    1215 South Dale Mabry


    Data Domain
    716 NW 8th St.

    Willmar, MN 56201
    & Service
    ~~~ Rt~g~l.d.p~ Ti!Ja"f'~~e Halo Rey, Puerto Rico 00919

    Tampa, FL 33609
    10 N. Third (612) 235-6096
    869 E. Franklin
    (615) 482·9031 (809) 751·4042
    (813) 253·3129 LaFayette, IN 47902
    Center·1ille, OH 45459
    TEXAS SOUTH AMERICA
    (317) 423-2548
    MISSISSIPPI
    (513) 433-8484

    GEORGIA Jack Fisher Sales


    Econo Data
    Personnel Cost Control SAVE
    Electronic Information Computer Management 100 Main
    1111 W. Mockingbird
    P.O. Box 701

    120 Heatherwood
    610 Monroe Michigan City, MS 38647
    580 Walnut

    Dallas, TX 75247
    Cuenca, Ecuador
    Athens, GA 30601
    LaPorte, IN 46350
    (601) 224-6470
    Cincinnati, OH 45202
    (214) 634-1230

    (513) 421·7071 830-770

    (404) 353-2858
    (219) 362-5812
    (214) 247-5372

    MISSOURI
    S.l.C.

    Secom Systems
    American Microprocessors Four State Microcomputer Olson Electronics Mr. Computer Venezuela 3392

    5241·F New Peach Tree


    2655 Irvin~ 402 Wall
    2020 Euclid
    744 FM 1960 W., Suite E
    Buenos Aires

    Chamblee, GA 30341

    (404) 455-0672
    ~~~,a9~1227846368 Joplin, MO 64801

    (417) 782·1285
    Cleveland, OH 44115

    (216) 621·6387
    Houston, TX 77090
    Argentina 1211

    (713) 444·7419 88·2547


    20 BYTE October 1978 Circle 290 on inquiry card.
    TheC3-B
    by Ohio Scientific
    •

    The world's mast powerful


    microcomputer system
    is far mare affufdabla
    than you may think:

    STANDARD FEATURES:
    • 74 million byte Winchester tech­
    nology disk drive yields mainframe
    class file access speeds and
    capacity.
    • High level data file software
    makes high performance file struc­
    tures like multikey ISAM easy to
    use.
    • Triple processor CPU with
    6502A, 6800 and Z-80 gives the pro­
    grammer the best of all worlds in
    performance and versatility.
    • The included 6502A based ex­
    tended disk BASIC by Microsoft
    out-benchmarks every micro
    available, including 4 MHz Z-80 and
    LSl-11 with extended arithmetic .
    • 48Kof high reliability static RAM
    is standard.
    • High density 8" floppys provide
    program and data mobility from
    machine to machine.
    • Completely integrated mechani­
    cal system with UL-recognized
    power supplies; continuous duty small business computing. The Then start with Ohio Scientific's in­
    cycle cooling; modular construc­ system places its power where it's expensive C3-S1 floppy disk based
    tion and rack slide mounted needed in the small business system running OS-65U. When he is
    subassembl ies. environment; in the data files. The ready, add the CD-74 big disk and
    C3-B's advanced Winchester tech­ directly transfer programs and files
    • Based on a 16 slot Bus-oriented nology disk, coupled with its smart from floppy to big disk with NO
    architecture with only 7 slots used controller and dedicated high modifications.
    in the base machine. speed memory channel, gives the That's upward expandability!
    • Directly expandable to 300 C3-B data file performance com­ •Rack as shown above complete
    megabytes of disk, 768K of RAM in parable with today's most powerful with 74 megabyte disk, dual
    16 partitions, 16 communication maxi-computers. floppys, 48K of static RAM, OS-65U
    ports, plus console and three Yet, the C3-B costs only slightly operating system and one CRT ter­
    printers. more than many floppy only com­ minal under $13,000.
    puters but offers at least a thou­ Multiple terminal systems with
    • C3-B's have been in production sand times performance improve­ printers and applications software
    since February, 1978, and are ment over such machines (50 times are priced in the mid-20's.
    available now on very reasonable storage capacity multiplied by 20
    delivery schedules.
    The C3-B was designed by Ohio
    times access speed improvement).
    But what if your business client DllD lllENTIFll
    1333 S. Chillicothe Road • Aurora, Ohio 44202
    S cien tit ic as the state of a rt in cannot justify starting with a C3-B? (216) 562·3101
    Circle 290 on in quiry card. BYTE October 1978 21
    No Power

    for Your Interfaces?

    +12, +5 and - 5 V for operation, while the


    new 8085 uses only a single +5 V supply.
    As long as all other components such as
    universal asynchronous receiver--transmitters
    (UARTs), programmable memories, erasable
    read only memories (E ROMs) and read only
    memories (ROMs) in the computer are
    all +5 V, we can eliminate additional power
    supplies and save money. Computer manu­
    Photo 7: S W DC to DC converter, which produces 0.2 A at +72 and - 72 facturers have done just that.
    VDC from a S VDC source. The circuit uses a special custom wound toroidal This situation does not cause any
    transformer (see figures Sa and Sb). Note: the prototype shown uses 7000 problems as long as the user stays with
    µF 2S V capacitors, which were later replaced with 700 µF 2S V versions. the basic unit, or expands it using single
    +5 V supply devices. Erasable read only
    memories such as the Intel 2716 and pro­
    grammable peripheral interfaces such as the
    Build a 5 W DC to DC Converter 8255 are designed specifically for this
    appl ica ti on.
    The problem arises when the single
    supply computer tries to be communications
    Steve Ciarcia compatible with the rest of the world, or
    POB 582 when a bipolar analog interface is added.
    Glastonbury CT 06033 The RS-232C interface generally requires
    + and -12 V potentials, and digital to
    analog converters such as the Motorola
    Recently I attended a local computer 1408L8, which run on +5 and -12 to -15 V.
    club meeting where we discussed the ques­
    tion of power supplies. Many people were The Whole World Isn't TTL Compatible
    remarking that, while they enjoyed building
    the projects in my articles, often their What is the experimenter to do when a
    power supplies were not compatible with -15 V supply is needed and the computer
    the multiple voltages I required. Many of has only +5 V, or when one wishes to tie
    the newer single boar·d computers that some an RS-232 terminal into a system? Ob­
    members owned contained only a hefty viously the answer is to add an additional
    +5 V supply and a note that the user should power supply or two - but, what kind?
    add additional supplies if the basic board Power supply requirements should be
    is expanded. based on load requirements. If 0.5 A at
    This is not an industry copout by any +1 5 V is needed to power a particular
    means. The newest digital designs from interface, then perhaps a 1 A traditional
    companies like Intel are made to run on transformer-rectifier-fi l te r-regu\ ator design is
    +5 V and this is considered an advance in in order. More often than not, though, the
    technology. The 8080A processor requires interface might use one or two dual supply

    22 October 1978 ©BYTE l>ubll(' tiun'li l ih


    ULL SIZE FLOPPY DISK $995 COMP ETE.
    ISCUS I™ full-size floppy disk sys­ Your software library includes DOS,
    ls an overnight success... because
    delivered so complete you can
    It running In a single evening.
    11111111111\\
    text editor, 8080 assembler (all in­
    tegrated in DISK/ ATE™); our
    BASIC-V™ advanced virtual disk
    Ult $995, It's a complete mem· BASIC able to handle a wide varie­
    qstem. Complete with all ty of data formats and address up
    are and software. Com· to 2 megabytes; and patches for
    assembled. Completely CP/M• . And it's all interfaced to
    •And tested as a com· your controller's serial 1/0 port
    to avoid 1/0 guesswork.
    r-
    L__
    OSCIL L A TOR -- - ..i+- - - BUFFER DRl\I ER-- - -i-1---
    DIODE I CAPACITOR
    MULTI PLIER
    ___j
    -1
    +5\1
    IK IK

    22on
    lmF
    15 V IN9 14

    ~..:;s---4._----l l----~ ~
    I-----e> +v
    IC I SEE + Cl
    7404 TEX T 10 µ.F
    15V
    APP ROX ev
    .033 AT 3m A
    5 + C2
    I Dµ.F
    "'16 KH z 15V
    -v

    Figure 7: Typical DC to DC converter, a device used to convert one DC voltage into another.
    The oscillator section supplies a train of square waves to the buffer drivers. On the first half
    cycle, capacitor Cl is charged to approximately 4 V, and on the second half cycle, C2 is
    charged to - 4 V. The voltage across the two capacitors is twice the input voltage, or approxi­
    mately 8 V (open circuit). The 7 mF capacitor between ICld and the two diodes isolates the
    circuit so that the 8 V can be referenced to ground.

    integrated circuits and require only 50 mA, voltage multipli ers . The converters operate
    or if the interface is designed with CMOS at high frequencies to reduce transformer
    circuitry, the current requirement could weight. We'll explore the particulars later.
    be 5 mA or less. While the 60 Hz trans­ A DC to DC converter need not be low
    former design may be more than adequate, power, but the designs and applications
    the volume and weight of the low frequency presented here are specifically for low
    magnetics is bulky and may not fit easily current and limited space applications. The
    within the present enclosure. majority of the circuits occupy less than
    2 square inches (12.9 square cm}.
    The DC to DC Converter A DC to DC converter draws its power
    from some major power bus, such as a +5 V
    In an application that requires higher or +12 V computer supply, and converts
    voltage at low current, the DC to DC con­ this source voltage to a higher level of either
    verter is the natural choice for the designer. the same or reversed polarity. The simplest
    As its name implies, it converts one DC configuration is shown in figure 1. ICl a
    voltage to another, usually a higher one. All and ICl b form the oscillator which is
    DC to DC converters incorporate oscillator common to all DC to DC converters. ICl c,
    sections to provide AC either to drive ICl d and ICle are buffers with the outputs
    transformers or to drive diode-capacitor of ICl d and ICl e 180 degrees out of phase,

    +1 5V

    ALL CAPACITORS - 50V DISC CERAMIC


    ALL RESISTORS - 1/4 W 5%

    :::olOOKHz

    IC2
    74C04
    I N 9 14
    -15V
    Figure 2 : A CMOS DC to AT IOmA
    DC converter used for low
    current applications. This
    circuit produces - 75 V
    from a +7 5 V source and +
    llµ.F
    provides a relatively con­ DI
    IOK IN4745
    stant output voltage be­ 16v
    cause of the shunt regu­
    lator formed by diodes D 7 QI
    2N2222
    and Ql.

    24 October 1978 © BYTE Publi cations In c


    Double Capacity
    and the software is all ready to go. An on board 2708 EPf\OM
    The DOUBLER - Micromotion's latest advance in floppy disk
    contains the bootstrap. There's even jump-on-reset circuitry
    technology - doubles the capacity of floppy disk systems.
    so you con operate without a front panel. And, of course,
    Over 500 KBytes ore recorded on each side of on 8" disk.
    we include utilities to format diskettes.
    This means biggerfiles for more powerful systems.
    Universally Versatile
    Double Speed
    The DOUBLER will operate with all industry-standard mini
    Doto transfer with the DOUBLER is twice as fast - 500 Kbits
    and full-sized drives. And it will work in any 8080 or Z-80
    per second. And since there is twice as much data on each
    5-100 computer operating at 2 to 4 MHz. The DOUBLER will
    track, your drive steps only half as much - so your system
    support up to four double or single headed drives.
    runs foster than it ever hos before!

    Fully Compatible
    Increased P.eliability
    The DOUBLER is compatible with CP/M* version 1 .4. If you
    That's right - even better reliability. Why? Because we did
    hove a CP / M * 1 .4 system, just odd our CBIOS - or you con
    it the IBM way. IBM designed 2D formatting - so it hos to
    buy our ready-to-boot version . Install the new controller,
    be reliable. Micromotion's innovative, state-of-the-art de­
    connect any terminal to the f\S -2J2 interface, and boot off
    sign incorporates write precompensotion electronics and a
    your new double-sized, double-speed system. You still con
    phase lock oscillator on a single, all digital, 5-100 circuit
    use all your old software without any changes.
    board . So we guarantee the DOUBLER will be more de­

    pendable than your present single density controller - and


    Completely Affordable
    we worontee the DOUBLER for a full year.
    All Micromation products ore fully assembled, thoroughly
    tested, include complete documentation, and ore priced
    Unbeatable Convenience

    for value:
    It couldn't be easier to step up to double density. The

    DOUBLER double density controller $ 495.


    DOUBLER operates automatically in either single or double

    MEGABOX dual drive double density system 2 ,295.


    density. Just insert a diskette and you 're running properly. You

    ZEPHER - Per Sci double density system 2,595.


    con transfer files between single or double density diskettes
    4,295.
    Z-PLUS - MEGABOX 32 KZ-80 computer
    without any software or hardware changes - or even oper­
    ate with one single and one double density diskette.
    Available

    Installation is a snap. There's a hardware UAf\T on board The DOUBLER is available NOW at your local computer store.

    Micromation Inc. 524 Union Street San Francisco California 94133 / 415 398-0289

    «J11ll@iiiri1MW•

    Where there's always more in store. •CPI Mis a trademark of Digital Research.

    Circle 223 on inquiry card. BYTE Octoher 1978 25


    +IZV

    2N22 19

    - )F
    IC 3
    NE 5 55

    r---._ 0 TO -I OV
    - - - - - TR G I _ / AT IO mA
    OUTI,_____
    '

    T _.01_ _ l1 IN9 14

    J
    Figure 3: A variable output DC to DC converter capable of producing 0 to - 70 V.

    simulating a pseudo AC signal to the voltage Inverting Supplies


    multiplier. During the first half cycle, the
    capacitor, Cl, is charged to approximately Most often DC to DC supplies ar e used
    4 V, and during the second half cycle, C2 where a negative voltage is required to power
    is oppositely charged. The voltage across a bipola r linear interface or a dual supply
    the two capacitors is twice the input voltage, large scale integrated circuit such as a key­
    or approximately 8 V (open circuit). If this board encoder.
    circuit were not isolated from the drivers Figures 2 and 3 are examples of con­
    (I Cl d and ICle), neither +V nor -V line verters which would be suitable for these
    can be grounded or the multiplier section low current applications. Figure 2 produces
    will be shorted out. The 1 mF 15 V capa­ -15 V from a +15 V source and provides
    citor between pin 8 and the junction of a relatively constant output voltage because
    the two IN914 diodes provides isolation and of the shunt regulator formed by the diode,
    allows the -V lead to be grounded. The Dl, and the transistor, Ql. Changing the
    output is then approximately 8 V, refer­ zener diode, Dl, to 13 V makes the output
    enced to ground. -12 V instead of-15 V. The circuit outlined
    in figure 3 uses the voltage control input of
    an NE555 timer circuit to produce a variable
    outputofOto-lOV.
    Type Function +5 v -5 v -12 v +12 v
    Dual Voltage Converters
    Ay -5-1013A UART 20 mA 18 mA
    2708 1 K x 8 EROM 10 mA 45 mA 65mA
    2716 (Intel) 2 K x 8 EROM 100 mA In most cases single voltage converters
    2716 (Tl) 2 K x 8 EROM 22 mA 12 mA 45mA use diode steering and charged capacitor
    MC1408L8 8 bit digital to voltage multiplication. Transformers or
    analog converter 8mA 20mA
    LM301 op amp 3 mA 3 mA other inductive devices must be incorporated
    LM741 op amp 2. 8 mA 2 .8 mA if dual outputs are a requirement. Figure 4
    is a very simple ±15 V converter which is
    Table 7: Worst case current requirements for a variety ofintegrated circuits. powered from a +5 V supply.

    + 5V Dz
    I N9 14 810!1
    Tl 112 w -1 5V AT
    IO mA
    l l" F
    8 4
    25V
    7 I N5245

    270 .'1
    IC4 l/ Z W
    NE 55 5 +1 5V AT
    6 3
    V OUT I OmA
    2 I N5 2 4 5
    Figure 4: Low current 100µ.F 15V
    50 V
    dual voltage output DC
    to DC converter which "'I OOKH z
    supplies - 75 and - 75 V A LL RE S I STORS ­ 1/4W ,5 % E XC EPT WHE RE NOTE:O_
    from a +5 V input. T1 I S A PUL SE ENGIN E E R I NG TRANS F ORM E R PE ­ 3 8 4 3

    26 Oct ob er 1978 [) BYTE Publi c.uio m Inc


    The North Star 16K RAM board is a star performer error occurs, a status flip/flop is set and an interrupt can
    in our HORIZON computer. Just as important, it is the inform the processor. Or, if preferred, an error status
    ideal memory for most other S-100 bus systems. No other light will go on.
    RAM board can surpass the speed, reliability, and quality
    features of the North Star 16K RAM at any price.
    FEATURES - The North Star 16K RAM offers many de­
    sirable features. Addressability is switch-selectable to
    SPEED -The North Star 16K RAM is the fastest S-100 start at any 8K boundary. The board can perform bank
    bus memory board available. No wait states are required, switching for special software applications, such as time­
    even with a Z80 at 4MHz. And, of course, this outstand­ sharing. Also, bank switching can be used to expand the
    ing 16K RAM will operate with both 8080 and Z80 proc­ amount of RAM beyond 64K bytes. Power consumption
    essors at 2MHz. Industry standard 200ns dynamic RAM
    is minimal - the maximum power requirements are:
    chips are used. Invisible on - board refresh circuitry allows
    .6A @ 8V; .4A @ + 16V, and .1A @ - 16V.
    the processor to run at full speed .

    PRICES - $399 kit. $459 assembled , tested and burned­


    RELIABILITY - The North Star 16K RAM is designed to
    match the same high standards as our MICRO DISK in. Parity option: $39 Kit. $59 assembled, tested and
    SYSTEM and HORIZON computer. For example, all ad­ burned-in.
    dress and data signals are fully buffered. A parity check
    option is available with the 16K RAM for applications re­ Write for free color catalog or visit your local computer
    quiring immediate hardware error detection. If a memory store.

    NoRTH ST AR * CoMPLJTERS
    2547 Ninth Street· Berkeley, California 94710 • (415) 549-0858

    Circle 285 on inquiry card. BYTE Octobor 1978 27


    its doughnut shape is quite unlike the more
    common rectangular filament transformers.
    The shape and style of the toroid are specifi­
    cally designed for high frequency operation,
    which is the main attribute of this inverter
    design. Heavy magnetic cores are necessary
    only for ·1ow frequencies such as 60 Hz.
    Since this converter's switching speed is
    20 kHz, relatively little magnetic material
    is necessary, and high power output can be
    obtained.
    The toroid in this design is a surplus
    88 millihenry toroid, frequently advertised
    in the amateur radio magazines. A source I

    Photo 4: Adding the primary winding, step


    2: make a loop for the center tap and con­
    tinue with 40 additional turns.
    Photo 3: Adding the pri­
    mary winding, step 7:
    wind 4 0 turns of# 20 wire
    evenly around the toroid.

    Photo 5: The completed


    transformer. The ends of
    all enameled wires should
    be cleaned of insulation
    before soldering.

    have found is: M Weinschenker, POB 353,


    Irwin PA 15642. Order 88 millihenry un­
    potted toroids. The price is five for $2.95
    plus $1 postage.
    There are two ways to wind this toroid .
    Since it presently contains two windings of
    approximately 350 turns each, adding a
    primary sounds most logical. In reality
    though, 180 turns of #20 wire couldn't
    possibly fit in the remaining space, and the
    number of windings seems to vary from
    source to source. To obtain a properly
    wound toroid, it is best to first completely
    unwind the toroid and then rewind two 175
    turn secondaries. The rewound toroid looks
    like photo 2. Since inductors exhibit an
    output polarity that is important when tying
    two secondaries in series, it is advisable to
    mark the starting lead on each coil and wind The output of the toroid is treated as it
    each in the same direction . It is not catas­ would be in a traditional DC regulator
    trophic if you don't. Polarity can be deter­ design. The two secondaries are connected
    mined empirically later. in series (terminals 5 and 6 connected) to
    The primary is wound with #20 wire produce 45 V between terminals 4 and 7.
    over the two secondaries as in photo 3, and If a low voltage is obtained instead of 45 V,
    should be distributed evenly around the then the secondaries are out of phase and
    toroid. When 40 turns have been wound, the terminals of one of the coils should be
    make a loop in the wire so that it will stick reversed. The two terminals which are
    out (as shown in photo 4) and then continue connected at this point are the center tap
    winding the next 40 turns in the same and should be grounded.
    direction. The complete toroid should look Four diodes and two capacitors function
    like photo 5. as the full wave rectifier and filter input to a
    The design outlined in figure Sa is a DC pair of 3 terminal voltage regulators. The
    inverter. The NE555 20 kHz oscillator result is a well-regulated +and -12 V supply
    sources the high current 7437 buffers which with output current in excess of 200 mA on
    are necessary to drive the push/pull tran­ each. Overall conversion efficiency is better
    sistor combination of Ql and Q2. The than 50%.
    continuous on/off action of the transistors One note to keep in mind when testing
    produces an alternating current of 20 kHz this device: since the output is 5 W with
    in the primary winding of the toroid. Th is in 50% efficiency, the continuous input current
    turn induces a voltage proportional to the to the converter will be approximately 2 A
    ratio of the primary to secondary turns, (at 5 V) . Peak current will be higher at each
    times the primary input voltage into the clock transition. Use a supply with sufficient
    secondary winding. With approximately 4 V current capabilities or it will degrade the
    into the primary (taking into account the performance of the converter and possibly
    collector to emitter voltage drop, VCE, tran­ not even work.
    sistors Ql and Q2), 18 to 20 V should be In next month's BYTE: build an inexpen­
    present on each secondary. sive infrared detection system.•

    Circle 291 on inquiry card. October 1978 ©BYTE Public•tions In c 31


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    Circle 110 on inquiry card . BYTE October 1978 33


    to make a one pass compiler work (aside

    A "Tiny" from the fact that it is also good program­


    ming practice to declare identifiers before
    use). Compared with multipass compilers,
    the job of writing a one pass compiler is
    relatively simple, since there is no need to

    Pascal Compiler
    store the program in its intermediate form.
    Figure 1 shows the structure of our
    one pass Pascal compiler. The main portion
    is made up of the scanner, syntax analyzer,
    semantic analyzer and code generator.
    A brief overview of these functional por­
    Part 2: The P-Compiler tions of the compiler follows . Detailed
    descriptions will be given later.
    The syntax analyzer is commonly cal led
    the parser. Its main function is to detect
    syntactical errors in the source program.
    The smallest unit of the source program
    Kin-Man Chung When Niklaus Wirth introduced Pascal that the parser looks at is called a token.
    124 Scottswood Dr in 1971, one of the design objectives was For instance, the reserved word while,
    Urbana IL 61801 to allow efficient program compilation . the symbol :=, or the identifier idname
    As far as we know, all existing Pascal com­ would be tokens. The main job of the
    Herbert Yuen pilers use the one pass compilation scanner is to read the source program and
    POB 2591 Station A
    technique. output a token when needed by the parser.
    Champaign IL 61820
    Newcomers to Pascal sometimes criticize Irrelevant information such as blanks,
    features of the language such as declaring comments and line boundaries are ignored.
    variables before use, and having constant To further simplify the work of the
    and type declarations precede variable parser, the values of numeric constants are
    declarations. But such features are necessary also evaluated by the scanner. The parser
    then parses the program according to the
    rules laid down by the syntax diagrams
    which were described in part 1 ("A Tiny
    Pascal Compiler," September 1978 BYTE,
    SOUR CE
    PROG RAM
    SCA NNER page 58) and generates error messages if
    illegal constructs are found. Identifier names
    are entered into a symbol table as they are
    declared. The symbol table is consulted by
    the parser as wel I as the semantic analyzer.
    After a Pascal construct is recognized, its
    ERR OR meaning is analyzed by the semantic ana­
    PARSER
    ROU T I NE lyzer and appropriate p-codes are generated.
    Occasionally, there are forward references
    whose addresses cannot be determined at the
    time the codes are generated, but have to
    be resolved at a later time. Thus updates
    to the object program have to be done at
    SEM A NTI C
    the appropriate time.
    A NAL Y Z E R
    This may sound complicated, but in fact
    a one pass compiler is actually the simp lest
    compiler imaginable. The technique used by
    our parser is usually referred to as top-down
    parsing or goal oriented parsing. The top­
    ST ORAGE CO DE PR OG RAM down parsing algorithm assumes a general
    AL L OC AT OR GENER ATO R FIX UP goal at the beginning. Th is goal is then

    -- -- ----- broken down into one or more subgoals,


    depending on input strings and the rules
    -- in the syntax diagrams. The subgoals are
    realized by breaking them down into finer
    - - - . D A T A FLOW subgoals.
    - - LO GICAL FLOW This is usually not a very efficient algo­
    rithm if backups are needed . The need for
    Figure 1: Logical arrangement and interconnections of the p-compiler backups occurs if at some point we choose
    modules. one subgoal from several others and find

    34 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    Listing 7: BASIC version of the p-compiler. This program takes the Pascal after some processing that we have made
    program and compiles it into p-code. The term p-code stands for pseudocode, the wrong choice. We would then have to
    an assembler language code for a hypothetical computer which can be con­ undo what had been done by the wrong
    verted into an existing assembler language. Listing continues thru page 48. choice and back up to the point where we
    could try other alternatives. This is usually
    10REM PASCAL SUBSET COMPILER FOR P-MACHINE a messy business and involves a lot of
    20RU1 B'i Kl11-MAl1 CHUl1G
    30REM l/?8 LAST VERSION 4/78 bookkeeping. Fortunately, in the parsing of
    40 N0=32,REM n ~ RESERUlU WORDS Pascal, no backup is necessary. A keyword
    50 10=50,REM SYM TABLE SllE
    60 N1=32767,REM LARGEST !Nl is present at each decision point, and it
    70 N2=8,REM !DENT LEN determines what subgoal we should choose.
    80 DIM W01C51N0l,REM RESERVED WORDS
    90 DIM TICT01N2l\REM SYMBOL 1A8ll An example will make this clear.
    100 DIM T0$CT0),REM KIND Of !UENl IN SYM TAB,C,U,P Suppose our goal is to recognize a state­
    110 DIM LIC64l,REM LINE 8Lif FER
    120 DIM AI012), E:h ~· l ment. A statement can be a number of basic
    130 DIM so: 100),SI( 100) ··.F:EM ~;rnc: K~; constructs: it can be an assignment state­
    140 DIM T1( TB r·.F:EM LEVEL Llf l L1 l N ~;Y 1I T8l
    150 DIM T2CT0l,REM UALCfOR CUN~TJ OR ADRCFOR INTlOF IO INST ment, an if statement, a case statement
    160 DIM TJCT0l,REM ARRAY U!M Oktt Of PROC PARAMETERS or any other construct defined by the
    170 W0$(1,40)="AND ARRAYEEGI NC ALL cnsf CONSTDIU DO
    180 W0$C 41, 80 )= "OO~HHEL~;E EIW 1-llF: F LINC IF llHECiMEM syntax diagram. The Pascal grammar is so
    190 W0$(81,120>="MOD NOT Of UR PROC READ REPEASHl designed that we know which type of
    200 W0$( 121. l6(1)="SHF; THUi HI l'if·E UiHlLUAR ~/HILU/RITE"
    210 DIM MS(27J,C$C80) statement we should choose by just looking
    220 MS="LITOPRLOOSTOCALINlJM~JPCCSP"'~EM P-COOE MNEMONICS at the next token. If the token is if, then we
    230 PS= 1
    240 P7=0,P9=P7,REM START CODE=0000 know it is going to be an if statement;
    250 !'P-CODES STARTS AT 0000" if the token is case, it is going to be a case
    260 Q,=40,612,REM LAST USABLE MEM

    270 F5=-1
    statement, etc. There would seem to be a
    280 INPUT "WANT CODE PRINTEO?".YI

    290 IF Yt="Y" THEN Y9=0 ELSE Y9=l


    problem if the token is an identifier, since
    300 XS=" "'CiOSUB 1240\REM CiET A TOKEN
    the statement can be the beginning of an
    310 CiOSUB 5340,REM BLOCK

    320 Z•FNElC" . ",9)


    assignment statement or a procedure call.
    330 FILL P9,255,FILL P9+1,255 , kEM fill IN EO F MARK But this can be easily resolved by consulting
    340 INPur·rtHERPF:EH I), OF: TF:Al1':LATUTl !" ,'(I
    350 IF YS="" THEN END the symbol table, where we also keep the
    360 IF YS="I" THEN CHAIN "INTERP" attributes (data types, addresses, etc) of
    370 IF YS="T" THEN CHAIN "TRANS"
    380 END the identifiers. This is one of the reasons
    390REN 1111111111 why identifiers and procedures must be
    400REN ERROR ROUTINES
    410REM :tU declared before use: it makes compiler
    420REM FNEl .. IF CURRENT TOKEN<>KI THEN ERROR #E writing easier.
    430 DEF FNE1CK$,El
    440 IF S0$()K$ THEN Z=FNEO:EI A top-down parser without backup can
    450 RETLIRl1 0
    460 rnrno be implemented by using a technique called
    470REM H:t recursive descent. Such a parser uses a
    480REM FNE2 . IF NEXT TOKEN<)K$ THEN ERROR #E
    490 DEF Flff2( KS. E) recursive procedure for each nonterminal
    500 GOSUB 124(1 in the syntax diagrams. A cal I is made to
    510 IF S0S(}K$ THEN Z•FNE(El
    52(1 RETURl1 (1 this procedure whenever a parse for such
    530 Ft~rnD
    540F:El1 ~:U
    550REM PRINT ERROR MSCi
    560 DEF FlffC E9 > Line

    570 I TAiii( C0+4 ), "t" . E9


    580 CiOSUB 6 [(! Number Remark

    :0<98 STOP
    600 RETURN 0,FNEND 400 Error routines - FNE, FNEl, FNE2
    610REM ERROR MSGS 1030 Get a character
    620 ON ll~T<<E9-l) /5) +1 GOTO ( ;3 0 ,t; 1 10,G5D,G(.0,(:;0,(.~8,(:~10.7~0 1090 Input a line
    630 ON E9 GOTO 710,720.730,740,7~8 1240 Get a token
    640 ON E9-5 Go1·0 99 0,990, ~ i 90,7 60,7?0
    1950 Enter entry into symbol table
    650 Ot~ E:.=i-10 GL.ll(.I 7:,:::(1, 7'90, ~:00, ~19(1, :j~1(1
    661 ON E9-15 G010 810,820,830,840,8~0
    2060 Search symbol table
    670 OH E9-20 GOTO 8C0,870,880,S90,89D 2170 Constant declaration
    680 ON E9-25 GOTO 900,~J10,920,~J90,9~0 2240 Get constant
    690 ON E9-30 Go1·0 940,990,950,~1b0,970
    2340 Variable declaration
    700 ON E9-35 GOTO 980
    2380 Simple expression
    710 '"MEM FLIL L" «J:ETUF:ll
    2610 Term
    720 ! "CONST O:f·EC I ED" ·. F:ETUF:t<
    2850 Factor
    730 I"=' E:<:PECTE[l" ·.. F;E TLlf'l 4
    3290 Expression
    740 •IDENTIFIER lX~ELlEO" , RETURN
    3490 Statement
    750 '';'OF:'•' MIL~; Jl1G" " .F:ETLIF:N
    5340 Block
    760 '' . ' E:(PECTED""J:ETLll·: t1
    6120 Push numeric
    770 "';' MISS!l1G""·F:ETUF:ll

    780 "UNDECLARED IDEIH"· .RETUf:H


    6150 Pop numeric
    790 "I LLECiAL l DEIH" •.J:ETUF:H
    6180 Push string
    800 " •=' E:(PECTE.ll" ".. /<lTUl':ll
    6240 Pop string
    810 "'THEW E:<F·ECTE[l'"«.f:ElUf:ll
    6310 Code Generation - FNG
    820 '";'OF; 'EIK1' Ei•:PECTcD"".f:llUF:N
    6520 Fixup forward references
    830 '' 00' EXPE.~:TE(I" «.R ETUF:H

    840 "INCORRECT SYMEOL"'RcTU~N

    850 "RELATIONAL OPERATOR EXPlLlcO"'RETURN


    Table 7: For easy reference the main sub­
    860 "USE OF F'F:OC IDENT IH O:f'l<"«J:EHIF:N

    870 "')' EXPECTED"',F:ETUF:l1


    routines of the p-compiler are listed here
    880 'ILLEGAL FACTOR",RETURN
    along with remarks regarding their uses.

    36 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


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    Circle 322 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 37
    890 '"'BEGIH' EXPECTED",RETURN a nonterminal is required . It is easy to see
    900 '"'IF' EXPECTED" ·,F:ETUF:t~ why such a scheme would work. The stack­
    910 !"ILLEGAL HEX CINST",RlTURN
    920 !"'Tl' IR 'OIWtHO' E)<f'EClELi" "F:LTUf.: N ing mechanism of the run time procedures
    930 !"HUMBER IUT IF RANGE",RETUNN
    940 ! "' < ' EXPECTED "'-F:ETURN ensures that we get back to the correct
    950 !"'[' EXPECTEO"'-RETURN position in the syntax diagram after com­
    960 !"'l' EXPECTEO"'-RETURH
    970 !"PARAMETERS MISMATCHED" , RETURN pleting the parse of the nonterminal.
    980 !'DATA TYPE HIT RECOGNIZED" ' R~TURN If you look at the syntax diagrams care­
    990 '"BUG"'-RETURH
    1000REM ltlllllllllllllllll fully, you will see that diagrams for certain
    1010REM SCANNER nonterminals actually contain the non­
    1020REM 1111111111111111111
    1030REM GETCHAR terminal itself, either immediately or after
    1040 IF C0CL0 THEN 1060 several expansions. In terms of compiler
    1050 GISUB 1090'- GITI 1040
    1060 C0=C0+1'-XS=LS<C0 , C0) writing this means that the procedures corre­
    1070 RETURN sponding to these nonterminals would call
    1080REM lllltlllll
    1090REM INPUT A LINE themselves recursively .
    1100 !%4LCL" •,
    1110 IF F5<0 THEH IHPUT LS ELSE 1160
    1120 IF LS="" THEH 1100
    1130 W LS(l,ll="S" THEN 1210'-REM MACRO FILE ?
    1140 LS=LS+" "'-C0=0
    1150 L0=LENCLS> , RETURN
    1160 IF TYPCF5X>0 THEN 1190'- REM EIF IF TYP=0 BASIC Recursive Subroutines
    1170 CLISE IF5 , F5=FS-l'-REM RETURN TO LAST ACTJUE FILE
    1180 GITI 1110 Most versions of BASIC do not
    1190 READ IFS,LS '- 'LS
    1200 GITO 1130 adequately support recursive sub­
    1210 FS=FS+l'-OPEN IF5,LS C2,LEHCLS)) routine calls. In North Star BASIC, the
    1220 GITI 1090
    1230REM lltlllllll multiline function call can be invoked
    1240REM GET A TIKEN recursively, in a limited fashion. This is
    1250REM RETURN S0S=TIKEN, AS=STRIHG, N3=NUMERIC
    1260 IF XS<>" " mm 1280 because the function parameters are
    1270 GOSUB 1B3B-. GOTO 1 2(~'.REM FL USH 8LA ~ KS local within the function definition
    12B0 IF ~: l< " A" 1HEIH4 (. (1..f:H1 ;1wt 1fl lf JU:'
    1290 IF Xl >"Z " THEN1460 and are pushed onto a stack when
    1300 K=0 '- A$ =" making a call.
    1310 IF K >= l~ 2 TH E I~ 133[1···.F:Ul Ot ~ L '1' l ~: T i~2 U . TTU:~ : ,·,r..·t llc. l·. li
    1320 K= K+l, A$ ( K, Kl=X I The surprising fact is that most
    1330 GISUB 10313 BAS/Cs do not forbid a recursive
    1340 T=ASC( ~:s l
    1350 IF T>4 7 AND T<5 8 OR T>6 4 ANU TC9 l THEN 13J O-.R fM UGT OR LT TR call if one is made. For instance, the
    1360REM BIN SER AC H FOR RES WORDS
    1370 I= 1". J=HC<~: 5-4
    following BASIC subroutine, which is
    13B0 BS=AS an inefficient way of printing the first
    1390 K=INTC< I+J ) .'10H:5+1
    1400 ZS=W0$CK, K+4)
    N integers in descending order, is
    1410 If BS<=ZI THEN J=K - 5 probably permitted in most BAS/Cs:
    1420 IF BS>=ZS THEN l=K+~
    1430 IF l <=J THEN 1391
    1440 IF l-5 ) J THEN SOl=BI ELSE S ~s =" lU E NT " 100 PRINT N

    1450 lll:ETURH 200 IF N=O THEN RETURN

    146l< ZI="" 300 N=N-1

    1470 IF XS("0" THEN 1~80 -. REM AH INTEGER ? 400 GOSUB 100

    1480 IF XS>"9" THEN 1580 SOORETURN

    1490 S0$="t~UM"
    1500 Z$=Zs+:<s
    1510 GISUB 1030 The problem of doing recursive
    1520 IF ASC(X$l )= 4B AND ASC CX l l C=57 THEN 1500
    1530 N3=UAL< ZS l calls in BASIC is that of preserving
    1540 IF H3C=H1 THEN RETURN the values of the identifiers in the
    1550 E9=30 , GOSUB 550
    156~ ~3=Hl'-RETURN subroutines. This can be done by
    1570REM CHECK FOR SPECIAL SYMBOL using a stack. The values of the identi­
    1::i80 I~ i<S <) " • ·· I H t. I~ lf.4£1
    1590 GISUB 1030 fiers are pushed onto the stack before
    1600 IF XS= " =" THEN 1620
    1610 S0S="• "'RETURN
    a recursive call, and popped out of the
    1620 SIS=" •=" stack in the reverse order when
    1630 GISUB 1030 , RETURH returning from the call. In BASIC, the
    1640 IF ~:s o . (. THEI~ 1710
    1650 GISUB 103 0 stack can be simulated by an array:
    1660 IF XS= " >" THEI~ 1690
    1670 IF XS="= ' HEI~ 17(10
    16B0 S0$=" <" 'NtrURN 10 DIM S(lOO)
    1690 S0S="<> "'-GISUB 1030,RETURH 11 P=O
    1700 S0$="C="'-GISUE 1030 , RETURH 12 REM INITIALIZE STACK POINTER
    1710 W XSC >" >" THEN 17~0
    1/20 GISUB 10J~,H~l = " > "
    1730 IF XSO " =" IHEI~ •:ETUF:I~
    1740 S0S=" >=" '- GISUB 1030 , RElURH
    1750 IF XS<> " ' " THrn l 79£1 lOOOREM PUSH X INTO STACK

    1760 S0$='STR" '- CI="' 1010 S(P)=X

    1770 GISUB 1030 , I F Xt="'" THEN 1030 1020 P=P+l

    17B0 CS=C$+X$ , GOTO 1770 1030 RETURN

    1790 IF XS( )" ( " lHEH 1820 -. REM IGNORE CIM MENTS 2000REM POP X FROM STACK

    1800 GISUB 1030 '- IF Xl <>"l" THEN 1800 2010 P=P-1

    1810 GISUB 1030, GITI 1240 2020 X=S(P)

    1820 IF Xs<>"%" THEN 1930 , REM HE X CONSTANT 2030 RETURN

    1830 GISUB 1030'-SOS="HUM" ' N3=0


    1840 FIR I=l TO 4

    38 October 1978 © BYTE Public.J.tions Inc


    C201: MICROPROCESSORS:
    BOOKS ... ADDICTIVE? From Chips to Systems
    Rodnay Zaks, 416 pp, $9.95

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    This book hos b e e n qu a li fi e d as 'b e st te xt
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    AOOHA.YZAKS

    C202: MICROCOMPUTER
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    Rodnay Zaks, 250 pp, $9.95

    A step by step introduction lo microcomputer


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    Also available: 6502 APPLICATIONS BOOK

    C207: MICROPROCESSOR
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    ALesea & R.Zaks, 416 pp, $9.95

    How to interface a microprocessor to the


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    I
    1850 T=ASC< XS )
    1860 IF T>=48 ANO T<=57 THEN 1888 One important part m1ss1ng from our
    1870 IF T>=65 ANO 1 ( =70 THEN l=T-7 ELSE 1910 compiler is the ability to recover from
    11181"1 i=T-48
    1890 H3=H3116+T,GOSUE 1030 , HEXT errors. Of course all syntactical errors
    190~ ~E ruRt~
    1910 IF l>l THEN Z=FHCC27) are caught by our compiler and somewhat
    1920 50$="%",RETURH meaningful messages are printed to indicate
    1930 ~us=Xi,~ui0 1~~ 0
    1940REM 1111111111 errors. However, if an error is found, the
    1950REM tHTER SYMBuL !~TO :AGLl compiler is aborted prematurely and will
    1%(1 Tl=Tl+l
    19t0 JS ( (Tl-llW2+LTlW2 )-11f not resume compiling. Such a compiler is,
    1980 TOS(Tl,TlJ=KZ " k[M ~ Tu ~ l lYPl of course, not acceptable in practice. But
    1990 IF U O "C" lHrn 2(11(1
    2000 T2 ( 11 l =H3··.F:ETLlf:t h F:UI ''I Uf:l '.' Al. UL with the understanding that this compiler
    2018 TlCTl l =Ll,REM SlOR E LE UlL Of lULNl will be used as a bootstrap compiler, as
    2020 IF K£ 0 "'J" 1Hrn F:EH1f:1;
    ~ ~ ~ t:.1 Ir r ~u 1 t- '.:i 1Ht.H t<t T tlt-~f i ·, _ ~; [ ri :=.r· 11 i. ·r~. t1Lt .L1C i-1·1 Ll1 I cir.-: f-·~~ oc ~·Ar.~s discussed in part 1, it is tolerable. A com­
    2040 T2(Tll=OO,OU=OD+l,REIU ~ N , kLM SlUk[ UffSLl piler with simple error recoveries would
    2050REM 1111111111
    2060REM F mo IDElfl A$ m 1 L ~:Hi~: · 1 l N~ ru11·1 1 l rilW UP not be particularly difficult to implement
    207C•REM RETUF:t~ F'OililU: 10 l M:Ll lt f(1Ui;[I, ll~:l f:f.l Uf.: I ~ (1
    2080 J=CT1 - lllN2•1
    but would involve a lot of programming
    2090 FOR 1=11 TO 1 STEP -1 codes and processing time. We hesitate
    2100 If' Al=l$(,l,J<N2 -· ll ·1HUJ io:-:i ·1 2 l3U to add things to an already big and slow
    2110 J=J-1~2 ".l~D:T
    2120 I =O program.
    213(1 RETURI~
    2140REM 1111111111111111111 It is generally difficult to implement a
    2150REM PARSER AHO COUEk compiler with sophisticated error recovery
    2160REM llllllllllltlllllll
    2170REM CONSTANT DECLARATION features. Such a compiler would not only
    2180 Z=Flffl( "IOEIH'',4 l detect errors, but would also try to repair
    219~ L=FHE2(''='' ,3J
    2200 &OSUB 1240'.GOSUE 2~~0 the damages caused by such errors. The com­
    2210 Kf="C" , GOSUB 1950 piler has to make some assumptions about
    2220 GOTO 124(1
    2230REM 1111111111 the nature of the errors and the intention
    2240REM CONSTANT of the author. This is usually difficult.
    2250 IF S0l="NUM" THEN RETURN
    2260 IF S0$="10ENT' THEN 2290,REM CONST? If our concern is solely that of locating
    2270 Z=FHElC'STk',2) all errors in a single parse of the source
    2280 H3=ASC(C$),RETURN,k[M lAKE LST CHAR
    2290 ~O~UB 2060 '. IF 1=0 lHEN FNEC2l program, there are simple ways of doing it.
    2300 IF T0S(J.ll0"C" lHrn Fl<E C2) Upon detecting an error, the compiler
    2310 H3=T2Cl>,RE1LIRN
    2320 GOTO 1240 simply skips the input text until it can safely
    2330REM *111111111
    2340REM VARIABLE O~CLAkATION
    resume the compilation process. To do this
    2350 Z=FHE 1( " J[IEIH " , 4 ) the compiler looks for certain keywords
    2360 K$="U " ,GOSUB 1950 '. GUTO 1240 or stopping symbols for hints to resume the
    2370REM ltllllllll
    2380REM SIMPLE EXPRESSION parsing process. For instance, if we find an
    2390 IF S0S='+" THlN 2420 error while parsing a conditional expression,
    2400 IF S0S ( )"-" lHEH 2590
    2410 YS=S0S , GOSUB 6180 we skip the input tokens and search for
    2420 GO£:UB 1240
    243(1 GOSUB 2610 symbols, such as =, > =, etc, and keywords
    2440 GOSU8 6240 such as then and do or perhaps begin. If
    2450 IF YS="-" THEN Z=f-t~G ( Ll1, l)
    2460 IF 60$= "+' THEN 2500 we do this for all the parts of the language
    2470 IF S0$='-" THEN 2500 constructs, we will at least have a compiler
    2480 IF S0S ="OR ' lHEN 2500
    2490 RE TURN that would resume compilation after an
    2500 YS=S01,GOSU8 6180 error is encountered in the hope of finding
    251(1 GOSUB 1240
    2520 GO<:UB 261(1 all syntactic errors in one pass, and which
    2530 GOSUB 6240 would give meaningful diagnostics for most
    2540 IF Y$= " -" THEN 2570
    2550 IF Y$="+" THEN 2580 errors.
    2560 2=FHGC1.0,14 l ,GOTO 2460 To reduce the size of the program shown
    2~70 Z=FNGC1 , 0,3l , GOTO 2460
    2580 2=FNGC1,0,2l '. GO TO 2460
    in listing 1, comments are kept to a mini­
    2590 GOSUB 2610,GOTO 2460 mum. Each module or subroutine is clearly
    2600REM 1111111111 identified. To facilitate easy reference,
    2610REM TERM
    2620 GOSUB 28~.o the important subroutines and variables are
    2630 IF S0S="~:· lHrn 2700
    2640 IF S0S="OIU " THEN 2700 shown in table 1 and table 2, respectively.
    2650 IF SIS="ANO " THEN 2700
    2660 IF SOf="MOO " THEN 2700
    2670 IF SOS="SHL " THEN 2790
    Scanner and Symbol Table Management
    2680 IF S0$='SHR " THEN 2700
    2690 RETURN
    2700 YS=S01,GOSUB 6180,REM PUSH Each time the p-com piler calls the scan­
    2710 GOSUB 1240 '. GOSUB 2850 ner (line 1260, listing 1), the input text is
    2720 GOSUE< 6240
    2730 IF YS='OIU " THEN 2790 scanned and a new token is produced.
    2740 Ii- (~= · MULi I H~I< ~c:lfl)
    This is done by calling a subroutine (line
    27~0 IF 'II="~: " 1Hrn 2~:10

    2760 IF Yf="SHL " THEN 2820


    1040) that returns a character from the
    2770 IF YS="SHk " THEN 28 30
    input string. Since the input/output (10)
    2780 Z = Fl~G( l . i:l .. l :'o )·. GOTO '.::t·-"t'· "<rl "A1< [1"

    2790 Z=~HG< l,0. ~ 1 ·~G o 1· 0 2£: 3 8

    routines are line oriented instead of charac­


    2sEtc.1 Z =f- r u; ~ i , t:~ .. I - ) '·.. GL1T c1 :· ~· . .~ (· ter oriented, a line buffer (U) is used to

    40 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    ‘DEAR BOSS

    Irusr -n-\oue\-\'\' 1'0 LET


    YOU KNOW -n-\AT :\'.'w\ BACK
    FROM ‘THE COMPUTER
    SHOW... THE ‘\'ERM\NAL
    WE WANT LS THE IQ \ZO
    mom Sonoc (sea s
    { -/SNAPSI-101’)- ‘n-us uurr \
    _ N01 onur SMART \.oo\<\ue, aux \-ms
    ALL -n-\r. FEATURES we new \N.THE_BA$\C.PR\CE.
    uozs-uum-.R\c.
    FOR EXAMPLE! ‘T\.-\E._IQ..\2-O \N(‘.\.
    E15}-9.5 AS STANDAR9.
    KEYPADS AND PROTECT
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    AS5lGNM£NT I'VE HAD. REGARD5

    *" P.S. \-4 s-=ns/ 5-4‘! i » 800 / so-qq $150

    qgaok-
    i_--All-El-_¢'.-‘-w.__;
    2810 Z=fNG( l . ~.4 .GO 0 2 3~
    2820 Z=f- NG< 1, 0, 1 , .. G TO t. 2: (1 hold a line, and a counter (CO) is used to
    2830 Z=I- t~IJ ( l > e . 1 / -. 6 1 Lt t.::::1.:1
    2840REM 11111111 I indicate the character just read. When the
    28~·0":EM FACTOF: end of a line is reached, the line input
    2860 Ir S{H="J[1t.IH" THUi <·941_1
    2870 IF S0$="NUM" lHLN 30~0 routine (line 1100) is called to read in a new
    288(1 ff $(1$="SlR" lHUI c:i)<:c< line.
    2890 IF S0$="(" THt.N 3 190
    2900 lf' S0$ 7 "MUI " lHll l :,:14(1 In our compiler we also provide the
    2910 If $(1$="l;1:_i·1 " 1 Hl/1 :::2£.(1 capability of invoking or recalling a file
    2920 Z=F t;Ec 23 l
    2930REM Ill IDENTIFIER of Pascal text from disk. This is initiated
    294 (1 GO SUB 20f0 by a command that starts with a dollar
    2950 IF I=0 THrn Z=rni:c 11;
    2960 IF 1(1f.( J, l)="F'" THEil z7 ~· 11 u d ) -..F:EM f ·f':(I(: 1;;mE sign ($) in the first column followed imme­
    297(1 IF T(li-'.J,IJ< >"Y" lH ( li c'.(19L1 diately by the name of the disk file to be
    2980 2=FNGC5.8.1 l, REM FUNC
    2990 I=I-1".GOTO 4290 -.. l':EM T2 ( I )=!ilili Of FUIK inserted and compiled. Since North Star
    3000 IF HI$ ( LI )="A" THEt; 3l~J(1-..F:G1 Af :Ri<'i
    3010 IF l0$(I,I> <> "C" THrn 303(1
    BASIC allows four disk files to be open at
    3020 2=FNGC0.0,T2CI))-.G0TO 1 2 40 , ~~M CONST the same time, there can be four levels of
    3030 2=FHGC2 . Ll-Tt< I ),T2( l l)"l:UI JL1 file nesting . The variable F5 is used to indi­
    3040 GOTO 124(1
    3050REM Ill NUMERIC: CONST cate this level. If it is equal to - 1, then input
    3060 2=FNGC0.0.N3) -. GOTO 1240 is taken from the keyboard. The initial
    3070NEM Ill STANG CON ST
    3080 Z=FNGC0,0,ASCCC:lll-.GOlD 1248 input is from the keyboard . This feature is
    3090REM Ill PAREN EXPR
    3100 GOSUB 1240-.GOSUB 3298
    quite useful, since we can store procedures
    311(1 IF S0$=" )" THE!; 124(1 that are commonly used in a disk library,
    3~0 2=FNEC22l-.RETURN
    3130REM Ill REAO MEMORY
    and have them recalled when needed.
    3l40 2=Flff2( " [", 33) Usually, the token that the scanner
    3l50 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 32~0
    3l60 Z=FNEl<"J" , 34) returns is a number that represents the
    3170 GOSUB 124(1 token class the symbol is in. To make the
    3180 2=FNGC2.255,0l,RETURN
    3190 X=I,GOSUB 6128 program more readable, we use string
    3200 2=FNE2C"[",33) variable SO$. Possible values returned by
    3210 GOSUB 1248 , GOSUB 3290
    3220 Z=FNEl< "l ", 34 > the scanner are: ; , :=, BEGIN, IDENT,
    3230 GOSUB 6150·, Z=FHG<Lf:, Ll-110:>. T2<:0 > and NUM. The last two tokens, which are
    3240 GOTO 124(1
    3250REM Ill NEGATE tokens for identifiers and numbers, require
    3260 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 2850 some further information. A$ and N3 are
    3270 Z=FNGCl.0.16) , RElLIRN
    3280~EM 1111111111 also used to store the textual representation
    3290REM EXPRESSION of the identifier and the value of the num­
    3300 GOSUB 2390 , REM SIMPLE EXP
    3310 IF SEI$= "=" rnrn 3Jf:(1 ber, respectively.
    3320 IF S(tt="O" THrn 33f:() The recognition of a valid token is a
    3330 lF S0$ = "<" THrn 33t:O
    3340 IF S0$=" ( =" THEN 3380 straightforward process and will not be
    3350 JF s0t 7 ">" mm 33:::0 detailed here. Since : and := are both valid
    3360 IF S(1t=" >= " THEt; 33~:(1
    337(1 F:El UF:t; tokens, the scanner, after seeing the : ,
    3380 Y$=S0t -. GO SU B 6180-.REM ru s H must also look at the next character to
    339(1 GOSUB 124(1'.GOSUE: 2390
    3400 GOSUB 6248,REM POP determine the correct token. This can be
    3410 IF Yi="=" THrn ;>Ft<li < ,(1,<:J done by using a one character look ahead.
    3420 lF '1$="0" THrn Z=Ft;G 1,13,~; )
    3430 IF Y$="<" THEN Z=fN~( ,0 ,10 ) When the scanner is entered, a character
    3440 IF Y$=">=" THE!; Z=Ft;G l.1!.11) is assumed to have been read, and upon
    3450 IF y's=" }" THrn z~FHG( • (1, 12)
    3460 IF Y$='":=" THrn Z=FHG 1.(1, 13) exit from the scanner, a character beyond
    3470 RETUF: N
    3480REM 1111111111
    the current token is read.
    3490REM STATEMEMT Another problem that the scanner may
    3500 IF S0$="IDENT" THEN 3630 have is that of recognizing reserved words.
    3510 IF S0S="IF THEN 4440
    3520 IF S0$="FOR " THEN 5178 The reserved words are stored in a table
    3530 ff S0$= "WHILE" TH[I; 4t:(10 in sorted order. When an identifier is found,
    3540 IF S0$="CASE " THEN 4898
    3550 IF S0$="REPEA" THEN 4730 it is compared with the entries in the table,
    3560 IF S0$="BEGIN" THEN 4590 by performing a binary search. If it is not
    3570 IF S0S="READ " THEN 4040
    3580 IF S0$="WR!TE" lHEN 3870 in the table, it is assumed to be a user
    3590 IF S0S="MEM THEN 4650 defined identifier.
    3600 IF S0$="CALL " THEN 4240
    3610 RETUF:N In Pascal programs, identifiers are de­
    3620REM *II ASSIGNMNl
    3630 GOSUB 2060
    clared at the beginning of each procedure
    364(1 IF 1=0 THEN Z=FHE< 11 >
    block. The scope of an identifier covers the
    3650 IF 10$( I, I )="A" THEN 3700,F:UI Al':F:AY

    3660 IF 10$( LI )="IJ" THEt; 3760 " RUI !WI UAF:


    entire block containing it (and any of the
    3670 IF T0$CI,Il="Y" 'IHEt; 3760-..F:Ef'l fUliC RETLIRN 'JALLIE
    blocks inside that block). A simple symbol
    3680 IF T0fCI,Il="P" THEN 4290,REM PROC CALL

    369(1 Z=FNEC 12)


    management scheme that reflects such scope
    3700 X=l , GOSUB 6120 , REM PUSH TBL AOO
    rules makes use of a stack. When the com­
    3710 X=16,GOSUB 6120 , REM INDEX AUD MODE

    3720 2=FNE2<"[",33)
    piler enters a procedure block, a segment
    3730 60SUB 1240-.GOSLIB 3290
    of the stack is used to store identifiers
    3740 Z=FNEl("J",34)

    3750 GOTO 3780


    for the block. If the procedure block con­
    3760 X=l,GOSUB 6120
    tains another procedure block, then another

    42 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    l l l €C@5il l l sl“ r r r%tlZap
    What it means to you
    l WE Q

    dig-i-kit-izer/dij-e-kit-izer/ n: (1): a high-


    value low-cost computer graphic input device
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    l lm
    the user innumerable methods ot design and
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    of digitizers. by Talos W‘ 1 fggzr ll bf 5

    $449.
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    Circle 359 on inquiry card. BYTE Oct ober 1978 43


    3770 X=0,GOSUB 6120 segment of the stack on top of the existing
    3780 GOSUB 1240 segments is used for identifiers of th is block.
    3790 IF S01="•=" THEN 3810
    3800 Z=FNEC13l,GOTO 3820 After successful compilation of a procedure,
    3810 GOSUB 1240 its segment of the stack can be discarded,
    3820 GOSUB 3290,GOSUB 6150
    3830 K=X,GOSUB 6150 since there is no further use for this part
    3840 Z=Fl~GC3+K,Ll-Tl(X),T2CX>> of the symbol table. In this way, we can also
    3850 F:ETUF:N
    3860REM Ill WRITE eliminate possible interference with identi­
    3870 Z=FtiE2( " ( ", 31) fiers in some other blocks. We also see that
    3880 GOSUB 1240,IF S01(}"STR" THEN 3950
    3890 L=LEN(Cl>,IF L>l THEN 3910 since the block delimiting mechanism is
    3900 Z=FHGC (1, (1, ASC( Cl) )'·.Z=FHG< 3, 0, 1 >'GOTO 3940 hierarchical, use of stack is also appro­
    3910 FOR 1=1 TO L
    3 920 Z=FHG( (1, 0, ASC( Cl( I, I ) ) >'NEXT priate. Figure 2 illustrates two-level block
    3930 Z=FNG(0,0,L>,z=FNG(8,0,8)
    3940 GOSUB 1240,GOTO 4000
    nesting.
    3950 GOSUB 3290,K=l Readers may have noticed the similarities
    3960 W S01="#" THEN K=3,REM IEC between this symbol table stacking scheme
    3970 IF S01="%" THEN K=5,REM HEX
    3980 IF K>l THEN GOSUB 1240 and the run time storage allocation scheme
    3990 Z=FNGC8,0,K) discussed in part 1. Since the symbol table
    4000 IF S0S="," THEN 3880
    4010 Z=FHEl<" )", 22) deals with a static structure, it is much
    4020 GOTO 1240 simpler.
    4030F:EM ~ n F:EAD
    4040 Z=FliE2( " ( ", 31) Within the segment of the symbol table
    4050 Z=FHE2( "I DEIH", 4 ) for a procedure block, further data struc­
    4060 GOSUB 2060,IF 1=0 THEN Z=FNE(ll>
    4070 X=l,GOSUB 6120 tures can be set up for storing the identi­
    4080 IF T01( I' I )="A" mm 4190
    4090 IF 1(11( I' I )="IJ" mm L=0 ELSE Z=FHE(4) fiers. We chose to use what we feel is the
    4100 GOSUB 1240,K=0 simplest method: store the identifiers se­
    4110 IF SOI="#" THEN K=2,REM DEC
    4120 IF SOS="%" THEN k=4,REM HEX quentially, in their order of appearance.
    4130 Z=FNGCB,0,K) This means that search also has to be done
    4140 IF K>O THEN GOSUB 1240
    4150 GOSUB 6150,Z=FNGCL+3,Ll-Tl(X),T2(X)) sequentially. Since most procedures have
    4160 IF SOI="," THEN 4050 only a small number of identifiers, this
    4170 Z=FNEl(")",31)
    4180 GOTO 124(1 should work well in most cases. Other
    4190 Z=Fl·lE2( " [ ", 33) more sophisticated structures such as a
    42(10 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 3290
    4210 Z=FHEl("J",34) balanced binary tree or hashed table are
    4220 L=16,GOTO 4100 commonly used in larger compilers.
    4230REM Ill ABSOLUTE MEM CALL
    4240 2=FHE2("(",31) The symbol table also contains some
    4250 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 3290 information about the identifiers. The
    4260 Z=FHEl(")",22)
    4270 2=FNGC4,255,0),GOTO 1240 identifier type has to be kept with the
    42B0REM ***
    4 290 K2=(r,K3= I
    PROC OR FUNC CALL symbol table. Specific information is needed
    4300 IF T3(])=0 THEN 4400,REM NO PARAMETER
    4310 Z=FNE2("(",31)
    4320 X=K2,GOSU8 6120
    4330 X=KJ,GOSUB 6120
    4340 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 3290
    4350 GOSUB 6150,K3=X PROC A;
    VAR
    4360 GOSUB 6150,K2=X,K2=K2+1
    4370 W S01="," THEN 4320
    4380 IF K2<>T3CK3) THEN Z=FNEC35)

    4390 Z=FNEl(")",22)
    PROC AA;
    4400 Z=FNG(4,Ll-Tl(K3>,T2(K3))
    VAR
    4410 IF K2 ()0 THEN Z=FNG(5,0,-K2)

    4420 GOTO 1240

    4430FH1 UI IF
    4440 GOSUB 1240 2-----· .
    4450 GOSUB 329(1
    END (*AA*);
    4460 Z=Fl<EH "mEt~ ", 16)
    PROC AB;
    4470 GOSUE: 1240 VAR
    4480 X=Cl,GOSUB 6120,REM FORWARD REF POINT
    4490 Z=FNG(7,0 , 0l,REM JPC
    4500 GOSUB 3490
    4510 IF S01<>"ELSE " THEN 6520
    4520 GOSUB 6150,K=X
    3----­ BEGIN (*AB*)

    END (*AB*);
    4530 X=Cl,GOSUB 6120
    BEGIN l*A*)
    4540 Z=FNGC6,0,0l,REM JMP
    4550 X=K,GOSUB 6540,REM FIXUP FORWD REF
    4560 GOSUB 1240 , GOSUB 3490
    4570 GOTO 6520
    4---· .

    END (*A*);
    4580REM Ill COMPOUND STTMNT

    4590 GOSU8 1240

    4600 GOSUB 3490

    4610 IF S0S=";" mm 4590

    4620 IF S0$="END " THEN 1240

    4630 Z=FNEC17>,RETURN

    4640REM Ill WRITE MEM

    4650 Z=FNE2("[",33)

    4660 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 3290

    4670 IF S01( ) "J" THEN Z=FNE(34)

    4680 Z=FNE2("•=",13)

    4690 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 3290

    4700 Z=FNG(3,255,0)

    4 710 F:ETUF:t<
    Figure 2: Example symbol table at various
    4720REM *** REPEAT . . UNTIL
    points of compilation.

    44 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    4730 X=Cl,GOSUB 6120 for each type of identifier. For constants,
    4740 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 3490 the information is the values of the con·
    4750 IF S01=";" THEN 4 7 40
    4 760 2=FNE1( "UNTIL" , 1C1i stants; for program variables, the informa·
    4770 GOSUB 1240,GOSU8 3290 tion is the address pair (level, offset from
    4780 GOSUB 6150, Z=FNGC?.0.XJ,RETURN
    4790REM Ill WHILE DD base address}; for procedures and functions,
    4800 GOSUB 1240, X=Cl , GDSUB 6120
    4810 GDSUB 3290, X=Ct , GdSUB 6120 it is the address pairs and the number of
    4820 2=FNG<7,0.0> parameters; and, lastly, for array variables,
    4830 Z=FNElC"OO " . tB>
    4840 GOSUB 1240 , GOSUB 3490 the information is the address pair as well
    4850 GOSUB 6150,K=X,GOSUB 6150 as array sizes. See table 2 for actual variables
    4860 2=FNG<6,0, XJ
    4870 X=K,GOTO 6540 that are used to store these quantities.
    4880REM ttl CASE OF The symbol table is used by both the
    4890 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 3290
    4900 2=FNE1("0F ",25) parser and the semantic analyzer. The infor·
    4910 12=1,REM • OF CASE STATMNTS
    4920 11=0,REM I OF CASE LABELS
    mation in the symbol table is used in a
    4930 GOSUB 1240 , GOSU8 2240 number of ways. The type of identifier
    4 940 Z=FNG< 1. 0' 21, .._z=FNGC(J'0. fj3 ,,z=FNG< I. 0. 8) is used, for instance, to check the type
    4950 GOSUB 1240,IF S01="•" THEN 4990
    4960 2=FNE1C",",5)
    consistency in an expression. When a vari·
    4970 X=Cl,GDSUB 6120,Z=FMGC7.1.0l , REM A MATCH FOUND ? able is referenced or a procedure or function
    4980 ll=ll•l'GOTO 4930 called, the symbol table is searched to
    4990 K=Cl,Z=FMGC7,0,0) , REM GOTO NEXT CASE STMMT IF MO MATCH
    5000 FOR 1=1 TO 11,GOSUB 65 20,MEXT,REM F!XUP FORWO REFS obtain the level and relative address from the
    S010 X=K,GOSUB 6120
    5020 GOSUB 1240 , X=J2".GOSUB 6128 base address. The number of parameters
    5030 GOSUB 3490,GOSUB 6150".!2= X in a procedure or function is used to check
    51141.1 IF S01='ELSE " I Hrn C.0'.10 the correct matching of parameters in actual
    5050 IF sesc>";" THEM :.130
    5060 K=Cl,Z=FNG(6,0,0)".RlM EX!T AFTE~ A CASE STMHT procedure or function calls.
    5070 GOSUB 652(1
    5088 X=K,GOSUB 6120 , 12=12•1".GOTO 4920 An identifier is searched for by starting
    5090 K=Cl,2=FMG(6,0,0),60SU8 6520 from the end of the symbol table and work­
    5100 X=K , GOSUB 6120
    5110 60SUB 1240,X=12,GOSU8 6120 ing towards the beginning. (Viewing the
    5120 GOSUB 3490,GOSUB 6150 ". !2=X table as a stack, we say that we search from
    5130 Z=FNElC"END ",17l
    5140 FOR 1=1 TO 12 , GOSUB 6520".Mf:XT , REM FIXUP FORWD REFS the top of the stack down to the bottom .)
    5150 Z=FNGC 5, 0, - 1 )".GOTO 124t1 ". ~:U1 f '(lf ' '.'>lL OF C:ASf: E:\P There are two reasons for this searching
    5160REM SU FOR
    5170 2=FNE2C"!DENT",4) direction. First, identifiers in the current
    5180 GOSUB 3630,GOSUB 6120 block are more likely to be referenced and
    5190 ~9=1,IF S0$="TO " THEN 5210,REM REMEMBER UP OR DOWN
    5200 2=FNEl<"OOWNT".2Bl"F9=0 should be searched first. Secondly, suppose
    5210 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 3290 that a variable X is declared in both an outer
    5220 GOSUB 6150 , K=X,X=Cl,GOSUB 6120
    5230 Z=FNG< t.0.21) '.,Z=Fl~G·:2.Ll-T1'.~:l.T 2 •:K l l and an inner block: by searching for X from
    5240 2=FNG Ct,0,13-F9-F9),X=Cl,GOSU8 6120,Z=FMGC?,0,0) top to bottom of the stack, we can be sure
    5250 X=F9 , GOSUB 6120".X=K,GOSUB '120
    5260 2=FNE1C"OO ",lSl,GOSUB 1240 that we will find X of the inner block first,
    5270 GOSUB 3490,GOSUB 6150 ". Z=FNG(2,Ll-Tl(X),12 CX ll in accordance with the scope rule.
    5280 K=X , GOSUB 6150,Z=FNG Cl,0.20-X)
    5290 2=FNGC3 , Ll-T1CK) , T2(K)J
    5300 GOSUB 6150 , K=X,GOSUB 6150".Z=fMGC6.8.Xl Parser, Semantic Analyzer, and Coder
    5310 X=K,GOSUB 6540
    5320 2=FNGC 5, (1, -1 )".RETURM"-F:EM POF' OFF 1,JAl OF LOOf' CIHF:l IJAR The parser, the semantic analyzer and
    5330REM tttttttltt
    534C1REM BLOCK the coder are not separate routines, but are
    5350 00=3,REM RESERVED FOR STAl!C LIMK , OYMAMIC LIN K I RETN ADO
    5360 T2CT1-Kll=Cl".R[M !MIT ADO OF THE PRO C: Bl.DC:K
    intermixed in a large routine. In most
    5370 2=FNGC6.0.Bl , REM JMP TO STARTING BL~ ADO cases, after the successful parsing of a
    5380 X=Tl-Kl".GOSUB 6120 statement, its meaning is also understood
    5390 IF S0$="CONST" THEM 5460
    5400 IF S0$="VAR THEM 5550 by the compiler. Thus the semantic analyzer
    5410 IF S01="PROC " THEM 573~
    5420 IF S0S="fUMC " TH~M 5;79 either requires minimal extra processing
    5430 IF S0$="8EGIM" lHEM :.980 or is implicit in the parser and disappears
    5440 Z=F l~EC 2~·)
    5450REM tit CONST OCL altogether.
    546C1 GOSUB 12 40 The parser, as we have mentioned before,
    5470 GOSUE: 217(1
    548(1 Z=Fl~EI•: " ;" -~· l ". GCl ~:U E: L>l t• uses a top-down technique called recursive
    5490 IF S0S="VAR "lHEM 55~0 descent. Since there is a close correspond·
    5500 IF S01="PROC " THEM 5739
    5510 IF S0f =" F~llff " I Hrn ~. 7? t1 ence between the parser and the syntax
    5520 IF ~: 0$= " 8EG!W mm 5'.l80 diagrams of the Pascal grammar, there
    ~.530 GOTO 54 7(1
    5540REM ttt VARIABLE DCl should be no difficulties in understanding
    ~.550 L=0'., f9= 1
    the parsing process. The parser adopts the
    5560 GOSUB 1240 , GO SU8 l 3 ~0
    5570 L=L+l ". IF SBI="," THEM 55 60 convention of one token look ahead which
    55BC1 Z=Ftff 1( " ' ", ~. ) is similar to the one character look ahead
    5590 GO SUB 1240 , IF SBS= "ARRnv· lHEN 5610
    5600 Z=FME~"INTEG".36j ., G O TD ~6JB convention used by the scanner. The vari·
    5610 2=Ft~E 2<
    11
    l 11 ~ 3 3 )'·.GO::: u E:: 12•1 t1 ".6(1~;U B 2~·4(1
    able SO$ is used to hold the next token
    5620 Z=FNE2( "l". 34 )·..;: ~ m u .. "(If " " 2.:. )·· Z= f !~ UC " I IHEG" . 2: 6 )
    5630 D0=DC1 - L to be read by the parser.
    5640 FOR l=Tl - L+l TO Tl There is a part of the Pascal grammar,
    5650 T0$< I~ I )="A"'.13( l ) =H:\+1.
    5660 T2Cll=D0".D0=D0+M 3 •1 ". MEXT commonly referred to as the dangling

    46 October 1978 © BYTE Public>tions Inc


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    Circl e 173 on i nqu iry card.
    else, that is ambiguous. The statement:
    5670 Z=FNE2C" • ",5l

    5680 GOSUB 1240\lf sos~"PkOC " THlN 57JO


    if cond1 then if cond2 then stat1 else stat2;
    5690 IF S0$="FUNC " THEN 5770

    5700 IF S01="BEGIN" THEN 5980

    5710 L=O,F9=1,GOSUB 2340 , GD lO 5~10


    can be parsed in two ways. The else state­
    5720REM tit PROC OCL

    ::Oi730 Z=FNE2( "J[IEIH". 4 l


    ment can be associated with the first if or
    5740 Kl=B,Kl="P'\GOSUB 1950
    with the second if, producing entirely
    5750 Ll=Ll+l,GOTO 5810

    5760REM ttt FUNC UCL

    different resu Its.


    5 77l1 Z=FliE2( "I DEIH" . 4 l
    We resolve this difficulty by always
    5780 Kl="F"\GOSUB 1958,REM FUNC ADORSS

    5790 Ll=Ll+l\Kl=l
    associating the else statement with the
    5800 Kl="Y"\GOSUB 1950\K[M FUNC UALUE
    most recent if. If an else statement with
    5810 K2=Kl,GOSUB 1240

    5820 X=Tl,GOSUB 6120


    the first if is desired, one of these two
    5830 X=D0,GOSU8 6120
    methods should be used:
    5840 IF S0$()"(" THEN 5890

    5850 GOSUB 1240,F9=0,GOSUB 2348,Kl=Kl+l

    5860 IF S0$="," THEN 5850


    if cond 1 then

    5870 Z=Fl~El< ")" .22)

    5880 GDSUB 1240,TJCT1-Kll=Kl ·· K2

    if cond2 then stat 1 else

    5890 Z=FliE H "; ", ~.)


    else stat2;

    5900 FDR l=l TO Kl\REM FUNC VALUE L PARS HAUE - OFFSET

    5910 T2(Tl-l+ll=-l\NEXT

    5920 GOSUB 1240,GOSUB 5340\Ll=Ll-l


    or:
    5930 GOSUB 6150,DO=X

    5940 GOSDB 6150,Tl=X

    5950 Z=Ft~E 1( "; ". :, l if cond 1 then begin

    5960 GOSUB 1240,GOTO 5410


    if cond2 then stat1

    5970REM ttt START OF EXECUTIBLE STTMMTS


    end

    5980 GOSUB 1240 , GOSUB 6150\K=X

    5990 X=T2CKl,GOSUB 6540


    else stat2;
    6000 T2CKl=Cl\REM START BLOCK AUDR

    6010 Z=FNGC5,0,D0)

    6020 GOSUB 3490


    The situation is similar to the case state­
    6030 IF S0$( ) ";" THEN 6050 ment with the added feature of an optional
    6040 GOSUB 1240\GOTO 6020

    6050 IF S0$C)"END " THEN.Z=FNEC17l


    else statement. If the statement for the last
    6060 GO SUB 124 0
    case label is an if statement, we then have
    6070 Z=FNGC1,0,0l

    6080 RE TURI~
    the dangling else problem. This is resolved
    6090REM ttttttttttt
    in the same manner.
    6100REM END PARSER AND CODER

    6110REM ttttttttttt
    There are three functions used to print
    6120REM PUSH X INTO STACK messages when errors are detected. The func­
    6130 SCS9l=X\S9=S9+l,RETURN

    6140REM tttttttttt
    tion FNE(X) prints the error message
    6150REM POP X FROM STACK
    corresponding to error code X. FNEl (A$,X)
    6160 S9=S9-l,X=SCS9)\RETURN

    6170kEM 1111111111
    checks to see if the current token is equal
    61i0kEM PUSH YI INTO STACK
    to A$, and prints the error message corre­
    6190 L=LEIH YS l

    6200 S:H f·~:. f·~:+L-1 )c','$


    sponding to error code X if not. FNE2
    6210 X=P8\GOSUB 6128,REM f'USH SIAkl & lHU SlRNG POS
    is similar to FNEl except that the scanner
    6220 X=PB+L-1·,GOSUB C120
    6230 PB=PB+L \ RETURN
    is first called to get a new token. As we
    6240REM POP YI FROM Sl~CK
    mentioned earlier, the compiler aborts as
    6250 GOSUE: 61:.0

    6260 L=X\GOSUB 6150


    soon as an error is found. Therefore these
    6270 l'$=S$( :i, L l
    error routines do not return to the calling
    6280 P8=P8-L+:<-1

    6290 RETURN
    procedure.
    6300REM 1111111111
    The code generator requires more work:
    6310REM GENERAlE COOLS

    6320 DEF FHGO: L :<2, ;.:~~)


    care . must be taken to store important
    . 6330 E<$=" values in stacks due to the inability of
    6340 FILL P9,X1,FILL P9+1,X2
    6350 FILL P9+2,FNACXJJ , FILL P~+J,FNE:(X3l BASIC to fully support recursive subroutine
    6360 IF Y9 THEN 6488,REM IF INPUT FROM KEY~OARD lHEN ODNT ECHO calls. Otherwise the coder is more or less
    6370 IF X1<16 THEN 6398

    63808$(1, l l="X"'Xl=Xl-16,REM INUEX


    straightforward, since the p-codes are so
    6390 !%41.Cl," ",MICX11J+1,X113+Jl,8$,%J!,X2,%61.X3
    designed (see part 1) that there is a direct
    6400 Cl=C1+1,P9=P9+4

    6410 IF P9>=Q9 THEN Z=FNECll correspondence between simple Pascal state­


    6420 RE TURN 0
    ments and p-codes. Table 3 shows the almost
    6430 Fl~E@

    6440REM 1111111111
    direct translation of Pascal statements into
    6450 OEF FNBC Z l
    p-codes.
    6460 N=INTCZ,256l

    6470 IF N<0 THEN N=256+N


    The declarative statements (const, var,
    6480 RETURN I~

    6490 rnrno

    proc, and func) do not produce any exe­


    6500 DEF FNA<Zl=Z-INTCZ/256ll2~6
    cutable statements; they merely provide
    6510REM lttttttlll

    6520REM FIXUP FORWDRO REF

    information about declared identifiers. The


    6530 GOSUB 6150
    first executable code encountered when
    6540 N=P?+;.:M

    6550 FILL N+2,FNACCl)\FILL N+3,FNBCC1l

    entering a procedure or function block is a


    6560 IF Y9 THEN RETURN
    forward jump instruction to the main body
    6570 !"ADD AT",X," CHANGED TO",Cl

    6580 RETURI<
    of the block. This jump is necessary since in
    READY
    general there may be procedures and func­

    48 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    SUPER-SORT© WORD-MASTER©
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    DMultiple Input Files Read in Parallel for True Merge dressable cursor and backspace (includes Hazeltine ­
    Operation . all models , SOROC, Lear Siegler, IMSAl-VIOC. ADDS
    DDynamically Invokable User Exit Routines Regent, etc.)
    D Record Selection via SE LE CT/EXCLUDE Statements DBi-directional word tab, I ine tab, screen tab
    D Handles Fixed and Variable Length Records DBi-directional word delete, I ine delete and character
    DHandles Fixed and Variable Length Fields delete
    D Handles up to 16 Sort Keys with Intermixed Sequence DQuad-directional cursor movements
    Indicators and Data Types DMid-line insert and delete
    D Handles Alternate Collating Sequences D Auto ma tic RAM/Diskette buffering with no user
    DCompatible with CP/M * and any Derivative Including intervention
    ADOS, IMDOS, COOS, etc. D Nested command looping with conditional execution
    08080/8085/Z-80 Compatible D Global String search, Global String Replace
    D Specialized Optimizations for Floppy Disk Environment DQueue Buffer for text movement, global replication,
    DKeyword Command Input For Easy Operator Entry and string command storage
    DBenchmarked at Over 560 Records per Minute! DMultiple input file merging with user-controlled
    D Invokable as a Subroutine from FORTRAN, COBOL insertions
    and Assembler DMultiple output file control by section under user
    DFurnished in Relocatable and Executable Form for control
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    DData Types Include ASCII, EBCDIC, Binary, BCD diskette . Manual only $9.00 refundable with purchase.
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    located at 5810 Commerce Blvd., Rohnert Park, CA 94928
    P- CODF.S START P.T 0000 V ariabl e
    WANT CODE PRI!ITFn?N Name Rem ark
    0 ?$ LST2. 2
    0 CONST CR=l3;LF=l 0; A$ St ring of the toke n re turn ed by the scanner
    l VAR A, R, C, D: I NTI:Gl'R; co Input buffer po inter
    1 FUNC MAX4(X l, X2 , X3 , X4 ) ; (LARGEST OF 4 NUMBERS} Cl P-code address pointer
    1 FUllC MAX2 (Xl, X2 ) ; {LARGEST OF 2 NUMBERS} DO Run t ime storage cou nter
    2 BEGIN E9 Error code
    F5 Ac tive inp ut fi le unit nu mber; key board = -1
    3 I F Xl>X2 THEN MAX2: =Xl Kl Number of pa ramet er in the p revious b lock
    9 ELSE MAX2 :=X2 LO Length of the input line
    12 END ; Ll Static level of procedure
    14 EEG IN L$ Input line buffe r
    14 MAX4 : =MAX2 (f.IAX2 (X l, X2) , MAX2 (X3 , X4)) M$ P·code mnemo nics
    28 !'N D; NO Rese rved w o rd table size
    30 BEGIN Nl Largest intege r
    30 REPI:AT N2 L ength of identif ier name
    31 READ (A t, Bt, C: t ,Dt) ; NJ Nu m eric value of token (toke n = " N UM")
    39 WRITE ( 'TllE LARGEST I S ', MAX4(A , B, C, D) t , CR,LF ) or ASC II value of st ring (token= "S TR"I
    67 U~lTI L A<O PB Stack poin ter for SS
    69 END . pg P-code abso lute memory address coun ter
    INTERPl'F:T (I) , OR TRANSL!ITE(T ) ?N s Stack for nume ric values
    RfADY S9 Stack pointe r for S
    LOAD OECOOF S$ Stack for st rings
    Rl:AOY SO$ Next toke n
    RUN TO Symbol ta ble si ze
    Tl Symbol tab le po inte r
    0 JMP 0 30 J!'IP 0 14 J MP 0 3 INT 0 3 T$ Symbol table: ident ifier
    4 J,00 0 - 2 LOO ~ -1 OPR 0 > JPC 0 11 TO$ Symbol tab le: type of identifi er
    8 LOO 0 - 2 STO 0 - 3 JMP 0 1 3 LOO 0 -1 V : varia bl e A: array C: constant
    1 2 S'l'O 0 - 3 OPR 0 RET I NT 0 3 INT 0 l P: proce dure F: fu nction Y: par ameter

    16 INT 0 l LOO 0 - 4 J,OO 0 - 3 CAL 0 3 T 1( Symbol tab le: level

    20 INT 0 - 2 INT 0 1 LOO 0 - 2 LOO 0 -1 T2( Symbol tab le: value (constant)

    24 CAL 0 3 INT 0 - 2 CAL 0 3 INT 0 -2 or disp lacement (var iable)

    28 STO 0 - 5 OPR 0 RET INT 0 7 CSP 0 HINUM or address (proc o r func)


    32 STO 0 3 CSP 0 INNUM STO 0 4 CSP 0 INNUM T3( Symbol tab le: array size (array )
    36 STO 0 5 CSP 0 INN UM STO 0 6 LIT 0 84 or nu m ber of parameter (proc or fu nc)
    40 LIT 0 72 LI T 0 69 LIT 0 32 LIT 0 76 x Value to be pushed or oopped
    44 LIT 0 G5 LIT 0 82 LIT 0 7 1 LIT 0 69 X$ Ne xt cha racter to be read by the scanner
    84 LIT 0 32 LI T 0 Y$ Str ing to be pushed or popped
    48 LIT 0 83 LIT 0 73 WO$ T able for reserved words
    52 LIT 0 83 I.IT n 1 4 CSP 0 OUTST INT 0 1

    56 LOO 0 3 LOO 0 4 LOO 0 5 LOO 0 6

    60 CAL 0 14 INT 0 -4 CSP 0 OUTNM LI T 0 13

    64 CSP 0 DUTCH LIT 0 10 CSP 0 OUTCII LOO 0 3 Table 2: Importan t variables used in the
    68 LIT 0 0 OPR 0 ~ JPC 0 31 OPR 0 RET p-compiler.

    Listing 2: Sample Pascal program with compiled p-code. The number at the
    beginning o f each source line is the offset of the corresponding p-code from tio ns whose codes take up space. Th e
    the base address. seco nd executabl e code of the block incre­
    ments the stack poin ter (INT). This all o­
    cates space for t he trip let (static link,
    dynamic lin k and ret urn address) plu s any
    varia bles declared. The number of spaces
    for the variables is already known fro m the
    declaration portio n of t he proced ure bl ock.
    The variable DO is use d to keep track of the
    space to be all ocated at t he activation of
    the block.
    Note that no space is all ocated for co n­
    stants. If a constant is referenced, a load
    literal (LIT ) instruction is generated instead
    of a load (LOO) instruction. Also note that
    BYTE's New the procedure or functio n parameters and
    the fu nction ret urn valu e do not reserve

    Toll-free any space in the proced ure or fonc.tio n


    block called. Space is reserved before the
    call is made. Th erefore, these values have
    Subscriber ~u Qscription,
    negative disp laceme nt from the base address
    of the call ed proced ure or fu nct ion.
    you are invited. When a ca ll is made to a fun ct ion, the
    W.A.T.S. Line to call* space fo r function return valu e is all ocated
    by increme nt in g the stack poi nter (line
    (800)258-5485 2980 in listi ng 1) (th is step is skipped for
    a proced ure call ). The parameter expres­
    4:30 PM Eastern "Fime. sio n is t hen evaluated (line 4250), putt ing
    the resu ltant valu e on t he stack . Th us,
    ('Friday 8 AM· Noan). space is allocated for each parameter and
    (800) 258-5485 * Calls from conti· in itia lized with the value of the param­
    We thank you and look nental U.S. eter express ion. Upon return from a pro­
    fo rward to serving you .
    cedure, the stack poi nter is decremented
    by an amo unt equal to t he space all ocated

    50 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


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    • Sort items alphanumerically upwards or downwards
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    CORPORATION I REFF. RE '( "E: 988

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    Circle 309 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 51
    Circle 303 on inquiry card .

    KEYBOARD: fully professional. Ful 128 PS-8Q without any modification to the standard
    ASCU upper & lower case characters hardware by simply Inserting o PP.OM
    with 79 keys Including a 16 key cartridge In a side slot.
    numeric pod. I /0: serial P.52::12 ::100/1200 boud
    GRAPHICS: 64 pre-defined graphic port, 8 bit parallel port, du?I
    chors. and 64 user defined chars. cassette recorder port at
    alternately oll 128 graphic chors. ::100/1200 baud.
    may be user defined. Resolution EXPANSION: up to ::12 k fl.AM on
    240 x 512 points. cursor control, board. I /0 to 5-1 00 8 slot extenslol"i
    end 64 chars. by JO lines. box for additional memory ond any
    ME'MORY: 4K byte power-on other 5-100 peripheral boards.
    monitor. 8k byte user fl.AM. and PRICE: $895.00 Cdoes not include CRT or
    6h byte PROM external cartridge cassette.) Order by C.O.D.
    with Microsoft 0A51C standard. Cartridges EDUCATIONAL AND CLUD DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE
    allow you to change operating systems & languages PERSONAL CONSULTANT AND DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
    For complete Information write to: PERSONAL SYSTEMS CONSULTING P.O. Oox 20286 El Caj on. California 92021
    Ad Design, Joanne De Vore. Kwlk Kopy Printing #2 15 (714) 443-5353

    Pascal source p-codes for the parameters, getting back to the


    x+ 1o•y[5} LQD x state before the procedure cal I. Upon
    LIT 10 returning from a function call, the stack
    LIT 5 pointer is also decremented by the same
    LQDX y
    QPR amount, but since a space has been allo­
    QPR +
    a:=ex p;
    (exp) cated before the function call, the function
    STQ A return value is now on top of the stack,
    if exp then srm 1 else srm2;
    (expl
    JPC O,lbl ready for further processing. This simple
    (stml) scheme works very efficiently and should
    JMP lb2
    lbl (stm2) lower the overhead usually associated with
    1b2 procedure or subroutine calls.
    for i:=exp 1 to exp2 do srm; (expl)
    STQ Listing 2 gives an output from the com­
    (exp2) piler for a Pascal program that prints out the
    1b1 QPR CPY
    LQD I maximum of four numbers. There are of
    QPR >= course better ways of writing the program,
    JPC 0,1b2
    (stm) but it does illustrate some ideas of the
    LQD I compiler discussed so far.
    QPR INC
    STQ I There is no optimization of the p-codes
    JMP lbl produced. Limited optimization can be done
    lb2 INT -1
    while exp do srm; lbl (exp) on the local level, and some optimization
    JPC O,lb2 is actually done in the p-code to machine
    (stm)
    JMP lbl code translator. The problem of producing
    lb2 efficient codes is a difficult one, and is not
    case exp of (exp)
    c1b1,c1b2:srm1 ; QPR CPY addressed properly in our project. Given the
    c1b3 :srm2; LIT c1b1 simplicity of the p-machine and p-code, the
    else stm3 QPR
    end; JPC 1,lbl p-compiler is efficient. But whether the com­
    QPR CPY bination of p-compiler and translator pro­
    LIT c1b2
    QPR duces efficient 8080 code is uncertain.
    JPC 0,1b2 This completes our discussion of the
    1b1 (stm1)
    JMP 1b4 p-compiler. In part 3 (see November 1978
    lb2 QPR CPY BYTE), we give a detailed discussion of a
    LIT c1b3
    QPR translator for converting the p-cooe into
    JPC 0,1b3 executable 8080 machine code.•
    (stm2)
    JMP lb4
    1b3 (stm3)
    lb4 INT -1
    repeat stm until exp; 1b1 (stml R EFE RE NC ES
    (exp)
    JPC 0,1bl 1. Wirth, N, "The Programming Language Pascal,"
    i:=funcalexp 1,exp2); INT 1
    (exp1) Acta Informatica, 1, pages 35 thru 63, 1971 .
    (exp2)
    CAL funca 2. Jensen, K, and Wirth, N, Pascal: User Manual
    INT -2 and Report (second edition) Springer Verlag,
    New York, 1974.
    Table 3: Code generation for various Pascal constructs. For readability, the
    3. Wirth, N, Algorithms + Data Structures =
    p-codes are given in assembly form The italic identifiers in the Pascal state­ Programs, Chapter 5, "L;;inguage Structures and
    ments are nonterminals that can be substituted by any valid expansion. The Compilers," Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ,
    codes for these quantities are represented by parenthesized identifiers. 1976.

    52 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


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    $8.95 for Computer Hobbyists do not appear in
    the average BAS IC or assem bier text. Be­
    cause the examples are given in a concise,
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    gramming text intended for users of any There are also several shortcomings to the
    8 bit word computer. The focus is on sys­ book. First, I indicated that the examples
    tems programming and data structures rather are written in a superset of PL/M. I would
    than on applications programming. In order have preferred the use of standard PL/M,
    to make the discussion machine indepen­ since I have access to a PL/M cross compiler.
    dent, all the examples are presented in a high Those who do not know PL/M will probably
    level systems programming language which is not suffer from this confusion. For the
    a superset of PL/M. benefit of such readers, the book promises
    There are six parts to the book. The first to show you how to translate between its
    introduces numbers systems and the second high level language and your machine code,
    introduces the high level language which is but this is hardly mentioned at all outside
    used throughout the rest of the book. The of the introduction.
    third discusses techniques for programming All in all, this is a very good reference
    various types of arithmetic such as multiple book. My only real quibble is that is uses a
    precision, floating point, etc. The fourth nonstandard high level language, and does
    section introduces data structures and treats not deliver all that it promises in the way of
    programming techniques for arrays, stacks, transferring this to a hobbyist computer.
    strings, chains, trees and graphs. The fifth
    part discusses techniques for searching with John A Lehman
    various structures; and the last part discusses 716 Hutchins #2
    sorting algorithms. Ann Arbor Ml 48103•

    1will

    54 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    comPUTER SOFTWARE

    For Homeowners, Businessmen, Engineers, Hobbyists, Doctors, Lawyers, Men and Women
    Wehove been In business for over nine years building a reputa­ • Vlrtually Machine Independent - these programs ore writ­
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    what the traffic will bear. Our software Is: one particular system. Just In case your Basic might not use
    one of our functions we hove Included on appendix In Vol­
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    operation. Basie's; thats right. just look It up and make the substlMlon for
    • Tutorial - as each p rogram Is self prompting and leads you your particular version. If you would like to convert your
    through the program (most hove very detailed Instructions favorite program Into Fortran or APL or any other language,
    contained right In their source code). the appendix: In Volume II will define the statements and their
    parameters as used In our programs.
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    neous FFrs variable data sizes, etc. and as a lost word our our programs In Volumes I through V would be useable, how­
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    Vol.I Vol. II Vol.Ill Vol.IV Vol.V Vol.VI
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    Return 2 Ms.Sonia Top Balance Reconciles bank statements
    Schedule1 APPENDIX A Vary
    Nixon Checkbook Balances your cheekboak
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    Nude APPENDIX B lnst1 0 78 Computes real cost on bank nnanced Items;
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    SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

    P.O. Box 490099-B Key Biscayne. FL 33149


    Phone orders call 800-327-6543 Information - (305) 361-1153
    BYTE October 1978 55
    I
    II

    e won't mislead you any longer. Solid vide quality, flexibility. and good design. Boards that
    State Music-the name is misleading represent value. Not the least expensive. Not the most
    because we're so much more than expensive. Simply the best combination of price and
    just music synthesizer boards. We offer quality available. That's SSM.*
    the widest line of S-100 boards in the Solid State Music has been known for service. Fast
    industry. Memory boards for P..AM, delivery. ready customer support, and a strong prod­
    P..OM, and EPP..OM. Video interface uct warranty. Our name is changing. Our tradition of
    and 1/0 boards. extender and mother boards. pro­ service is not. Orders still shipped from stock. A one
    totyping and vector jump boards, a new CPU board, year warranty on assembled and tested boards, 90
    and, of course, music boards. So we're changing our days on kits. And our people are still on hand, still glad
    name to SSM.* to answer your questions.
    You've been enjoying the pleasures of our company Check out the Blue Boards of Happiness when you're
    for over four years now. Few competitors can say as after Solid State Music quality. reliability. and flexibility,
    much. In fact, Solid State Music was building quality backed by the friendly support of the oldest S-100
    boards when the first S-100 bus left the Altair® station. board manufacturer in the marketplace. If you liked us
    As SSM,* we will continue to offer boards that pro- as Solid State Music, you'll love us as SSM.*

    2116 Walsh Avenue


    Santa Clara, CA 95050
    (408) 246-2707

    *We used to be Solid State Music. We still make the blue boards.

    56 BYTE October 19 78 Circle 335 on inqu iry card.


    Dave Maclean
    985 Brussels St
    Halifax Nova Scotia
    CANADA B3H 2S9

    What Have You Found?


    I would like to express my opin ion about
    Mr O'Reilly's letter advocating the discovery
    and use of undefined op codes (" Instruction
    Search," May 1978 BYTE, page 153) . Let
    me state what I think could be the reasons fHE BLUE BOARD
    for the existence of undocumented op codes
    in a microprocessor instruction set: OF HAPPINESS
    It's the new CB-1
    • The op code was implemented un­ CPU board from SSM.
    successfully and under certain circum­
    stances does not work correctly. The It's blue. And it's loaded.
    manufacturer was unable to justify (That's why it's happy.)
    correcting the problem, and chose to Loaded with so many features.
    omit the instruction from the docu­ Just add an 1/0 board and
    you've got a computer.
    mentation.
    • The instruction is an accident, an
    artifact of the specific implemen­ Looded storts with 256 bytes of on-board RAM.
    tation. It will work on some devices, Add 2K of optional on-board 2708 EPROMs.
    but perhaps not on devices from a Then add a power-on/reset jump circuit, ond the
    ovoilability of MWRITE, allowing use without a
    second source or even from another front ponel.
    production run from the same vendor. And then there's a parallel input port with
    • The documentation of the instruction status. And enough DIP switching to make you
    was accidentally left out. In this case, dizzy. DIP controlled addressing of PROM in 2K
    the vendor shou Id have al ready issued blocks-of vector jump in 2K increments-of
    RAM in 256 byte increments-of input port for
    corrections to the documentation, and addresses 0 to .31 in decimol.
    you have not in fact disclosed any new Like all SSM boards, the S-100 compatible
    information. (13-1 includes gold-plated edge connectors and
    • The device you tested was defective. Tl low-profile sockets. And SSM support and wor­
    ronty. Yet, even as loaded as our (13-1 is, the
    The feature does not work for any­ price won't leove you breathless. Only $144. 95.
    body else. And an introductory offer at only $129. 95
    makes it even happier. (Offer expires Novem­
    Now I'm not out to crit1c1ze you for ber JO, 1978. )
    discovering new things about your processor; Available direct from SSM, or at over 100 retoil
    I'm just out to warn you that if the feature locations.
    you think you have discovered is not Video and teletype monitor programs ore
    available on EPP.OM for only $.34.95 with the
    acknowledged and supported by your purchase of any SSM kit.
    vendor, you are taking a chance if you ex­
    pect it to function correctly and to continue
    to be a feature in future versions of the
    processor.
    If you refer to The Mythical Man-Month
    by Fred Brooks, you will find a revealing
    discussion of the consequences of the extra
    op codes on the IBM 7090. Brooks makes a SSM manufactures a full line of S-100 boards.
    How full? Too fc:i for this ad. Just check the ad
    very strong case for the significance of the across the page.
    "architecture specification" of a system,
    which states clearly what is to be expected
    of a piece of hardware, and equally clearly
    specifies those situations in which the results
    of an operation are "undefined." Briefly,
    the outcome of undefined operations is
    2116 Welsh Avenue
    left up to the implementers, and may be Senta Claro, CA 95050
    chosen by them as they see fit. Cost, con­ (408) 246 2707
    venience and plain luck have much to do
    with the eventual results.•
    "We used to be Solid State Music. We still make the blue boards.

    Circle 335 on inquiry card. October 1978 © BYTE Publintions Inc 57

    Testing Memory in BASIC

    I hate to toggle in a program through the PEEK and POKE with arguments between
    front panel of my computer. Yet every time 0 and 32767. In addition, the program
    I finish a new memory board I have to do needs the following BASIC pr1m1t1ves
    this to a machine language memory test which may not exist on every system:
    program. I therefore resolved to write a
    memory test program in BASIC which could CLEAR 80
    be loaded with an 8 K interpreter in 8 K IN PUT" .. prompt. . "
    of proven memory. The BASIC program in IF ...OR . . .OR ...THEN
    listing 1 is the result. INT
    The program is written in MITS 8 K GOSUB
    version 4.0 BAS IC and uses multiple state­ LEN
    Russell E Adams ment lines with statements del imited by a RIGHT$
    3008 Mosby St colon (:}. In addition to the normal func­ STR$
    Alexandria VA 22305 tions of most BAS ICs, the program requires
    The program has two parts: Ii nes 2 5 to
    130 contain the main program, while lines
    LI ST 300 to 520 conta in four subroutines. Sub­
    routine 300 loads a test pattern into
    0 REM ** BASIC MEMC~Y JES! ~EV.5 ••
    I REM COPY'U CfI T I ~ 77 F. E. I DA ~· ~ memory; subroutine 350 reads back the data
    25 CLEAR 80 in memory and compares it to what the data
    30 INPUT"START WITH BEGI NNING OF PAGE".;A
    35 IF A<2 OR A>7 OR A<>INT(A) THEN PRINf"ERROR " :GOT030 should be; subroutine 365 prints out the bad
    40 INPUT"END WITH END OF PAGE";P
    45 I~ 9<>1NT(B) OR B<A OR 8>7 THEN pqJIT"ERROR":GOT040
    address and the data; and subroutine 500
    en A=4096•A:B=4096•(B+1)-1 converts a base ten number into a base R
    ' ' PRJNT:PRINT"TEST PATTEitN ::I LOADING' ' :PRINT
    60 P1=85:P2=17G:GOSUB 30D number.
    70 R=B=X=A:GOSU9 5oo:AS=NS The memory under test is subjected to
    75 X=B=GOSUE soo:BS=NS
    80 P~INT:PRfNT"MEMGqY TEST ::1 F~OM ";AS;" TO ";SS;" OCTAL" two test patterns. The memory is first
    85 PRINT:PRINT"ADDRESS","DtTA","SHOULD BE" loaded with the alternating pattern 0101­
    90 GOSUB 350
    95 PRINT:PRINT :PRINT"TEST PATTERN :2 LOADING" ~RINT 0101, 10101010, the first byte being placed
    100 P1=170:P2=85:GOSUB 300 in all the even addresses and the second
    I 10 PRINT:PRINT"MEMORY TEST :2 FRO~ ";tS;" TO ";BS;" OCTAL"
    115 PRINT:PRINT"ADDRESS","DATA","SHOULD BE" being placed in all the odd addresses. After
    120 GOSUB 350 reading and comparing the first pattern, the
    125 PRINT:PRINT"TEST COMPLETED"
    130 END second pattern is loaded. The second pattern
    300 FOR I=A TO 8-1 STEP 2 consists of 10101010 loaded in all the even
    305 POKE I ,Pl :POKE I+1,P2
    315 NEXT:RETURN addresses and 01010101 in all the odd
    350 D=P 1:FOR I =A TC 8- 1 STEP 2 addresses. This alternating pattern is used
    352 Z=PEEKCJ):JF Z<>D THEN GOSUB 365
    353 NEXT I so that if a bit is influencing the state of
    351. D=P2 :FOR I=A+l TO B STEP 2 another adjacent bit, the bad bit will be
    35~ Z=PfEKC I) :Jf Z<>D THEI; GOSUB 365
    360 NEXT I :ff F=O THEN PRINT"NO BAD BITS DETECTED" detected (the pattern assumes that adjacent
    36J F=o:RETURN
    365 F=1 :R=8 :X= I :GO SUB 500 :BAS=l'S addresses are physically wired up as in the
    370 R=z:x=z:GOSU95DO:DS=NS memory parts specifications}.
    375 X=D:GOSUB 500
    390 IF LEN(DS)<>8 THEN DS="O"+DS :GOT0390 The BASIC interpreter must be limited
    395 IF LEN(N$)<>8 THEN NS="O"+NS :GOT0395 to the lowest 8 K of memory. In MITS
    410 PRINTBAS,DS,NS
    41 ~ RETURN 8 K you answer the initial dialog MEMORY
    500 NS="" SIZE? with 8191. Also the trigonometric
    505 K=INT( X/R) :L=X - ~•K
    SIC NS=RIGHTS(STRS(L), l)+NS functions must be deleted. The program
    515 IF K<>O THEN X=K:GCT0505 asks which pages of memory are under
    520 RETURI
    OK test. The first 4 K of memory is defined
    as page 0 and the last 4 K of memory is
    Listing 7: A BASIC memory test program. The memory to be tested is defined as page 1 5. The memory under
    first loaded with the alternating patterns "07070707" and "70707070" test must be addressed between page 2 and
    in the even and odd memory locations, respectively. After testing all the 7, inclusive. This is sufficient space to test
    locations, a second pattern (the logical inverse of the first) is loaded and six 4 K boards, three 8 K boards, or one
    tested. If any bit is influencing the state of an adjacent bit, the bad bit will be 16 K board.
    detected. The program takes about two minutes

    58 Oc tober 1978 © BY TE Publicati om Inc


    to test 4 K of memory. A sample printout indicate that they are defective. If no bad
    is shown in listing 2. The program first asks locations are detected, NO BAD BITS
    the questions START WITH BEGINNING DETECTED is printed. The program then
    OF PAGE? and END WITH END OF prints TEST PATTERN #2 LOADING and
    PAGE?. These questions are answered with repeats basically the same above described
    the appropriate page numbers of the display only for test #2.
    memory under test. The program then This program should not only detect
    prints TEST PATTERN #1 LOADING inoperative memory but also "slow"
    and starts loading the memory with the memory, "forgetful" memory and "bleed­
    first test pattern. Next, the two lines ing" memory. Just type in the program and
    MEMORY TEST #1 FROM TO save it on tape; then the next time you have
    OCT AL and the headings ADDRESS, a new memory board to test, no more
    DATA, and SHOULD BE are printed. The toggling!•
    program then reads back the data in the
    memory and compares it to what the data
    should be. If the data does not compare, Listing 2: A sample run of the memory test
    the address in octal is printed under the program.
    heading ADDRESS, the data in the memory
    address is printed in binary under the RUN
    START WITH BEGINNING OF PAGE? 6

    heading DATA and the data that should fNO WITH END OF PAGE? 6

    have been in the address is printed in binary TEST PATTERN :1 LOADING


    under the heading SHOULD BE. The bits
    of the two bytes which do not com pare MEMORY TEST : 1 FR OM 6000 0 TO 67777 OCTAL
    ADORE SS CATA SHOULD 9E
    NO BAO BIT S OETECTfO

    TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET TEST PATTERN :2 LOADING


    PURCHASE
    12-24 MONTH FULL OWNERSHIP PLAN MEMORY TEST :2 f~OM 60000 TO 67777 OCTAL
    . 36 MONTH LEASE PLAN· ADDRESS DATA SHOULD BE
    NO BAO BITS DETECTED
    PURCHASE PER MONTH
    DESCRIPTI ON PRICE 12 MOS 24 MOS 36 MOS TE ST CO MPLE TEO

    OK

    DECwriter II ..........$1,495 $145 $ 75 $ 52 RUN

    DECwriter Ill . . . . . . . . . . 2,695 257 137 95 START WITH BEGI NN ING OF PAGE1 7

    DECprinter I .......... 1,795 172 92 63 ENO WITH ENO OF PAGE? 7

    VT52 DECscope . . . . . . 1,695 162 85 59 TEST PATTERN : 1 L O ~OING


    VT100 DEC scope . . . . . 1,695 162 85 59
    VT55 DECgraphic CRT 2,395 229 122 84
    MEMORY TEST : 1 FROM 700 00 TO 7777 7 OCTAL
    ADM 3A CRT . . . . . . . . . 875 84 45 30
    HAZELTINE 1400 CRT . 845 81 43 30 ADORE SS DA TA SHOULD BE
    HAZELTINE 1500 CRT. 1,195 115 61 42 70000 11111111 0 10 10 10 1
    70002 111111 11 0 10 10 10 1
    Tl 745 Portable . . . . . . . 1,875 175 94 65 700 04 11111111 01 010101
    Tl 765 Bubble Mem.... 2,995 285 152 99 7000 6 111 11111 01010101
    Tl 81 O RO Printer . . . . . 1,895 181 97 66 70010 1 1111111 0 10 1010 1
    Tl 820 KSR Terminal .. 2,395 229 122 84 700 12 11111111 0 10 101 0 1
    700 14 111 11 11 1 0 101 0 101
    Data Products 2230 ... 7,900 725 395 275 700 16 11 111 111 01 010 101
    QUME, Ltr. Qual. KSR. 3,195 306 163 112 70020 11 111111 01 0 10101
    QUME, Ltr. Qual. RO . . 2,795 268 143 98 70 022 11 11 1111 0101 0 10 1
    DATAMATE Mini floppy 1,750 167 89 61
    FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS
    10% PURCHASE OPTION AFTER 36 MONTHS
    TEST PATTERN :2 LOADING
    ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT

    ACOUSTIC COUPLERS• MODEMS• THERMAL PAPER


    MEMO RY TEST : 2 FROM 70000 TO 77777 OCTAL
    RIBBONS• INTERFACE MODULES • FLOPPY DISK UNITS

    ADDR ESS DAT A SHOUL D BE


    PROMPT DELIVERY • EFFICIENT SERVICE
    70000 11111111 10101010
    70002 11111111 1010 101 0
    70004 11 11 111 1
    1RA NS'NEr CoRPVR.H/O\' 70006 11111111
    10 10 10 10
    10 10 1010
    2005 ROUTE 22, UNION, N.J. 07083 70010 11111111 10 10 10 10
    700 12 11111111 101 0 10 10
    201-688- 7800 700 14
    70016
    11111111
    11111 1 11
    10 101 0 10
    10101 0 10

    60 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc Circle 374 on inqu iry card.
    There's a BYTE BOOK

    in your future...
    BYTE October 1978 61
    BYTE Publications, Inc. is proud to announce the In SIMULATION, the second book of the series,
    creation of its new Book Division, which publishes are articles dealing with various aspects of spe­
    books of interest to computer people. Readers cific types of simulation. Both theoretical and
    will find a wide range oftopics published as BYTE practical applications are included. Particularly
    Books, including new material as well as collec­ stressed is simulation of motion, including wave
    tions of reprints of the best BYTE magazine arti­ motion and flying objects. The realm of artificial
    cles. Users of small computers will find PAPER­ intelligence is explored, along with simulating
    BYT"E™ Books to be complete descriptions of robot motion with the microcomputer. Finally,
    useful system software including detailed user tips on how to simulate electronic circuits on the
    documentation, source listings where possible, computer are detailed.
    and the PAPERBYTE™ bar code representation
    ISBN 0-931718-13-9
    of executable code. Editor: Blaise W. Liffick
    To keep the cost reasonable and available to the Pages: approx. 80
    greatest number of readers, the books will be Price: $6.00
    Publication: Fall 1978
    paperback editions in the 8-1/2x11" format You
    may purchase the initial selections directly from
    BYTE via mail order or from your favorite com­ The third book is NUMBERS IN THEORY AND
    puter store or book distributor. PRACTICE. This book includes information of
    immense value to both the novice and the expe­
    PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES is a new series rienced personal computerist The mechanics
    of BYTE BOOKS concerned with the art and
    of the binary system are discussed, including
    science of computer programming. It is a collec­
    division and multiplication, as well as the places
    tion of the best articles from BYTE magazine
    to look for numerical error in programs. Floating
    and new material collected just for this series. point numbers, what they are and how to use
    The book provides the personal computer user them, are covered. There are also sections on
    with background information to write and main­ numerical methods (functions, approximations,
    tain programs effectively. statistics), Boolean math, and several different
    The first book in the Programming Technique approaches on how to obtain random numbers.
    series is entitled PROGRAM DESIGN. It dis­
    ISBN 0-931718-14-7
    cusses in detail the theory of program design. Editor: Blaise W. Liffick
    The purpose of the book is to provide the per­ Pages: approx. 100
    sonal computer user with the techniques needed Price: $6.00
    to design efficient, effective, maintainable pro­ Publication: Fall 1978
    grams. Included is information concerning struc­
    tured program design, modular programming The fourth book so far scheduled in this series
    techniques, program logic design, and examples is called BITS AND PIECES. The articles col­
    of some of the more common traps the casual lected for this book are mostly unrelated and do
    as well as the experienced programmer may not neatly fit into the topics of the previous three
    fall into. In addition, details on various aspects books, but still have a lot to do with programming
    of the actual program functions, such as hashed techniques. Areas such as multiprogramming
    tables and binary tree processing, are included. and interactive computing with the personal
    computer are discussed, as well as stacks, sort­
    ISBN 0-931718-12-0 ing, Polish notation, and program optimization.
    Editor: Blaise W. Liffick This is by far the most general book of the series.
    Pages: 96
    Price: $6.00 ISBN 0-931718-15-5
    Publication: Fall 1978 Editor: Blaise W. Liffick
    Pages: approx. 100
    Price: $ 6 .00
    Publication: Fall 1978
    RA6800ML: AN M6800 RELOCATABLE LINK68: AN M6800 LINKING LOADER is a
    MACRO ASSEMBLER is a two pass assembler one pass linking loader which allows separately
    for the Motorola 6800 microprocessor. It is de­ translated relocatable object modules to be loaded
    signed to run on a minimum system of16 K bytes and linked together to form a single executable
    of memory, a system console (such as a Teletype load module, and to relocate modules in memory.
    terminal), a system monitor (such as Motorola It produces a load map and a load module in
    MIKBUG read only memory program or the Motorola MIKBUG loader format. The linking
    ICOM Floppy Disk Operating System), and some Loader requires 2 K bytes of memory, a system
    form of mass file storage (dual cassette recorders console (such as a Teletype terminal), a system
    or a floppy disk). monitor (for instance, Motorola MIKBUG read
    The Assembler can produce a program listing, only memory program or the ICOM Floppy Disk
    a sorted Symbol Table listing and relocatable Operating System), and some form of mass file
    object code. The object code is loaded and linked storage (dual cassette recorders or a floppy disk).
    with other assembled modules using the Linking It was the express purpose of the authors of this
    Loader LINK68. (Refer to PAPERBYTE™ publi­ book to provide everything necessary for the
    cation LINK68: AN M6800 LINKING LOADER user to easily learn about the system. In addition
    for details.) to the source code and P APERBYTE™ bar code
    There is a complete description of the 6800 listings, there is a detailed description ofthe major
    Assembly language and its components, includ­ routines of the Linking Loader, including flow
    ing outlines of the instruction and address for­ charts. While implementing the system, the user
    mats, pseudo instructions and macro facilities. has an opportunity to learn about the nature of
    Each ma jar routine of the Assembler is described linking loader design as well as simply acquiring
    in detail, complete with flow charts and a cross a useful software tool.
    reference showing all calling and called-by rou­ ISBN 0-9 31 71 8-09·0
    Authors: Robert D. Grappe!
    tines, pointers, flags, and temporary variables. [, Jack E. He m enway
    In addition, details on interfacing and using the Pages: 48
    Assembler, error messages generated by the Price: $8.00
    Publication: Summer 1978
    Assembler, the Assembler and sample IO driver
    source code listings, and PAPERBYTE™barcode
    representation of the Assembler's relocatable TRACER: A 6800 DEBUGGING PROGRAM is
    object file are all included. for the programmer looking for good debugging
    software. TRACER features single step execution
    This book provides the necessary background
    using dynamic break points, register examina­
    for coding programs in the 6800 assembly lan­
    tion and modification, and memory examination
    guage, and for understanding the innermost
    and modification. This book includes a reprint
    operations of the Assembler.
    of "Jack and the Machine Debug" (from the De­
    ISBN 0-931718-104 cember 1977 issue of BYTE magazine), Tracer
    Author: Jack E. Hemenway program notes, complete assembly and source
    Pages: approx. 120 listing in 6800 assembly language, object pro­
    Price: $25.00 gram listing, and machine readable PAPER­
    Publication: Fall 1978
    BYTE™ bar codes for the object code.

    ISBN 0-931718-02·3
    A uthors: Robert D. Grappe! [,
    Jack E. Hemenway
    Pages: 24
    Price: $6.00
    Available now
    TINY ASSEMBLER 6800, Version 3.1 is an en­ MONDEB:ANADVANCED M6800 MONITOR­
    hancement of Jack Emmerichs' successful Tiny DEBUGGER has all the general features of Mo­
    Assembler. The original version (3.0) was de­ torola's MIKBUG monitor as well as numerous
    scribed first in the April and May 1977 issues of other capabilities. Ease of use was a prime design
    BYTE magazine, and later in the PAPERBYTE™ consideration. The other goal was to achieve
    book TINY ASSEMBLER 6800 Version 3.0. minimum memory requirements while retaining
    In September 1977, BYTE magazine published maximum versatility. The result is an extremely
    an article entitled, "Expanding The Tiny Assem­ versatile program. The size of the entire MON­
    bler". This provided a detailed description of the DEB is less than 3 K.
    enhancements incorporated into Version 3.1, Some ofthe command capabilities of MONDEB
    such as the addition of a "begin" statement, a include displaying and setting the contents of
    "virtual symbol table", and a larger subset of the registers, setting interrupts for debugging, testing
    Motorola 6800 assembly language. a programmable memory range for bad mem­
    All the above articles, plus an updated version of ory locations, changing the display and input
    the user's guide, the source, object and PAPER­ base of numbers, displaying the contents of
    BYfE™ bar code formats of both Version 3.0 memory, searching for a specified string, copying
    and 3.1 make this book the most complete docu­ a range of bytes from one location in memory to
    mentation possible for Jack Emmerichs' Tiny another, and defining the location to which con­
    Assembler.
    trol will transfer upon receipt of an interrupt This
    is a PAPERBYTE™ book.

    ISBN 0-931718-08-2
    Author: Jack Emmerichs ISBN 0-931718-06-6
    Pages: 80 Author: Don Peters
    Price: $9.00 Pages: approx. 72
    Publication: Summer 1978 Price: $5.00
    Publication: Summer 1978

    SUPERWUMPUS is an exciting computer game


    incorporating the original structure of the WUM­ BAR CODE LOADER. The purpose of this pam­
    PUS game along with added features to make it phlet is to present the decoding algorithm which
    even more fascinating. The original game was was designed by Ken Budnick of Micro-Scan
    described in the book What To Do After You Hit Associates at the request of BYTE Publications,
    Return, published by the People's Computer Inc., for the PAPERBYTE™ bar code representa­
    Company. Programmed in both 6800 assembly tion of executable code. The text ofthis pamphlet
    language and BASIC, SUPERWUMPUS is not was written by Ken, and contains the general
    only addictively fun, but also provides a splendid algorithm description in flow chart form plus de­
    tutorial on setting up unusual data structures tailed assemblies of program code for 6800,
    (the tunnel and cave system of SUPERWUMPUS 6502 and 8080 processors. Individuals with com­
    forms a dodecahedron). This is a PAPERBYTE™ puters based on these processors can use the
    book. software directly. Individuals with other proces­
    ISBN 0-931718-03-1 sors can use the provided functional specifica­
    Author: Jack Emmerichs tions and detail examples to create equivalent
    Pages: 56 programs.
    Price: $6.00
    Publication: Summer 1978 ISBN 0-931718-01-5
    Author: Ken Budnick
    Pages:32

    r- - - ------------·-­
    Price: $2.00
    Available now

    1 Name
    BYTE BOOKS Division • 70 Main Street • Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458

    Title Company
    --
    1

    I I

    Street City State/ Province Code


    D Check enclosed in the amount of$ _ _ __
    D Bill Visa D Bill Master Charge Card number _ _ __ _ __ _ Expiration Date _ _ _
    I Please send the books I haue checked.
    D Program Design $6.00 D Tracer $6.00

    I D
    D
    Simulation $6.00
    Numbers in Theory & Practice $6.00
    D Tiny Assembler (3.1) $9.00

    D SUPERWUMPUS $6.00 I
    D Bits & Pieces $6.00 D Mondeb $5.00
    I I
    •.. -- ----- - _________ _..'
    D RA6800ML $25.00 D Bar Code Loader $2.00
    D Llnk68 $8.00 Add soc per book to couer postage and handling
    BYTE BOOKS,BYTE BOOKS logo. and PAPERBYTE

    are trademarks of BYTE Publications. Inc. Please allow 6-8 weeks for processing your order.

    ,
    Program faster,

    debug easier now

    Flowchartrixl~ a unique flowchart development tool from Stirling/Bekdorf,


    saves you time, space, and money, no matter what language you work with.
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    when debugging.
    When you use "top-down" programming methods, you can use the 78F2
    to lay out your original logic concept blocks. Then by fo llowing the plan
    you lay out in words at the concept stage, you can write a finely detai led
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    BYTE. (At present I am building a full 6502­ Unique matrix can show your loops AS loops. The Flowchartrix 7 x 11
    based OSI machine which pleases me very matrix gives you plenty of room to write loops laid out as sort of a squared
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    which have been developed over the last Every matrix cell has a specific label to help you track branch points.
    few years have convinced people that general Now it 's far easier to follow your program from page to page, point to point.
    When you write program documentation, having a separate reference point
    purpose analog computers belong in for each cell makes your program much easier to des cribe clearly.
    museums. With Flowcharlrix, you don't need a shape template to draw remarkably
    I feel there are a couple of things we regular logic symbols. Guides for the most-used logic symbols are right in
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    shape template and positioning it to draw every symbol. Your train of th­
    ought need no longer be interrupted by template tedium. With 78F2, your
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    an analog machine to solve a differen­ of insight strikes, now you can keep your pen on paper, flowing rapidly from
    tial equation is as satisfying as writing one step to the next without abreak.
    78F2 is surface-engineered to take both pen and pencil without blotching.
    an elegant software program and, given The tough 22;; base stock is the same brilliant white opaque material used
    some proper peripheral equipment, the in our 78Cl Combination Coding/CRT Layout forms. Pure enough to use
    results can be useful and aesthetically with magnetic ink scanners, heavy enough to withstand vigorous erasure,
    every Flowchartrix gives you crisp, sharp, charac ters and symbols. It takes
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    2. In some areas, analog machines can do Order your supply today. Ask your local computer store for Stirling/
    Bekdorf™78F2 Flowchartrix™ To enjoy the world's most advanced program
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    a Runge-Kutta program or performing CRT Layout forms (for coding and display planning in BASIC, OPUS, and
    other line-number languages), and 78P4 Print-Out Design Sheets (to design
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    Surely among your readers there are Texas res1denlspl easeadd 5.5° osa lestax to basepuc e
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    1. Does any manufacturer produce Name_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __
    printed circuit boards or kits to build Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Phone_ _ _ __ __
    a reasonably powerful machine - say City_ _ ______ State _ _ _ _ __ _ Zip _ _ _ _ _
    We ship UPS so P 0. Box ad d1ess must give phone numbe r
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    2. Does anyone have an old general pur­
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    dated? Is it for sale?•
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    ->10 4407 Pork wood o San Antonio , TX 78218 o (512) 824-5643
    ~------------------------------1
    Circle 352 on inquiry card. October 1978 ©BYTE Public.a lions Inc 65
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    3
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    Maintenanceaddnional

    Working units on display


    212/468·7067 TWX 710-582·5886 BankAmericard Master Charge
    West Coast: 5810 Commerce Blvd.
    Rohnert Park, CA. 94928 • 707/544·2865

    Circle 355 on inquiry card . B Y TE Oe1obc r 1978 67


    Most of the BASIC interpreters avail­
    able on the microcomputer market today
    do not provide the PRINT USING option.
    I have written a formatting subroutine that
    will perform some of the PRINT USING
    functions for monetary output:

    Formatting • Round the monetary amount to the


    nearest cent.
    • Convert the numer ic value to a charac­
    ter string and check the digits after
    Dollars the decimal point. If the last one or
    both digits are missing, insert zeroes.
    • Insert a dollar sign in front of the con­
    and verted amount. If the amount is less
    FAMOS™
    than 1, insert a 0 in front of the deci­
    mal point.
    MULTl-TASKING DOS

    • Multi user fi le security Cents • Supply the I ength of the amount.


    • Automatic file & data integrity Before calling the subroutine, we have
    • Dev ice independent file system to pass the dollar figure to be processed to
    • Multi-sessioning/spooling the variable Xl. The converted figure is
    • 20+ terminals supported
    passed back in the variable X$. The length
    Les Palenik
    25 Silversprings Blvd
    of the formatted amount is passed back
    in X3.
    MVT-BASIC™
    Suite 512
    Scarborough Ontario The routine in listing 1 has been written
    MULTl-USER COMPILER

    MlV 1M9 CANADA in the Commodore PET-2001 version of


    • Powerful string. file 110
    • Error Trapping Microsoft BASIC. Modifications may be re­
    • Bas ic and machine language quired for other BASIC interpreters. The
    program calls remarks can be deleted for faster execution
    • Library funct ion and memory savings.
    • Random. Sequential. ISAM I use this subroutine in most of my pro­
    file support grams. I place it rather high in the program
    (line numbers 3000 thru 3099) so I can
    always use the same line numbers.•
    MVT-WOR DFLOW™
    MUL Tl-USER WORD
    PROCESSING PROGRAM 10 INPUT A

    • Search/replace 20 X1sA:GOSUB 3000

    30 PRINT TAB(20-X3l;Xt

    • ··cutting & pasting" scratch pad 40 GOTO 10

    • S imultaneous multi-file editing 3000 REH ******************************


    3001 REH THIS SUBROUTINE WILL FORMAT
    • Automatic Field insertion 3002 REH DOLLARS AND CENTS
    • Supports all RS232 terminals 3003 REH ******************************
    3004 REH ROUND THE AMOUNT

    a
    3005 X1=INT<X1*100+.5l/100
    3010 XOf="":Xf=""
    3020 IF X1=0 GOTO 3030
    MVT-ASMZ™ 3025 IF X1C1 THEN XOf•"O"
    3030 X1fsSTRSCX1l
    MACRO Z80/8080 3035 X2=LEN<X1Sl
    ASSEMBLER 3040 X2=X2-1
    3041 REH DELETE SPACE IN FRONT
    • Relocating 3042 REH OF THE FIRST DIGIT
    • Nested Macro calls & definitions 3045 X1f=HIDS<X1t,2,X2l
    3050 FOR I=1 TO X2
    • Cross references 3055 X2f=HIDtCX1t,I,1l
    • Debug package 3060 X3RI
    3065 IF X2S="." GOTO 3085
    • Library facilities 3070 NEXT I
    3075 Xf=".00"
    3080 GOTO 3090
    3085 IF X3=<X2-1l THEN Xf•"O"
    3086 REH CREATE THE FINAL STRING
    3090 Xf="f"+X0f+X1f+Xf
    .. .MVT 3091 REH FIND THE STRING LENGTH
    Listing 7: BASIC program 3095 X3=LEN <Xfl
    for formatting dollars and 3099 RETURN
    cents in BASIC inter­ RUN
    MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS INC. preters that do not have
    9241 Reseda Blvd., Suite 203 the PRINT USING func­ ?2 $2.00
    ?2.2 t2.20
    Northridge, CA 91324 tion. Also shown is a ?2.22 t2.22
    Phone: (213) 349-9076 sample run of the pro­ ?2.222 t2.22
    ?222 t222.00
    gram. ?75.756 f7S.76

    68 BYTE October 1978 Circle 269 on inquiry card.


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    _ Shielded _ Full WW11 _HalfWW11
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    HALF CARD $35 Arlee Electronics, Inc. •605 Old County Rd.• San Carlos, CA 94070
    (5.225" x 8.4") (415) 592-2740

    Circle 20 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 69


    PAM/8:

    A New Approach

    to Front Panel Design

    Gordon Letwin Since the first personal computers Ten years ago the implementation of such
    Heath Company appeared about three years ago, the field a front panel was obvious. The processor
    Benton Harbor Ml 49022 has been growing and advancing at an ever was built up from components such as
    increasing rate. The variety and complexity integrated circuits, and the flags and registers
    of products increases even while the cost were directly available on the circuit cards.
    decreases. Indeed, the field has evolved so In the remainder of this article, I will refer
    rapidly that it has gone through two genera­ to this type of machine as a discrete proces­
    tions (using the term somewhat loosely) sor, although it may be built out of high
    in those three years. The first generation level integrated circuits. To build a suitable
    machines were typified by the first 8800 front panel for such a discrete processor, it
    system sold by MITS, a bare bones machine is merely necessary to run a wire to a front
    festooned with switches and lights. It took a panel indicator. Likewise, special logic can
    fair amount of technical know how to build be built to allow flags and registers to be
    one of these to get it operational. Before set from the front panel switches, usually
    long, however, a new generation of machines when the machine is in a halted condition.
    was available. These, such as the SwTPC Readers may have had experience with some
    6800, were usually cheaper and simpler to of these minicomputer systems, such as the
    build, using fewer but more powerful inte­ CDC 1700 or the IBM 11 30 and 1620. This
    grated circuits . design works reasonably well, but the binary
    And in July 1977, the Heath Company format is inconvenient and the cost of the
    announced its two versions of the home front panel hardware and logic can be pro­
    computer idea, the H8 and Hl 1 systems. I hibitive for use in a personal computing
    write as one of the persons who took part in system.
    the design of the H8 's front panel firmware, The situation was considerably changed
    an 8080 program called "PAM/8" which with the advent of microprocessors. Now,
    shows how software and hardware are often for the first time, a full-fledged computer is
    intimately related_ within the financial reach of the general
    public. Unfortunately, the very development
    Microprocessor Front Panels which brought this exciting possibility also
    brought problems. With a 1 integrated cir­
    The ideal front panel for a microcom­ cuit microprocessor, the processor flags and
    puter should allow its user total control and register contents were no longer available
    access to the processor's workings. A good for a front panel system, being buried out
    panel system should allow an instantaneous of reach of any possible hardware hookups .
    display of the processor's states, register A typical microprocessor integrated circuit
    contents, memory contents, and other only has 40 connection pins (or pinouts) .
    operating flags. An operator should be able These are partly taken up with power
    to force a new state, register value, or supply and clocking signals, as well as the
    memory value upon the processor with ease data and address buses_ The remaining
    at any time without otherwise interfering pins are allocated to receiving and providing
    with the executing program. In other words, signals to interface the processor to the
    it should be possible to examine any mem­ rest of the computer system. As a result,
    ory location or any register at any time with ­ there is no direct way to determine the
    out disturbing the program. contents of the processor's registers.

    70 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    One-Stop
    im-pak: Co1nponent Center
    electronic components
    AUTHORIZED DEALERS
    ALABAMA KANSAS (Continued) NEW YORK (Continued)
    Cropwell Tucker Bros. Manhatran Communications Specialties L rd. White Plains The Computer Corner
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    Mobile Lafayette Radio Electronics KENTUCKY N ORTH CA ROLINA
    ALASKA Lexington Radio.£/ectronic Equipment Co. Durham Furureworld
    Anchorage Electronics Corp. of Alaska LOUISIANA Greensboro Byte Shop
    ARIZONA Baton Rouge Davis Electronics Supply Co. Raleigh Byte Shop of Raleigh
    Flagstaff Jim's Audio & Stereo Repair Baton Rouge Menard Electronics Inc. NORTH DAKOTA
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    Tempe Compurerworld Inc . MARYLAND OHIO
    Sierra Vista B & S Electronics Baltimore Computers Unlimited Bucyrus Mead Electronics
    Yuma Yuma Electronics Baltimore Computer Workshop of Baltimore Cincinnati Digital Design
    CALIFORNIA Baltimore Everything Electronic Columbus Heathkit Electronic Center
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    Ventura Lombard's Electronics Inc. Houston Interactive Computers
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    Westminster JK Electronics U T AH
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    Whirtier Whittier Electronics Co. Salt Lake City Best Distributing
    COLORADO VIRGINIA
    Aurora Com Co Electronics Alexandria Computer Hardware Store
    Denver Mt. Coin Distributing Co. Alexandria Computers Plus Inc.
    Steamboat Springs Norm's TV & Electronics Alexandria Heathkit Electronic Center
    CONNECTICUT Charlottesville Lafayecre Electronics
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    Gainesville Lafayerre Radio Duluth Northwest Radio of Duluth Springfield Computer Workshop of North Virginia
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    Caldwell A·Gem Supply Inc. Lincoln Altair Computer Center WEST VIRGINIA
    Idaho F_alls Audiotronics Lincoln Scott Electronic Supply Inc. Morgantown The Computer Corner
    ILLINOIS North Placre Scott Radio Supply Corp. Morgantown Electro Distributing Co.
    Carbondale Layfayette Radio Omaha Heathkit Electronic Center Ripley Thompson's Radio Shack
    Evanston lcty Bitty Machine Co. Omaha Omaha Computer Score Wheeling Lafayerce Radio Assa. Store
    Evanscon Tri·State Electronic Corp. NEVADA
    Granite City Computer Systems Center La s Vegas Century 23
    Groveland Moyer Electronics NEW JERSEY CANADA
    Mount Prospect Tri·State Electronic Corp. Bayville A. R.S. Communications Services Alberta (Calgary) The Computer Shop
    Niles Computer Land Bricktown Radio Shack Associate Store Ontario (Willowdale) Home Computer Centre
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    Rockford Imperial Computer Systems Paterson All·tronics PANAMA
    Schaumburg Dara Domain Pompton Lake Computer Corner of New Jersey Panama City Eleccrotecnia S.A.
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    Davenport Computer Store of Davenport Rensselaer Com· Tech Electronics
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    KANSAS Utica Am·Com Electronics SINGAPORE Inter· Trade (PTE) L rd.
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    SEE YOUR LOCAL Jt•rtra!! DEALER TODAY!

    For Dealer Information, write or phone JIM-PAK@; 1021 Howard Ave., San Carlos, California 94070 (415) 592-8097
    Ci rc le 20 1 on inquiry ca r d. BYTE October 1978 71
    Previous Front Panel Systems and once a user program has started execu­
    tion the services of the monitor system are
    Attempts to solve this fundamental prob­ no longer available.
    lem of control over the microprocessor have
    been responsible for the major differences PAM/8 Design Goals
    between competing machines. The first It was mentioned above that the front
    widely available machine, the MITS 8800, panel system is the area in which many of
    used a direct approach to front panel design: the differences between computer systems
    it simply had LED readouts for each pinout are found; this holds true for the Heath H8
    on the microprocessor chip and a bank of system as well. The H8 employs a new con­
    switches hooked across the data and address cept in microprocessor front panels: it uses
    busses. Some additional logic was incor­ a unique combination of software and
    porated to control the running state of the hardware to allow the emulation of a com­
    microprocessor and to allow memory loca­ plete real time front panel system which I
    tions to be read to and written from via the believe to be superior in performance to
    front panel. This scheme is a straightforward even the discrete minicomputer panel
    adaptation of traditional panel design; systems.
    unfortunately, there wasn't a great deal of When the H8 project began, Heath
    correspondence between the useful items a engineers studied the requirements for a
    programmer might want and the data good front panel system closely and drew up
    available on the processor pinouts. a list of the major features to be satisfied.
    The difficulties of using such a panel sys­ There were nine major requirements of a
    tem are by now nearly legendary: it is very good front panel:
    awkward and time consuming to get infor­
    mation in and out of the processor. For • The front panel system must present
    example, to simply determine the contents and accept data in a convenient
    of a register, it is necessary to stop the octal format. Encoding and decoding
    processor, write a small program to store binary is a job more suited to a com­
    the register in a memory location, key it puter than a human being.
    in to some unused portion of memory, • The front panel system must incorpor­
    run it, read the stored value from memory, ate facilities to load and dump mem­
    and then restore control to the interrupted ory to and from an external device
    program. Needless to say, this is a tedious such as a cassette interface. A nearly
    process with many opportunities for error. foolproof error detection scheme must
    The problems with this approach no be used so that mysterious errors will
    doubt influenced the designers of the second not be introduced by bad loads.
    generation machines. They used a different • The front panel system must allow
    approach wherein a console terminal was memory and register contents to be
    used in conjunction with a monitor program conveniently displayed and changed.
    (usually in read only memory) to provide In addition, data display has to be in
    the equivalent of front panel service. With real time. That is, if the front panel is
    such a system, a programmer could display displaying the contents of a register
    desired information such as memory or and the running program changes
    register contents directly in octal or hexa­ those contents, the change should
    decimal. This represented a great step be immediately visible on the panel.
    forward: entry speed was increased, and • The front panel system must be
    the clerical task of encoding and decoding capable of execution control. That is,
    binary values was eliminated. Another the programmer should be able to step
    great benefit of this system was that most through a program one instruction
    of the monitors incorporated a bootstrap at a time, and be able to set break­
    loader so that the loader did not have to points within his code.
    be keyed in each time. • The front panel system must provide
    This technique has been rapidly gaining facilities for inputting and outputting
    popularity at the expense of the lights and to 10 ports.
    switches system, for obvious reasons. Several • The front panel system must be easy
    companies are offering such monitors en­ to use, and (as much as possible)
    coded in read only memory boards to allow should reduce the opportunity for
    users to convert their old systems. However, operator error. Whenever a front
    this new technique still has a few disad­ panel operation is performed, the
    vantages: it requires a console terminal, programmer must be informed of
    which adds considerably to the system cost, the operation's success or failure.

    72 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


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    Maximum DMA Rate 1 Mhz
    as name and address.
    Circle 45 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 73
    the system must be designed to
    allow the sophisticated user to cir­
    cumvent part or all of the system.
    • The front panel system must be
    inexpensive. Advanced design tech­
    niques must be used to keep the
    cost of the panel system at or below
    the cost of current front panel
    systems.
    Undoubtedly, this was a formidable list.
    Happily, though, Heath was able to report
    success with the creation of the PAM/8,
    the panel monitor for the H8 computer.

    PAM/8 Description
    The front panel of the H8 computer is
    shown in photo 1. Three features are
    immediately obvious: a 16 key keypad,
    nine 7 segment LED displays, and four
    single LED lamps.
    The 16 key keypad (see photo 2) is the
    sole input device to the PAM/8 system. It
    Photo 7: Front panel of the Heath H8 computer. At left are nine 7 segment is used for commands for PAM/8, to enter
    LED displays and four single LED lamps; at right is the 76 key keypad. The data into memory and registers, and as a
    front panel is controlled by a novel firmware panel monitor (PAM/8} made bank of sense switches. Some keys have
    up of both hardware and software elements. more than one function; however, no
    confusion results because PAM/8 provides
    a clear indication at all times of which
    meaning will be taken for such keys.

    0CiJ~G

    The second visible feature is the group


    of nine 7 segment LED displays. These are
    used to display addresses, data, and register
    names. 16 bit values are displayed in "split

    ~0LiJG

    octal" notation. Each byte is represented


    as three octal digits; therefore, a 16 bit
    value is simply presented as two such byte
    groups together. Thus, in split octal nota­

    Photo 2: H8 76 key key­


    pad, the sole input source
    l2J00[:] tion, 377 + 001 = 001 000.
    The third visible feature consists of
    four LED lamps (see photo 3). Three of
    for the panel monitor these lamps display true hardware condi­
    (PAM/8}. The keypad is
    used to enter commands
    and data. Some keys have
    0LJ tions: power on (PWR), processor running
    (RUN), and interrupts enabled (IE) . In fact,
    these are the only hardware indicators in
    more than one function, the PAM/8 system. All other displays,
    but the monitor provides indicators, and keypads are under firmware
    an indication of which • The front panel system must be control. The remaining LED, MTR, is lit
    meaning will be taken for transparent. In other words, it must when the computer is in monitor mode.
    these keys. emula te a hardware panel system so Monitor mode means that the user program
    that no changes are necessary to any is not running, and the keypad is available
    program to allow it to be 1·un undc1· for PAM/8 commands. When the user pro­
    the PAM/8 (PAnel Monitor) system. gram is running, PAM/8 ignores most keypad
    Likewise, the front panel firmware commands so that the user program can use
    must present a light processor load it as an input (sense switch) device.
    to the system so that program execu­ The best way to describe the operation
    tion proceeds at a normal pace. of the PAM/8 monitor is to go through the
    • The front panel system must be list of design goals again, describing how it
    versatile. No system can be all things fulfills each objective. In the process, I will
    to all people. Some sophisticated touch upon some other pieces of PAM/8
    users may have special requirements; hardware not visible on the front panel.

    74 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


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    SuperRam™ 16K comes as an easily assembled kit, Vf"N~~~m 120110th Street


    with solder mask and parts legend. .!J, ~&/ C'2} Berkeley, CA 94710
    Circle 255 on inquiry card . BYTE October 1978 75
    If the load is correct, PAM/8 gives a single
    beep. Since the program counter (PC)
    Memory Display register was loaded with the entry point
    address, striking the GO key will begin
    0 '· 1-11_11-1 , ,-, ,-, ,-, -, ,_ execution. If the load is incorrect, PAM/8
    o .... l_I 11_1 ll_ll_I l_I I Cl displays the error code 001 (CRC error)
    0 .. and repeatedly beeps the horn. Pressing
    0 ·'' ,,{IOHESS - DATA ~EGISTrn ­ CANCEL( *) silences the horn.
    High Order Low Order Data at During the load and dump operations,
    Address Location Address Location Location 040 100 the six leftmost LEDs display the address
    being loaded or dumped, while the three
    Register Display remaining LEDs display the data value
    going into or out of that location. This
    0 '· ,-, LI ,-, I ,-, .-, Cl ­ allows the operator to see if the load is
    o ···"· LI I 1_1 11_1 l_I I L progressing, and gives an idea of how much
    0 '"
    Q · .•.1 • A[X)QESS - - - - - - DATA REGISTfR ­ is left. The H8 cassette system runs at
    1200 bps, allowing the loading of 8 K
    High Order Low Order Register
    Contents Contents Identification BASIC in about 60 seconds .
    The CRC-16 check value used in PAM/8
    1/0 Port Display is nearly foolproof: single bit errors, double
    bit errors, and error bursts of less than 16
    o ·~· r1 I r1 1-11_1 1-1 bits are always detected. The chance of a
    0 .....
    0 1r.
    '-' ' '-' ,_, "-' larger error escaping undetected is Iess than
    0 "·'' - ---- ADDRESS - ---- - OATAIREGISTE~ ­
    0.0002%.
    "The front panel system must be capable
    Data Port Number
    of displaying and altering both memory
    and registers conveniently." To display the
    contents of a memory location or register,
    Photo 3: Three examples of the H8 LED readout format for memory dis­ strike the MEM (#)or REG(.) key followed
    play, register display and 10 port display. by a 6 digit address (for MEM) or a 1 key
    register select (for REG). In the case of
    memory display, the address will appear
    "The front panel system must present in the left six digits, the value in the right
    and accept data in a convenient octal three. In the case of a register, the value
    format." This has already been discussed : of the register (if 16 bits) or the register
    PAM/8 displays and accepts octal values. pair (for 8 bit registers) is displayed in the
    16 bit values are represented in a convenient left six digits, and the register name(s)
    byte octal notation. is displayed in the right two digits. See
    "The front panel must incorporate photo 3 for examples.
    facilities to both load and dump memory." To change the contents of a register
    The 8 and 9 keys are used for loading and or memory location, first display the old
    dumping memory. In order to dump a contents as described above. Next strike
    block of memory to an output device the ALTER (/) key. You can then alter
    (usually magnetic or paper tape), one must the register or location by entering six (or
    supply PAM/8 with the starting dump three) octal digits. As each 3 digit group
    address, the ending dump address, and the is entered, the PAM/8 monitor provides
    entry point address. When the DUMP key a beep in acknowledgement. In the case
    is struck, PAM/8 writes a formatted record of memory alteration, the memory address
    containing the memory contents. The dump is automatically incremented by one. This
    record produced contains the starting al lows you to enter a series of memory
    address, the entry point address, and the locations by entering a steady stream of
    memory data. The record is followed with a values.
    16 bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC-16). When the altering is complete, restriking
    To reload a memory dump tape, place the ALTER key clears the alter mode
    the tape in the transport (cassette or paper and restores the 0 through 7 keys to their
    tape) and strike the LOAD (8) key. PAM-8 usual function.
    will read the tape and discard any informa­ It is important to note that the register
    tion until the beginning of record sequence and memory displays are real time: if the
    is found . The load operation then begins . contents of that register or location change,
    When the load is complete, the computed the display will immediately show the new
    CRC-16 is com pared to the one on the tape. value. Thus, to watch the PC register in a

    76 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    ECONORAM™: THE PLUG-IN­
    ANYWHERE MEMORY .
    . . . And that's not by accident , but by design. Econoram is advantage of our 1 year warranty on parts. Ask the
    the memory that works with IMSAI, Altair/Pertee, Cromemco, independent survey from Image Resource, "197B Profile of
    Sol, North Star Horizon, Polymorphic, Vector Graphic, and Computer Store Customers" (mentioned with permission),
    other S-100 buss systems, thanks to static design that which named Godbout as one of the biggest suppliers of
    eliminates dynamic timing problems, conservative engineering, peripherals in the business. Better yet, ask an Econoram
    full buffering, high speed/low power parts, and intelligent owner.
    mechanical design. Even better, though, we don 't just design
    our boards to work ... we design them to keep on working . The following memories are available in 3 forms: Unkit (all
    But, you don't have to take our word for it. Ask the dealers sockets and bypass caps wave-soldered in place, user simply
    who carry Econoram because they want satisfied customers solders in a few other parts and inserts ICs); assembled and
    and no callbacks. Ask the system assemblers who, no matter tested; or qualified under the CSC (Certified Systems
    what their choice of mainframe, use Econoram memory boards Components) program. This program offers a board that is
    exclusively. Ask the professional users who specify Econoram assembled, tested, guaranteed to run at 4 MHz, and burned in for
    for critical computer applications such as accounting and 200 hours. If the board fails within a year of invoice date, we
    record-keeping. Ask the people who never get to take immediately exchange (not repair) the board upon notification
    from the customer.

    16K ECONORAM IV™ Our current best-seller:

    I$ 2 79 (unkit) Assembled price $314, csc $414.

    We've been shipping these since May, and we've shipped a lot of them.

    Why? Current consumption under 2000 mA (usually way under). Fast operation.

    Manual write protect switches for 4K blocks. Can be used with or without

    phantom line. And , all the regular features of an Econoram. If you want a big

    block of memory, at a fair price, that will work with any system ... here it is .

    24K ECONORAM VII™


    $445 (unkit) Assembled price $4B5, CSC $605.

    Current under 2000 mA, fast operation , and our other usual features.
    Additionally, Econoram VII is configured as two 4K blocks (addressable on 4K
    boundaries) and two BK blocks (addressable on BK boundaries), with
    independent write protect switches for each block . If you want full feature,
    dense memory, this is the board for your system.

    ····---------····-····------------­ •••••••••••••••
    OTHER S-100 BUSS
    ------------------------------------
    ~---------------------------------

    11 F YOU SPEAK TRS-80, ­


    PRODUCTS
    I THEN READ THIS.
    10/11 SLOT I We introduced our TRS-80 Conversion Kits o that anybody could upgrade
    their4K machine to a 16K machine. But apparently, that's not all our kit can
    MOTHERBOARD $90 in kit form,
    1
    1 (which might explain why it's selling so well). One user wrote to say that
    do
    with all edge connectors wave-soldered in place
    (which reall y takes the tedium out of building a
    1our conversion chip set not only works in the mainframe, but also works
    with the memory expansion module offered by Radio Shack . .. and that he
    1is
    mo therboard!). Large power and ground traces, exten­ 1 currently running 32K of memory in his TRS-80. Some dealers have men­
    sively bypassed. In cludes active termination circuitry 1tioned using these chips to expand APPLEs also.
    for reliable data transfer (see "Active Terminator I No matter what you use it for, our conversion kit comes with eight
    Board" below). I uPD416 16K RAMs, DIP shunts, and full instructions. We back up our
    I parts with a 7 year warranty.
    18 SLOT II Single kit price is $190,

    or take advantage of our "Memory Expansion Special": 3 kits for$

    MOTHERBOARD in kit$124
    form, wit h all edge connectors wave-soldered in place.
    Same as above, but with 18 slots.
    1 SAY HELLO TO A COMPUKIT™ TODAY.
    l listMany dealers carry CompuKit products from Godbout. Our previous dealer
    (see last month's issue of this magazine) was current as of May 1978; 1,
    ACTIVE TERMINATOR BOARD $29.50, 1we've added quite a few since then_._ call us for referral to the dealer nearest
    kit form. Active termination promotes reliable and accurate data transfer by you.
    minimizing the ri ngi ng, crosstalk, overshoot, noise, and other gremlins that

    @@moooo
    can occur wi th un te rminat ed lines. Saves considerable energy compared to
    passive termina tio n systems, thereby putting less strain on your power

    ®.
    supply and keeping heat out of your mainframe. This is the board that
    tamed t he S·100 buss ... put one in a motherboard slot, and watch the
    glitches go away fr o m your buss.

    .J ·::Q : . '?: ..
    ~ - . ­ BILL GODBOUT ELECTRONICS

    BOX 2355, OAKLAND AIRPORT. CA 94614

    f' :Jo:O'.t:1:·:~uu~w n.~.;i:.; ..• \l:aH:.i~H


    1i ;:·:j :·~·:·: J°{:·~·~!'i'll:': ~·! {;! !·;-~{··~~~ ~;~i"iiri~l\i'i~ • TERMS: VISA<!l/MASTERCHAAGE® o rders : Call our 24 hour answe rin g service at (415)
    562-0636. COD orde rs OK with st reet address for UPS. Californians add tax. Thank you very
    111111111111f1Ilillll11lllU11ilit111Ui\111i11111 much for you r business.

    Circle 150 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 77


    running program, merely select it for display port. Striking the IN key causes the value
    and type GO. Should you now decide to read from the port to be displayed in the
    watch the contents of a memory byte, leftmost three digits.
    press RTM/O (# and 0 simultaneously) "The front panel system must be easy
    to halt the program, select the memory to use and should reduce the possibility
    location, then press GO to resume execu­ for error." In order to increase convenience
    tion from where it halted. and minimize operator errors, PAM/8 is
    "The front panel system must be capable designed to maximize the bandwidth of
    of execution control." PAM/8 provides the operator-machine communication chan­
    five types of execution control: nel. Thus, PAM/8 communicates in three
    different ways: by the digit displays, by the
    Run
    alarm horn, and by the display decimal
    Halt
    points. The use of the digit displays in
    Jump
    communication is obvious. Many panel
    Breakpoints
    operations, such as entering addresses
    Single Instruction
    and values, cause the display to change.
    For instance, when altering memory, the
    Pressing the GO key starts a program run­ value of each key struck is shown in the
    ning at the current value of the PC register. displays. The front panel horn actually
    The desired start address can be entered into serves three purposes :
    the program counter beforehand. To stop a
    running program, press RTM (return to • Verify keystrokes.
    monitor, keys 0 and # simultaneously). • Provide information (such as the beep
    Execution of the program will immediately when entering byte values).
    halt, and the MTR light will come on. The • Provide alarm indications (such as a
    operator can now examine registers and CRC error when loading).
    memory locations and may alter them if
    desired. Pressing GO causes execution to The PAM/8 uses the digit decimal points
    resume where it left off. To jump the independently of the values on the digits
    processor to a section of code, press RTM, themselves. As can be seen from photo 1,
    alter the PC register and press GO. some keys have multiple uses. PAM/8 uses
    When a HLT instruction is encountered the decimal points to indicate which use of
    by a user program, the PAM/8 gives a single the key is currently active. When the REG
    alarm beep and execution of the user pro­ or the MEM key is struck, PAM/8 expects
    gram is halted . The PC register points to the an address (or register number). The decimal
    byte following the HLT operation. Pressing points are lit continuously, indicating that
    GO causes execution to resume following the address must be entered and that the
    the HLT opcode. The user can make use of keys 0 through 7 will be taken as address
    breakpoints to debug programs by assem­ values . When the ALTER key is struck,
    bling or patching in HLT operations. PAM/8 displays a rotating pattern on the
    PAM/8 also includes a single instruction decimal points, indicating that a value must
    facility. Each time the SI key is struck, the be entered, and the keys 0 through 7 will be
    instruction pointed to by the program taken as data values.
    counter is executed and the user program "The front panel system must be trans­
    is immediately halted. This works for all parent." In operation, PAM/8 is totally
    8080A instructions except DI (disable transparent to a task program; ie: the pro­
    interrupts) including jumps, subroutine gram need not take any notice of t he pres­
    calls, and other control-transfer instruc­ ence of the PAM/8 system; any existing
    tions. Holding down the SI key causes the 8080A program can run on the H8 without
    execution of an instruction every 400 ms . It change (assuming it is ORGed correctly, and
    is especially instructive to display a register the 10 is compatible). Since PAM/8 is imple­
    and use the SI key to execute instructions mented partially in system software, it does
    one by one while watching the effect these require processor service for operation.
    instructions have on the registers being Normally, PAM/8 uses about 15 percent of
    displayed. the processor's capacity, leaving 85 percent
    "The front panel system must provide for task programs. Most programs are com­
    facilities for communicating with 10 ports." pute bound for very short periods of time,
    To communicate with an 10 port, use and this presents no difficulties. Programs
    the MEM key to enter the 3 digit data which must run at full speed can set a flag
    value and the 3 digit port address as a 6 digit bit in the PAM/8 programmable memory
    memory address. Striking the OUT key area to turn off the front panel, which then
    causes the data value to be output to the gives the task program 100 percent of the

    78 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    Radio Shack's personal computer ~ystem?

    This ad just might make you a believer.

    TRS-80 "Breakthru"
    • TRS-80 microcomputer
    • 12" video display
    You can't beat • Professional keyboard
    the 4K system at • Power supply
    • Cassette tape recorder
    $599 •
    •
    4K RAM, Level-I BASIC
    232-page manual
    • 2 aame cassettes

    ... or the step-up TRS-80 "Sweet 16"


    16K system at • Above, except
    includes 16K RAM
    $899

    ... or the fast TRS-80 "Educator"


    4K/printer system at •Above, except
    includes 4K RAM and

    $1198 screen printer

    ... or the Level-I I TRS-80 "Professional"


    16K/printer/disk •Above, except
    includes 16K RAM ,
    system at disk drive, expansion
    interface, and
    $2385 Level-II BASIC

    So how are you gonna beat the system that

    does this much for this little? No way!

    ... The amazing new TRS-80 "Business"


    32K/Level-l l/2-disk/ •Above, except
    includes 32K RAM,
    line printer system at line printer,
    and two disk drives
    $3874
    Get detai ls and order now at Radio Shack stores and dealers in the USA. Canada, UK, Austra lia. Belgium, Holland, France, Japan.
    Write Radio Shack , Di vision of Tandy Corporation, Dept C-097, 1400 One Tandy Center, rort Worth, Texas 76102. Ask for Catalog TRS-80.

    1tad10 lhaeK
    The biggest name in little computers'
    BYT E Oct ober 1978 79
    processor's capacity. The task program can puter has only one processor, but to a
    then reenable PAM/8 when it desires. being as slow as a human the operations
    "The front panel system must be ver­ appear simultaneous.
    satile." Although a user program need not This division of the work load between
    communicate directly with PAM/8, such two independent tasks, the task time and the
    communication is possible. In general, interrupt time processes gives PAM/8 its
    there is a set of special control bytes in power. For the sake of clarity, the functions
    the PAM/8's programmable memory area of these two tasks will be discussed sepa­
    which can be used to control system opera­ rately and it will be assumed that they are
    tion . For example, a user program can cause truly simultaneous.
    PAM/8 to display any arbitrary segment
    pattern on the LED displays. Likewise, the Interrupt Time
    user program can cause PAM/8 to stop
    The interrupt time task is always running
    refreshing the displays so that the program
    (unless shut off by the user program) and
    can refresh them itself. In general, it is
    has three main jobs:
    possible to totally close down PAM/8
    operations and to have a user program take • Process display refreshing and
    them over, thus totally replacing the PAM/8 updating.
    monitor with a homebrew system. Of • Maintain system clock.
    course, user programs can make use of • Allow user program clock servicing.
    the PAM/8 utility subroutines to com­
    municate with the tape system, read the The most important job of the interrupt
    keypad (with audio feedback and auto time process is to refresh the front panel
    repeat), sound the horn, and so forth. displays. The displays are not latched
    "The front panel system must be inex­ and decoded; the display hardware consists
    pensive." PAM/8 provides powerful features of a 4 bit digit select field and an 8 bit
    at a low cost due to its firmware design. pattern select field. Every interrupt cycle
    The read only memory software handles (2 ms), a segment pattern and digit number
    display decoding and refreshing, keypad are output by the code. The digits are
    debouncing, and all high level functions. refreshed round robin so that each digit
    The necessary hardware consists of the is lit every 18 ms (nine digits at 2 ms each).
    keys, the LED displays, and a few SSI This gives an overall refresh rate of 55 times
    and MSI logic gates. In general, the PAM/8 a second, which is sufficient to eliminate
    design costs less than a good toggle switch flicker . The segment patterns being refreshed
    and lamp panel. are obtained from a 9 byte programmable
    memory area. Each 8 bit byte contains the
    How It Works pattern for a digit (seven segments, one
    decimal point). Every 32 clock interrupts,
    As mentioned above, PAM/8 is a firm­ or about 16 times a second, the 9 byte
    ware system, meaning that its functions are pattern being displayed is updated. The
    implemented by a closely integrated com­ PAM/8 monitor examines flag locations to
    bination of hardware and software. The determine which memory location or
    hardware resides on the front panel circuit register is being displayed and decodes
    board itself, and the software resides in a its value into nine bytes of display bar code.
    1 K read only memory on the processor If a register is being displayed, the program
    board. This read only memory contains a finds its value on the stack where it was
    program which does most of the work for pushed when the clock interrupt occurred.
    the PAM/8 system. Actual hardware was It should be noted that both of these proc­
    used only when the function could not be esses, refreshing and updating, may be con­
    implemented by the program. trolled by a user program . There is a bit
    The central concept in the PAM/8 system for each function allocated in a PAM/8
    is its built-in clock interrupt. When the sys­ control byte; setting the bit causes the
    tem is powered on (or master cleared) function to be discontinued . Most pro­
    PAM/8 sends a command to the panel grams which make use of this feature turn
    control port requesting an interrupt every off display updating, but they leave display
    2 ms. This interrupt interval is derived refreshing turned on. Then the program
    from the system 's crystal clock and is can display any arbitrary pattern by simply
    therefore called the clock interrupt. The placing segment bar patterns into the 9 byte
    presence of this interrupt allows PAM/8 area in memory.
    to perform two processes, or tasks, simul­ The second main job performed by the
    taneously . Of course, they are not actually interrupt time task is the maintenance of
    performed simultaneously, since the com­ the system clock . The PAM/8 mon itor

    80 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    Introducing the personal

    computer you've waited for.

    The Exidy Sorcerer.

    I didn't buy my personal computer un­ I wanted graphics, and the Sorcerer my system grow.
    til I found the one that had all the is super. Its 256 character set-more I wanted a computer that's easy
    features I was looking for. than any other personal computer-in­ enough for children to use. I just con­
    The Exidy Sorcerer does everything I cludes 128 graphic symbols that I can nect my Sorcerer to a video display and
    wanted to do and a few things I never define. a cassette tape recorder, and if I have
    dreamed of. I wanted high resolution video. any questions the easy-to-understand
    It isn't magic. Exidy started with the With 122,880 points in a 512 x 240 Operation and BASIC Porgramming
    best features of other computers, added format, I get the most detailed illustra­ manuals have the answers.
    some tricks of their own, and put it all tions. I wanted to buy from an exper­
    together with more flexibility than ever I wanted to display more informa­ ienced manufacturer. In five years
    before available. Presto! My reasons for tion. The Sorcerer displays 1920 Exidy has become the third largest pro­
    waiting just disappeared. characters in 30 lines of 64 characters ducer of microprocessor-based video
    I wanted pre-packaged programs. -equal to a double-spaced typed page. arcade games.
    Software on inexpensive cassette tapes I wanted a full, professional key­ I wanted to spend less than a
    for the Sorcerer is available from Exidy board. The Sorcerer's 79-key data pro­ thousand bucks. (This is where Exidy
    and many other software makers. cessing keyboard provides designated does a little magic.) My Sorcerer cost
    I wanted user programmability. graphics, the complete ASCII character me $895!
    The Sorcerer's unique plug-in ROM set in upper and lower case, and a Now, what are you waiting for?

    .N
    PAC™ Cartridges contain program­ 16-key numeric pad. Call Exidy for the name of your
    ming languages such as Standard (Altair I wanted memory. The 12k of nearest dealer. (408) 736-2110. Or
    8k •) BASIC, Assembler and Editor (so
    I can develop system software), operat­
    ing systems such as DOS (so I can also
    use FORTRAN and COBOL) and ap­
    plications packages such as Word Pro­
    ROM holds a Power-On Monitor and
    Standard BASIC; the 8k of RAM is in­
    ternally expandable to 32k.
    I wanted expandability. Serial and
    parallel J/Os are built in, and the op­
    Sunnyvale,
    CA, 94086. ,.
    e J:
    write Exidy, 969 W. Maude Ave.,

    inc.
    cessor. tional 6-slot S-100 expansion unit lets
    • Altair is a trademark of Pertee Computer Corp.

    Cir cle 137 on inquiry card . BYTE October 1978 81


    maintains a 16 bit count of the clock inter­ program may be the user program itself , or it
    rupts received. Since this count is updated may be the PAM/8 command processing
    during the clock interrupts, it appears to program.
    task time programs that the location When the system is initialized after power
    "magically" increments itself. Many pro­ up, the task program is the PAM/8 command
    grams , including the task time portion of processor, which continually reads the
    PAM/8 , make use of this counter. keypad for operator commands. Keypad
    The third major job of the interrupt debouncing, key strike verification (beeps)
    time task is the handling of user clock and auto repeat on the keypad are all time
    processing. Normal Iy, PAM/8 returns dependent functions; PAM/8 makes use of
    directly from the clock interrupt so that the system clock to implement them.
    the operation will be transparent to the user When a command is recognized, it is exe­
    program. However, a user program can set cuted immediately. Having the interrupt
    a bit in a PAM/8 control byte requesting time task running simultaneously with the
    that a user subroutine be called during command loop greatly simplifies command
    every clock interrupt. This allows the user processing. For example, pressing the+ key
    to also write task time and interrupt time (when displaying memory) is supposed to
    systems, as well as giving multitasking cause the next location to be displayed.
    capability. All the command processor needs to do is
    to increment the "address being displayed"
    word in memory. Sometime during the
    Task Time Task next 32 clock interrupts the interrupt task
    While all this clock interrupt processing will decode this new address and its con­
    is taking place, the HS is also running a tents, causing the new address and value
    task time program. Task time refers to to be "magically" displayed (after a maxi­
    the "problem solving" program which runs mum wait of 1/6 of a second). In a similar
    when interrupts are not being serviced. manner, the routines to handle the LOAD
    Under the PAM/8 system, the task time and DUMP functions merely update the
    address being displayed word after every
    byte is loaded or dumped; the interrupt
    time task sees to it that the address being
    P.E.T. TM PRODUCTS
    loaded is continuously displayed on the
    panel LEDs.
    SOFTWARE/ACCESSORIES/HARDWARE After reading this discussion, you can
    Memory Expansion!!-31. 743 Bytes Free !-NEECO now has internal memory
    probably guess how the GO command is
    Expansion Boards Ava ilable for your PET! 16K. 24K and 32K Memory implemented : the PAM/8 monitor merely
    Configurations. Call or wr ite NEECO and ask for our 'Free' Software and
    restores the user registers from the stack.
    Hardware Directory. Power up to 32K Bytes' Call NEECO for more info .
    The PC register is restored last, which
    Soltware-NEECO has too many programs to list them all here' Call or causes execution to begin at the specified
    write and ask tor our 'Free' Directory ! ·"Software Authors'·NEECO
    offers 25% Royalties on Pet programs with nationwide distribution'--Ca ll location. The interrupt time task proceeds
    NEECO tor additional information on our 25% Royalty Program. as before, decoding and displaying the
    PET & Peripherals·NEECO otters fast (oft the shelf?) delivery schedules
    selected memory or register contents.
    tor the Pet Computer and Peripheral 2020 Printer. NEECO also otters Should the location or register be altered
    excellent personal & Warranty service'! ! Interested in a Pef? Call and by the running program, the front panel
    request our P.E.T . Into Pak. Fee l tree to cal l and ask quest ions .
    will very quickly (typically in 32 ms) show
    The Music Box· Music Composer and sound effects generator all ows you the change.
    to compose and hear music on your Pet' -Program & Hardware allows
    you to display notes. hear the notes. save pages of music on tape for lat2r
    playback or modification! The Music Box actually displays the notes as a HLT and Return to Monitor
    song or tune is played'-Allows you to add sound effects to your own Pet
    Programs.·Endless Possibil ities'-A ll Cassette Software. plug -in Hardware. So far, we ' ve seen that the interrupt
    and Music Box instructions tor only $49.95' Music Box Fits right inside
    your Pet-No assembly required! Music Box even plays random tunes! time and task time processes don't inter­
    mingle; each keeps to its own. The proc­
    NEECO Dusi Cover- Protect your Pet! Cover your Pet's delicate circuit ry
    and keyboard from dust that can . over time. cause intermittent chip
    essing of the HLT instruction and the RTM
    failures ! Heavy , clear Plast ic Dust Cover shows oft your Pet while (return to monitor) command are exceptions
    protecting it from dust. spil ls. and those inevitable 'Unwanted Sticky to this principle. When a HL T instruction
    fingers' ! Manufactured to last as long as your Pef!. -only $17.95
    is encountered the processor waits with the
    VISA OR MC Phone orders Accepted-·(4% Surcharge on Hardware! program counter pointing to the next byte.
    "' Authoriud PET S~lr.; & Service When the next clock interrupt comes along,
    t&I eGAND ELETlOICS CD. "Guaranteed Delivery" the interrupt processing code takes a look
    248 Bridge Street Area Code (413) Schedules tor all of our at the preceding instruction; if it is a H LT,
    Springfield. Mass. 739-9626 PET Customers . Call
    tor our PET Package .
    the code passes control directly to the
    PAM/8 task time command loop, never

    82 Oc1ober 1978 © BYTE Public.alions Inc Circle 281 on inquiry card.


    ----------------------
    Please send me additional information. University Microfilms
    International
    300 North Zeeb Road
    Dept. P.R.
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    Circle 382 on inquiry card. BYTE Oct obe r 1978 83


    returning to the user program. Naturally , This program simply inputs from the port
    a little bit of cleaning up is performed to assigned to the recalcitrant device into the
    smooth over the abrupt transition from accumulator, then loops back to do it again
    interrupt time to task time. This feature and again. Then all I do is set the PC register
    allows the use of the HLT instruction as a to the L1 address, punch up the accumulator
    breakpoint and also provides transparent for display, and press GO. The value read
    support of the HL T operation. When a pro­ from the port will be continuously displayed
    gram halts, the front panel comes alive, in the A register, even while I adjust the
    and user program execution stops. Striking hardware. By watching the panel displays,
    the GO key causes execution to resume I can instantly see any results of my labors,
    following the HLT instruction. such as, "if I ground this line, will that bit
    The RTM command is a key command come on?"
    executed by pressing the 0 and # keys Another important use for PAM/8 is as an
    simultaneously. This command serves the aid to debugging software. Often I find my­
    purpose of the RUN/HALT switch on self debugging a complex piece of software
    hardware front panels: striking RTM causes that maintains various state flags in memory.
    execution of the user program to cease, and For example, a command completion sub­
    it causes the front panel to become active. routine, which examines characters as they
    The RTM command is implemented by a are entered for valid syntax, is a state de­
    joint hardware and software effort: on a pendent program. As each character is
    hardware level, the pressing of the two keys entered, the program sets flag bits indicating
    causes a clock interrupt to be requested various things such as "two alphabetic char­
    immediately, without waiting through the 2 acters entered," or "have just seen a blank,"
    ms interval. On the software level, the clock etc. When debugging this code, I simply dis­
    interrupt code in PAM/8 checks the keypad play the address (or register) containing the
    for the special RTM key combination. If it is state flags on the front panel. Then, as I
    present, the same process that was used for strike test keys one by one, I can immedi­
    the HLT operation is used: control passes ately judge the program's reaction by
    directly to the PAM/8 task time command examining the state flags. This technique can
    loop, not back to the interrupted user be used to monitor working programs as
    program. well. For example, I have a loader program
    which I use to download programs from
    Using the PAM/8 other computers. It keeps the address cur­
    rently being loaded in the HL register pair.
    The design of recent microcomputer sys­
    By simply displaying this register pair, I can
    tems has shown a trend away from front
    watch the load progress (or fail!).
    panel designs toward the "no front panel"
    A real time front panel can be used for
    monitor. This is being done for a very good
    more than just debugging. The presence of
    reason: a terminal monitor based on pro­
    the displays and keypad provides another
    grammable memory or read only memory is
    channel of communication with the proces­
    much easier to use and is more powerful
    sor, independent of the console terminal.
    than hardware front panels. This fact also
    The displays can be used to indicate any
    applies to the PAM/8 system : a good console
    desired status, and the keypad can be used
    oriented monitor and debugger, such as as a bank of "sense switches," even while the
    Heath's HBUG, is much more convenient for console is being used by the program. For
    debugging programs. This is not to say that example, the BASIC interpreter supports
    PAM/8 does not perform an indispensable commands to control the displays and read
    task, as I will try to show in the following the keypad.
    real life examples.
    A typical experience in the life of a com­
    puter experimenter is the debugging of some Conclusions
    peripheral interface. I've spent many a long
    The PAM/8 front panel system provides
    hour slaving over a processor, trying to make
    an inexpensive and effective "firmware front
    some new device or interface talk to my
    panel" which emulates a complete hardware
    computer. A favorite technique I use for this
    is to enter a 2 statement program into front panel. Its design combines the capa­
    memory : bilities of a true hardware panel with the
    flexibility of firmware and ultimately pro­
    Ll IN <port number>
    vides the user with a greater communications
    JMP Ll
    band width to a personal computer.•

    84 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


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    Circl e 10 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 85
    Sargon, a chess playing program we
    developed for Z-80 machines, solves the
    representation problem through the use of

    First Steps in
    a board array. Move generation is accom­
    plished through a network of routines
    diagrammed in figure 1. The functions of
    the routines are as follows:

    Computer Chess
    GENMOV Generate move routine.
    Generates the move set
    for all of the pieces of a
    given color.
    MPIECE Piece mover routine.

    Programming
    INCHK
    Generates the move set
    for a given piece.
    Check routine.
    Determines whether or
    notthe King is in check.
    PATH Path routine.
    Generates a single pos­
    sible move for a given
    Kathe and Dan Spracklen The fascination of chess gains a new piece along its current
    10832 Macouba Pl dimension with microcomputer chess. No path of motion.
    San Diego CA 92124 longer are the struggles confined to giant AD MOVE Admove routine.
    machines. With the advent of the Chess Adds a move to the
    Mate, Chess Challenger, Boris, and Compu­ move list.
    chess, as well as some custom software CASTLE Castle routine.
    packages, the day of microcomputer chess Determines whether
    has dawned. Writing a program to play castling is legal and
    chess on a small system is no small matter, adds it to the move
    though . Consider just for a start the chal­ list if it is.
    lenge of meaningful! y representing the board ENPSNT En passant routine.
    and its pieces in computer memory: there Tes ts for an en pas­
    are 64 squares, 32 pieces, 6 piece types sant pawn capture and
    and 2 piece colors. Since the machine is a adds it to the move
    microcomputer, storage requirements must lists if it is legal.
    be kept to a minimum. Next comes the job ATTACK Attack routine.
    of moving the pieces. Only when these first Finds all the attackers
    problems of piece representation and move on a given square.
    generation have been solved can the chess ADJPTR Adjust move list point­
    programmer go on to consider strategy. er.
    Links around the second
    move in a double move
    GENMOV - - MPIECE - - PATH (ie: castle or en passant
    pawn capture}.
    - - AOMOVE
    ATKSAV Attack save routine .
    CASTLE ATTACK r-­ PATH
    Saves attacking piece
    value in the attack list
    L_ ATKSAV - - PN CK and increments the
    attack count for that
    ADMOVE
    color piece.
    ADJ PT R PNCK Pin check routine.
    Checks to see if an
    - - ENPSNT r-­ ADMOVE attacking piece is in the
    pinned piece list.
    L_ AOJPTR

    - - INCHK - - ATTACK r- PATH Several of the routines involved are multi­


    purpose routines. Their involvement in move
    L_ ATKSAV - - PNCK generation is incidental to a main function
    elsewhere in the move selection logic. The
    Figure 7: Block structure of the move generation routine of Sargon, the key routines in move generation are MP IECE,
    authors' chess playing program written for Z-80 assembler language. PATH, CASTLE and ENPSNT. Of these,

    86 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


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    Cir cle 172 on inqu iry car d . BYTE October 1978 87
    (a) (b)

    110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 6E 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
    100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 68 6C 60
    90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 5A 58 5C 50 5E 5F 60 61 62 63
    80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
    70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 46 47 48 49 4A 48 4C 40 4E 4F
    60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 3C 30 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 45
    50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 38
    40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 28 29 2A 28 2C 20 2E 2F 30 31
    30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 1E 1F 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
    20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 18 1C 1D
    10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 A 8 C 0 E F 10 11 12 13
    0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    Figure 2: Decimal (a) and hexadecimal (b) representations of the chessboard used in the Sargon program. Each square of the
    board is represented by a single byte in memory. Border squares are assigned a flag value of hexadecimal FF. The use of the
    border simplifies move generation, since it becomes easy to determine when a piece moves off the board.

    MPIECE and PATH will be discussed here. board. If a board square is empty, it has the
    The routines will be described in a language value 00. Thus the board set up for play
    independent narrative. The Z-80 assembler would be as shown in figur e 3.
    code in which they are implemented will
    also be presented and exhaustively com­ Piece Mover Data Base
    mented.
    In order to generate moves for the pieces
    The Board in Memory on the board, data must be maintained to
    describe the possibilities for each piece. This
    The chessboard in memory is an array of is accomplished through the use of three
    120 bytes that can be visualized as in figure tables. Values for the tables are given in
    2. Each square of the board is represented table 1.
    in memory by a single byte. Border bytes
    are assigned a flag value of hexadecimal FF . DIRECT Direction Table.
    The border simplifies move generation, Used to determine the
    About the Authors since it becomes easy to determine when direction of movement
    a piece moves off the board. of each piece.
    Dan and Kathe DPOINT Direction Table Pointer.
    Spracklen are the cre­ The Pieces in Memory Used to determine
    ators of Sargon, the where to begin in the
    microcomputer chess Each piece is represented in memory by direction table for any
    program that won the one byte of data. Th e meaning and function given piece.
    microcomputer chess of the bits are as follows: DCOUNT Direction Table
    tournament at the 7978 Counter.
    West Coast Computer Bit 7 - color of the piece. Used to determine the
    Faire. Dan Spracklen is 1 - Black number of directions
    a 73 year programming 0 - White of movement for any
    veteran. His experience Bit 6 - not used. given piece.
    ranges from scientific Bit 5 - not used .
    simulation programs to Bit4 - castle flag for Kings only. FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
    real time commercial Set if the King has FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
    castled. FF FF
    applications. He is cur­
    Bit 3 ­ moved flag. FF FF
    rently a senior appli­ FF FF
    cations analyst for Set if the piece has
    FF FF
    Sperry-Univac. Kathe moved.
    FF FF
    Spracklen is a graduate Bits 2-0 _ Piece type.
    FF FF
    student in computer 1 Pawn FF FF
    science at San Diego 2 Kn ig ht FF FF
    State University. An 3 Bishop FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
    experienced tourna­ 4 Rook FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
    ment player, Kathe pro­ 5 Queen
    vided the chess back- ' 6 King Figure 3: Representation of the pieces on
    ground for Sargon. their home squares. Pieces are identified by
    The pieces in play occupy squares of the means of unique byte values.

    88 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


    Listing 7: The Sargon move generation routine, written in Z-80 assembly language.

    ;***********************************
    ; EQUATES Equate statements supply symbolic equivalents for the piece
    ~***** * **************************** types and colors.
    PAWN 1
    KNIGHT 2
    BISHOP 3
    ROOK 4
    QUEEN 5
    KING 6
    WHITE 0
    BLACK 80H
    BPAWN BLACK+PAWN
    ;***********************************

    ;TABLES SECTION

    ***********************************

    I
    START:
    Start is the first address in Sargon and should lie on an even

    256 byte page boundary .

    . LOC START+80H Indexing in the Z-80 makes use of an address, contained in

    TB ASE START+lOOH either the IX or IY index registers, plus a displacement. The

    displacement is a signed number +127 to -128 . Thus a 256

    byte area of memory centered on the index address is access­

    ible. For this reason TEASE is placed in the middle of the

    tahies section.

    ;***********************************
    ;DIRECT - DIRECTION TABLE
    ;***********************************
    DIRECT .-TEASE The value of "." is the current program counter. Direct is

    now the displacement of the direction table from the table

    base. So if the value of TEASE is loaded in the IY index

    register, "DIRECT(Y)" will reference the first element in

    the direction table.

    .BYTE+ 09,+ 11,-11,-09 Diagonal directions used for Bishop, Queen, and King .

    .BYTE+ 10,-10,+ 01,-01 Rank and file directions used for Rook, Queen, and King .

    .BYTE -21,-12,+08,+ 19 Knight move directions .

    .BYTE+ 21,+ 12,-08,-19


    .BYTE+ 10,+ 10,+ 11,+ 09 White pawn directions including two forward moves and

    two diagonal moves for captures.

    .BYTE -10,-10,-11,-09 Black pawn directions.

    ;***********************************
    ;DPOINT-DIRECTION TABLE POINTER
    ;***********************************
    DPOINT .-TEASE Displacement from table base.

    .BYTE 20,16,8,0,4,0,0 Starting point in direction table. In the order BP, WP, N, B,

    ;*********************************** R,Q,K.

    ;DCOUNT-DIRECTION TABLE COUNTER


    i***********************************
    DCOUNT .-TEASE
    .BYTE 4,4,8,4,4,8,8 Number of directions to use from table. In the same order

    as DPOINT.

    ;***********************************

    ;BOARD - BOARD ARRAY

    ***********************************

    I
    BOARD .-TEASE
    The board array consists of 120 bytes in memory.

    BOARDA .BLKB 120

    ;***********************************

    ;TABLE INDICES SECTION

    .·***********************************
    .LOC START+O

    Uses the area of memory between START and START+80H.

    Ml: .WORD TEASE These indices are used to index in to the various tables. Since

    M2: .WORD TEASE TEASE is on an even boundary, its address is of the form

    M3: .WORD TEASE XXOO, where XX depends on the load address. The table

    M4: .WORD TB ASE address needed for a particular routine is formed by storing

    Tl: .WORD TB ASE a one byte value in the 00 portion. Since addresses are stored

    T2: .WORD TB ASE in memory with the low order byte first, XXOO would be

    T3: .WORD TEASE stored as OOXX. Then changing the 00 portion is simply a

    matter of storing a one byte value in the index.

    ;***********************************
    ;VARIABLES SECTION
    ;***********************************
    Pl: .BYTE 0 Working storage area to hold the contents of the board array

    P2: .BYTE 0 for a given square.

    P3: .BYTE 0
    ;***********************************
    ;PIECE MOVER ROUTINE
    ;***********************************
    MPIECE: XRA M Gets the piece to be moved into register A. In GENMOV,

    the routine which calls MPIECE, the piece value in register A,

    had been exclusive ORed with COLOR, the color of the

    piece to determine whether or not to call MPIECE. Another

    exclusive OR restores the piece.

    ANI 87H This clears all the flag bits and leaves just piece type and

    color.

    CPI BPAWN Is it a Black pawn?

    October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 89


    Listing 7, continued (Listing 7 is concluded on page 95):

    JRNZ MP2 No-Skip.


    DCR A Decrement, making piece type a 0 for a Black pawn.
    MP2: ANI 7 Clears color bit and leaves just the piece type.
    STA Tl This is the first step in forming the index into DPOINT and
    DCOUNT. Tl contains the value of TBASE (XXOO) stored
    in low-high order (OOXX). After storing the piece type
    (0-6) in Tl, it contains the address of TBASE +TYPE.
    LIYD Tl This operation loads the entire TBASE + TYPE address into
    the IY index register.
    MOV B,DCOUNT(Y) DCOUNT is the displacement from TBASE to the start
    of the direction count table. So DCOUNT + TBASE is
    the starting address of the direction count table. Then
    DCOUNT(Y) is:
    DCOUNT + CONTENTS IY Register

    DCOUNT + TBASE +TYPE (0-6)

    START OF TABLE+ TYPE (0-6)

    This move instruction pulls the direction count for the given
    piece type and places it in register B.
    MOV A,DPOINT(Y) Similarly, this instruction pulls the direction table pointer for
    the given piece type and places it in register A.
    STA INDX2 The direction table pointer will be used to index into the
    LIYD INDX2 direction table.
    MP5: MOV C,DIRECT(Y) Gets the direction and places it in register C.
    LDA Ml Gets the "from" position which was stored in Ml in
    GENMOV.
    STA M2 Save in M2 to form the address of the current position.
    MPlO: CALL PATH Generate a single move in the given direction.
    CPI 2 Did the moving piece encounter a piece of the same color,
    or is new position off the board?
    JRNC MP15 Jump if yes to either question. No move to add to move
    list. Ready for new direction.
    ANA A Was the square moved to empty?
    EXAF Save the answer to this question by swapping flag register
    for alternate flag register.
    LDA Tl Get type of moving piece.
    CPI PAWN+l Is it a pawn?
    JRC MP20 If so, jump to special pawn handling logic. PAWN+l is equal
    to the number 2. A White pawn would be of type 1 while a
    Black pawn would have type set to 0. In either case the
    carry flag would be set upon a comparison to a value of 2.
    CALL AD MOVE Valid move, so add it to the move list.
    EXAF Restore the answer to the empty square question.
    JRNZ MP15 If it is not empty, go get ready for next direction. No further
    moves are possible in this direction.
    LDA Tl Get piece type. Some pieces may only make one move in a
    given direction.
    CPI KING The King is such a piece. Is this piece a King?
    JRZ MP15 If so, go get ready for a new direction.
    CPI BISHOP Compare piece type to a Bishop.
    JRNC MPlO If piece type is bishop or greater (ie: Bishop, Rook, or
    Queen) go make another move in this same direction.
    MP15: INX y Increment direction index for next direction in the direction
    table.
    DJNZ MP5 Decrement the direction count (in register B). If count is
    not yet 0, go back and repeat this process for the new direc­
    tion. Otherwise all of the directions have been considered.
    LDA Tl Fetch piece type again.
    CPI KING Is it a King?
    CZ CASTLE If so, call castle to add it to the move list if legal.
    RET Return to GENMOV.
    ;***********PAWN LOGIC************
    MP20: MOV A,B Get the number of move directions left to consider. If this
    is the first direction, register A =4.
    CPI 3 Are there three directions left to look at?
    JRC MP35 A carry on this compare indicates a diagonal move. If so,
    branch to diagonal logic.
    JRZ MP30 Equality on this compare indicates a forward move of two
    squares.
    Branch to check for legality.
    EXAF Otherwise this is a forward move of one square. Restore the
    answer to the empty square question.
    JRNZ MP15 If the square is not empty, this is not a valid move. Go check
    the next direction.
    LDA M2 Get the "to" position of the move.
    CPI 91 Is it on the last rank and therefore a promotion of a White
    pawn?
    JRNC MP25 If so, go set promotion flag.
    CPI 29 Otherwise, is it on the first rank and therefore a promotion
    of a Black pawn?
    JRNC MP26 If no, skip setting flag.
    MP25: LXI H,P2 Load the address of the promotion flag.
    SET 5,M Set the flag (bit 5 of P2).

    90 October 1978 © BYTE Publicat ions Inc


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    I
    I Reasons To
    I

    I
    The subroutines in Sargon that handle
    the actual move generation rely heavily
    ; Always Choose I on the indexing capabilities of the Z-80
    microprocessor. For th is purpose several
    I Computer 1 sets of indices are maintained to access

    II Enterprises: I
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    elements of the tables. The piece mover
    routines depend especially on the following
    groups of indices.
    1. Quality Merchandise I
    1 2. Lowest Prices I Ml-M4 Working indices used to
    1 index into the board array.
    I 3. NEW! No-Risk Guarantee I Tl - T3 Working indices used to
    I I index into direction count,
    1 Take A Look At I direction value, and piece

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    1 1
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    PATH and MPIECE include:
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    I ply. Requires daisy chain cable. 510 491 I
    • DISKETTES
    1081·05 Package of 5
    I DPOINT (a)
    I Micropolis diskettes (5-v.'') for
    use with both Mod I and Mod
    I
    I II drives. 33 32 I 0 +09 +11 -11 -09
    I DAISY CHAIN CABLES ANO ACCESSORIES
    1083·02 Daisy chain int erface
    I 4
    8
    +10
    -21
    -1 0
    -12
    +01
    +08
    -01
    +19
    I cable 8, with 3 connectors for I 12 +21 +12 -08 -19
    use with 2 storage modules at- 16 +10 +10 +11 +09
    I tached to controller. 33 32 I 20 -10 -10 -11 -09
    • 1083-04 Daisy chain interface I
    cable D, with 5 connectors for
    I use with 4 storage modules at­ I (b)
    tached to controller. 61 59
    I
    I I Piece Type DPOINT DCOUNT
    I NO-RISK GUARANTEE :
    I Cancellation With No Ob liga tion If WE Don"t Deliver In 90 I Black Pawn
    White Pawn
    20
    16
    4
    4
    Days
    I Full Satisfaction Or You May Return Product I Knight
    Bishop
    8 8
    Plus All Manufacturers' factory Guarantees 0 4
    I Rook 4 4
    I I Queen 0 8
    King 0 8
    I Shipping charges: SIO per CPU on larger un i1 s; $1.50 per kit. $2.00 min.
    per order. I•
    I Delivery is stock to 30 days on most items. S hi pment is immed iate for
    payment by cash ier's check, money orde r or charge card. Allow J weeks

    I for personal checks to clear. N.Y. State residents add approp. sales lax. Table 7: Direction table (a) and direction
    Availability, prices and specs may change without notice.
    1 table pointer and counter (b). In order to
    I I generate moves for the chess pieces, data
    I Operating Hours: I describing the possibilities for each piece is
    I M-W 10·5 EST . I kept in table 7a. Table 7b shows the direc­
    TH-F 10-9 EST .
    I Closed Sat. & Sun. I tion table pointer, which tells where to
    I I start in the table for a given piece, and the
    direction table counter, which determines
    I P 0. Box 71 Fayettevi lle, N.Y 13066 I the number of directions of movement for
    I Phone (315) 637-6208 Today! I a given piece.
    •
    92
    -------------------
    October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 70 on inquiry card .
    KN I GHT BEGINS AT WHITE'S QB3
    DECIMAL BOARD ARRAY INDEX = 43

    SMOKE SIGNAL BROADCASTING'S


    Direction
    Table
    Values
    Direction
    Calculation
    New
    Board Array
    Index
    Resulting
    Square
    M-16A STATIC MEMORY SYSTEM

    -21 43 - 21 22 ON1
    IS NOW BEING OFFERED AT A NEW

    -12
    + 08
    43 -
    43 +
    12
    08
    31
    51
    OR2
    OR4
    LOW PRICE OF $379 .00 - $150.00 LOWER

    + 19 43 + 19 62 ON5
    + 21 43 + 21 64 05 THAN EVER BEFORE!

    +12 43 + 12 55 K4
    - 08 43 - 08 35 K2
    -19 43 - 19 24 01

    Figure 4: Generating all the possible Knight


    moves from the Queen Bishop 3 (QB3)
    square. The Knight is piece type 2 (see text)
    and has a DPOINT (direction table pointer)
    value of 8 and a DCOUNT (direction table
    counter) value of 8 also. So in generating
    the Knight's moves, DIRECT+8 will be the
    starting point in the direction table, and
    8 values will be used: -2 7, - 72, +08, +79,
    +27, +72, -08 and -79. The Knight starts
    at White's QB3 square, which is square 43
    {see figure 2a, decimal representation).
    Thus the first possible Knight move is FEATURES:
    43 - 27 = 22 (QN7}, and so on. •SWTPC 6800 Plug Compatible
    •STATIC - No refresh required
    •Allows SWTPC 6800 expansion to 48K
    Sample Move Generation •Low Power
    •Uses Single +8 Volt Supply
    Suppose a Knight occupies the QB3
    square. A Knight is piece type 2 and has a The M-16A STATIC random access memory system,
    DPOINT of 8 and a DCOUNT of 8 (see with a total storage capacity of 16834 words of 8 bits
    table 1 b). So in generating the Knight's each, is switch selectable to any 4K starting address,
    moves, DIRECT + 8 will be the starting and a hardware write protect switch is also included.
    point in the direction table and 8 values The system's storage elements are 4K by 1 STATIC
    will be used. Those values are -21, - 12, memory chips which store 4 times as much in only
    +08, +19, +21, +12, -08, and -19. The 12% more space than the low power 2102's. Typical
    Knight starts at White's QB3, which is access time is fast enough to work with a 6800 based
    square 43 (see figure 2a, decimal repre­ computer operating at 2 MHz and all systems are
    sentation). Thus the first possible Knight factory tested at 2 MHz.
    move is 43 - 21 = 22. Now 22 is QNl,
    so the first Knight move returns the Knight Send for FREE NEW

    to its starting square. Figure 4 summarizes Computer Products Catalog

    all possible Knight moves from QB3. includes our complete line of 6800

    Move Generation-
    Super Software products .

    The Algorithms Explain~d


    SM[Ol.Er SI(IJrNfJJ~, BB.O~.JJ)~J.S1Il(IJr
    Move generation is controlled by GEN­
    MOV, which scans the board array and
    ~
    -;
    z ·. :_,\ 6304 Yucca/Hollywood, CA 90028
    •;-
    ~ . ·­ (213) 462-5652
    calls MPIECE for each piece encountered .

    Circle 320 on inquiry card. October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 93


    Then MPl ECE, the piece mover routine, of the "to" position of the piece. Flag
    generates all possible legal moves for that values are:
    piece (moves that place the King in check 0 "to" position is empty.
    are eliminated later in the program). The 1 "to" position contains a piece
    piece is brought in from memory. It is a of the opposite color.
    one byte data value, as previously discussed, 2 "to" position contains a piece
    which contains piece type, flags and color.
    of the same color.
    The flags are deleted from the piece before
    3 "to" position is off the board.
    checking for type. Basic piece types are
    indicated by values from 1 to 6. Except for PATH accomplishes its task by fetching
    pawns, White and Black pieces move alike. the "from" position, adding the direction
    So a special case is needed for the Black counter, and storing the result as the "to"
    pawn. If the given piece is a Black pawn, position. It then uses the "to" position to
    the piece type is decremented, making it form an index into the board array. The cur­
    type 0. rent contents of the square are fetched. If
    The type of the piece, now one from the square contains hexadecimal FF, it is
    Oto 6, is used as an index into the DCOUNT, off the board. The off board flag is set and
    direction table count, and DPOINT, direc­ control is returned to MPIECE.
    tion table pointer arrays. The values for the If the square is on the board, the contents
    given piece are fetched. The direction table of the square are saved in memory location
    pointer is then used as an index into P2. The color and flag bits are then cleared
    DIRECT, the direction table, and the first and the remaining piece type is saved in T2.
    move direction is fetched. The "from" If the square is empty, control is returned
    position of the piece is the square on which to MPIECE with the flag value still set to 0.
    the piece currently stands. This "from" Otherwise the color of the piece on the "to"
    board index and the direction table value square is compared with that of the moving
    are passed as parameters to the routine piece. The appropriate flag is set to indicate
    PATH. whether or not the pieces are of the same
    PATH generates the move indicated color, and control is returned to MPIECE .
    and returns a flag which describes the status Upon return from PATH, piece mover

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    94 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc Circle 302 on inquiry card.
    checks to see if the square is occupied by the answer to the empty square question is
    a piece of the same color or is off the board. recovered. If the square is empty and the
    If so, this cannot be a legal move, so a check piece is a Bishop, Rook, or Queen, it is
    for further moves must follow a new d irec­ possible to continue moving in the same
    tion. Otherwise a check is made to see if the direction. In this case control passes back
    square is empty. The answer is saved. A to the call to PATH for another move in
    check is made to see if the piece being that direction. Kings and Knights may make
    moved is a pawn. If so, control is passed only one move in a given direction.
    to the special pawn logic. Otherwise the When the time comes to consider a new
    move generated must be added to the move direction of movement for the piece, the
    list. ADMOVE is called for the job. After index into the direction table is incremented.
    the move has been added to the move list, DCOUNT, the number of directions to con-

    Listing 7, continued:

    MP26: CALL AD MOVE Add this move to the move list.

    INX y Increment direction index for two square move direction.

    DCR B Decrement the direction count.

    LXI H,Pl Load the address where the piece was saved.

    BIT 3,M Check the flag in the piece which tells whether it has moved

    before.

    JRZ MPIO If the pawn has never moved, go generate a second forward

    move. (The pawn can move two squares on the first move.)

    JMP MP15 Otherwise go get new direction, skipping second forward

    move.

    ;********MOVE 0 F 2 SQUARES********
    MP30: EXAF Restore the answer to the empty square question.

    JRNZ MP15 If the square is not empty, this is not a valid move. Go check

    the next direction.

    MP31: CALL ADMOVE Otherwise add this move to the move list.

    JMP MP15 Go check the next direction.

    ;*********DIAGONAL MOVE**********
    MP35: EXAF Restore the answer to the empty square question.

    JRZ MP36 If the square is empty, it is not a normal pawn capture.

    Go try en passant.

    LDA M2
    Get the "to" position of the move.

    CPI 91
    If the board index is 91 or greater, this is the last rank and

    a White pawn promotion.

    JRNC MP37 If so, go set promote flag.

    CPI 29 Otherwise, if the board index is less than 29, this is the first

    rank and a Black pawn promotion.

    JRNC MP31 If not, just go add the move to the move list.

    MP37: LXI H,P2 Load the address of the promotion flag.

    SET 5,M Set the flag (bit 5 of P2), and go add the move to the move

    JMPR MP31 list.

    ;*****DIAGONAL SQUARE EMPTY*****


    MP36: CALL ENPSNT Check for possible en passant capture and add it to the

    move list if legal.

    JMP MP15 Go check the next direction.

    ;***********************************
    ;PATH ROUTINE
    ;***********************************
    PATH : LXI H,M2 Get the address of the location where the "from" position

    was stored.

    MOV A,M
    Get the "from" position from that memory location.

    ADD c
    Add in the direction from the direction table, giving the

    11
    to 11 position.
    MOV M,A Use "to" position to form an index into the board array.

    LIXD M2 Load the board index.

    MOV A,BOARD(X) Get the contents of the board at the "to" square.

    CPI OFFH Is the "to" position off the board?

    JRZ PA2 If so, go set off-board flag.

    STA P2 Save contents of the board at "to" square.

    ANI 7 Isolate piece type.

    STA T2 Save piece type.

    RZ Return if the square is empty. The flag value is returned in

    the A register and it is already 0.

    LDA P2
    Get piece again.

    LXI H,Pl
    Load the address of the moving piece.

    XRA M
    Compare the pieces.

    BIT 7,A
    Check to see if the colors match. If so, after the exclusive

    OR the color bit will be 0.

    JRZ PAI
    If they match, go set match flag.

    MVI A,!
    Otherwise, set different color flag and return.

    RET

    ;***********SAME COLOR************

    MVI A,2
    Set same color flag and return.
    RET

    ;************OFF BOARD************

    MVI A,3
    Set off-board flag and return.
    RET

    October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 95


    sider, is decremented. When DCOUNT legal castling moves. Then control is returned
    reaches zero, all the moves for the piece to GENMOV.
    have been generated. If the piece involved All that remains is to discuss the special
    is the King, a call to castle will add any pawn logic. Pawns are peculiar in that they
    capture diagonally, but move straight ahead .

    They also have the option of moving one or

    STA RT two squares forward on their first move.

    Furthermore, if they reach the eighth and


    final rank, they may be promoted to another
    piece. Sargon always promotes its own
    pawns to Queens. A flag in variable P2 indi­
    OECRE~E!IT
    cates pawn promotion.
    YES
    PIECE
    The pawn logic in MPIECE first checks
    TYPE

    to see if the direction of movement is along


    a diagonal. If so, the square must be occu-

    GET
    DPO INT ANO
    DCOUNT FOR
    PIECE T Y PE

    - -­ c

    YES GET
    " ro ·
    POSIT I ON

    RETURN NO

    Note: The authors' complete Sargon


    chess playing program is available in
    book form. The documentation in­
    cludes a complete Z-80 listing with
    detailed comments. The price is $ 75
    from Dan and Kathe Spracklen, 70832
    Macouba Pl, San Diego CA 92724, or
    Figure 5: Flowchart of the piece mover routine, MPIECE. from local computer stores for$ 77. 95.

    96 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


    pied by an enemy piece. It may also be pos­ Circle 383 on inquiry card.
    sible to move to the eighth rank in capturing,
    so pawn promotion must be considered here
    as well. Another type of diagonal pawn
    move is the en passant capture. It must be
    considered by a call to ENPSNT. Finally it
    is time to consider a new direction, as is
    +
    done for the other piece types. U.S. ROBOTICS TELETYPE
    If, however, the direction of movement SERIES-JOO MODEMS MODEL 43
    300 BAUD
    is forward, the "to" square must be empty. 103/113 COMPAT IBLE 10 OR 30 CHAR/SEC
    ACOUSTIC/HARDWIRE VERSIONS 132 COLUMNS
    Pawn promotion must be checked for on ORIGINATE/ ANSWER VERSIONS UPPER/LOWER CASE
    forward moves. If the piece has never
    U.S. Robotics now combines the price/performance leader in 300 Baud Modems
    moved before, another move in the same with the price/performance leader in hardcopy terminals to bring you telepri nter
    direction is a possibility. Otherwise it is capability at incredible package prices.
    time to consider a new direction . Figures USR ·310 Originate Acoustic Coupler+ Teletype Model 43 KSR = Sl 195
    USR·330 Originate/ Auto·Answer f CC Certified Modem
    5 and 6 are flowcharts of MPl ECE and +Teletype Model 43 KSR = S1365
    PATH, respectively. USR-320 Auto-Answer FCC Certified Modem+ Teletype Model 43 RO = Sl215
    Stand alone modems and teletype available ,
    Teletype 43 KSR with RS232C . __ .. _. . . . . • • . . . . . . • • • . . . . . _S 1095
    The Other Move Generation Routines USR ·310 Originate Acoustic Couple r
    (Operates with any standard telephone) . . .. S139
    The move generation driver is G ENMOV, Direct1 Telco2
    Connect OAA
    the generate move routine. The basic func­ Style Style
    USR-330 Originate/Auto ·Answer Modem S324 Sl 85
    tion of GENMOV is to generate the move USR-320 Auto·Answer Modem . _. . . . . . . . . . . . • • S299 Sl 60
    set for all pieces of a given color. It scans l'f.C.C. Certified Package. Connection to phone lines via standard extension phone
    jack I
    the board checking for a piece of the same ('Connection to phone lines via CBS-1001f OAAwhich can be leased from phone
    color and calls MPIECE, the piece mover company for approximately S5.00/mo . plus installation fee.I
    Interfaces for stand alone modems,

    routine. USR -3 10 - RS232C only

    CASTLE and ENPSNT are also key USR-320 and USR-33 0 - RS232C and 20 ma.

    (Specify wilh order. II bolh inlerfaces are required. add SlO to unit price .)
    routines in move generation. CASTLE All products include a 90 day warranty and option1l 1nnu1I maintenance package. Add 11/,

    checks the legality of both King side and shipping and handling in the continental U.S.

    Illinois residents add 5•1, Salu Tax.

    Queen side castling. It adds them to the


    U.S. ROBOTICS. INC.

    move list if legal. Basic checks must 2440 N. Lincoln/Chicago. IL 60614/(312) 528-9045

    include:

    Has King moved?

    Is King in check?

    Has Rook moved?

    LSl-11 TIME

    Are the intervening squares empty?

    Are any squares that the King passes

    through under attack?

    ENPSNT checks for any en passant pawn


    captures and adds them to the move list if
    legal. The tests must include:

    On the fifth rank? It's TIME you brought your LSl-11 up to DATE. TIME and
    Was previous move the first move for DATE, two important parameters in the computer world, are
    the enemy pawn? available to your LSl-11 on one DUAL SIZE BOARD. When
    Is the enemy pawn on an adjacent file? requested, the TCU-500 will present you with the date (month
    and day), time (hour and minutes) , and seconds. Turn your
    computer off and forget about the time - your battery sup­
    INCK, the check routine, performs the
    ported TCU-500 won't, not for 3 months anyway. The correct
    function of determining whether or not the date and time will be there when you power up.
    King is in check. The basic method used is
    to scan outward from the King looking for The TCU-500 is shipped preset to your local time, but can be set
    to any time you want by a simple software routine.
    attackers, by calling ATTACK.
    The attack routine finds all attackers on
    a given square by scanning outward from the AT $295

    square until one of the following occurs: YOU CAN'T AFFORD TO IGNORE TIME

    Time is only one way we can help you upgrade your LSI-11 or
    A piece is found that attacks this
    POP-11 system. We'd also like to tell you about the others. So
    square.
    contact Digital Pathways if you're into -1 l's. We are too.
    A piece is found that doesn't attack

    th is square.

    The edge of the board is reached.

    Circle 89 on inquiry card. October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 97


    In the case where this routine is called by 3 MLTOP - Move list to posi­
    Note: Next month the CASTLE or INCHK, the rout ine is termi­ tion.
    authors discuss their nated as soon as an attacker of the oppo­ The board position to which
    Sargon Exchange Eval­ site color is encountered. the piece is moving.
    uator. ADMOVE adds a move to the move list. 4 MLFLG - Move list fl ags.
    The move list is a linked list. Each move in 5 MLVAL - Move list valu e.
    the move list is stored in a 6 byte area. The Contains the score assigned to
    meaning of each byte is as follows: the move in evaluation.

    O&l MLPTR - Move list pointer. It is hoped that this introductory discus­
    A pointer to the next move sion will assist potenti al chess programmers
    in the move list. Used to in getting started. With the essentials of
    facilitate sorting the list. move generation out of the way, the fun
    2 MLFRP - Move list from posi­ part of evaluation can begin.•
    Figure 6: Flowchart of the tion.
    PA TH routine, which per­ The board position from which BIBLIOGRAPHY
    forms the actual move the piece is moving.
    of the piece. In writing Sargon, it was our original intention
    START to put together the first version without any
    research into the attempts made by others. In
    this respect Sargon is a unique creation. After
    competing in the Second West Coast Computer
    Faire, we began to investigate some of the litera­
    ture. This bibliography presents some of the
    references we found most helpful, together with
    our evaluations.

    1. Michie, Donald, On Machine Intelligence,


    Edinburg University Press, 1974.
    Michie's book provides an excellent treatment
    of exchange evaluation. He uses the concept of
    an exchange polynomial for accurately deter­
    min ing the outcome of battles engaged on the
    board. The basic approach we used in XCHNG,
    the Sargon exchange evaluator, turned out to
    be surprisingly similar . Sargon ' s approach,
    however, is far less computationally com­
    plex. We highly recommend this reference to
    anyone planning to write a chess program
    without look-ahead.

    YE S SET OFF
    BOARD RETURN 2. Samuel, A L, "Some Studies in Machine Learn­
    FLAG ing Using the Game of Checkers. 11-Recent
    Progress," IBM Journal, November 1967.
    Samuel provides a complete though some­
    t imes difficult treatment of alpha-beta pruning.
    SAVE PIECE One of the few articles we encountered before
    AND writing Sargon, Samuel's article is the basis
    P IECE TYPE for the tree search used in the Sargon program .

    3. Fine, Reub in, Ideas Behind the Chess Openings,


    David McKay, New York, 1943.
    YES Fine's book makes a great starting point for
    RETU RN
    anyone contemplating the addition of an
    opening book . Although Fine does not present
    enough lines of play for a co mplete book, it
    does provide a good ori entation to other
    references.

    4. Chernev, Irving, Practical Chess Endings, Dover


    Publications, New York, 1961.
    Perhaps the greatest weakness we've seen in
    NO YES microcomputer chess programs is the play of
    the endgame. Chernev's book presents a mar­
    velously readable introduction to this phase of
    SET SET the game.
    OPPOSITE SAME
    COLOR COLOR 5. Kmoch, Hans, Pawn Power in Chess, D McKay
    FLAG FLAG
    Company, New York, 1959.
    Alas, too many microcomputer chess programs
    shoot out pawns like photon torpedoes. Kmoch
    RE1U RN provides an excellent introduction to what
    constitutes good pawn structure.

    98 October 1978 © BYTE Publications In c


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    Circle 26 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 99


    Linear Circuit Analysis

    Leonard H Anderson Circuit analysis programs are valuable


    10048 Lanark St Editor's Note: tools that can tel I you how a circuit will
    Sun Valley CA 91352 work before you build it - "paper bread­
    Readers wishing to obtain more de­
    boards" in effect that don't require any
    tails about the electrical concepts dis­
    component purchases, expensive equipment
    cussed in this article will find a concise
    or debugging time spent on the bench. Anal­
    treatment of complex impedance and
    ysis programs fall into two general cate­
    related topics in The Radio Amateur's
    gories : frequency domain and time domain.
    Handbook published by the American
    Presented here are the fundamentals of a
    Radio Relay League, Newington CT
    frequency domain linear analysis program.
    R =entered resistance in 0617 7. For a good programmed /earn­
    ohms. In practice, linear analysis means that no
    ing introduction to electricity and DC
    L =entered inductance in
    active devices are operated at saturation or
    henries.
    circuits, see Basic Electricity and DC
    cutoff. Frequency domain tells us what cir­
    C = entered capac itance in Circuits by Oliva and Dale, published
    farads. cuits do at different frequencies, a type of
    I = entered current in
    by Texas Instruments Inc, POB 5072,
    analysis well-suited to model amplifiers, fil ­
    amperes.
    Dallas TX 75222.
    F =solution frequency in ters and operational amplifier circuits oper­
    hertz. ating over any desired frequency range. You
    can make voltage and impedance readings at
    Branch Plus Minus any point in the circuit without experiencing
    Type Node Node Calculation of Admittance the loading problems that can occur with
    conventional equipment.
    Resistor
    • 'VV'
    • Y = (1/R) + jO Because of the variations in small com­
    puter systems, primarily in memory, no spe­
    Capacitor • )J • Y = 0 + j(2rrFC) cific language is given. All of the necessary
    flowcharts are presented along with neces­
    Inductor ~ Y =O - j[1/(2rrFLl) sary mathematical operations. You will need
    the four basic floating point functions plus
    Series R L ~ Y = R/(R2 + X2) - j[X/(R2 + X2) ] array handling (single dimension arrays are
    X = 2rrFL acceptable, but two-dimensional arrays are
    preferred) and at least arctangent and loga­
    rithmic functions.
    Series RC y = R/(R2 + x2) + j[X/(R2 + x2) ] Matrix operations are done but you don't
    X = 1 /(2rrFC) need BASIC MAT functions; the matrix is
    fully explained later. Using charts and ex­
    planations, you can write the program in any
    Series LC Y = 0 + j [XI (1 - 2 1T F LX l I form from assembler to BASIC and higher
    X = 2rrFC languages. Assembler will work faster since
    this is a "number crunching" pr ogram. The
    main constraints are memory and the ability
    Paral lel R L Y = (1/R) - j[1/(2rrFLl)
    to hold many arrays in main memory.

    Parallel RC Y = (1/R) + j(21rFC) Modeling the Circuit

    Parallel LC Y = 0 + j [ (2rrFCl - (1/2rrFUI Each component of a circuit with two


    connections is called a branch. Connection
    Current generator Y = I+ jO points are called nodes. Several branches can
    be connected to the same node. Signal
    Current generator Y = lcosine(el + j[l sine(el]
    sources are also branches; these have specific
    withe
    requirements in node descriptions and are
    covered later.
    Table 1: Admittance calculations for simple branches. On both of the gener­ Table 1 shows the basic branch types
    ators the direction of electron flow is shown by the arrow. with only two nodes. The complex number

    100 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


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    admittance value is also given; the program This requires two floating point numbers for
    is required to calculate the admittance as every complex number. The lefthand num­
    part of analysis. ber is called the real component and the
    righthand number, separated by the j, is
    Review of Complex Numbers called the imaginary component. Don't let
    the imaginary term fool you - it is very real.
    If you are unfamiliar with complex num­ The naming comes from mathematical nota­
    ber notation or admittance, some review is tion. [Note that electronics applications use
    necessary before beginning any programming. j instead of the mathematical symbol i to
    Complex numbers exist in either rectangular avoid confusion with the symbol for current
    or polar form; rectangular form is used here. . .. BWL]
    Admittance is the reverse of impedance.
    You may be more familiar with impedance
    and the notation:
    Complex Number Arithmetic
    Z = R + jX
    The rules for rectangular form arithmetic are shown in the table
    with X being reactance, either positive or
    below. Note that division and inversion have equal value denominators
    negative. Admittance is :
    for both real and imaginary parts. Finding the denominator first in the
    division routine will increase computational speed. Note also that in­
    Y = G + jB
    verting (C + jD) is equal to dividing (A + jB) by (C +jD) and setting A
    at unity and B at zero.
    with G being conductance and B suscep­
    Actual test equipment such as oscilloscopes present magnitude
    tance, either positive or negative. The rela­
    and phase angle. This is the polar form, and conversion is as follows:
    tionship Y = 1/Z is true but there are special
    rules governing complex number mathe­
    Given rectangular form A + jB,
    matics. These rules are summarized in the
    magnitude =MA GN =A + B and
    text box on complex number arithmetic.
    phase angle= PHA = (B/A).
    The circuit to be analyzed is converted
    into a model for the computer by copying
    Conversion from polar to rectangular form is:
    each component as a branch . Each branch
    has two node numbers corresponding to con­
    Given polar form MAGN at angle PHA,
    nections in the circuit. All nodes above
    real part= MAGN x cosine (PHA) and
    ground must have sequential numbering, be­
    imaginary part= MAGN x sine (PHA).
    ginning with 1, but the node numbers may
    be in arbitrary positions. A ground node is
    Trigonometric functions in the language will determine whether angles
    signified by 0.
    are in radians or degrees. Most are in radians. The conversion factor
    from radians to degrees is: A complete set of branch descriptions
    comprises a circuit list. The circuit list we
    Degrees= 57.29577957 x radians. use requires three integer values and two
    floating point values to completely define a
    Given Complex Numbers of (A+ jB) and (C + jD)
    node. The three integer values are for the
    connections to other nodes and for indicat­
    Addition: ing what number node we are presently at.
    (A+ jB) + (C + jD) =(A+ C) + j(B + D) The two floating point values define the
    complex admittance of the branch. To be
    Subtraction:
    useful, the minimum number of branches
    (A+ jB) - (C + jD) =(A - Cl+ j(B - D) available should be at Ieast 20.
    You will notice that signal sources are
    Multiplication:
    currents and not voltages. This and use of
    (A+ jB) X (C + jD) =(AC - BO)+ j(AD +BC) admittances are deliberate in the solution
    Division:
    of a node voltage. Consideration of node
    voltage solutions is important for our
    (A+ jB)
    (C + jD)
    c [AC+ BO]
    c2 + 02 -
    . [AD-
    J c2 +
    sq
    o2J
    analysis.

    Fundamental Circuit Matrix


    Inversion:

    IC ~ ~ [c2 ~ 02] - [A2~ o2l


    A simple resistor network is shown in fig­
    jD ) j ure 1. This circuit can be analyzed quickly
    using pencil and paper, but will serve to
    Summary of complex arithmetic used for analysis. show the mechanism of solutions. Keeping
    this circuit in mind , inspect the general

    102 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


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    Circle 144 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 103


    matrix and simultaneous equations given in
    NODE I NODE 2 figure 2.
    25V 25.0. 12 .5V
    'VVI. The mathematical matrix form and the
    simultaneous equations form are identical.

    {" i"n
    NODE 0 (GROUND) J""
    Mechanizing the solution will require parts
    of both forms. Admittance subscripts will
    depend on node numbers (in the branch list)
    and follow certain rules depending on type.
    Those rules are given in table 2.
    Figure 7: Simple resistive network with a The simple example, expressed in the gen­
    current generator. The direction of the elec­ eral equations of figure 2 is:
    tron flow from the generator is indicated by
    an arrow. Note that nodes are numbered Y1,1E1+Y1,2E2= 11 (l)
    sequential/y.
    Y2 , 1 El+ Y2 , 2 E2 = 12 ( 2)

    The conductance of 50 ohms is 0.02 mho ,


    Matrix Representation
    25 ohms is 0.04 mho. [The mho is a unit of
    Y1.1
    Y1.2 Y1.3 Y1,4 Y1,N E1 11 conductance, the inverse of the ohm. The
    mho is also called the siemens ... CM] Us­
    Y2.1
    Y2,2 Y2,3 Y2,4 Y2,N E2 12
    ing only the real parts of admittance and fol­
    Y3 ,1
    Y3,2 Y3,3 Y3.4 Y3,N E3 13 lowing the rules of table 2 yields the nu­
    meric forms:
    Y4,1
    Y4,2 y 4,3 Y4.4 Y4,N E4 14

    0.06 E 1 - 0.04 E2 = 1.0 (lA)


    YN.1 YN,2 YN,3 YN,4 YN,N EN IN
    -0.04 E1 + 0.08 E2 = 0 (2A)
    Simultaneous Equations
    Solving for E., can be done by multiplying
    Y1,1E1 + Y1 .2E2 + Y1 ,3E3 + y 1,4E4 + Y1.NEN 11 equation ( 1A) by 2/3 and adding the pro­
    duct to equation (2A) to give:
    Y2,1 E1 + Y2,2E2 + Y2 ,3E3 + Y2,4E4 + Y2,NEN " 12

    Y3,1 E1 + Y3,2E2 + Y3,3E3 + Y3.4E4 + Y3,NEN 13 0.05333 E2 = 0.66667


    y 4,1 E1 + y 4,2E2 + Y4,3E3 + y 4,4E4 + Y4,NEN 14
    E 2 = 12 .5

    Substitution of E2 into equation (lA)


    YN,1E1 + YN.2E2 + YN,3E3 + YN,4E4 + .. YN,NEN IN
    gives:

    Figure 2: Matrix and simultaneous representations of any circuit. In the fig­ 0.06 E1 - 0.50 = 1.0
    ure, and also in the text, the following conventions hold:
    Y := circuit branch admittance E1 = 1.50/0.06
    E := circuit node voltage
    E = 25
    I := circuit node current 1
    The circuit branch admittance is determined by the node description.
    The preced ing straightforward mathe­
    matics becomes impractical for models with
    many nodes. Note that the subscript rules of
    Matrix Array Subscripts table 2 are different than the example just
    Enter into
    Branch Type Row Column Array by given. A slightly different matrix arrange­
    ment is actually used.
    Plus node Plus node Addition
    Passive
    { Plus node
    Minus node
    Minus node
    Minus nod e
    Minus node
    Plus node
    Subtraction
    Addition
    Subtraction
    Fundamental Properties of Matrices

    Mechanization of the solutions requires a


    Generator { Plus node
    Minus node
    NMAX + 1
    NMAX + 1
    Addition
    Subtract ion matrix in two dimensions having N rows and
    N+l columns, N being the highest node
    number in the model . The first subscript is
    Table 2: Matrix insertion subscript rules for branches. Any row and column the row, and the second is the column posi­
    node combination that contains a zero will not enter the matrix. NMAX is tion. The rightmost column is used only for
    the maximum node number in the circuit. Remember that the nodes must be signal sources.
    numbered sequentially. Figure 3 shows the example represented

    104 OctobC'r 1978 © BYTE Pub lications Inc


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    • Unlimited length of strings onto programs already in memory• Call a procedure
    • Unlimited length of variable names and pass variables on the list• Cause interpreter to enter
    • Procedures with independent variables edit mode using 15 single character edit commands.
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    Tarbell BASIC occupies 18K of RAM. Source is available
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    CP;M Disk Operating System BASIC-E Compiler


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    to operate with the TARBELL Floppy Disk Interface in this software requires a total of 20K bytes of memory.
    24K bytes of memory. Five commands permit listing of Included are 26 compiler error messages and 23 run-time
    directory, typing contents of an ASCII file, renaming error messages. Disk files may be read, written or up­
    a file, erasing a file from disk, and saving memory on dated by using both sequential and random access. In­
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    loading, Basic 1/0 system with drivers, and reformatting
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    Circle 360 on inquiry card . BYTE October 1978 105


    M1,1 M 1,2 M 1,3
    INITIAL
    .06 - 04 1.0
    Multiplication factor=l~ 1 • 2 ) = -0.75
    \ 2,2
    M2,1 M2 ,2 M 2 ,3 - .04 .08 0

    NewM 1 13 =M -(MULT.FACTX M , )
    113 2 3

    -.04 1.0
    = 1.50
    .06
    FORWARD
    SOLUTION
    - .04 . 05333 .66667 Final node voltage solutions are indicated by
    numbered subscript Ns and Ds, where the
    subscript stands for the node of solution.
    .06 -.04 1.5 We have used a slightly different number
    BACK handling scheme and have arrived at the
    SOLUTION
    - .04 .05333 .6666 7 same solution. This technique can be ex­
    panded to larger arrays in order to provide
    an algorithm that solves all node voltages. It
    LOCATION OF .06 1.5 should be noted that solutions provide node
    SOLUTION voltages with reference to circuit ground;
    NUMERIC
    VALUES .05333 .66667 modeling techniques allow finding the volt­
    ages between nodes.
    A consideration for programming is array
    Figure 3: Graphical representation of a matrix solution to the simple example size. The array consumes 2 X NMAX X
    given in the text. Solutions are found at both of the nodes. The denominator (NMAX + 1) floating point variables with
    of the solution is always found in the main diagonal, and the numerator of NMAX referring to the maximum number of
    the solution is found in the generator column. nodes allowed in any circuit. The actual
    physical size of the array is twice as large
    since both real and imaginary parts of the
    complex number must be stored. The ex­
    by an array of two rows (maximum node
    ample showed only real parts.
    number is 2) by three columns. Variable
    name M has been used for any matrix posi­
    Final Matrix Solution Algorithm
    tion. At the beginning of a solution all Ms
    are set to 0. The branch list is then in­
    A flowchart for the MATRIX solution
    spected, values calculated and added or sub­
    algorithm is shown in figure 4. The routine
    tracted into the matrix array positions ac­
    assumes that all admittance values of a cir­
    cording to the rules of table 2.
    cuit have been calculated using the formulae
    The variable N is used to denote a numer­
    in table 1 and have been entered into an ini­
    ator value. D denotes a denominator value of
    tially 0 matrix at positions according to the
    a multiplying factor. A circle indicates that
    rules of table 2. Figure 5 is a pictorial of a
    the array variable is multiplied by the
    4 node solution sequence using the same
    factor; an arrowhead indicates that the pro­
    symbology as figure 3. The pictorial assumes
    duct is subtracted from the array position.
    that the optional tests in figure 4 are not
    Only arrowhead marked pos1t1ons are
    performed. This will give voltage solutions
    changed; all others are extracted and held in
    to all nodes.
    temporary storage.
    IBM's venerable ECAP program yields all
    Numeric values in figure 3 are the same as
    node voltages at each frequency. While use­
    our simple example. The forward operation
    ful, it can be difficult to interpret. A better
    has these steps:
    way is to command the program for a spe­
    cific node of solution (NS in the flowchart).
    Multiplication factor =( :
    2 1
    ·
    1 ,1
    )=-0.66667. The matrix must be solved at each frequency,
    so including the optional tests will reduce
    the number of back solutions to a minimum.
    New M2 , 2 = M212 - (MULT.FACT X M1 ) A solution printout can then be made of all
    node voltage data at one node for the de­
    = 0.05333 sired frequencies.
    Calculation speed is increased by invert­
    New M = M - (MULT.FACT X M )
    ing the denominator in the outer loop. Divi­
    213 203 1
    = 0.66667 sion is invariably one of the most time-con­
    suming functions; the inverted denominator
    Note that the steps are equivalent to finding allows multiplication instead of time-con­
    E2 by conventional mathematical opera­ suming division.
    tions. The back operating steps are the same Another timesaving technique, not
    as those for finding E1 and are: shown, is to include a 0 test of numerator

    106 October 1978 ©BYTE Public;uions Inc


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    M(K,J) in the optional section. A 0 numer­ nominators are always in the main diagonal
    ator wil I have no effect on inner loop vari­ from upper left to lower right. Row position
    ables, so a bypass could occur on Os. (Re­ is equal to node of solution. Highest node
    member to check both the real and imagi­ numerators and denominators are always
    nary parts of 0.) Many circuits will have found; back solution is required only for
    only about one half array positions nonzero, nodes less than the highest node. The back
    so this test will help running time. solution algorithm is called the Gaussian
    A similar test can be made by bypassing elimination or Gauss-Jordan method of
    the inner loop if M(J,I) is equal to 0. This solution.
    helps reduce running time on large node cir­
    cuit models; at 20 nodes or less, the help is Complete Frequency Solution
    arbitrary. All such tests take time, so it is
    worthwhile to perform these tests outside The flowchart shown in figure 6 is the
    the inner loop since the inner loop iterates ANALYSIS routine. This routine assumes
    MATRIX
    the most. that the admittance of each branch, Y, is
    It is interesting to note where the node already calculated. Before the matrix branch
    voltage solution numerators and denomi­ values can be calculated, the entire matrix
    nators are located. Numerators are always in is set to 0. Zeroing the matrix will allow
    the righthand or generator column. De- simple addition and subtraction in the
    matrix fill section.
    Variable W is the frequency in radians
    D= l/M(J,J)
    K= I per second. Variable W1 is the negative in­
    OPT IONAL
    verse of W. These simplify admittance calcu­
    lations. An often used constant is 27T which
    should be stored as a single variable. Variable
    F is the solution frequency.
    Variable Y is the calculated complex ad­
    mittance for passive branches but is the
    YES stored value of current for generators. Vari­
    able M is the two-dimensional complex
    matrix array used in figure 3, and variable S
    is the solution matrix, which is capable of
    storing complex values. Variable L is the
    N=M(K,J)x D
    subscript value for array S.
    l , J +I Most of the flowchart involves an exami­
    ,------­ ----- 1 nation of each branch, calculation of the ad­
    mittance, and addition or subtraction of that
    value into the matrix. Positioning tests seem
    T ' M( J , l ) xN
    M(K ,I )= M (K ,l ) -T
    to be rather complex, but they do follow the
    rules of table 2. The flowchart and table 2
    can be expanded to fit a special branch type.
    I = l •I Current flow of a generator branch is de­
    INNER
    LOOP
    termined by node number entry order. This
    will be illustrated further under modeling
    techniques. A generator with one node set to
    NO
    zero will enter the matrix at only one posi­
    tion. If both nodes are nonzero the gener­
    ator will enter the matrix at two positions.
    L___________ _J Passive branches can have arbitrary node
    ordering. The test flow allows for this. One
    J =J + I node specified as 0 will cause calculated ad­
    mittance to add at only one matrix position.
    If both nodes are nonzero, calculated admit­
    tance will add at two positions and subtract
    Figure 4: The MA TRIX routine solves the at two other positions.
    matrix as in the example in figure 3. As little To check the node test flow, go back to
    calculation as possible should be done within the example of figure 1 and the matrix val­
    the inner loop. The optional section allows ues shown in figure 4. Remember that ad­
    calculations to take place only until the mittance, matrix and solution arrays of
    node being solved for is reached. This will figures 4 and 6 require handling two floating
    decrease computation time, since the entire point values per complex number. There is
    matrix does not have to be solved: no way around this fact.

    108 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


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    Circle 76 on inquiry card . BYTE Oe1obec 1978 109


    i j__ j_ N

    ll
    D 0 0 N N
    ,_
    D 0

    N ! l- !r
    t J =I
    - D
    >-
    0 0 0 J=2 J =3 J=4
    K =2 K =I D 0 0 K=I K =I

    L
    _,_ D 01

    D 0 0 0 0

    l - 11~~1
    D 0 0 0 N N
    J=4
    -i­-i­e-r
    J =I J =2 J =3
    ~ '-­
    N K =3 K=3 D 0 0 K=2 K=2
    N
    "
    _l_J D 0

    D 0 0 0 0
    ,_.. I

    ' 11-11­
    J =I

    K=4
    - -
    N
    D 0

    -1 >-r =1=
    >-
    0

    ­
    0 J=2
    K=4 D

    N
    0

    l
    0
    I J=3
    K=4 N

    D 0
    J =4
    K=3

    Figure 5: Sequential solution for all nodes of a 4 node circuit. This solution is the type that would take place if the optional sec­
    tion of figure 4 were deleted.

    Branch Types and Passive Calculations tions should be considered in regard to the
    calculations.
    Small systems need simple rules, so it is Radian frequency, W, and its inverse neg­
    probably easier to identify branch types in ative, Wl, are from the single frequency
    storage by integer numbers. One is suffi­ analysis routine. All of the parallel combina­
    cient. The number of different types should tions are calculated as impedances first and
    be considered in terms of calculation code then inverted. Series combinations should
    and analysis needs. require less coding if calculated as imped­
    Multicomponent branch types are ances first; this can be seen by comparing
    strongly recommended since they reduce table 3 with the complex values given in
    the number of nodes required in a model. table 1.
    Multicomponent branches are given in table Direct admittance calculations may be
    3 in terms of ohms, farads and henries stored slightly faster for series combinations. The
    in the branch list. List array storage posi- choice is determined by the amount of mem­
    ory, possibly by external memory control.
    All analysis matrices should be in main
    memory when ANALYSIS is called.
    Branch Value Storage
    Passive Branch Values at DC
    V1 V2
    Type (First Floating Point Variable) (Second Floating Point Variable)
    Direct current (DC) analysis can be con­
    Parallel R L R
    L sidered as analysis at 0 Hz. Resistances re­
    Parallel RC R
    c main the same but capacitors have 0 suscep­
    Parallel LC L c
    Series R L R
    L tance. Their susceptance (imaginary part) is
    Series RC R
    c effectively bypassed. Single inductors should
    Series CL c L
    have their susceptance value replaced by a
    Admittance Value Calculation low resistance, say a hundredth of an ohm
    YR YI

    (100 mhos susceptance), to avoid calculating


    Type (Real Part) (Imaginary Part)
    difficulties. In actuality, inductors have
    finite resistance at DC.
    Parallel R L 1/V1 W1/V2

    Parallel RC 1/V1
    WXV2

    Series combinations can be bypassed for


    Parallel LC 0
    WXV2 + (W1/V1)
    certain types. A series resistor-capacitor
    Series R L V1
    WXV2
    (RC) or inductor-capacitor (LC) branch will
    Series RC V1
    W1/V2

    Series CL 0
    WXV2 + (W1/V1)
    have 0 admittance. In a series RL branch
    calculation, the susceptance calculation can
    be omitted and only the conductance calcu­
    Table 3: Calculations showing how a multicomponent branch admittance cal­ lation performed. Parallel combinations are
    culation is performed. The three series calculations (RL, RC, CL) are actually also modified. A parallel RC branch requires
    impedance calculations since they are so much easier to perform. To obtain only the conductance calculation. Parallel
    the admittance, perform the complex irrversion Y = l /(R+jX). RL or LC branches would have the nominal

    110 October 1978 [) BYTE Public ati om Inc


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    Circle 283 on inquiry card. BYTE Octob<r 1978 111

    ANALYSIS NO
    P2 ' P l
    N2 ' N I

    CALCU L ATE Y

    W:r F1 2:a:,,.
    W I ' - ( l / WJ
    K• I

    Pl • PLUS NODE

    NI' M lNlJS NODE

    SUB T RA C T Y
    F ROM M ( P l ,N2l

    NO

    NO

    NO

    Figure 6: The ANALYSIS routine, which


    performs the setup for the MA TRIX solu­
    tion routine. ANALYSIS checks what
    type of branch is under analysis and calcu­
    lates the admittance according to the for­
    mula of table 7. This value is then inserted
    into the matrix according to the rules of
    table 2. When all the nodes have been
    RET U RN
    checked, MA TRIX is called to perform the
    solution.

    11 2 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    The Electric Pencil I I Is a Character Oriented As text ls typed In and the end of a screen
    Word Processin g Sys t em . This means that text Is 1 lne ls reached, a partially completed word Is
    entered as a string of continuous characters and shifted to the beginning of the fol lowing I lne.
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    When text ls printed, The Electric Panell II automatically Inserts carriage returns where they
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    Circle 319 on inqu iry card . B YTE October 19 78 113


    Figure 7: The SWEEP rou­
    tine, used to perform a
    SWEEP
    number of analyses on a
    particular circuit over a
    frequency range. Two
    types of sweeps are possi­
    ble: linear and logarithmic.
    The variable DELTA is
    used as an increment and
    also as an indicator of
    which type ofsweep analy­
    sis is to be performed. If
    DELTA is negative, a
    logarithmic analysis will be
    performed,· if DELTA is
    positive, a linear analysis
    will occur.

    YE S

    r-----1 ,----,
    I LOGARITHMIC I F •~ + OELT A I LINEAR I
    L _____ J L ___ __l

    100 mhos conductance specified above. 1n


    all branches at 0 Hz the susceptance would
    be 0.
    RETU RN
    Frequency Sweeping

    For this analysis, minimum and maxi­


    mum analysis frequencies must be specified
    plus an increment. Most solutions over a nar­
    row range will have a small increment but it
    is often useful to have a logarithmic fre­
    quency sweep with wide bandwidths. The
    main program should have a command
    PLUS point to which all major routines return.
    NODE
    Frequency range can be selected at this
    command point with a minimum (MINF),
    ·{ -------------<> a maximum (MAXF) and an increment
    (DELTA) .
    A choice between linear and logarithmic
    MINUS ---~
    NODE sweep can be done by simply checking for a
    negative or positive DELTA. A positive
    DEPENDENT DEPENDENT DELTA is the incremental change for a
    BRANCH CURRENT
    SOURCE linear sweep, and a negative DELTA can be
    the frequency interval multiplier. The multi­
    plier can be precalculated for the number of
    Matrix Array Subscripts frequencies per decade:
    Enter into
    Row Column Array by
    DELTA = - (EXP(2.302585/NFD))

    Plus node Dependent branch minus node Add it ion which reduces to

    Plus node Dependent branch pl us node Subtraction


    Minus node Dependent branch plus node Addit ion
    DELTA= - 1Q(l/NFD)

    Minus node Dependent branch minus node Subtraction


    where NFD is the number of frequencies
    per decade and EXP is a function to raise e
    Table 4: Turning a dependent branch into a dependent current source. The (the base for the natural logarithms which is
    source is entered into the matrix by the stated rules. Remember that any row approximately 2. 71828) to the power of the
    and column combination with a zero node will not enter the matrix. following argument. For example, twenty

    114 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    frequencies per decade would have a DELTA nected and 0 or -1 if open. Another test
    equal to -1.122018. can be inserted in the ANALYSIS routine of
    Figure 7 is the flowchart for a frequency figure 6, just before the passive type? test.
    sweep analysis routine. The option of storing An open condition would bypass any calcu­
    results or printing them directly depends on lations and go on to the next branch.
    the operating system and memory. Subscript
    L is used only for solution matrix purposes. Dependent Current Sources
    There is a caution to be observed with so­
    lution storage: the number of frequencies This branch type, not mentioned before,
    to be analyzed must not exceed the storage enables a model to duplicate transistors or
    matrix size. Other storage matrices may be operational amplifiers. It is a current source
    written over if no check on the total number dependent on the voltage across another
    of frequencies analyzed is made. This is a branch and is specified by a gain factor
    very easy error to make. called transconductance. The symbology
    and matrix entry rules are given in table 4.
    Branch Switching Transconductance is specified in mhos
    and is equal to the current divided by the
    Implementing this function is useful for voltage. Branch value entry is the transcon­
    circuit modeling. In effect it allows you to ductance, and admittance calculation for so­
    disconnect or reconnect a branch from anal­ lution takes this as the stored value for the
    ysis and yet retain it in the branch list. It is real part with an imaginary part of 0. You
    the same as removing or replacing a compo­ can think of transconductance as a current
    nent in a breadboard. If removed, it is stil I gain factor. A transconductance of 0.1 with
    on the bench and can be installed later. a dependent branch voltage of 24 V pro­
    There are two easy ways to implement duces a dependent source current of 2.4 A.
    switching. Since we are using a numeric A transconductance of 1.0 gives 24 A.
    value to designate the branch type, we can You do not have to be concerned about
    define a positive value as a connected branch the dependent branch voltage. The matrix
    and a negative value as an open branch. An­ entry and solution will determine the cur­
    other method is to devote one byte per rent from the specified transconductance.
    branch with a numeric value of +1 if con­ The direction of electron flow is another

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    Circle 143 on inquiry card. October 197 8 © BYTE Publications Inc 115
    Figure 8: Optional patch
    SET that can be inserted into
    MATRIX the ANALYSIS routine to
    TO 0
    perform switching and di­
    rect current source analy­
    sis. Switching allows a
    branch to be taken out of
    the circuit and reinstated
    at a later time. The direct
    K>NMAX
    current source analysis
    TEST simplifies the calculations
    at 0 Hz. The routine can
    PI ' PLUS NODE
    NI• MINUS NODE be patched into A NA LY­
    515 at the indicated points.

    K• K+I ~
    0 P2•DE PENDENT
    BRA NCH MINUS
    NOD E

    N2 • DEPEND ENT
    BRA NCH PLUS
    NODE

    CALCULATE
    y

    NO Nl•O
    TEST

    factor and is determined by node number


    entry order of both the source and depend­
    ent branch. Reversing plus and minus node
    numbers of the source will reverse the P2=0
    TEST
    source's flow; reversing node numbers of the
    dependent branch has the same effect; and
    reversing both source and dependent nodes
    returns electron flow to the original direc­
    tion in the source.
    One node of either source or dependent matrix for solution. A dependent source
    branch may be 0. Inspection of matrix shou Id be al lowed to enter the Iist either
    entry subscript rules will show this. The ahead of or behind its dependent branch.
    only problem left is to allow the program Two options come to mind. The extra
    to identify the dependent branch for integer byte mentioned under branch
    subscript ing. switching can be used to identify the de­
    pendent branch number in the list. Since
    Dependent Branch Identification transconductance is specified as the real part
    only, the second value storage might be used
    All passive components and generators to hold the dependent branch number. Make
    may be entered into the branch list in any sure that the particular floating point storage
    order. The ANALYSIS routine of figure 6 method that you are using will not change
    scans the entire list in order to fill the the value of the integer slightly. If there is

    116 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


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    BYTE October 1978 117


    any doubt about whether your floating includes the switch function with the extra
    point to integer conversions are totally accu­ integer SW acting as the switch and identifier
    rate, use the extra integer per branch for of dependent branch list number.
    both switching and dependent branch iden­
    tity. A dependent source can be switched Impedance Analysis
    by signing the extra integer. This method
    will be assumed for all further discussion. All analysis procedures have so far given
    Entering branch data in the list requires only voltage solutions. The last analysis we
    an extra entry for dependent sources to will consider is readily determined by disre­
    identify the dependent branch. The ability garding all generators, placing a value of
    to print out a branch Iist should also include unity in the proper generator column posi­
    printing the dependent branch number . tion and then solving the matrix as before.
    Modification of the ANALYSIS routine This may seem too simple. To under­
    to hand le dependent current sources is stand it, consider once again the circuit of
    shown in figure 8. This modification also figure 1 and the position of solution numer­
    ators and denominators . Denominators al­
    ways lie in the main diagonal and numer­
    ators always lie in the generator column. Im­
    SET pedance analysis will have only one gener­
    MATRIX
    TO 0 ator column entry since all other generator
    branches automatically bypass any entry in­
    to the matrix.
    A unity current is simply (1.0 + jO},
    NO 1 A with no phase shift. This is the condi­
    tion of figure 1 if an impedance is desired at
    node 1. The resistance of the total figure 1
    circuit looking into node 1 is simply 25
    M ( NS.NMAX+ l l • ohms. In th e model all generators are pure
    I• 10 current sources; that is, they have no ad­
    K > NMAX NO mittance themselves and can therefore be
    TEST ~--------- disregarded.
    Addition of impedance analysis is shown
    W• F:1.21.w
    W I• - (1/ W ) in figure 9, a modification of figure 8. A
    K •I
    flag variable must be held in the main pro­
    gram to identify analysis type. It is con­
    P l • PLUS NODE sidered to be on for impedance and off for
    P2 ' MIN US NODE
    voltage analysis. It can be logical, integer
    or a single bit, but must be available if both
    GET TYP E
    types are desired.
    I ND IC ATOR
    Implementing impedance analysis re­
    quires a solution at only one node . It is best
    to use the optional tests in the flowchart of
    GET SWI TC H
    figure 4 and have all solutions at only one
    node. Direct printouts of impedance will be
    DIRECT
    in rectangular form but the polar form can
    .,._
    YE
    _ S_ _. CURR ENT also be printed at the same time by using
    SOURCE
    TEST temporary variables and form conversion .
    Both forms are useful in studying analysis.•

    REFERENCES

    1. Huelsman, Lawrence P, Basic Circuit Theory


    with Digital Computations, Prent ice -Hall,
    er
    0
    ,__ Englewood Cl i ff s NJ, 1972. Contains a great
    <l number of FORTRAN routines al ong with
    er
    w good basic circuit theory in both frequency
    z
    w
    ..., and time domain .

    2. Cornetet, Wendell H Jr, and Battocletti, Frank


    Figure 9: A patch that can be made to figure 8 to further increase the cal­ E, Electronic Circuits by System and Computer
    Analysis, McGraw-Hil l, New York , 1975. Again ,
    culating power of the program. This patch will allow the solution of the FORTRAN oriented, but cont ains complete
    matrix with impedance entries. It can be added to figure 8 at the instructions source code for Ohio State ' s linear and tran ­
    indicated. sient analysis programs .

    118 Oc tober 19 7 8 () BYT E Public a lio m Inc


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    Circle 370 on inquiry card . BYTE October 1978 119


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    Circle 313 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 121


    I I I I I 2 I I I I I I I
    I
    I ­f -
    I I I I I 2 2 I I 2 I I I
    I

    I I I I I I 2 2 2 2 I I I
    I

    I I I I I I 3 2 a 4 3 2 2 I

    I I 2 I I I 3 4 3 4 a 2 I I

    I I 2 a 2 I I I I I 3 a 4 3 4 2 I I

    I I 2 2 I 3 3 4 a 2 2 2 I

    a I I I I I I I a 2 I 2 I I I I a 3 3 3 3 I 2 2

    (o) (b) (c)

    Figure 7: The author's algorithm for solving the eight Queens problem, in which eight Queens
    are to be placed on a chessboard so that no Queen attacks any other Queen. (In chess, the
    Queen can capture any piece that is in direct line with it horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.)
    The method consists of placing the first Queen on the lower lefthand corner square. Markers
    are placed on all squares that the Queen can attack (a). Moving one column to the right,
    another Queen is placed on the first empty square from the bottom. Markers are again placed
    (b). The process is repeated. Eventually, either the problem will be solved or there will be no
    more spaces for one or more Queens; (c) illustrates the latter situation where corrective action
    is taken by altering details of the trial solution.

    Solving the Eight Queens Problem

    Terry Smith The eight Queens problem is a chess check the board for a proper position.
    9 Hillard Pl related puzzle, the object of which is to There are 64!/56! or 1.7846289 x 1014
    Weston, Ontario place eight chess Queens on an 8 by 8 chess­ such permutations. I would never have
    CANADA M9R 2N1 board in such a way that no Queen can take thought about this except that I grossly
    another. [For the benefit of nonchessplaying overestimated the speed of the IBM 370
    readers, the Queen can capture any piece (the machine on which I was working).
    that is in direct line with it horizontally, Even 370s have their limits, I was to dis­
    vertically or diagonally. No detailed know­ cover. If the 3 70 evaluated 10,000 posi­
    ledge of chess is required in order to under­ tions per second, it would have taken 565
    stand the rest of this article . . .. CM] 8 is years to find all the answers, and then only
    the maximum number that is not obviously if I could have written a program that would
    impossible, since 9 would force one Queen create all the permutations one after another
    to be in at least one other Queen's row or with no duplications. This is very difficult.
    column . I will explain how I solved this I tried writing one and failed . If you can
    problem using a computer, since a look actually do this, I'd like to see it.
    into the mind of a problem solver from
    start to finish might help you with your The Second Method
    own problems.
    I then divided the board into eight
    The First Method columns and placed one Queen at random in
    each column and realized that with one
    The first method I tried was to place Queen in each column, I could represent
    the Queens at random on the board and any permutation with an 8 digit number,
    each digit representing the position of one
    Queen in its column . Since no two Queens
    could have the same column position (for
    example, if the leftmost Queen was at 1
    About the Author or the bottom, obviously no other Queen
    could also be at the bottom), what I needed
    Terry Smith is 27 years old, has studied data processing at Humber was a list of permutations of all numbers
    College in Rexdale, Ontario CANADA, and is a mathematics oriented from 1 to 8. With this method I would have
    computer hobbyist. He works as a computer programmer and is swing to check only the diagonals; much of the
    to buy a computer of his own on which to develop programs. work would already have been done. This
    also reduced my problem to 8 ! or 40,320

    122 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


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    Cir cle 271 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 123
    10 DIM A(8,8) ,A$(10),F(8) attempt to find a solution by placing a Pawn
    11 FOR T;1 TO 10 (to represent each Queen) on a chessboard
    12 READ A$(T)
    13 NEXT T
    and a penny on each square that comes
    14 DATA "0","1", " 2","3" ,"4",''5" ,"6 " , " 7 " ,"8","9" under that Queen's influence. By inspection
    20 C;O (s)he would determine where to put subse­
    30 C;C+1
    40 IF C;9 THEN 250 quent Queens. A methodical procedure
    50 FOR E;1 TO 8 would be as follows (I have shown in paren­
    60 IF A(C,E) ; O THEN 89
    70 NEXT E
    theses the line in the program which is
    80 GOTO 330 relative to the step in the manual solution):
    89 F(C) ; E Place a Queen in the lower lefthand
    90 A(C,E) ; -1
    91 D;1 corner of the board (line 90) and then, on
    92 GOSUB 100 all the squares that would come under that
    93 GOTO 30 Queen's influence, place one penny (GOSUB
    100 FOR X;-1 TO 1

    110 FOR Y;-1TO1


    100, D=l). Then moving one column to
    120 IF X*Y+X+Y;O THEN 220
    the right (line 30), place a Queen on the first
    130 FOR Z;1 TO 8

    140 A;C+Y*Z

    empty square from the bottom. This entails


    150 B;E+x•z
    having to move up two squares. Place
    160 IF A>8 THEN 220
    a penny on each square (even the ones
    170 IF A < 1 THEN 220

    180 IF B>8 THEN 220


    already marked) in this Queen's domain.
    190 IF B< l THEN 220
    You'll see why in a minute. Continue
    200 A (A ,B);A(A,B)+D

    moving right and repeating this algorithm


    210 NEXT Z

    220 NEXT Y
    until you hit a column that is all pennies
    230 NEXT X
    (line 80). You use a lot of pennies here.
    240 RETURN

    250 FOR X;8 TO 1 STEP -1

    If you run off the righthand edge of the


    260 FOR Y ; 1 TO 8
    board (line 40) you have solved the problem.
    270 IF A(Y , X) ; -1 THEN 290
    However, you probably won 't find one the
    280 PRINT A$(A(Y,X)+1 );

    281 GOTO 300


    first time. Three columns from the end you
    290 PRINT "Q" ·
    will have to stop, having run out of spaces.
    300NEXTY •

    310 PRINT

    Now you remove the latest Queen (line 350)


    320 NEXT X
    and then remove one penny from each of its
    321 PRINT
    dominion squares (line 380, GOSUB 100
    330 REM NO SPACES, NOW WHAT?

    340 C;C-1
    D=-1 ). This is why you placed pennies on
    350 A(C,F(C));O
    already covered squares because if you
    360 E;F(C)

    380 D; -1

    didn't, you wouldn't know if the penny


    390 GOSUB 100
    there was the subject Queen's or not. Con­
    391 IF E;8 THEN 340
    tinuing from the subject Queen's square
    400 FOR X;E+1 TO 8

    410 IF A(C,X) ; O THEN 440


    (line 400) look up the column for a new
    420 NEXT X
    blank spot (line 410) to place a new Queen
    430 GOTO 340
    and continue . If there are none or if your
    440 A(C,X);-1

    441 F(C) ; X
    Ias t Queen was at the top of the board (I
    450 D;1
    check for the top first, line 391), move back
    451 E;X

    460 GOSUB 100

    one column (line 340 again). Remove that


    470 GOTO 30
    Listing 7: A BASIC pro­ Queen and remove her pennies, and check
    480 END gram for solving the eight for blanks above, etc. If you are trying this
    Queens problem. by hand by now you will have noticed how
    slow and messy it is. It was only the feelings
    of frustration from the manual simulation
    positions to search, a far cry from that kept me moving on this seemingly
    1.7846289 x 1014 or even 88. But a pro­ hopeless computer simulation.
    gram to create al I these numbers? Much The final program started off at half
    later I discussed th is with some friends its present length and I spent three days
    whom I consider to be software experts. repairing it by adding one line after another
    They shook their heads saying, "This is a as it failed time and again. I added line 391
    difficult task. " They were right, for as it to eliminate a subscript error.
    turned out, I had to give up . An easy solu­ I was beginning to get worried because
    tion just wasn 't going to work. the program was twice its original size and I
    was no longer capable of understanding it at
    Final Method a glance. I typed RUN for the 1OOth time
    and waited for the next error . My method of
    A determined human, after trying permu­ repair depended on my being able to com­
    tations and finding the problem is not prehend the program. I added several
    trivial, would get a set of pawns to represent GOTOs and I knew I couldn't keep it up
    Queens and, using pennies for markers, much longer.

    124 October 1978 © BYTE Pub lications In c


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    BYTE October 1978 125


    Circle 267 on inquiry card .

    Suddenly to my amazement, the printer


    the mullen CB·I
    started to hammer out the solutions as fast
    as it cou Id! I peeled off the paper to check
    the first one by hand and it was right\ I
    include the final program exactly as it was
    written, a blow to the cause of structured
    programming and a glorious victory for
    dumb luck. If you want to try it, go ahead,
    but be forewarned that only on the Humber
    College VM370-135 CMS system was the
    solution instant. On a Heathkit H8 it took
    People hove used our original model C!3-0 Controller 20 minutes for the first solution and 5
    [)cord for controlling audio systems, model railroads. time minutes for the next. There are 92 solutions
    lapse photography, and dozens of other applications re·
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    of which 23 are discrete. So beware ! I feel
    Our improved model C0·1 has all the features of its this is the most efficient algorithm possible.
    predecessor, 8 relays thot respond to an 8 bit word for (Using brute force to generate and file all
    control purposes. 8 opto·isolators that accept input data
    for handshaking or further control purposes, full 5·1 00 buss
    those 40,320 8-digit numbers, and having
    compatibility , address selection switch, quality com· the computer run through them probably
    ponents and board , and so on . · qualifies for the epithet "inefficient.")
    [Jut ... the limited use (and expensive!) flat cable con­
    nector has been replaced with new connectors, these
    The eight Queens problem was a chal­
    allow you to use pairs of w ires of mixed gauges and lenge, and the pleasure of beating it was
    lengths os needed. Also, a self·test feature is built on the tremendous. I feel the approach described
    board itself. and a new output design allows replacement
    of the relays with opto·isolotors. here demonstrates a good heuristic for
    The best port is that you don't pay a penny more for general problem solving, which is: don't
    these new features. In fact, compared to the CO·O price, check all the other situations in search
    you pay 2.900 pennies less.
    Available at computer stores nation·wide, or by direct of a solution, but custom design your own
    mail (mail orders shipped postpaid in U5A; Californians situation to match your specifications. I
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    MULLEN COMPUTER BOARDS Maharajahs (a piece combining the Queen
    BOX 6214 , HAYWARD, CA 94545 and Knight moves) on a board. Excelsior!•

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    126 October 19 78 © BYTE Publica1ions Inc Circle 74 an inquiry card.


    p------------------------------------------------------------------------------------·

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    Circle 35 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 127
    HOW TO REPAIR VIDEO GAMES by Robert Good man . AN INTRODUCTION TO PERSONAL AND BUSINESS COM ­

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    SEMICONDUCTOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS by T D Towers & ing, sort ing, simu lation and data struc t ures. T his is an easy

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    discusses the princip le of operation for each device and all teaches you how to write programs you can read . It does

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    128 BYTE October 1978


    terChess
    CHESS SKILL IN MAN AND CHESS AND COMPUTERS by

    MACHINE edited by Peter W David Levy.

    Frey.
    D If you enjoy playing
    D A game of endless varia­ chess, then you will thor­
    tions, chess has challenged oughly enjoy this book,
    our ski 11 for centuries. Th is which is loaded with chess
    book surveys our current games played by computers.
    understanding of human The first chapter describes
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    chine to play chess. The ini­ maton chess player that
    tial chapter and appen­ toured Europe and America.
    dix present a brief history There is a detailed account
    of the computer chess tour­ of Torres y Quevedo' s in­
    naments. The next two vention that played the
    chapters describe the essen­ ending of King and Rook
    tials of how humans and against King. There is also a
    computers play chess. The description of how com­
    fourth chapter provides a puters play chess, including
    detailed description of the an account of early Soviet
    Northwestern Chess Program, attempts at chess program­
    currently the national champion. ming that contains much
    The following three chapters discuss several <*',y~ 'f.-i,, ' ··· .;.I information hitherto unpub­
    alternative approaches to chess program­ q;..-4'0'~ o,_.;~0· / r/J' lished outside the Soviet Union.
    ming. In the final chapter, a former cap­ &~..//2.Ss~1f/,y.:> i1 rl Many examples of computer play
    tain of the U.S. Olympic chess team asses­
    1
    ~~~~.:> /~ J(i• are given, which provide an excellent
    ses the present status of chess skill in human .2 S %;> <f~' 1 1'insight into the problems facing chess
    and machine. 217 pp. $14.80 hardcover. <:"°<S'I' ' ff~ programmers. 145 pp. $8.95.

    1975 U.S. COMPUTER CHESS CHAMPIONSHIP by David Levy. ,' 1976 U.S. COMPUTER CHESS CHAMPIONSHIP by

    It.
    D The sixth annual U.S. Computer Chess Championship, held David Levy.

    in October 1975, was a tournament in which twelve computer pro­ D This book includes a det ailed analysis and des­

    grams competed against each other. This book includes a detailed cription of al I the tournament games played at the

    analysis and description of all the games, presented by David Levy, seventh annual U.S. Chess Championship held in Octo­

    the tournament director. 86 pp. $5.95. ber 1976. 90 pp. $5.95.

    Lecture Notes tn
    Computer Saence
    A New Book on PASCAL!
    A CONCURRENT PASCAL COMPILER FOR MINICOMPUTERS by Alfred C Hartmann.
    .. D This is a paper describing a seven-pass compiler for the Concurrent Pascal programming
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    assembly and implementation of the compiler. Concurrent Pascal is an abstract programming
    language for computer operating systems. The language extends sequential Pascal with the
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    THE PUBLISH-IT-YOURSELF HANDBOOK : LITERARY TRADITION & HOW-TO edited by Bill


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    Henderson.
    D This excellent self-published book offers the poten t ial author-publisher the insights of 26
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    book is aimed primarily at the literary rather than the technical world, through tradition,
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    For your convenience in ordering, please use these pages plus the order form on page 127. You may photocopy these pages.

    Circle 35 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 129


    Terry T Steeden
    40 Waseca Av
    Tonka Bay MN 55331

    Assembling the H9 Video Terminal

    Photo 7: The most ex­


    citing part follows the
    construction of a good
    portion of the chassis,
    power supply, high voltage
    circuits and the character
    generators: the terminal
    is fired up for the first
    time, and the pleasant aura
    of success is evident in the
    display. The deflection
    yoke has yet to be aligned
    to produce horizontal
    rows of characters, but
    just the fact that char­
    acters appear at all is
    exciting.

    Photo 2: Several steps


    later in the manual, the
    deflection yoke has been
    carefully twisted around
    the neck of the cathode
    ray tube to produce hori­
    zontal rows of null ("?")
    characters.

    130 October 1978© BYTE Publications Inc


    I have just completed one of the more damage to a board because of shorts or inte­
    satisfying electronic experiences in my life. grated circuits installed backwards.
    I think a lot of the feeling is a result of The entire building procedure took me
    everything working the first time. Everyone about 1 8 hours [but reports from other
    should have such an experience at least builders, such as yours truly, indicate that it
    once every ten years. More often is prefer­ can take as long as 40 hours. . . CH J. Some­
    able, but Murphy's Law usually prevents times you just get hooked and can't quit.
    it. I have just finished assembling the Heath­ This also contributes to the little mistakes
    kit Model H9 video terminal. which cause things not to work the first
    At first I thought that everything worked time. As Heathkit advises, if you get tired,
    the first time because of my great skill as an quit and go rest. I might mention that this is
    assembler. However, as a long time Heathkit the prime reason previous Heath kits, which I
    builder (automotive testers, amateur radio assembled, did not work. At 2 AM diodes
    equipment, and now microprocessor equip­ and integrated circuits can go in backwards
    ment), I have sensed something better about very easily and wires can get soldered to the
    this kit and its construction manual. While wrong places.
    they appear in the familiar and efficient The chassis took about two and a half
    format of past Heathkits, there is something hours to set up. A lot of mechanical as-
    which made them easier to follow, and
    therefore helped contribute to the "works
    the first time" result. First, the printed
    circuit boards are clearly and legibly marked.
    Double and triple referencing of all com­
    ponents by manufacturer's part number,
    Heathkit part number, and reference desig­
    nation made part location much easier,
    faster, and more accurate. The only place
    where something might go wrong is in the
    placement of integrated circuits and diodes
    (correct placement of pin 1 and band).
    Second, each printed circuit board is elec­
    trically checked as soon as it is completed.
    It is much easier to check each board as it is
    completed (there are six printed circuit
    boards to build) than to troubleshoot the
    entire finished unit. Each check assures that
    the board is functioning in a go or no go sort
    of way. Generally, you can be assured the
    unit is working up to the point of inserting
    the last printed circuit board. If something
    does not work, you can assume it was the
    last board added . This cuts down trouble­
    shooting ti me. Resistance checks at each
    board completion (before applying power)
    further assure that you will not do severe

    Notes on Construction of the Heathkit


    H9 Terminal. ..

    This series of pictures illustrates


    several aspects of the construction of
    the Heathkit H9 terminal. The pictures
    begin about midway through the con­
    struction of the kit, and are presented
    in the order of assembly of the kit per
    the manual.

    Circle 204 on inquiry card . October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 131
    sembly, as opposed to electrical assembly, is
    required. I hardly used my soldering iron,
    except to make the occasional small cable
    Photo 3: One of the most assembly. The major cable asScemb\ie<, are
    tedious tasks when as­ already assembled and supplied in the kit.
    sembling the H9 is manu­ I thought I would never run out of plugs
    ally checking each switch to put into the chassis, and interconnect.
    of the keyboard. Here, There seemed to be a lot of them. All are
    two metal cake pans are necessary to support and interconnect the
    used as input (back­ seven printed circuit boards, and to inter­
    ground) and output (fore­ face to the outside world.
    ground) of the process of The power supply circuit card was the
    checking each switch with first electrical assembly. It went very fast,
    an ohmeter. half an hour, and after resistance checks,
    it fired up and regulated beautifully. The
    tests at this point check the regulators on
    the circuit card, and also check the power
    wiring on the chassis.
    The character generator circuit card was
    also quickly assembled . The testing at this
    point was a resistance check, and voltage
    measurement after power on. The video
    circuit card must be completed before you
    can be assured that the character generator
    board is working. The video circuit card
    took just a little longer, but then it was just
    Photo 4: After soldering a little bigger.
    the switches to the key­ The next part of the assembly was one of
    board printed circuit the most enjoyable (enjoyable only if it
    board, each switch must works; remember Murphy). Even though less
    be individually tagged with than half of the circuit cards were assembled
    a preprinted self-sticking and installed, there were enough to fire the
    key identification. The terminal up to see how it worked. The
    key identification fits into cathode ray tube was installed, more
    a recessed flat area on the mechanical work. Not too hard, but a little
    upper side of the keytop. time consuming, as well it should be. It is
    not wise to be careless with a cathode ray
    tube. It can implode and must be handled
    carefully, as noted in the manual. Tem­
    porary jumpers, supplied with the kit, are
    used to set up the character generator and
    video cards. If all is going well, when you
    turn the power switch to on, twelve rows
    of 80 "7" characters with underlines appear
    magically on the screen (see photo 1 and
    photo 2). I couldn 't believe it when it
    worked just as the manual said. It was
    3:30 AM and I went to bed a very happy
    person.
    Photo 5: Eventually all the
    Next day started with the keyboard cir­
    keys are marked properly
    cuit card. This was the most time consuming
    and the completed key­
    board to assemble, with lots of pushbuttons
    board is ready for instal­
    to test and install (see photo 3, photo 4 and
    lation.
    photo 5). There were also a large number of
    jumpers to install. I would almost pay a few
    dollars more for a double sided printed
    circuit board rather than put in all those
    jumpers. The pushbuttons have a much
    better feel to them than what I had ex­
    pected. My wife contributed significantly by
    inserting the logos onto the top of each key.
    The keyboard resistance check was made
    and power applied. Behold, I could make

    132 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    Basic BASIC, Game Playing with BASIC, and
    The BASIC Workbook are just three of Hayden's
    top-notch BASIC language books. Our line runs the
    gamut of BASIC books: the beginner's beginner
    (BASIC From the Ground Up; Basic BASIC); the
    advanced applications book (Advanced BASIC);
    the game playing guide (Game Playing with BASIC);
    the problem-solving guides (The BASIC Workbook;
    Discovering BASIC); and the style guide for advanced
    programmers (BASIC With Style).
    These books succeed in teaching BASIC because
    they present the perfect balance between theory and
    practice. All the guides are chock full of programs that
    illustrate the techniques. All the explanations are
    fairly general so that they cover a variety of computer
    systems using BASIC
    Their simple approach puts principles to work­
    so you can get to work in BASIC quickly and with
    desired results.

    Circle 159 on inquiry card . BYTE October 1978 133


    Photo 6: After installation
    of the keyboard, another letters and numbers appear on the screen because of insufficient current limiting.
    live test of the display (photo 6). While this fix was not in the manual when
    is performed, this time The memory and counter circuit card was I assembled the H9, the friendly guys at
    using the keyboard to vary next, the board with the most integrated the local Heathkit store provided both the
    the content of the display. circuit sockets to solder in. As in all sub­ information and the components to effect
    modules of a Heathkit, the assembly process it. Readers with H9 kits shoul d check to
    begins with a parts tally (see photos 7a and make sure that this fix is present.
    7b). It takes a while. However, look at the Reflecting on the H9 design, I found two
    positive side; I personally would rather things I do not like. 12 rows of data does
    solde r in sockets than try to remove even not seem sufficient. Anyone writing soft­
    one soldered in integrated circuit. Sockets ware and needing to see more than the last
    for each and every integrated circuit on 11 statements will feel limited. This is
    every board are supplied. offset a bit by the short form mode which
    The final board to be assembled is the creates four columns with 12 rows and
    JO circuit card. It does not take too long 20 characters. Now 48 statements, rather
    to build, but the most impressive thing than 12, can be displayed at once if they
    here is the schematic. Working professionally are all less than 20 characters long. The
    with microprocessor systems, one of the second thing I found disconcerting was
    biggest problems I've run across is inter­ that the characters displayed on the video
    facing. Heathkit has designed one of the screen were slightly blurred on the left
    most flex ible JO cards I have ever seen. and right edges of the picture. After playing
    Serial RS-232, TTL, and 20 mA loop are with the adjusting magnets, and other ad­
    all jumper selectable. Parallel 10 is also justing controls, this was minimized. It
    included. is barely noticeable through the front
    The timing and processing unit circuit protective screen.
    card is preassembled, tested, and calibrated Other controls include page or scroll
    by Heathkit. It is simply plugged in. The selection, independent cursor controls,
    final adjustments are easily accomplished. erase page, erase to end of line, automatic
    A good VOM or VTVM is all that is required line carry over selection (automatic return
    through the whole procedure, with ranges to next line after 80 characters), controls
    of 1 0, 100 and 1000 ohms for resistance for timeshare (half or full duplex, transmit
    measurements. page, break). Serial and parallel interfaces,
    One final electrical note: there have been adjustable to rates between 11 0 and 9600
    reports of blown Darlington transistors bps, are very flexible and functional. Un­

    134 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


    Photo la: A good practice
    when assembling compli­
    cated kits is built into the
    Heathkit manuals: a parts
    check off. In this photo­
    graph, the parts for the
    "RAM and counter circuit
    board" have been un­
    packed from the paper
    bags, with loose parts
    fortunately, few of the standard ASCII more which did not have the features placed in the baking pan at
    formatting commands are decoded: if of the H9. The documentation is equal the left.
    you want to clear the screen from your or better than past Heathkits. Physically,
    computer, 12 line feeds in a row is about it looks professional and is clean and
    the only way to do it, in spite of the fact neat. It would be hard to find a unit so
    that an equivalent key is available. flexible for the investment. I use mine
    After searching for several months, I with a modem for timesharing as well as
    was very pleased to find an 80 character using it as a terminal for my home micro­
    per line terminal with so many functions. processor system. And what's more, it
    I saw units that cost 50 to 70 percent worked the first time.•

    Photo lb: As the parts are


    checked off against the
    parts list, they are moved
    from the pan at the left
    into the pan at the right,
    and arranged in order for
    access later during as­
    sembly. In this photo, the
    circuit board for the new
    module and a conductive
    foam pad with the inte­
    grated circuit parts are
    both placed at the back
    of the two pans.

    October 1978 ©BYTE Public.uions Inc 135


    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

    +-+ + +-+ +-+-+ -- + +-+-+-+-+--

    +-+-+-+-+-- +-+ - -+-+ -- +-+ -


    +-+ ­

    . +-- .
    Maze

    . ·-+-+-+-+ + + + +-+ - -+ - -+ +-- +-+ Robert J Bishop


    1143 W Badillo~
    Covina CA 91722
    -1 - + + +-+-- -+ +-- . +--. +-+ - +- +-+

    -1--+--. +-+ - +-+ + - ·-+-+-+-+ +-­ Here is an interesting novelty program


    that you can leave running on your video
    --+ +-+-+ - +-+-+-+-+ - +-+-+-+ display whenever you are planning to have
    guests over to see your computer. The pro­
    +-+-+-+-+ - ·-+-+ + +-+ +-+-+ + gram automatically generates and displays a
    different maze about once a minute on an
    -1·-+-+ - +-+ +-+-+ +-+-+-+ +-+ +-+--. Apple I computer. Each maze is 11 squares
    high and 19 squares wide, and has only one
    -1- +-+ -+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+ ­ path through it. The size, 11 by 19, was
    chosen so that a display with 24 lines of
    40 characters each would just fill the screen.
    -1--+-+ +-+ +-+-+ + + + +-+--· + + + + Basically, here's how the program works.
    The entrance and ·exit points are randomly
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ chosen first. Next, a random walk is per­
    formed from both of these points until the
    Figure 7: Two typical mazes as generated by the program oflisting 7. two paths cross. This determines the one,
    A series of these will entertain you for hours and furnish you with and only one, way through what will
    another response to that age old question, "What do you do with it?" become the maze. As each "cell" is visited
    via these random walks, the location of the
    +-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ cell is placed in a queue. A queue is simply
    a list of items in which all insertions are
    .. +-+ +-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + +-+-+ ­ made at one end , and all accesses are made
    ! from the other end, ie: it's a first in-first out
    · ·-+ -· +-+ - +-+-+-+-+ + ---+-+ + - . + (FIFO) Iist. When either of the walks runs
    out of places t o go (gets stuck in a corner,
    +-· . +-+-+-+ +-+ + - + +-+ +-+-+-- . or gets boxed-in), it goes back to the queue
    and restarts from the node indicated by the
    next item in the queue . This restarting pro­
    + + +-+ +-+--- +-+-- +-+-+ ­ cess continues until the queue becomes
    empty, at which point the maze is com­
    +-+-· +-+ +-+-+ - -+ - +-+ plete. The resulting maze is then displayed,
    and the whole process starts over again.
    +-+-+ + - + +-+ +-·. +-+-+-+-- . The program is written in Apple BASIC
    and requires less than 2 K bytes of memory;
    - ·-+-+-+-+-+ +-+ + + +-+-+-+-+ + an additional two pages (512 bytes) are
    required for the queue and grid array. Along
    +-+-+ - +-- · + -·-+-+-+ +-+ +-+ +-+-+ with the BASIC interpreter the whole
    thing easily fits in 8 K bytes. In order to
    conserve space, the grid array and the queue
    -+-+-+ - +-+-+ + +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ are accessed via PEEK and POKE functions.
    The queue, indicated by the variable Q in
    + +-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+ + + +-+ + +-­ the program, is located starting at decimal
    location 768; the grid array G starts at
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ decimal location 1024. These values are set
    in line 100 of the program. Each of these

    136 October 1978 © BY TE Publications Inc


    Osborne & Associates announces two new books. ..

    AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTERS:
    VOLUME 2 - SOME REAL MICROPROCESSORS
    VOLUME 3 - SOME REAL SUPPORT DEVICES

    There are hundreds of microprocessor books on NEW UPDATES


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    2 and 3. These books provide the only detailed that Vdumes 2 and 3 must cover, these books have
    descriptions of real products from an independent been written to be updated on a regular bimonthly
    source. schedule. Six update sections for each of the two
    NEW MICROPROCESSORS volumes may be purchased on a yearly subscrip­
    tion basis. Each update will describe new products,
    Volume 2 describes individual microprocessors and or products not covered in the original volumes;
    support devices commonly used only with the updates also provide additional information for
    parent microprocessor. The new edition represents products already included, and errata pages for
    a massive expansion of our previous Volume 2; previous text.
    among other new material it includes the first
    detailed description of .the Intel 8086 16-bit NEW FORMAT
    microprocessor. For your convenience, Vdumes 2 and 3 are printed
    in loose leaf form and may be purchased with or
    NEW SUPPORT DEVICES
    without a binder.
    Volume 3 describes support devices that can be
    used with any microprocessor. The majority of this The 1978 edition of Volume 2 and the new Volume 3
    book is new material; in particular it has one of the of AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTERS will
    most comprehensive discussions of memory be available at the end of September. To order
    devices ever printed . . these or other Osborne & Associates publications,
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    and most support devices available today are de­
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    PRICE QTY AMT ~OSBORNE & ASSOCIATES, INC. (4151 548-2805


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    _ Volume 2 - Some Real Microprocessors
    14 4 $20.00 Berkeley, California 94702 U.S.A.
    1978 Edition -With Binder
    NAME
    15-2 Without Binder $15.00
    16-0 Binder alone $ 5.00 ADDRESS

    _ Volume 3 - Some Real Support Devices CITY


    17 9 $20.00
    With Binder STATE ZIP PHONE

    SHIPPING CHARGES: Shipping for large orders to be arranged.


    18-7 W ithout Binder $15.00
    19- 5 Binder alone $ 5.00 UPDATE SUBSCRIPTIONS :
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    D No extra charge in the U.S. - 4th Class Mail ONLY.
    Volume 2 and 3 Updates (Subscription
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    D All foreign orders, $3.00 per book. for ai r shipment

    Volume 2 Updates only (six issues) 0 4th class $0.35 per book (allow 3-4 weeks within USA. not applicable to discounted orders}

    $25.00
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    drawn on a U.S. bank.


    FlO

    Circle 292 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 137


    arrays requires one 256 byte page of 560 0$=" ":IF T=2*(T/2) THEN 0$= "-"

    580 PRINT "+ " ;0$;

    memory. 600 NEXT L: PRINT"+"

    If you have a random access display (if 620 FOR L=1 TO 19

    your hardware lets you change displayed 640 T= PEEK (G+19 * (K-1)+L-1)/4

    660 0$=" ": IF T=2*(T/2) THEN 0$= "!"

    characters without having to regenerate 680 PRINT 0$; " " ;

    the complete display) , you might want to 700 NEXT L: PRINT"!"

    modify the program to become an inter­ 720 NEXT K

    740 P= PEEK (0+1 ): T=P- 19 * (P/19)

    active game. After the maze is displayed, let 760 FOR K=1 TO T:PRINT "+-"; : NEXT K :PRINT " + ";
    pl ayers try to move some type of cursor 780 FOR K=T+2 TO 19: PRINT"+- ";: NEXT K: PRINT"+"
    800 GOTO 100
    through it before a set time limit is 1000 R=R+1: POKE O+R,P: RETURN

    reached.•
    2000 F =F+1: P=- 1: IF F< =R THEN P=PEEK (Q+F): RETURN

    3000 K=O

    3100T=P+1: IF T/19 #P /19THEN 3200

    Listing 7: An Apple I BASIC listing of the


    3150 S=1: GOSUB 4000

    maze program. This program should be easy 3200 T=P-19 : IF T < O THEN 3300

    to convert to any BASIC language which 3250 S=2: GOSUB 4000

    uses PEEK and POKE functions. 3300 T=P-1: IF T/19#P/19 THEN 3400

    3325 IF T < O THEN 3400

    10 DIM A(3), 8(3), C(3), E(4), N(2) 3350 S=3: GO SUB 4000

    20 E(1)=1:E(2)=2 :E(3)=4:E(4)=8 3400 T=P+19: IF T>=209 THEN 3500

    100 0=768:G=1024 : R=-1 : F= - 1 : M=O: L=2


    120 FOR K=1TO209: POKE G+K - 1,0: NEXT K 3450 S=4 : GOSUB 4000

    140 N(1 )=3+ AND (7) :N(2)=205- RND(7) 3500 IF K-#oTHEN 3600: P=-1 : RETURN

    160 POKE G+N(1 ),2: POKE G+N(2),24


    180 P=N (1): GOSUB 1000: P=N (2): GOSUB 1000 3600 K=1+ AND (K) : T=C(K)

    200 L=3-L: P=N(L) 3610 IF PEEK (G+T) -#o THEN M=1

    250 GOSUB 3000: IF P<O THEN 350 3620 IF M=O THEN B(K) = B(K)+16*(PEEK (G+P)/16)

    3630 POKE G+P, PEEK (G+P)+A(K)

    300 GOSUB 1000: GOTO 400


    3640 POKE G+T, PEEK (G+T)+B(K)

    350 GOSUB 2000 : IF P< O THEN 500


    3650 P=T: RETURN

    4000 IF PEEK (G+T)=O THEN 4300

    400 N(Ll=P : GOTO 200 4050 IF M-#o THEN RETURN

    500 FOR K=1 TO 24 : PRINT : NEXT K 4100 IF PEEK (G+P)/16= PEEK (G+T)/16 THEN RETURN

    510 FOR K=1TO11 4300 K=K+1 : C(K)=T: A(K)=E(S)

    520 FOR L=1 TO 19 4400 S=S+2 - 4 * ((S+1)/4) : B(K)=E(S)

    540 T = PEEK (G+19*(K- 1 )+L- 1)/2 4500 RETURN

    ·-=rU RTL E5.....__....

    Small home robots

    controllable by your computer.

    Needs 8 bits in, 4 bits out TTL compatible parallel port.

    Attachable to any computer via parallel interface (not included) . )

    Terrapin™ Turtles can:


    I
    • 'walk' (on 2" radiu s wh eel s)
    • 'talk' (vi a 2-t one speaker )
    • 'blink' (wi th li ghts as eyes)
    • draw (with solenoid-controlled pen )
    • 'feel' (using 3W' radiu s dome as touch sens or)

    Use your Turtle to map rooms, solve mazes, dance, ex­

    plore Artificial Intelligence, teach geometry or

    programming .

    A unique peripheral to keep you "in touch " with your

    computer.

    Computer not included (Batteries not needed).

    Kit 300 Assembled 500 Inc.


    S-100 Bus Interface $40 • Shipping $5
    33 Edinborough Street, 6th Floor
    Mass. residents add 5% sales tax Boston, MA 02111

    I Limited delivery from stock • Brochures available (617) 482-1033

    138 Octob er 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 372 on inquiry card .
    any two
    of these great
    by J. Peatman professional books
    4911380 Pub. Pr., $24.50

    COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
    by C. C. Foster
    $295
    7701794 Pub . Pr ., $17.95

    THE BOBOA BUGBOOK-MICROCOMPUTER


    INTERFACING AND PROGRAMMING
    by P.R. Rony, D. G. Larsen & J. A. Titus
    7831845 Pub. Pr., $9.95 Club Pr., $8.45
    Introductory offer to new members of the
    MINICOMPUTER SYSTEMS
    Organization and Programming
    by R.H. Eckhouse, Jr.

    Computer Professionals' Book Club


    7681641 Pub. Pr., $18.95 Club Pr., $13.95
    Two special bonus books come to you for $2.95 with your first club selection
    MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING FOR
    COMPUTER HOBBYISTS
    T HIS professional club is designed to meet your day-to-day on-the-job n2eds by provid­
    ing practical books in your field on a regular basis at below publisher prices. If you're
    missing out on important technical literature-if today's high cost of reading curbs the growth
    of your library-here's the solution to your problem.
    by N. Graham The Computer Professionals' Book Club was organized for you, to provide an economical
    783/56X Pub. Pr ., $12 .95 Club Pr., $10.95 reading program that cannot fail to be of value. Administered by the McGraw-Hill Book
    Company, all books are chosen by qualified editors and consultants. Their understanding
    of the standards and va lues of the literature in your field guarantees the appropriateness
    FUNDAMENTALS OF DATA STRUCTURES of the selections.
    How the Club operates: Every month you receive free of charge The Computer Profes­
    by E. Horowitz & S. Sahni sionals' Book Club Bulletin. This announces and describes the Club's featured book of the
    7701522 Pub . Pr., $17.95 Club Pr., $14.95 month as well as alternate selections available at special members' prices. If you want to
    examine the Club's featme of the month, you do nothing. If you prefer one of the alternate
    selections-or if you want no book at all-you notify the club by returning the card en­
    CHESS AND COMPUTERS closed with each Bulletin.
    by D. Levy As a Club Member, you agree only to the purchase of four books (including your first
    selection) over a two-year period. Considering the many books published annually, there
    7851252 Pub. Pr., $12.95 Club Pr., $10.50 will surely be at least four you would want to own anyway . By joining the club, you
    save both money and the trouble of searching for the best books.
    TOP-DOWN STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING ~
    TECHNIQUES - ~--eilGfi
    by C. L. McGowan & J. R. Kelly
    7691052 Pub. Pr., $15.95 Club Pr., $13.50

    COMPUTER DATA STRUCTURES


    by J. L. Pfaltz
    497/435 Pub. Pr., $19.50 Club Pr., $14.60

    AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING HANDBOOK VALUES UP TO $59.45 WITH MAJOR DISCOUNTS ON ALL OTHER CLUB SE­

    by The Diebold Group, Inc . LECTIONS. Your bonus books come with the first selection, and you may choose both

    1681075 Pub. Pr., $34.95 Club Pr ., $23.75 of them from the books described in this special introductory offer.

    EXTRA SAVINGS: Remit in full with your order, plus any local and state tax, and

    STRUCTURED COBOL McGraw-Hill will pay all regular postage and handling charges.

    by A. S. Philippakis & L. J . Kazmier


    4971974 Pub. Pr ., $12.95 Club Pr ., $9.70 NO RISK GUARANTEE:

    If not completely satisfied return selections for full refund and membership cancellation.

    GETTING INVOLVED WITH YOUR ------- MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY - - - - - - - - •


    I COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS/Book Club P.O. Box 582 Princeton Road, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520
    OWN COMPUTER I Please enroll me as a member and send me the three books bers onl y. Posrage and handl i ng charges are added to al/

    AGuide for Beginners I

    indicated. I am to receive the two bonus books at the int ro ­


    ductory price of $2.95 plus my first selection, plus tax ,

    shipments. Members are billed when books arri ve.

    postage, and handling. II not completely satisfied, I may


    Write Code :: of 1st ur.a .. " " " " .... - ' ..,.,,..

    by L. Solomon & S. Veit


    7711952 Pub. Pr., $9.95 Club Pr., $8.35 I return the books within 10 days and request that my member ­
    ship be cancelled. If I keep the books, I agree to take a

    bonus book se lection here

    L _____.
    I minimum of three additional books during.the next two years
    at special Club prices {guaranteed 15%1 di!iCOunt, often
    I more). I will recei11e the Club Bulletin 13 times a year. If
    I want lo examine the featured selection, I need take no
    W.rltt COll.t =
    CJf 1s t

    MICROPROCESSOR/MICROPROGRAMMING I action. It will be shipped automatically. If, however, I want


    an alternate selection-or no book at all-I simply not ify the
    HANDBOOK I Club by returning the convenient card always enclosed. I
    will always have a minimum of 10 days in which to return
    by B. Ward
    7681749 Pub. Pr. , $9.95 Club Pr., $8.45
    I the card and you will credit my account fully, Including
    postage, if this is not the case. Membership in th e c lub is
    _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _
    N~ME

    ~ cont i nuous but cancellable by me at any time after the four ­


    book purchase requirement has been f illed. This order
    _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _
    ~DDRESS

    ~
    sub ject to acceptan ce by McGraw-H I/I. Orders /ram outside
    rhe conrinenral U .S . musr be prepa id. Company, business, or C I TY~~~--------------~
    DATA BASE DESIGN inst i turlonal tax exemption status is not appffcable to pu r­

    by G. Wiederhold
    II chases made th roug h Individual Club memberships. All prices STAT E - - - - - -- -- -- Z I P - - - - -­

    -------------------------------·
    ~
    subject to change without notice. Oller good for new mem­
    P39300
    701 /30X Pub. Pr., $21.50 Club Pr., $15.95

    Circle 219 on inquiry ca rd. BYTE Ociuber 1978 139


    Can you upgrade to 16·bits

    on a tight budget?

    Of course!

    Let me introduce you to th~ 16-bit system capability as your needs, and your CDC Hawk 10 megabyte hard disk drive.
    world of Alpha Micro. Consider all the budget, allow: All Alpha Micro systems are fully soft­
    advantages of upgrading your present AM-10016-bit CPU.Two board S-100 ware supported including the new com­
    8-bit system with the first fully integrated bus compatible microprocessor set, com­ pletely integrated, minicomputer class
    concept of hardware and software. A plete with software - a year and a half accounting system which consists of sev­
    concept that provides all the features of field proven reliability. eral hundred programs.
    a 16-bit minicomputer, yet retains all the AM-200 Floppy Disk Controller. For more information see your local
    flexibility, peripheral options, and low S-100 bus compatible supports PerSci Alpha Micro dealer or write or call.
    cost of S-100 bus systems. 277 and Wangco 87 disk drives.
    Now you can have much of the sophis­ AM-300 Six Port Serial 1/0. S-100
    tication that was previously restricted to
    nnl11 tho mini'<: Multi-User, Multi-Tasking,
    bus compatible provides six fully pro­
    grammable RS-232 ports. ~alpha
    Time -Sharing, Memo rv Ma nagemen t.
    Manage ment. and yes, Peril2b..:
    AM-400 Hard Disk Subsystem. S-100
    bus compatible interface and CALCOMP
    ~~micro
    Independence. Trident series drives (25, 50, 80, 200 and 178 81 Sky Park North
    Come on, Join Alpha Micra's 16-bit 300 megabyte configurations)_ hvine, California 92714
    world .. .Youcan do it on an 8 -bit budget AM-500 Hard Disk Subsystem. S-100 (714) 957-1404
    Five subsystems let you expand your 8-bit bus compatible formatter-controller and
    140 BYTE October 1978 Circle 4 on inquiry card.
    ~alpha

    ~~micro
    See the exciting 16-bit world of Alpha

    Converting North Star's Micro at your local Alpha Micro dealer.

    ALABAMA CONNECTICUT NEBRASKA WASHINGTON


    HUNTSVILLE HAMDEN OMAHA BELLE VUE
    Computerland JRV Computer Store ByteSriopo! By!eShopol

    Deletion Characters {205)539-1200


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    Small Compu1er
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    Capilo101fice
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    Microcomputer
    Sy'1ems
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    a co mplete lin e with th e ESC key, nothin g GLENDALE
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    CINCINNATI
    NORTH
    FREMANTLE
    !213) 2·U-9346 ILUNOIS So!lwareSystems JamesMcLarty
    happens . Th e probl em is that North Star's LA JOLLA
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    Champa1on
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    &Son
    35·4677
    17141459 _2797 Computer Co
    disk operating system uses the BASIC com­ LAWNDALE (217) 566-4131
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    Klngs way
    Byte Shop 01 CICERO {216)333·3261 Compulers
    mands of the at symbol "@" for canceling a (213)371 -2421
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    (312)656-3353
    COLUMBUS
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    BEACH EVANSTON Electronics BELGIUM


    line and the back arrow (or underline) for De Marco-Shatz Illy Billy
    Computer Sys!ems Machine Co.
    (614) 294·2991 BRUSSELS
    Computer
    OREGON Resources
    correcting a single character. All my oth er (213)545-4539
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    (312)328·8800
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    (02)538·9093
    ComoulerLand Data Domain or CANADA
    programs, monitors, asse mblers and so on (714)770-0131
    ORANGE
    [312)397·8700 (503)644-2686
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    us e the ESC key t o cancel a Iin e and the (714)633·1222
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    BLOOMING TON
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    (503]464-1040
    Place
    (416)598-0262
    1812)334-3607 PORTLAND QUEBEC
    DEL (RUB OUT) key for deleting the APR Systems
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    INOIANAPOLIS
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    ProdataSystems [317)251·3139 819373-2367
    previously typed character. {805)483·1t88
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    Computers
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    BURGETTSTOWN Byte Shop of
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    The solution is fairly simple and is shown (415)327-8080
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    Concept s Pacific Computer
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    Of course, th e original correct ion charac­ Microcomputer
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    (303)573-4895 Big Sky Byte Shop
    2965 C9 RET MiliMini {400] 252·2299 Home Computer
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    ENGLEWOOD Mentor.AB
    2966 3E5F CDEL:
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    Comicro.A .G
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    VENEZUELA
    CARACAS
    E.O C. MEGA. C.A
    Listing 7: 8080 assembly language listing of the changes to the North 33.79.90

    Star disk operating system to allow usage of DEL and ESC key codes
    for deleting characters and lines. Circle 4 on inquiry card.

    October 1978 ©BY TE Publicati ons Inc 141

    A Simpler Digital Cassette Tape Interface

    To our department at Ohio University, visit Abex Corporation here in Athens OH.
    "Saturation Recording's Not All That Hard" While we were there, Dave Weeks showed us
    by David M Allen, page 34, January 1977 a direct digital interface which he was build­
    BYTE, was a sleeper until we happened to ing from an old cassette deck. Bernie Hut­
    chins in the Electronotes Applications Note
    Ralph W Burhans
    No 32, March 25 1977, published a short
    Ohio University item on the 555 used as a window compara­
    E E Dept tor. Putting the two ideas together results in
    Athens OH 45701 the interface of figure 1, where the 555 per­
    forms the function of upper and lower limit
    comparators with adjustable threshold along
    with a flip flop to recover the serial data
    stream. It even supplies an extra open col­
    lector output to drive a read indicator LED.
    A cassette deck by Western Auto was
    obtained at the local surplus store for $10
    and was modified by removing all the
    original audio electronics, but saving the
    wire motor control and power on and off
    switching features. An evening of bench
    tests indicated that the head would provide
    a 10 to 20 mV peak to peak output on
    direct saturation_ Installation of a single
    Darlington transistor (SE4022) provided
    40 db gain to bring the read level up to a
    volt or so, which fires the 555 comparators
    by pulling down the 555 control point
    threshold with an adjustable resistor to
    ground. That is about all there is to the
    Photo 7: The author '.s tape recorder as modi­ unit except for a 4049 buffer inverter driver.
    fied for direct digital recording. 10 switch is In our department, Larry Eichman fabri­
    at bottom left; LEDs are at bottom right. cated a neat packaging of the system for a
    senior lab project. The recorder works
    fairly well over the range of 100 to 1200
    bps. At 2400 bps, though, the tape recorder
    drive is somewhat erratic because of the
    motor speed drive mechanical on and off
    control. Some users of similar older tape
    machines have modified the drive motor by
    bending the regulator spring such that power
    is always applied to the motor with a regu­
    lated power source, rather than depend on
    the centrifugal rotating regulator mech­
    anism. The same kind of machine has been
    used on a homebrew 8008 system, and Larry
    Eichman has used it with a COSMAC 1802
    processor. Photos 1 and 2 illustrate the front
    panel controls and 10 indicators, as well as
    the circuit board wiring for the electronics.
    The older style rotary switching deck is
    not suited to more complex software start
    and stop controls, but it does provide a
    quick serial data 10 system for those who
    Photo 2: Interior view of digital cassette unit showing additional circuitry are willing to cannibalize an existing audio
    on perforated circuit board. cassette recorder.•

    142 October 1978 © BYTE Publ icat ions Inc


    •5 V
    100

    IC
    Number Type +5 v Ground 24 K

    I 1001<'
    IC1 555 8 1 I~ READ
    :><>-----j~---f-D DATA
    OU TPUT
    IC2 4049 8 1

    SE4022 I
    I
    Figure 1: Circuitry to modify a standard I
    I
    cassette recorder for direct digital recording. "" I
    During the write process a DC current of 1 1c1

    approximately 1 V is passed through the - - - - - - - - - - - - - J 555

    record head, which saturates the tape. The


    polarity of the saturation recorded signal 1H R (S.HOLD

    depends on the polarity of the DC current ,D, OJUS T

    going through the head winding. During


    the read cycle, a voltage is induced in the .___.>------+-­ - - - 4 > - - - - -- - -----, ..------tt
    READ

    WAITE
    14 PDT SLIDE SWITCH)

    head winding only when a transition be­


    tween two oppositely polarized zones moves 020
    II ERASE
    past the head. The 555 circuit (!Cl) is used II HEAD
    as a combination level detector and flip flop
    to recover the serial data.
    II RECORD/
    II ~~~BACK
    REFERENCE \ll'~ lf(
    D• TA D -.._-1 ::o<»----+---,.......,___.

    470

    IHP U T
    Electronotes Applications Note No 32, March 25, 1c2
    1977. Available from Electronotes, 203 Snyder Hill 4 049 & 470
    Rd, Ithaca NY 14850 .

    BASIC is BASIC is •••


    And BASIC does what it should. But if you're ready to step up
    from Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, look
    at OPUS, the high-level 8080/Z80 language from A.S.I. ... roots
    in BASIC, but designed for business applications. OPUS gives
    you the capabilities you need, like extended precision, string
    handling, and easy formatting. OPUS/TWO takes up where
    OPlJS/ONE leaves off, allowing subroutines, overlays, and
    extended disc file management.

    But we didn't stop there_ OPUS programs ar.d data are


    directly upward-compatible, all the way up through TEMPOS,
    A.S.I.'s multi-user, multi-tasking operating system.

    Ask your dealer, or contact A.S.I. We'd like to tell you more.
    OPUS/ONE . . . . . . . . . . $99.00 OPUS/ TWO ..... .. ... $195.00
    S.O.S. . ... . . . .... . ... . $385.00 TEMPOS ..... . ...... . $785.00
    ORDER A MANUAL NOW and we'll apply the price

    ao ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS, INC.


    toward your software purchase.

    ODD 1642 S. Parker Road, Suite 300


    Denver, Colorado 80231 (303) 755-9694
    OPUS User's Manual ..... . ..... __ . .. ... . .. . . $12.50
    S.O.S . Manual Set (includes OPUS Manual) ..... $20.00
    TEMPOS Manual Set (includes OPUS Manual) . . $20.00

    1:10 MASTER CHARGE and VISA accepted.


    Add $1.50 per manual (set) for shipping/handling in U.S.

    Circle 2 on inqu iry card. October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 143
    Steve A Hughes
    Souping Up Your SwTPC 6800
    5831 Hillside Dr
    Doraville GA 30340

    One of the design economies in the


    SwTPC 6800 is the use of the same clock
    to set data transfer rate and to control
    processing speed. It avoids the need to build
    a separate processor clock and reduces the
    processing speed by only 10 percent. For
    most applications, this speed loss is un­
    important, but it can become important if
    you are interested in heavily processor based
    activities such as process control or robotics.
    It is also inconvenient if you use timing
    loops frequently, since it is more difficult
    to calculate timing loops which are based
    on a slightly more than 1 µs period rather
    than on an even 1.0 µs period for the pro­
    cessor states. Therefore, I decided a little
    "souping up" was in order.

    The 10 Percent Solution

    The processing speed of the SwTPC


    6800 is governed by the data rate genera­
    tor clock, which is based on a 1.7971 MHz
    crystal timebase. A 7474 flip flop is used
    Photo la: Top view of the SwTPC 6800 processor clock speed modifier cir­ to divide the data rate generator timebase
    cuit. down to provide the processor clock with
    its 1. 11 µs clock period. By replacing this
    7474 with a socket into which you can
    plug a 2 MHz crystal oscillator, you can
    provide the desired 1 MHz signal source.
    This oscillator can be built cheaply and
    simply on a small piece of perforated circuit
    board (see photos 1a and 1 b). It provides a
    separate source for the processor clock with­
    out interfering with the data rate generator
    or the action of the 74 74.
    Memories used with a 1 MHz processor
    must have access times of no more than
    500 ns. This means that, although all factory

    c (
    ( ....... .
    f

    c • • • • • • ' • • •
    supplied memories should run at the in­
    creased processor speed with no difficulty,
    other memories may not. For example,
    2102-2s will not work reliably at the higher
    I I e e e e e e e e e I
    speed. To simplify confirming that your

    - .....
    l • • • • • • • • 8 • •
    memories are fast enough, I've included a
    c, •••••••• ••• table of access times for the more commonly
    ~" available types of 2102 memories (see table
    I e I e e • I e I e 1 ).
    (( till([(
    One advantage of making this improve­
    ment in your system is that you are no
    longer limited to one unchangeable clock
    speed. If you want to use the 1.5 MHz or
    Photo 7b: Bottom view of the SwTPC 6800 processor clock speed modifier 2. 0 MHz versions of the 6 800 processor,
    circuit. ACIA (Asynchronous Communications

    144 October 1978 © BYTE Publicatiom In c


    DIP
    CRYSTAL
    P I N NUMBERS
    OSCILLATOR
    2MHz 0 001/LF I (CONNECTOR
    CUI I SIDE)
    I IC2 a
    7474 2 D 0 5 5

    6
    ~ CK 0 G 13
    PR
    4
    10

    IC I
    74 L S04
    4

    NO CONNECTION

    12

    9
    IC2b
    IC 7474
    TY PE 5V GND
    NUMBER 8 (OPTIONAL)

    ICI 74LS04 14

    II
    IC2 74 74 14
    I
    I
    I
    vcc <J 14
    Figure 1: Simple custom circuit that modifies the SwTPC 6800 I

    computer so the user can change the processor clock speed by I

    plugging in different crystal oscillators. The entire circuit can be GND<J 7


    I
    mounted on a small perforated circuit board (see photos 1 and 2) I

    which plugs directly into the SwTPC 6800 board in place of the
    existing 7474 data rate generator timebase divider.

    Memory Access Usable Interface Adapter), PIA (Peripheral Interface


    Number Time at 1 mHz? Adapter), and the like, which are currently
    2102 1000 ns No available, you can adjust the timebase
    2102-1 500 ns Yes simply by replacing the 2.0 MHz crystal
    2102 -2 650 ns No
    with one specified at 3.0 MHz (for a 1.5
    2102A 350 ns Yes
    2102A-2 250 ns Yes MHz processor clock) or at 4.0 MHz (for a
    2102A-4 450 ns Yes 2 MHz processor clock) . Increasing the
    2102A-6 650 ns No
    2102AL 350 ns Yes processor speed above 1 MHz will necessitate
    2102AL-2 250 ns Yes replacing (or adding a slow memory inter­
    2102AL-4 450 ns Yes face for) memories not suited to the in­
    creased speed, and replacing the MIKBUG
    Table 1: Some commonly used memory read only memory (not currently available
    integrated circuits (/Cs) and their compati­ in higher speed versions). But for some
    bility with a 1 MHz processor speed. applications the increased speed is un ­
    doubtedly worth the effort.

    +5V
    Building the Oscillator Card

    The schematic shown in figure 1 indicates


    TO
    how the oscillator card works. This is one
    P I N 5, IC2 of the most common circuits of its type
    and was chosen for its simplicity. The parts
    as shown in photo la are mounted on top
    of the board and the connector (a 14-pin
    Figure 2: Simple test rig to verify that the DIP [dual in line package] header) mounts
    oscillator circuit (shown in figure 1) is work­ underneath with its upper pins sticking
    ing. Both LEDs should light up when con­ through the top of the board. The reverse
    nected to pin 5 of IC2. of the board is seen in photo 1 b.

    October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 145


    Photo 2: Side view of the
    clock modifier circuit,
    showing the pins of the
    dual in line connector
    (DIP) plug, enabling the
    experimenter to plug the
    entire board into the
    SwTPC board in place of
    the existing 7474 flip flop, All the components of the oscillator fit should work as soon as it is assembled,
    which serves as the data nicely on a 2 3/8 inch by 1 1 /2 inch (6 cm but testing can do no harm and provides
    rate generator timebase by 4 cm) piece of perforated circuit board, additional certainty that all is well. A simple
    divider. but the components must be carefully test rig using two resistors and two LEDs,
    placed to avoid conflict with the com­ such as the one shown in figure 2, lets you
    ponents on the processor board to which verify that the oscillator is oscillating.
    it is attached. One satisfactory arrangement
    is shown in photos 1a and 1 b. The wiring Conclusion
    arrangement on the card is not critical
    so long as the wires are correctly connected The increased processor speed which
    to the connector pins. Capacitance values results from this modification offers benefits
    also are not critical. Any value from 0.001 in any heavily processor based application.
    µF to 0.1 µF will probably work. The The circuit shown on the card is also con ­
    entire board then plugs into the SwTPC venient as a 1 MH z source for any other
    6800 board in place of the existing 7474 development work you may be doing. As an
    (see photo 2 for a side view o f the DIP plug). inexpensive way to solve processor speed
    This is largely a foolproof card and problems, it's hard to beat.•

    146 October 1978 © BY TE P'ubl ic.u ium In c Circle 400 on inquiry card.
    Circle 32 on inquiry card.

    ···········-----------------------­
    .why lhe lasl moo~~ is lhe besl moo~~~

    It has the latest news for users on news of compatible hardware & l 977. Every issue goes by first '
    • (and prospective users) of Heath software from other vendors. HS cl ass mail and almost all orders '
    , Co. computer products. It isn't and Hll users may save enough on for new subscriptions are filled •
    company-controlled--BUSS can get these products to pay for a BUSS within two days. Back issues go ,
    ' new product information and tid­ subscription several times over. fast, but most of those for 1978
    ' bits about items being developed And users of the ET-3400 Trainer are still available. BUSS keeps
    • before the official announcement aren't left out either. getting better. So send for it:
    • by Heath Co. But BUSS does more The first issue of BUSS came out
    • than that--BUSS also lets you in more than a year ago in April of 12 IssuEs FoR $ 6.80
    THE INDEPENDENT NEWSLETTER OF HEATH Co. COMPUTERS 325 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, S.E. WASHINGTON, DC 20003
    . . . . . . . .
    Continued from page 6 ranking. In the case of the survey, 2457
    people responded out of 5000 subscribers
    it had only the usual audio tape cassette picked at random from our mailing list.
    interface for mass storage, and television In our monthly BOMB analysis, the Articles Policy

    for display purposes. (I have since ordered ratings are acquired by the time-honored BYTE Publications Inc i s continually
    and received a floppy disk drive, which was method of tallying with strokes on paper seeking quality manuscripts written by
    individuals who are applying personal
    plugged in and working within five minutes in groups of five strokes. Thus when Wai computer systems, designing such sys­
    tems, or who have knowledge which
    of setup .) Chiu Li takes a monthly break from his will prove use(ul to our readers. For
    The immediate spur to writing this normal job of "final paste" preparation a more informal description of pro.
    cedures and requirements, potential
    practical program was the need to analyze for BYTE in order to tally the BOMB authors should send a s.elf-addressed,
    stomped envelope to BYTE Authors·
    the editorial preferences section of the cards on a large sheet of paper, he accumu· Guide, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH
    BYTE 1978 reader survey. This section, lates strokes, thus : 03458.
    Articles which are accepted are
    like the monthly BOMB analysis of articles purchased with a rate o f $45 per pub­
    in BYTE, gave a number of entries for lished page, based on technical quality
    and suitability for the intended reader·
    which the respondent to the survey indi­ ship. As to articles appearing in BYTE
    magazine, each month, the authors of
    cated a preference on a scale of 0 to 10. In the two leading articles in the reader
    the case of the survey, my goal was to find poll (B YTE' s Ongoing Monitor Box or
    .. BOMB") ore presented w ith bonus
    out what readers were interested in, so there In the survey analysis, with 2457 forms checks of 1100 and 150. Unsolicited
    materials should be accompanied by
    was a list of 38 categories of interest to be returned, our data processing contractor, full name and address, as well as return
    rated 0 to 10. Each respondent's individual Systemetrics, performed the keystroking postage.•

    scale differs, but the idea here is to average of data and produced a report giving a
    the ratings of a large number of individuals count for each rating 0 to 10 in the 38
    and thus approximate an overall preference different categories o f the preference survey .

    Circle 400 on inquiry card . Oc tober 1978 © BY T E Publica tion s In c 147


    But this raw data is not the desired result. sorting of the categories by weight, and
    For the monthly BOMB analysis and for the calculation of relative deviation from the
    survey analysis, I need a program which mean for each category. With only 1 0 to 15
    produces the following derived data from items I had put up with this procedure for
    the input of ten counts (I exclude the 0 a long time, but the prospect of 38 items
    rating case) in n categories: and no way to verify the detail entries was
    not encouraging.
    • Weighted sum total rating for each Thus I proceeded to create a program.
    category. Since the Apple 11 was the computer avail­
    • Mean and standard deviation over the able to me in my office, I wrote the program
    fie Id of ratings. using the Applesoft BASIC interpreter
    • Sorted ran kings of each category by (Microsoft's product in Apple 11 clothing)
    weight. as the high level language_ It took me all of
    • Deviations for each category in units about five hours on July 11 1978 to go from
    of one standard deviation. the intention to a working BASIC program.
    If I had had the floppy disk accessory at
    The previous method of analyzing these the time, the result w ou Id have been even
    results was to use a Commodore PR-100 quicker since I would not have had to put
    programmable calculator, which has a mean up with the relative inconvenience of the
    and standard deviation calculation built into audio tape mass storage system. Since this
    it. But this suffered from a number of awk­ program was the first extensive one I have
    ward disadvantages. The procedure was written in the Microsoft dialect of BASIC,
    essentially manual, with minimal automation I had to read the manuals as part of that
    through the use of the programmability of process of creating the program. (Apple II 's
    the calculator. The calculator has no way to Applesoft interpreter is essentially identical
    enter enough data for the whole analysis, or to the Radio Shack Level II interpreter, the
    to edit that data if a mistake is made, or to Commodore PET interpreter, and inter­
    verify that data by examining details. Use of preters available for OSI and MITS Altair
    a calculator required an "expert" who knew machines. All were written by Bill Gates
    the process, in order to accomplish the goal: and his associates at Microsoft Inc.) As
    calculation of mean, standard deviation, many readers no doubt know, the language

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    148 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 140 on inquiry card.
    Circle 308 on inquiry card.

    was more than adequate to the task. Pascal


    it is not, but any high level language is better
    than no high level language.
    So, with all the preparation carried out,
    and a program verified, I was able to analyze
    the 38 categories of preferences included in
    APPLE II

    our survey, and proceed to begin analyzing


    BOMB resul.ts the same way.
    Let's take a look first at what readers
    of BYTE found of interest based on our
    TRS-80

    survey. The task presented to our survey


    participants was the following:

    The following list contains a selection


    & other

    of topics drawn from computer


    science, mathematics, science and CASSETIE TAPES FOR SALE

    engineering. Please give your personal


    rating from 0 (no interest) to 70 (high
    interest). If a particular field within We promote, advertise and sell
    this list is your professional or occu­ software for free lance computer
    pational specialty, please record a specialists all over the United States.
    check mark in the "Primary Interest"
    column to the left of the line. If you Get the latest issue of our book full
    have already used a personally owned of programs by return mail.
    system for at least one nontrivial appli­ Send $1.00 to:
    cation in the field, please record a
    check mark in the "Have Imple­
    mented" column for that line. Programmers Software Exchange

    2110 N. 2nd Street

    The complete list of 38 topics is presented


    in table 1, ranked according to weighted Cabot, Arkansas 72023

    total count, along with the actual weighted


    total counts and a fraction representing the
    number of standard deviations away from
    the mean of 38 categories. The mean modem I 'mo • dam I [modulator
    weighted count total of the 38 categories + demodulator] n - s : a device for
    was 8579.5, and the standard deviation transmission of digital information
    calculated was 1977.9.
    The top ranked category was rather via an analog channel such as a tele­
    nebulous: "applications to everyday life." phone circuit.
    Thus its 2.2 standard deviation rank may be
    less than significant. If the survey had asked
    for a ran king of "motherhood and apple
    pie" the result might have come out the
    same. I tend to think that the whole moti­
    vation for having a personal computer is to
    use it in everyday life, and it is always a
    great ego trip to have such an appraisal
    measure out at the top. Household auto­
    • Completely compatible with your IMSAI, ALTAIR*,
    mation with computers is one way to SOL** or other S-100 microcomputers.
    accomplish such a task, and is also a fitting Trademarks of *MITS, **Processor Technology
    subject for the experimenter. Personal • Designed for use on the dial telephone or TWX

    networks, or 2-wire dedicated lines, meets all

    data base design is a natural, ranging from FCC regulations when used with a CBT coupl&r.

    the oft mentioned kitchen recipe file to • All digital modulation and demodulation with on

    the record collector's inventory to the board cyrstal clock and precision filter mean that

    maintenance of tax records. The latter NO ADJUSTMENTS ARE REQUIRED

    of course overlaps on the application of • Bell 103 standard frequencies


    • Automated dial (pulsed) and answer
    personal computers to personal business. • Originate and answer mode
    In the experimenter's corner, there is a • 110 or 300 BPS speed select
    high interest in voice recognition by com­ • Complete self test capability
    • Character length, stop bit, and parity
    puters. But no pattern matching and recog­ • 90 day warranty and full documentation
    nition of sounds is possible without heavy
    emphasis on the art of programming, a topic D.C. Hayes Associates, Inc.
    which turned up as the sixth ranked item. P.O. BOX 9884 ATLANTA, GEORGIA, 30319 (404) 455-7663

    Circle 158 on inquiry card . October 1978© BYTE Public~tions Inc 149
    Circle 363 on inquiry card.

    TRS-80 OWNERS, HAVE WE GOT SOFTWARE ON CASSETTES FOR YOU!!!!


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    Once the "compleat" home computer A surprise (in view of this issue's chess
    experimenter has mastered the voice recog­ theme) was the slightly negative rating of
    nition and programming arts, what more chess relative to the mean. The bottom
    natural test application than some of the ranked i tern (related to chess) is the artificial
    neat logical games ranging from computer intelligence category of theorem proving.
    chess and the game of Go, on downward in Also included in the bottom ten interest
    complexity . areas were other topics related to abstract
    In the top ten, the last three items are artificial intelligence. What is surprising,
    perhaps a trio of related interests (which though, is the fact that for people to be
    also are related to the other members of practically interested in robots, this rela­
    the top 10 set). Voice synthesis by com­ tively abstract theory of knowledge and its
    puters complements voice recognition, representation is absolutely essential. Per­
    yet is an easier task than voice recognition haps we have here the indication of a need
    and perhaps less of a challenge as a result. for some good tutorial articles about these
    The art of hardware design is required in quite essential fields-to say nothing of
    any event for work in the more action some practical demonstrations of concepts
    oriented real time applications of com­ which can be exercised by the personal
    puters such as voice experiments, household computer user.
    automation and control of mechanisms. In summary, the program worked out
    And of course, the general interest in just fine for measuring the data of the
    robotics enters into the top 10 category survey. Although not covered in any great
    in the form of computer control of mech­ detail at this point, the BOMB analysis
    anisms. Most of the challenging but little figures beginning in the September 1978
    understood topics enter into the picture BYTE were created using th is program.
    in the second ranked ten categories of the And now that I've completed the editorial
    survey. Here we find graphics topics, the and the floppy disk is working, I'II think
    first en try of artificial i ntel Ii gence topics of some other tasks for my intellectual
    into the ranking, etc. servant to do.•

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    Everything shipped freight collect in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty.

    150 Oc1ober 1978 © BYTE Publicalions Inc Circle 222 on inquiry card.
    LEARN1-'0

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    COOK'S HELPER @ S10
    from approximately 35 countries. In
    MAILING LIST@ $20 addition, more than 100 international
    MAILING LIST -DISK @ $30 companies are expected to exhibit their P.O. Box 60968
    TOTAL products and services. In both japan and
    Less 10% Discount if Order in g
    Sunnyvale, CA 94088
    Two or More Items Australia the Congress will also feature 408-245-8855
    AMOUNT ENCLOSED $ __ special events and entertainment. Write
    .ame _ to Eighth World Computer Congress,
    S!reet Addr
    City
    Sta te --- ZIP
    Datapro Research Corp, 1805 Under ­
    wood Blvd, Delran NJ 08075.• LOGICAL

    SERVICES INCORPORATED
    Circle 112 on inquiry card. October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 151
    How to say

    low-cost data tablet/digitizer

    in two words.

    Bit Pad" South African Computer Club


    We have heard from the Transvaal
    Amateur Computer Club, a South

    Bit Pad"®
    African club founded in June 1977.
    They currently have 120 members and
    publish a monthly newsletter called
    TAC2 which they would be pleased to
    exchange for newsletters from clubs

    Bit Pad· II TM
    based in the US . The club project is the
    design of a M6800 microcomputer that
    can be manufactured locally. This club
    meets every first Wednesday at 8 PM,
    Senate House, Witwatersrand Univer·

    Bit Pad sity, Johannesburg SOUTH AFRICA.

    Help Wanted
    A group of computer enthusiasts

    Bit Pad"®
    from Singapore need some assistance in
    starting a computer club in that area.
    They are requesting advic e from ex isting
    clubs about how to get a club started
    and would lik e suggestions about a
    meeting format . Additionally, they

    } would welcome technical information in


    the form of manuals, brochures and
    catalogs from manufacturers. Write to
    Steven Goh, 3 Bristol Rd, Singapore 8
    SINGAPORE .

    Washington Area KIM Enthusiasts


    Formed in January 197 8, the
    Washington Area KIM Enthusiasts meet
    monthly at the McGraw-Hill Continuing
    Education Center in Washington DC.
    Meetings are scheduled for the third
    Wednesday of every month to discuss
    items of interest to KIM owners and
    users. To rec eive a copy of the current
    Bit Pad is the low-cost digitizer for small computer
    WAKE newsletter, send a stamped, self·
    systems. Better than a joystick or keyboard for entering addressed envelop e to WA KE, c/o
    graphic information, it converts any point on a page, any Ted Beach, 5112 Williamsburg Blvd,
    distance into its digital equivalents. It's also a menu for Arlington VA 22207, ( 703) 53 8-2303.
    data entry. You assign a value or an instruction to any
    Attention : Xitan/TDL Owners
    location on the pad. At the touch of a stylus, it's entered
    into your system. A user's group for owner s of Xitan/
    Who can use it? Anyone from the educator and the TDL hardware and software has recently
    be en formed . A bimonthly newsl etter
    engineer to the hobbyist and the computer games is available on a $5 annual subscription
    enthusiast. The data structure is byte oriented for easy basis, and its contents include appli·
    compatibility with small computers, so you can add a cation programs, hardware and software
    power supply, stand alone display, cross-hair cursor modifications, classified ads, technical
    articles and soft ware exchange. For
    and many other options. further information, write to Xitan User
    Bit Pad by Summagraphics. The leading manufac­ Group, c/o Bill Machrone, 1 21 N Av,
    turer of data tablet digitizers. Bit Pad . The only words Fanwood NJ 07023 .
    you need to say when considering digitizers.
    The New York Amateur Computer Club
    The New York Amateur Computer
    Club meets on the second Thursday of
    every month at Bernard Baruch College,
    17 Le x ington Av (corner 23rd St), New
    Yor k, room 903 at 7 PM. For furth er
    information, write The New York
    Amateur Computer Club, POB 106 ,
    Church St Station, New York NY 10007.

    152 October 1978 © BYTE Publi cat ion s In c Circle 353 on inquiry card.
    Monthly Newsletter Provides Write and run machine language programs at home, display video
    Reader Services graphics on your TV set and design microprocessor circuits-the
    The Personal Computer News is a very first night-even if you've never used a computer before!
    monthly newsletter dedicated to a
    variety of reader services. PCN features ELF II 1eaturing RCA COSMAC
    a regular news column detailing develop­ microproce~~'. COMPUTER sgggs
    ments in the microcomputer industry, as FORTRAN and BASIC must be translated into machine
    product and software evaluations geared language before a computer can understand them. With ELF
    to the small businessman and hobbyist, 11 you bu il d a solid foundation in computers so you'll really
    know what you're doing, no matter how complicated things
    a software exchange and "Trading Post" get.
    classified advertisement section. A soft­ Video output also makes ELF II unique among computers
    selling for such a low price. Attached to your TV set, ELF II
    ware sources listing culls the latest becomes a fabulous home entertainment center. It's capable of
    offerings from the microcomputer media providing endless hours of fun for both adults and children of
    all ages ! ELF II can create graphics, alphanumeric displays
    and an index to computer related and fanfas tic video games.
    articles cross reference features in com­ No additional hardware is required to connect ELF II to
    your TV's video input. If you preferto connect ELF II to your
    puter magazines. The subscription rate is antenna terminals instead, simply use a low cost RF modulator
    $9 per year in the US. For more infor­ (to order one, see coupon below).
    ELF I I's 5-card expansion bus (connectors not included)
    mation, write to Personal Computer allows you to expand ELF II as your needs for power grows. If
    Stop r~adi n g ab<:> u om putt: rs rm d ge t yo ur hnnds on o m~ ~ With you're an engineer or hobbiest, you can also use ELF II as a
    News, POB 425, Dayton OH 45419. ELF II . _nd our new S 1rort Course by Tom Pittman, you can counter, alarm, lock, thermostat, timer or telephone dialer, or
    master computers in no time at all! ELF I I demonstrates all 91 for countless other applications.
    commands an RCA 1802 can execute and the Short Course
    Digital Group User's Organization quickly teaches you how to use each of the 1802's capabilities. ELF II Explodes Into A Glantl
    in Chicago ELF I I's video output Jets you display an alphanumeric Thanks to ongoing work by RCA and Netronics, ELF II
    readout or graphics on any TV screen or video monitor plus add·ons are among the most advanced anywhere. Plug in the
    A Digital Group user's organization enjoy the latest video games, including an exciting new GIANT BOARD~ and you can record and play back programs,
    target/missile gun game that was specifically developed for edit and debug programs, communicate with remote devices
    was formed in the Chicago area in ELF!!. and make things happen in the outside world. Add Kluge Board
    February of this year to provide a But that's not all. Once you've mastered computer funda­ to get ELF 11 to solve special problems such as operating a
    mentals, ELF II can give you POWER with add-ons that are more complex alarm system or controlling a printing press.
    forum for the exchange of ideas, among the most advanced found anywhere. No wonder IEEE Add 4k RAM board and you can write longer programs, store
    chapters plus hundreds of universities and major corporations more information and solve more sophisticated problems.
    software, fixes, etc, by owners of Digital have chosen the ELF II to introduce their students and per­ Expa nded, ELF II is perfect for engineering, business,
    Group computer systems. They meet sonnel to microprocessor computing! industrial, scientific and personal finance applications. No
    other small computer anywhere near ELF 11 's low price is
    on the last Tuesday of the month in Learn The Skill That May Soon Be Far backed by such an extensive research and development pro·
    More Important Than Your College Degree!
    the meeting room of Consumer Systems, gram.
    The ability to use a computer may soon be more important to The ELF .euc@ Monitor is an extremely recent break­
    2107 Swift Rd, Oak Brook IL, at 7:30 your earning power than a college degree. Without a knowl­ through that lets you debug programs with lightening speed
    PM. Membership dues are $5 annually edge of computers, you are always at the mercy of others when because the key to debugging is to know what's inside the
    it comes to solving highly complex business, engineering, in­ registers of the microprocessor and, instead of single stepping
    which includes a newsletter. The news­ dustrial and scientific pmblems. People who understand com­ through your program, the ELF· BUG91 Monitor, utilizing
    letter is currently running about four puters can command MONEY and to get in on the action, you break points, lets you display the entire contents of the regis­
    must learn computers. Otherwise you'll be left behind. ters on your TV screen at any point in your program. You find
    to six pages and contains news of activi­ out immediately what's going on and can make any necessary
    ELF II ls The F-A-S-TWayTo Learn
    ties of club members, announcements Computer Fundamentals! changes. Programming is further simplified by displaying 24
    Regardless of how minimal your computer background is now, bytes of RAM with full address, blinking cursor and auto
    of Digital Group compatible hardware scrolling. A must for serious programmers!
    you can learn to program a computer in a lmost no time at a ll.
    and software and articles and reviews That's because Netronics has developed a special Short Netronics will soon be introducing the ELF II Color
    Course on Microprocessor And Computer Prof:ramming in Graphics & Music System-more breakthroughs that ELF II
    by members of the club. Prospective owners will be the firstt oenjoy!
    non-technical language that leads you through every one of the
    members can write to The Digital Group RCA COSMAC 1802's capabilities so you'll understand Now BASIC Makes Programming ELF II Even Eaalerl
    Group of Chicago, c/o W L Colsher, everything ELF II can do .. .and how to get ELF I I to do it! Like all computers. ELF II understands only "machine
    All 91 commands that an 1802 can execute are explained to language" -the language computers use to talk to each other.
    4328 Nutmeg Ln, Apt 111, Lisle IL you, step-by-step. The texi, written for Netronics by Tom But, to make life easier for you, we've developed an ELF a
    60532. Pittman, is a tremendous adV3.nCe over every other program­ 11ny BASIC. It talks to ELF II in machine language for you so
    ming book in print. that you can program ELF II with simple words that can be
    Keyed specifically to the ELF II, it's loaded with "hands typed out on a keyboard such as PRINT, RUN and LOAD.
    TCH IMP-16 Users Group on"" illustrations. When you're finished, ELF 11 and the 1802
    will no longer hold any mysteries to you.
    TIPS is a fairly new publication In fact, not only will you be ab le to use a personal computer
    creatively, you'll also be able to read magazines such as Don't be trapped into buying_a dinosaur simf. lv because you
    which focuses on the TCH IM P-16 BYTE ... INTERFACE AGE ... POPULAR ELEC· canafforditandit"sbig. E LF ll ismore use ur andmorefun
    system. To date, this newsletter has in­ TRONICS and PERSONAL COMPUTING and undl'r· than "big name" computers that cost a lot more money.
    stand the articles. With ELF 11. you learn to write and run your own programs.
    formed its readers of the status of the If you work with la1ge computers, ELF II and our short You're never reduced to being a mere keypunch operator,
    Course will help you to understand what makes them tick. working blindly with someone else's predeveloped software.
    system including what is available and · No matter what your specialty is, owning a computer which
    from whom, where parts of interest are A Dynamite Package For Just $99.951 you really know how to use is sure to make you a leader. ELF
    With ELF II, you learn to use machine l .angua~e- t hc funda- ll is the fastest way there is to get into computers. Order from
    available, basic knowledge about build­ mental language of all computers. Higher level l:mgui:tge-.!.. such the coupon below!
    ing the system and additional hardware r------------SENDTODAY!------------,
    details. Frederick Holmes, editor of I NOW AVAILABLE FOR ELF II- 0 Deluxe metal cabinet for ASCII Netronics R&D Ltd., Dept. 0000
    O Tom Pittman's Short Course On Mi-Keyboard, $19.95 plus $2.50 p&h. 333 Litchfield Road, Phone
    TIPS, has also mentioned that the up­ croprocessor & Computer Programm- 0 ELF II 11ny BASIC on cassette New Milford, CT06776 '(203) 354-9375
    coming issues of the newsletter will be tape. Commands include SAVE. Yes! 1 want to run programs at home and
    ing teaches you just about everything
    expanded to support SC/MP based sys­ LOAD, "', x . .;- , ( ), 26 variables A· Z, have enclosed:O $99.95 plus $3 posla~e
    there is to know about ELF II or any
    RCA 1802 computer. Written in non-LET, IF/THEN, INPUT, PRINT, C C

    tems. Subscriptions to TIPS numbers technical language, it's a learningGOTO, GO SUB. RETURN, END, & handling for R A OSMAC ELF II kl,

    breakthroughforengineersandlaymen REM, CLEAR, LIST, RUN, PLOT, D $4 .95 for power supply (required).

    5 thru 7 are available for $1.50 and three alike. $5.00 postpaid! PEEK, POKE. Comes fully docu· D $5 for RCA 1802 User's Manua l, D $5

    SASE; back issues are $.50 and 1 SASE mented and includes alphanumeric for Short Course on Microprocessor &

    D Deluxe metal cabinet With plexiglas


    dust cover for ELF II, $29.95 plusgenerator required to display al- ComputerProgramming.

    for each issue desired. Write to Fred $2.50 p&h. phanumeric characters directly on your 0 I want mine wired and teated With

    Holmes, 101 Brookhead CT, Mauldin o ELF II connects to the video input
    TV screen wuhou_t add1110nal hard· power supply, RCA 1802 U1er'1 Manual

    ware: Also plays tick-tack -toe ~lus a andS~artCaurre lncludtdforjull$149.95

    of your TV set. If you prefer to use


    SC 29662. your antenna terminals, order RF drawmg game _that _uses ELF 11 s hex plus $3 p&hl

    Modulator, $8.95 postpaid. heyboard as a Joystick. 4k memory re· 0 I am also enclosing payment (including

    Utah Computer Association o GIANT BOARD"' kit with cassette quired. $14.95 postpaid. palots~aegeeft& handling) for the items checked

    1/0, RS 232-Cf ITY 110, 8-bit p 110,


    0 Tom Pittman's Short Course on 11ny I

    decoders for 14 separate 110 instruc-


    BASIC for ELF II, $5 postpaid. _ Total Enclosed (Conn. res. add tax)

    The µCa is a monthly publication of tions and a system monitor/editor, D Expansion Power Supply (reqmred $ D Check here if

    the Utah Computer Association, an $39.95 plus $2 p&h. when adding 4k RAM). $34.95 plus $2 you are enclosing Money Order or Cashier's

    o Kluge (Prototype) Board accepts upp&h. Check lo expedite shipment.

    association dedicated to hobbyist inter­ to 36 !C's. $17.00 plus $1 p&h. o ELF-BUG"' Deluxe System Monitor USE YOUR 0 VISA D Master Charge

    action and public education about 0 4k Static RAM kit. Addressable to on cassette tape. Allows d1Splaymg the (Interbank#_ - - - - - l

    any 4k page to 64k. $89.95 plus $3 p&h.


    contents of all registers on your TV _at Account#

    minicomputers and microcomputers.


    any pomt m your program.. Also dis- Signature
    D Gold plated 86-pin connectors (one Exp. Date _ _

    The club meets the second Thursday of plays 24 bytes of memory with full ad· PHONE ORDERS ACCEPTED (203) 354-93751

    required for each plug-in board). $5.70


    postpaid. ~resses, blinking cursor ~nd auto scroll­
    each month at 7 PM in room 131,
    Murray High School, Salt Lake City UT.
    0 Professional ASCII KeybOard kit mg. A must for th.e serious program- Print
    mer.1 $14.95 postpaid.
    with 128 ASCII upper/lower case set, Name
    I
    The membership fee is $5. For more % printable characters, onboard re~u-
    C~mmg_ Soon: A-D, D-A Converter, Address
    Light ~en, Contro_ller Board , Color .
    I
    information about this club, call (801)
    lator, parity, logic selection and choice
    Graphics & M us1c System ... and City
    of 4 handshaking signals to mate with
    almost any computer. $64.95 plus $2 more' State Zip
    I
    278-1907.•
    L.,!&_!!;_ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ ~l~':!!!e.=:!:.e.:!,!'=~ _ . DEALER INQUllllE$/NVITED :.J
    Circle 280 on inquiry card. October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 153
    Associates, 60 East 42nd St, New York
    NY 10017, (212) 687-2560.

    October 27-29, BizComp '78 , Marriott


    Motor Hotel, Atlanta GA . Bi zComp '18
    will highlight the small budget necessary
    for the independent business operator to
    be able to purchase an in-house com­
    puter system . All facets of the small
    October 5, Minicomputer and Micro­ October 9-13, Microcomputer Work­ business computer industry will be on
    computer Seminar, Bluefield State shop, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pitts­ display from the latest innovations in
    College, Bluefield WV. This 1 day burgh PA. This intensive 5 day course is computers to business software and
    seminar and exhibition will feature for individuals interested in applying word processing, supplies and services.
    business and engineering applications of microprocessor systems to a practical Contact Felsburg Associates Inc, 12203
    minicomputers and microcomputers. problem. Theory as well as practical Raritan Ln, POB 735, Bowie MD 20715,
    The seminar will be conducted in the experience will be emphasized in order (301) 262-0305.
    morning and afternoon and exhibits in to learn the capabilities and limitations
    the afternoon and evening. Contact Dr of microcomputers and what it takes October 31-November 3, Tulsa Com­
    Alvin Hall, director of continuing edu­ to apply them on the job. Contact puter Conference, Skyline Sheraton
    cation, Bluefield State College, Bluefield Gerry Cohen, Post College Professional East, Tulsa OK. Contact Tulsa Chapter
    WV 24701, (304) 325-7102. Education, Carnegie Institute of Tech­ Association for Systems Management,
    nology, Carnegie-Mellon University, 4110 S 100 East Av, Suite 128, Tulsa
    October 5-8, Midwest Personal Comput­ Schenley Park, Pittsburgh PA 15 213, OK74145 .
    ing Show, Apparel Center's Expocenter, (412) 578-2207.
    Chicago IL. More than 200 displays fea­ November 3-5, Third West Coast Com ­
    turing the full spectrum of the latest October 25-27, International Computer puter Faire, Los Angeles Convention
    personal computing developments are Retailers Conference, Chicago IL. The Center. This is a conference and expo­
    expected to be presented by manufac­ main purpose of this conference is to sition on personal computers for home,
    turers and distributors. The compre­ provide existing and future computer business and industry. For more details
    hensive program includes seminars, dealers with an in-depth look at the about this computer faire, write for a
    forums and practical application classes. opportunities and pitfalls for developing free copy of the Silicon Gulch Gazette.
    Contact Midwest Personal Computing sales and profits in computer retailing. Contact Computer Faire, POB 1579,
    Exposition, ISCM, 222 W Adams St, For more information contact regis­ Palo Alto CA 94302, (415) 851-7075 .
    Chicago IL 60606, ( 312) 263-4866. tration manager, Management Research
    November 5-8, Computer Applications
    in Medical Care, Washington DC. This
    IEEE sponsored symposium on com­

    BOLD IT!

    puter applications in medical care is


    designed to inform physicians and health
    care professionals about current and
    potential applications of computer tech­
    nology to patient care; and to identify

    Anywhere you
    areas of future research and development
    that need to be addressed. Contact
    Abund 0 Wist, PhD, general chairman,
    Medical College of Virginia, (804)

    wantit.
    PanaVise tilts, turns, rotates.
    One quick turn of the control
    v-
    770-4957.

    November 6-8, Asilomar Conference on


    Circuits, Systems and Computers,
    Asilomar Hotel and Conference
    knob and you securely position Grounds, Pacific Grove CA. This con­
    your work exactly where you
    want it. Holds firmly but gently ference, sponsored by the IEEE Com ­
    the most delicate electronic puter Society, will delve into areas such
    parts and P. C. boards. as circuit theory and design, communi­
    cation and control systems, computer
    Whether you're into building systems, computer aided design, etc.
    home electronics, trouble
    Contact Donald E Kirk, Electrical
    shooting, or professional serv­
    icing ... you'll wonder how Engineering Dept, Naval Post~ radua1e
    you got along without this mod­ School, Monterey CA 93940.
    estly priced 'extra hand.'
    November 13-16, COMPSAC, The
    Model 396 Wide Opening PanaV1se \ Palmer House, Chicago IL. The IEEE
    shown. An ingenious variety of other Computer Society's second international
    interchangeable bases. holders and
    accessories also available. See your computer software and application con·
    electronics distributor, or write ference. This conference will bring to­
    for FREE brochure. gether computer practitioners, users and

    ~\EE ~ept. CEl -··· ····


    researchers to share their ideas, experi­
    ences and requirements for applications
    software, management techniques, and
    5224 Chakemco St., South Gate, CA 90280
    software development support, including
    automated techniques. Contact Wallace
    A Depp, executive director, Processor
    and Computer Software System Divi­
    sion, Bell Laboratories, Naperville IL
    60540, (312) 690-2111.

    154 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 299 on inquiry card .
    November 19-22, The 11th Annual Cartoon by
    Microprogramming Workshop , Asilomar KN Lodding
    Conference Ground, Pacific Grove CA.
    This worksop will provide a forum for
    the discussion and comparison of design
    techniques for firmware and for the
    supporting hardware. Informal inter­
    action between groups working in
    similar research and application e nviron­
    ments will highlight the topical session.
    For more information contact Dr Alice
    G Parker, Micro-11 program chairman,
    Dept Electrical Engineering, Carnegie­
    Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213 ,
    (412) 578-2472.

    November 27-December 1, Micro Pro­


    gramming Workshop, Lafayette IN. This
    5 day hands-on advanced programming
    workshop is for individuals interested in
    developing skills required to plan,
    prepare, test and document 6800/6801
    microprocessor applications software.
    Contact Jerilyn Williams, Wintek Corp,
    902 N 9th St, Lafayette IN 4 7904.

    November 28-30 , 9th Annual Canadian


    Computer Show, International Centre,
    Toronto CANADA. Products displayed
    at this show will include: computer and
    data processing equipment, supplies and
    services, including minicomputers, peri­
    pheral hardware and software, keypunch
    services, consulting and contract pro­ "/think I found the human in your code. "
    gramming and timesharing. Contact
    Industrial Trade Shows of Canada, 36
    Butterick Rd, Toronto Ontario M8W
    328, (416) 252-7791.

    December 3-5, Ninth North American


    -------------------------­

    Announcing ...
    Computer Chess Championship, SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTERS Magazine
    Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington DC.
    The 1978 annual m ee ting of the Asso­ The magazine for users and potential users of

    ciation for Computing Machinery will be small business computer products and services

    the site of this chess championship. This


    will be a 4 round Swiss style tournament • The monthly magazine for businessmen in the process of purchasing or installing their first com­
    puters.
    with participants restricted to com­
    puters. Two rounds will be played on • The practical how-to publication written in non-technical language and stressing business applica­
    December 3 (1 PM and 7 :30 PM), one tions for small computer systems. Each monthly issue includes:
    on Monday (7:30 PM) and the last FEATURE SURVEY REPORTS: Such as. Software Packages f or Smalt Business Applications.
    round on Tuesday (7:30 PM). Deadline Smalt Manufacturing Systems. lnuentory Control Systems. Microcomputer Business Applioctions,
    for entries is October 20. Contact and so on.
    Prof MM Newborn, School of Computer APPLICATION STORIES: Real -life examples of computer applications in the small business en­
    Science, McGill University, Montreal vironment - capabilities. benefits. what to watch for. and much more of direct interest to the small
    Quebec H3A 2K6 CANADA. businessman.
    COMPUTER PROFILES• IDEAS AND INNOVATIONS• INFORMATIVE ADS
    December 12-14, Midcon/78, Dallas
    Convention Center, high technology SPECIAL CHARTER SUBSCRIPTION Receive the next 12 issues of Small Business
    electronics show and convention. 12 issues @ 50% off Compuler Magazine for just $9 . 50'\, off the
    Contact Electronic Conventions Inc, cover price
    El Segundo CA, (800) 421-6816 (toll
    free). Mail the coupon today to: SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTERS Magazine

    33 Watchung Plaza • Montclair, NJ 07042

    December 13, Computer Networking


    Symposium. Sponsored by the IEEE
    Computer Society's Technical Com­
    mittee on Computer Communications
    and the Institute for Computer Sciences
    -------------------------­

    SMALL BUSINESS.COMPUTERS Magazine • 33 Watchung Plaza • Montclair, NJ 07042


    D YES. Enter my charter subscription at the ' , -price cost of $9 for 12 monthly issues.
    D Check enclosed. D Bill me.
    and Technology of the National Bureau
    of Standards. This symposium will high­ Name
    light papers of practical and research
    Orga ni7.t\1 1on - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - ­
    experiences concerning both computer

    ------------------
    and communication networks. Contact Address
    Dr George Cowan, Computer Sciences City/State Z•P- - - - - - - - - - ­
    Corp, 6565 Arlington Blvd, Falls Church
    VA 22046.•

    Circle 323 on inquiry card.


    -------~

    October 1978 ©BY TE Publications Inc 155


    Continued from page 10 load measurement or dual task analysis. TIMELY COMMENTS ON KIM
    Using a normal television I've hooked
    up a pong game. I would like to present I just tried Robert Baker's KIMER
    A TALL ORDER, BUT IN simultaneously by means of the TRS-80 (KIMER: A KIM-1 Timer, July 1978
    PRINCIPLE DOABLE ... a Iist of words for the observer to BYTE, page 12). The clock operated
    memorize and recall while the pong but the calibration was not wide enough
    am an experimental psychologist game is on. How can one go about doing for my crystal.
    and have purchased a Radio Shack this? Since the BIT instruction (line 0220)
    TRS-80 microprocessor for research Fourth, I believe the cassette transfer is used to test the timer status, the
    purposes. I've run in to some of the program for the TRS-80 is limited in timer is not being used in the interrupt
    following problems. First and foremost that I must transfer all the information mode even though memory location
    I am having difficulties in setting up the on the tape into memory. Is there no 170F was loaded. The status of PB7
    following as an experiment. I would like way to run a search and only transfer in this case has nothing to do with the
    to present either a letter, word or object part of the information on the cassette timing. The major time delay is deter­
    on the screen for 100 ms or more. This tape into memory? mined by the JSR SCAN OS command
    is an easy thing to do in Radio Shack Finally, I am interested in deter­ which takes several milliseconds to
    BASIC. The observer's task is to respond mining why one needs to buy the Radio perform- The timer status is tested
    as quickly as possible by pushing one of Shack interfaces for memory expansion on each return from SCANDS and so
    two keys (either a 1 or 0) based on what purposes. Why can't one buy an S-100 will always be some multiple of this
    was presented. I am having trouble com­ bus and mother board and additional time delay. The 1 ms calibration reso­
    puting the reaction time, the interval of static memory and accomplish the same lution cannot be obtained.
    time lapsing between sti mu Ius presen­ thing at a lower cost? Here are a few ways the program
    tation and the response. The program If one of your readers can help me could be fixed:
    should be able to measure the reaction with these matters, please let me know.
    time in ms and record which response • The clock could be written as an
    was made. Could you offer some assis­ Asst Prof Joseph Dalezman interrupt routine. SC ANDS would
    tance on developing such a program? New College of USF then be interrupted at any point
    My second problem is how to convert Division of Natural Sciences in the subroutine­
    my TRS-80 so that I can use a television 5700 Tamiami Tr • The number of JSR SCANDS
    instead of the Radio Shack video screen. Sarasota FL 33580 commands could be counted in
    This would allow the use of an S-100 bus a loop which would be exited
    and the Cromemco Dazzler for color We suggest that you get in touch before the timer times out.
    video. with your nearest local computer club • The calibration could be reduced
    A third problem I've run into is the (see Clubs and Newsletters Directory, to EF or FO and a longer fine
    following: research-wise I am into work­ September 7978 BYTE, page 724). adjustment used .
    /
    There have been several programs in
    the KIM-1 User Notes which illustrate
    the use of the timer. My version of a
    clock using the interrupt mode was
    printed in the March 1977 User Notes
    and also in The First Book of KIM.
    When using the program in the latter
    publication, go by the detailed Iis ting
    since line 036A is incorrectly printed
    in the HEX DUMP.
    I hope this is of help.

    Charles H Parsons
    80 Longview Rd
    Monroe CT 06468

    A SwTPC 6800 FIX

    Here is a problem with the SwTPC


    6800 and a fix that I haven't seen pub­
    lished before:

    You can't reset the 6800 from a


    wait-for-interrupt state!

    On the SwTPC MP-A board, the reset


    signal is transmitted to the MCM6800
    chip via a DM8098 hexadecimal invert­
    ing three state buffer that is disabled
    when the processor enters a hold con­
    dition, as occurs after the execution of a
    WAI (3E hexadecimal) instruction. Once
    the 6800 is in the wait state, the reset
    signal generated by pushing the front
    panel reset button is stopped at the 8098
    and never gets to the 6800 chip. A
    hardware fix is to break the traces to
    pins 2 and 3 of the 8098 (labeled ICl 5
    on the SwTPC schematic and parts
    layout) and reroute the signal through a
    new, permanently enabled 8098. This

    156 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc Circle 13 2 on inquiry card.


    permits the reset signal to reach the ation over a remote control link by of any significant value. None of the
    6800 and you can then recall your 6800 nontechnical personnel, a clear state­ three would add any rider or offer any
    from the "never-never land" it inhabits ment was made that the Commission felt separate insurance coverage. The general
    after performing a WA I. that the technology had progressed to concensus was that personal computers
    I hope this will help anyone who's the point that broadcasters should no were considered no more than "hi-fi"
    been annoyed by his SwTPC not longer be burdened by unnecessary rules . equipment.
    responding to reset on mysterious Yes, it was still possible that there might The specific area of insurance on a
    occasions_ I don't know if SwTPC fixed be situations where an on site technician personal computer does not affect me
    this on their new MP-A/2 board or not. would save the day, but the FCC seemed yet since I am just starting to collect the
    willing to take the risk in that case. I components for a fairly large system.
    William R Hamblen would prefer to think positively about Medium to large microcomputer systems
    946 Evans Rd the matter and hope that the FCC will can run from $3 K to $8 K, the price of
    Nashville TN 37204 view networks as another case where a new or nearly new auto.
    the benefit can outweigh the risk. Auto insurance is commonplace and
    I am not certain that the network there is a good reason for it. Only part
    PERSONAL COMPUTER structure I have discussed is workable, of such insurance is devoted to the auto
    COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK but I do know that it can never work itself. Home insurance covers only part
    without a beginning. I am slowly work­ of personal property within a dwelling
    I was certainly surprised by the ing toward such a beginning, and I hope and is generally covered as half the
    degree of negativity expressed by Donald that others will as well. amount of the dwelling itself. With the
    Newcomb, commenting on my article increase in overall prices, replacement
    ("Personal Computers in a Communi­ Jeff Steinwedel of personal property will probably not
    cations Network," February 1978 715 Reseda Dr, Apt 2 cover a system of $3 Kor greater. This is
    BYTE, page 80) in the July 1978 BYTE. Sunnyvale CA 94087 especially true in a household having
    Perhaps some comment is in order. expensive relatives such as children.
    First, I certainly do not wish to Perhaps some reader might comment
    characterize a distributed communi­ on insurance for such expensive devices?
    PERSONAL COMPUTERS REQUIRE

    cations network as anything less than


    highly complex. However, I do believe INSURANCE, TOO...
    Leonard H Anderson
    that in principle these complex ities can 10048 Lanark St
    be solved with a combination of sophis­ In shopping around for insurance on Sun Valley CA 91352
    ticated software and straightforward my house (renewal due in August), I
    hardware. What makes a prob lem like discovered that none of three large Where there is demand, the market­
    this particulary difficult is that it is not insurance firms in this area would place is sure to follow. Here is a niche
    isolated in the same way that the cover-specifically-a personal computer for some enterprising underwriter.
    development of a language processor or
    operating system can be isolated. The
    first step in the creation of complicated
    software interfacing to a myriad of
    systems has to be communication in
    generalities. In that spirit I welcome Mr
    Newcomb's comments_
    A second large point is made by Mr
    Newcomb that such a scheme runs
    contrary to the sensible regulation of
    the radio spectrum. Again, I acknow­
    ledge the difficulties, but I would like to
    mention that Dr John deMercado, head
    of Canada's Telecommunication Regu­
    latory Service (analogous to the FCC)
    and an early developer of ARPA , char­ TURN YOUR COMPUTER
    acterized my article as "forward
    thinking" and has solicited my further INTO A TEACHING MACHINE
    opinions. Perhaps regulatory agencies are The staff at Program Design did not learn

    not quite as committed to maintaining about educational technology from a book­

    the status quo as Mr Newcomb assumes. we wrote the book! We have been innovators in

    On the specific question of "Why not such teaching materials as programmed instruc­

    use the phone?", I believe there are tion and multimedia presentations. We also belong

    several responses. First, I agree that the to that minority in education who actually test ma­

    phone system is fine for well-defined terials to see that people can learn from them.
    transfers between two individuals. But,
    there is a strong possibility that "Ma Now Program Design brings this experience to the personal
    Bell" will soon begin charging data computer field. POI is developing a line of educational and
    communications automatically at a game programs for the whole family-from preschool child to
    different rate. Further, and this is the adults.
    primary point of the article, new types
    of network activities will evolve if the Program Design educational software uses the computer"s full teaching

    environment is open-ended. potential in exciting and effective ways. Programs are simple to use and

    Finally, it is simply not true that memory efficient, and most impor1ant .. . they teachl

    unsupervised transmitters are rarely


    approved by the FCC; there are hun­ TAPES NOW AVAILABLE FOR THE TRS-80. PET, APPLE II
    dreds, if not several thousand, VHF SAMPLE OUR SOFTWARE FOR$2.00. Send us$2 .00. your name, address, and
    and UHF repeaters opera ting in the type of computer, and we'll send you a tape for your computer with actual samples of
    amateur bands on a 24 hour basis with our programs.
    only periodic maintenance. When the Or circle our number on the reply card for a printed catalog.
    FCC modified its regulations for
    commercial broadcasters to allow oper­ Depar1ment 200 PROGRAM DESIGN, INC. 11 IDAR COURT GREENWICH, CONN 06630

    Circle 307 on inquiry card. October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 157
    REGIONAL BASIC
    faults of each style. This last summer awareness. Success becomes apparent
    CONTEST NOTES
    White was working in some batch through the subjective experience of joy
    environments and , likewise, Porter is and well-being. However, our society
    Thank you for the nice article in the working mostly with interactive BAS IC . has long been indoctrinated with the
    July 1978 issue of BYTE about the re­ Since Grinnell is a liberal arts college need to provide objective proofs of
    gional BASIC contest. I would like to without an applied math or computer every experience. We reasoned, as other
    make a couple corrections. First, Scott science major, it was necessary to go groups have done, that an increase in
    Parker is really Scott Porter, and the looking among the other majors for awareness or a change in one's state of
    second man was Newton B White Jr of programmers. The makeup of the team consciousness should have some corres­
    St Louis MO. Mark Grundler, the advi­ was a math/philosophy double major, a ponding effect on the body's physiology
    sor, was unable to make the trip. physics major, and a chemistry/math and therefore be physically detectable.
    If the truth must be known, it was major. The blend of that group's Research during the last eight years
    Newton , and not Porter, who led the problem solving ability was its m ajar shows that this is indeed the case. Stress
    team. He spent the weekend teaching asset. is apparently the biggest hindrance to
    BAS IC to Scott, a situation which was a increased awareness. A reduction in
    major handicap to the team's effort. Scott Porter stress shows itself in such ways as an
    I am happy to report that next year Office of Computer Services increase in galvanic skin resistance
    Grinnell will be able to field a team of Grinnell College (GSR), normalization of the blood
    four BASIC programmers. Grinnell IA 50112 pressure and increased alpha activity of
    White and Porter were members of the brain (to mention but a few). In
    Grinnell's FORTRAN team, which took order to study the effectiveness of
    second in this year's Midwest Regional SOME ACES NEED ENGINEERING different methods of reducing stress
    FORTRAN contest and competed in the the ACES Group has developed its own
    national FORTRAN contest. The other After reading your magazine avidly equipment. Continuous monitoring of
    two members of the team were Bruce for a couple of years we felt we could EEG , GSR, heart rate and body tem­
    Albrecht and Steve McKelvey. Both Al­ write to you and request the assistance perature is possible.
    brecht and McKelvey had strong per­ of you and your readers. First a few The outputs from our present moni­
    mances to help the Grinnell team to words about our aims: the Awareness, toring equipment are eight analogue
    a second place in its first outing. An Consciousness and Energy Studies Group voltages which we wish to sample at not
    interesting side note: at the FORTRAN (ACES Group) is devoted to the scienti­ less than 100 times per second. This
    regional, Porter taught White how to fic study of the various manifestations information should then be passed to
    program in batch FORTRAN. Porter and attributes of consciousness. Today our microprocessors for storage and
    was a batch FORTRAN programmer and the "consciousness explosion" is well analysis. For this purpose we have pur­
    White was an interactive BASIC (redun­ under way and more and more people chased two processors, one being the
    dant, but anything for a parallel con­ are practicing some sort of technique Digital Group Z-80 and the other the
    struction) programmer, and both had the to bring about an expansion of their OSI Challenger; both have VDUs, four
    digital tape drives and in excess of 20 K
    memory.
    Our main problem is interfacing the
    analogue monitoring equipment to our
    JOIN THE COSMIC QUEST! processors. Perhaps some of your readers
    COSMIC • Subscribe now to COSMIC SEARCH and share the provocative
    EAR CH
    ·- --~---···
    articles and latest news about mankind's most exciting venture, the
    search for intelligent life in space. Get COSMIC SEARCH starting with
    with experience in analog to digital
    conversion could offer us some helpful
    -~ ·~ lc- f~~~ suggestions. We welcome contact with
    its first issue, out December 1.
    anyone (professional or hobbyist) who
    • COSMIC SEARCH is for everyone who has ever wondered about has experience of biomedical monitoring
    life in the universe. systems and we are constantly on the
    •Featured in the first issues of COSMIC SEARCH are articles by lookout for methods of increasing the
    RONALD BRACEWELL, JOCELYN BELL BURNELL, ARTHUR C. speed of computation. Another problem
    CLARKE, NORMAN COUSINS, FRANK D. DRAKE, CARL SAGAN, we have not yet resolved is that of de­
    WALTER SULLIVAN and many other world-famous persons. signing a simple but accurate noninvasive
    • Will communication be by radio, gravity waves or neutrino beams? method of monitoring blood pressure for
    Are there cosmic languages?Will long transmission times make us cosmic use in a non lab environment. Ideas,
    archeologists? These and many other questions are discussed in anybody?
    COSMIC SEARCH in a popular, authoritative manner. Thank you for a most informative
    • Exclusive interviews with noted researchers, book reviews and an extensive book list for further reading and interesting journal.
    are regular special features of COSMIC SEARCH.
    Graham Else, Ian Wales
    • COSMIC SEARCH award papers on SETI topics by students and others under 30 will add new talent. ACES Group
    Koenigsberger Stra/3e 10
    •COSMIC SEARCH is published 6 times per year. First issue January 1979. Out Dec. 1, 1978.
    6107 Reinheim/Odenwald 1
    COSMIC SEARCH, Radio Observatory, P.O. Box 293, Delaware, Ohio 43015 Tel. 614-363-1597 WEST GERMANY
    Single copies $2.50 ($15 a year). Subscription rate: $12 for 1 year, $22 for 2 years.

    SPECIAL PRE-PUBLICATION rate $10 for 1 year, $18 for 2 years


    9900 DOWN UNDER
    SPECIAL PREPAID PRE-PUBLICATION rate $8 for 1 year, $15 for 2 years

    Living as we do on the other side of


    i-;nter m.Y ~bscripti~t;cOSMIC ~ARC;, Box-;9~ Delaware, Ohi-;;-4301~- - - -
    I At special pre-publication rate: $10 for 1 year D $18 for 2 years D and bill me later.
    -1I the world from where it is all happening
    on the microcomputer scene, we depend
    very heavily upon what we can read in
    At special PREPAID pre-publication rate: $8 for 1 year D $15 for 2 years D I
    I o Check or Money Order enclosed o MASTERCHARGE o VISA (BankAmericard) the pages of BYTE and the other maga ­
    zines. We can hardly tell you with what
    I I avid interest each issue of BYTE is per­
    I Account # MC Interbank # Exp. date I used (we get it shipped out to us airmail
    I Name I in order to get it as early as possible).
    Keep up the good work.
    I Address - I We ourselves use TMS-9900 based
    I City State Zip I equipment, so every mention of this rare
    l - - - - - - - --------------- ______ , but wonderful beastie in your pages

    158 October 1978 [) BYTE Publications Inc Circle 77 on inquiry card.


    1976/1977 Cover Price *
    plus postage
    ...
    U)
    ....
    ...
    CJ)
    -..
    ....
    U)

    ....
    E'1TI Back Issues for sale
    and handling

    WttAT&IT™
    ~el
    .....
    ~
    (Wow! tbwd J\llThal&uff InThere?)
    She's a Conversational Query System!

    1
    ~llllllllllllllllll 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ' 1 She's an Indexing/Filing System!

    The following issues available:


    1 She's a 'Data Base Manager' for your Microcomputer!

    '76 '77 '78 "One of the first software products of the


    July March New Computer Age . .. "
    January
    August May February - Ted Nelson, author of
    October June March Computer lib/Dream Machines
    November July April
    December August May
    September June Mail to: lnlormetlon Unllmlled
    October July 331 W . 75th Piece, Suite 2-1
    November August Merrillville, lndl•n• 46410
    December September 219- 769-9280

    o Model CP-1 tor C-Basic (requires 40K RAM) $125

    * Cover price for all issues thru August 1977 O Model NS3 for North Star Basic (requires 24K RAM) $75

    is $1.50 plus $.25 postage and handling D WHATSIT Manual $25

    ($3.50 total foreign). September '77 thru


    o Quantity discount schedule for Dealers.

    current '7 8 issues are $2.00 plus $.50 postage


    O More information (l"m running - - - - - - disc BASIC

    _ and handling ($4.00 total foreign).


    on a - -- - - -- -- computer)
    Q
    "Tl
    iii lllllllllllllll llllll llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllC computed

    Send requests with payment to: BYTE Magazine A CREATION OF


    70 Main Street
    Peterborough, NH 03458
    cxnDUTrn ocAOW~T ...
    Attn: Bach Issu es

    NEW SOFTWARE
    AVAI LABLE FOR
    NORTH STAR * COMPUTERS
    The following software is now being offered for use on
    the North Star disk systems and Horizon Computers.
    PROGRAMS FOR KIDS
    CP/M'" FOOS and Utilities From$ 145
    Microsoft FORTRAN·80 $400
    Microsoft COBOL·80 $625 Educational and fun. Developed by educational designers.

    Microsoft Disk Extended BASIC $300 Teach essential skills in an exciting new way.

    Xitan SUPER BASIC (A3) $99


    Xitan DISK BASIC (A3+) $159 PRESCHOOL IQ BUILDER-Helps 3-to-6-year-olds develop

    Xi tan Z·TEL Text Editor (A3. A3+) $69 vital intellectual skills needed to do well in school.

    Xitan Text Output Processor (A3, A3+) N/A 7 programs+ Guide TRS-80 Levels I & II, PET, Apple II

    Xitan Macro ASSEMBLER (A3. A3+) $69


    Xitan Z·BUG (A3+) $89
    MEMORY BUILDER: CONCENTRATION-Educational

    Xitan LINKER (A3+) $69


    Xitan Package A3 (as keyed above) $249 games to help children 6 and up improve memory.

    Xitan Package A3+ (as keyed above) $409 3 games + Guide Apple II & PET

    Xitan Fortran IV $349


    CBASIC Compiler/Interpreter BASIC $95 STORY BUILDER/WORD MASTER~ames that teach

    MAC Macro Assembler $100 grammar and vocabulary to children 9 and up.

    SID Symbolic Instruction Debugger $85 4 games+ Guide TRS-80 Level II, PET, Apple II

    TEX Text Formarrer $85


    BASIC·E Compiler/Interpreter BASIC $30
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    GRAPH BUILDER-teaches children 10 and up to read

    Accounts Receivable
    NAO Name & Address Processor $79 graphs. Includes games.

    QSORT Disk File Sort/Merge Utility $95 11 programs + Guide TRS-80 Levels I & II

    Available from computer stores nationwide or order Each title $9.50 plus $1.00 shipping

    direct from: VISA& Master Charge accepted (include number, exp. date,

    MC include digits above name)

    LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES
    164 W. 83rd Street Department 80

    New York, N.Y. 10024 Program Design, Inc., 11 ldar Court, Greenwich, Conn. 06830

    (212) 580-0082
    Circle 307 on i nqu iry card. BYTE October 1978 159
    evokes a heightened response of interest. Note that the format is letter, number , for our postal code .
    I would like to get in touch with letter, space, number, letter, number. 2. WA TS lines do not cross inter­
    users of 9900-based systems in the Although this may not be quite as simple national borders (at least that is what the
    States so we can exchange notes, ideas, as your ZIP code, it does mean that a telephone operator told me) . This means
    etc. letter addressed: that we people in Canada can't phone
    B Ward Powers you for free like everyone else in the
    Andrew Bates,
    IMPACT Ltd United States can . How about letting
    Canada V6S 1 B2
    POB 177 your people accept collect phone calls
    Petersham NSW 2049 will be delivered to me. The postal code from Canada, only so we can use A G
    AUSTRALIA pinpoints the side of the street in a Bell's famous invention, instead of
    residential block or even the floor of a having to spend hours slugging away at
    building in a business district. How's that the typewriter and then waiting for what
    A FEW NOTES FROM A
    for precision! is an erratic mail service on both sides of
    CANADIAN READER
    Software writers take note: we the border?
    Canadians need at least six characters for 3. Another small request for soft­
    1. Items move faster through our the postal code and four characters for ware writers who are mailing things to
    mail system if you include the postal the province (state) . And if you are Canada: if your package costs $75 and
    code. This is that funny series of letters going to check the ZIP for all numbers , is distributed on North Star diskette, for
    and numbers that appear above, after the please put the check in a subroutine so instance, please mark the customs
    province. My postal code is V6S 1 B2. we can replace it with a suitable check declaration as:

    DISKETTE $6
    PRINTED MATTER $69

    If you mark the price as $75, we end up


    paying duty on the diskette as though it
    cost $75 . Printed matter comes across
    the border duty free and there is no duty
    on an item of less than $10 value.

    An drew Bates
    3261 W 18th Av
    Vancouver BC
    CANADA V6S 1 B2

    EROM CONFUSION: THE 2716

    Elaborating on David Marke's letter


    (July 1978 BYTE, page 11), it seems to
    me that Intel bears the blame for the
    2716 single voltage versus 3 voltage
    supply E ROM confusion.
    Intel gave their new generation 16 K
    part an old generation number. They
    have essentially acknowledged the con­
    fusion by introducing the 2758, a 1 K
    by 8 EROM like the 2708, but single
    I suggest we use the Texas Instru­
    ments part number, 2516, when refer­
    ring to either the Tl part or the Intel
    2716.

    Al Anway
    Poly Micro Systems Inc
    2616 Lansing Dr SW
    Roanoke VA 24015

    IN SEARCH OF SPEED

    There are some things that retard


    communication between people having
    no contradictory interests, eg: vendor
    and customer . Vendor has something to
    sell. Customer finds something to pur­
    chase.
    One of these retarding things is a
    slow answer to a request. Surface mail
    for Sweden travels the distance from the
    United States in six weeks. Air mail, the
    same distance, arrives within a week.
    So please, if at all possible, use air
    mail for overseas requests .

    Hans Nordstrom
    Tingvallavagen 7F
    S-195 oo Marsta
    SWEDEN

    160 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


    NEW SOFTWARE

    AVAILABLE FOR
    A11:, -by-Compu t e1 tm i s here !

    MICROPOLIS™

    The following software is now being offered for use on


    the Micropolis MetaF!oppy and MacroFloppy disk
    systems.
    CP/M'" FOOS and Utilities From $145
    Microsoft FORTRAN-BO $400
    Microsoft COBOL-80 $625
    Microsoft Disk Extended BASIC $300
    Xitan SUPER BASIC (A3) $99
    Xitan DISK BASIC (A3+) $159
    Xitan Z-TEL Text Editor (A3. A3+) $69
    Xitan Text Output Processor (A3, A3+) N/A
    Fi I e I Fi Ie 3
    Xitan Macro ASSEMBLER (A3. A3+) $69
    Xitan Z-BUG (A3+) $89 Black-on-wh i le, 9 3/4H by 12 3/4W reproduclions
    Xitan LI NKER (A3+) $69 of compuler generated designs See Jan 78 By le
    Xitan Package A3 (as keyed above) $249
    Xitan Package A3+ (as keyed above) $409 or phone or wr i le for a brochure.
    Xitan Fortran IV $349 Sel of 12 : $20.00, singles $2 . 00 each. Minimum
    Xitan DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM $1.250 order: 2 prinls. Orders l ess lhen $10 .00 and
    CBASIC Compiler/Interpreter BASIC $95
    MAC Macro Assembler $100 al I orders from oulside conlinenlal US . add
    SID Symbolic Instruction Debugger $85 $2. 00 poslage and hand I i ng. Payment musl be
    TEX Text Formatter $85 in U.S. dollars . California residents add 6Y.
    BASIC-E Compiler/ Interpreter BASIC $30
    General Ledger $995
    sales lax . Send check or money order lo :
    Accounts Receivable $750
    NAO Name & Address Processor $79
    QSORT Disk File Sort/Merge Utility $95
    Leland C Sheppard
    Available from computer stores nationwide or order PO Box 60051, Depl B
    direct from:
    Sunnyvale, Ca l i fornia 94086 .
    LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES

    164 W. 83rd Street


    Also avai Iable al seleded relai I out Iels
    New York. N.Y. 10024

    12121 580-0082
    © LCS, 1978 .

    •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
    ! ATTENTION SWTPC DISC SYSTEM USERS
    All Ed Smith's M6800 SOFTWARE TOOLS
    are now available in min i- FLEX format as well as Smoke Sig na l Broadcasting format . See
    July BYTE for diskette media prices. Oise users specify SSB OR SWTPCO.
    M6800 RELOCATING ASSEMBLER ANO LINKING LOADER software for rapid program
    development and debugging. Some of its features are A ELOCA TABLE CODE-FULL
    ALPHABETIZED CROSS REFERENCE LISTING - BOTH GLOBAL AND LOCAL
    LABELS-LISTING OF EXECUTION TIME-RELATIVE BRANCH TARGET ADDRESS.
    ES-B CHARACTER LABELS-CORESIDENT EDITOR-ENGLISH ERROR MESSAGES ­
    80 COLUMN LISTING USING PR 40-etc.
    M68AS .. cassette , . . .$50.00
    M68AS-O ..m i nifloppy. .$55.95 HAVING TROUBLE LEARNING BASIC?
    M6800 RELOCATABLE DISASSEMBLER AND SEGMENTED SOURCE TEXT GEN ·
    ERATOR . This softwa re tool enables you to modify and adapt those large sized object pro·
    grams and re-assemble them on your system without requiring enormous memory. This STEP BY STEP is an interactive computer course in BASIC
    program will produce segmented source text files with all the external linkage information
    required for re -assembly using the above Relocating Assembler.
    that's easy even for beginners. Program Design has de­
    M68RS ..cessene . .$35.00 veloped a logical. structured approach that really works. At the
    M68RS -D •. minifloppy. . . ... .$40.95
    end of STEP BY STEP, you'll be writing programs using all
    M68ASPK Above two programs on single diskette . . . .. .$85.00
    The above two programs are furnished i n relocatable formatted code with instruction important BASIC commands.
    manuals and commented assembly listings. The loader is also supplied in standard MIKBUG
    format on casselte or as a binary fi le on disc to inilially load the link ing loader at any de·
    sired address. AVAILABLE FOR TRS-80 LEVELS I & 11, PET, AND APPLE II
    The linking loader is also available in EPAOM on two 2708's for $45 .00. Specify desired
    address and version. i.e. cassette, FLE X or SSB.
    STEP BY STEP:
    iHf+T-H-ll-U-ll • presents material in small steps
    FIRMWARE from Ed Smith's SOFTWARE WORKS
    • provides guided programming practice in each lesson
    A 2k Monitor Disassembler-Trace Debugging Tool in EPROM. Use as stand-alone monitor or • tests your progress after each lesson
    as an adjunct to your Smartbug or Swtbug. Requires ACIA as control port. Provides all the
    monitor commands (23) you could ever ask for, plus the convenience of a mnemonic d is­ • teaches actual program writing, not just terms
    assembler and single stepping disassembler.trace display. Interactive use of singl8 or duel e
    break.point with trace pickup et breakpoint, plus many new monitor functions and sub· • is suitable for anyone from junior high up, regardless of
    routines, makes this a super tool you will love to work with. Uses location SF800 to math background
    $FFFF. Furnishe d on two 2708's or one 2716. Includes Manual and commented assembly
    lis ti ng . Specify ACIA location and present monitor in order to keep $AOOO RAM com­
    patibi lity. SMITHBUG ON 2708'1 ........ - $60.00
    SMITHBUG ON 2716 ......•... $70.00 1O lessons with quizzes. plus final test 3 cassettes
    Get under Ed Smith's Software AUG (Aeloca1ing assemble r Users Group l. All AUG mem ­ 80 page Workbook $29.95 plus $1.00 shipping
    bers will have use of a building software support library in relocatable format. Upcoming
    items are a Floating Point package and a Trig package.
    VISA & Master Charge accepted (include number, exp. date,
    Order direct by check. Specify system configuration if other than SwTPCo. California
    residents add 6% sales tax . MC include digits above name)

    Ed Smith's SOFTWAAE WOF\HS Department 400


    Program Design, Inc., 11 ldar Court, Greenwich. Conn. 06830
    P.O. Box 339, Redondo Beach, CA 90277, (213) 373-3350
    ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
    Circ le 324 on inquiry card. Circle 307 on inquiry card . BYTE Octob"' 1978 161
    In the March 19 77
    BYTE, page 730, we
    announced a bar code
    A Novel
    reader contest in which
    readers were asked to
    decode a page of Paper­
    bytetm bar code copy
    using a reading technique
    Bar Code
    of their own design. Win­
    ning points for originality
    was this entty by Camp­
    bell Farnell and Glen
    Seeds. While the method
    Reader
    described here is not the
    intended method of read­
    ing the codes, it shows
    what is perhaps the
    world's least expensive Campbell Farnell and Glen Seeds
    RR #1
    drum read only memory
    Seeley's Bay, Ontario
    as a serendipitous side­ CANADA KOH 2NO
    light to printing software
    on paper.

    Technical Description
    Our Paper byte TM bar code reader con­
    sists of three parts: (1) an old turntable set
    at 33 RPM on which sits the page to be read,
    attached to a 48 ounce juice can; (2) a read
    head with light source which is attached to a
    parallelogram assembly to allow the head to
    be moved up and down while remaining
    level; (3) an interface that brings the output
    of the phototransistor in the read head up
    to a 5 V digital level.

    The Turntable and Juice Can


    A juice can with one end removed sup­
    ports the page while the turntable (a junked
    one obtained for free) rotates the page. For
    purposes of this contest we simply taped
    the page to the can. However, for everyday
    use some sort of clip-on system would be
    reasonable. Even four small magnets should
    work to hold the paper on the can. Center­
    ing the juice can on the turntable was no
    problem since the plastic record mat on the
    turntable platter has a series of raised con­
    Photo 1: The authors' bar code reader entry. The page of bar code is shown centric circles on it. On turntables lacking
    taped to a fruit juice can sitting on a phonograph turntable. The reading this feature it is an easy matter to draw a
    arm, shown at bottom left, features two small lamps and a focusing lens. circle on a piece of cardboard placed on the
    Light reflected from the rotating bar code energizes a phototransistor at turntable to indicate the proper position. In
    the other end of the reading arm. The signal is then translated into binary vol­ use, we found that the can did not tend to
    tage levels and sent to the computer's input port. wander as the turntable went around.

    162 October 1978 © BYTE Publication5 /nc


    Circle 28 on inquiry ca r d.
    BLABBERWA
    CKYww Twas brilliant
    and the slimy toads
    ~~
    ~ 1•
    FREE t~ . £!
    10 DAY lRIAL* ' " ~
    wDid go and gander i
    n the wave:wALL mist
    y were the bluish gr
    aves. wAnd the mole r
    . -. •

    , / -• , ·'New and Unusual Soun


    For Your Computer
    V
    uns outraged.ww"Bewa
    re the Blabberwack, •(f after using the unit you don't agree
    my son! wThe words th with our claims merely return the system
    at bite, the barbs t postage pre-paid and insured. and we
    hat catch! wBeware th will promtly refund your purchase price.
    e mynah bird, and sh
    unw The frivolous Ben
    dersnitch! "wwHe took
    his vicious words i
    $149 95
    The Microsounder is an S - 100 compatible sound generating card that

    n hand: wlong time th


    e slanderous foe he can be programed in BASIC or assembly language. Three to five lines of

    code generates such sounds as: organ mus ic, sirens, phasers, shotguns, ex·

    sought--wSo remained
    p tosions . trains, bird calls. helicopters, race cars. airplanes, machine guns,

    he by the titling t barking dogs, and many thousands more.

    ree, wAnd stood awhil


    e in thought. wwAnd, Now you can hear the sounds ot phasers and photon torpedos in Star Trek.

    Practice Morse ccxle recognition, create your own unique sounds and songs, or

    as in malign thought
    use the Microsounder for a signaling device Only a few minutes of time is

    he stood, wThe Blabb


    needed to patch the sound code into existing programs.

    erwack, with eyes of


    The Microsounder is assembled and tested, and comes complete with

    flame, wCame whistli


    sample code. two game programs. and a utility program for creating almost

    ng through the state


    any sound. Send your orders (Master Charge. Visa, cashier's or personal

    ly wood, wAnd bluffed


    check to:

    as it came! wwOne, t
    wo!, One, two! And t
    hrough and throughwT
    -----------------------------·
    BOOTSTRAP ENTERPRISES INC.
    100 North Central EKDf\llY..
    ~sin..
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    he vicious blade wen Richardson. TX 7508(ii . · · ~ I
    t crushing-crash! wHe C214l 238-9262 " I
    left it dead, and w
    ith its headwHe went
    Name I
    galloping back. ww" A Address I
    nd hast thou slain t City _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ State _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip ---I
    he Blabberwack' wCome
    Add $4.95 for Postage & Handling I
    to my arms, my boun
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    D Che ck or Money Order Enclosed Exp . Date -------1
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    s joy. ww · Twas brilli 0 MASTERCHARGE # I
    ant and the slimy to
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    r in the wave :wAll m
    L----------------------------J

    isty were the bluish


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    Specials!!
    Listing 7: Walter Banks' Specials!!
    "Blabberwacky." The out­ LIST Special
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    printer that does not
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    The Read Head Solid State Music
    The read head consists of a 2N5777 Video Interface Kit (A & Tl $ 149.95 $ 119.95
    phototransistor, a lens and two penlight PRICES QUOTED INCLUDE 10% CASH DISCOUNT!
    bulbs. These items were mounted on a block Exclusive Dealer for Meca in

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    because color rendition and edge focus are I COMPUTER LAB 141 Route 46
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    of no concern. The phototransistor was


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    Mail and phone orders accepted, subject to available quan­


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    on all sides but the front, to exclude stray notice . Shipping charges extra . NJ residents add 5% sales tax .
    light. Master Charge and Ban kAmericard/V ISA accepted .

    Circle 72 on inquiry card. October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 163


    to a base. This allows us to move the read
    head up and down while keeping it level.
    The system was focused by moving the
    the base plate back and forth. A pair of type
    222 prefocused penlite bulbs were mounted
    'AGE
    WITH BAR on either side of the lens and angled toward
    :ODE the bar being read . These bulbs are rated at
    2.25 V; when wired in series they ran fine
    from the +5 V used for the logic, and drew
    250 mA. A strip of ordinary black tape was
    wrapped around each bulb to prevent stray
    light from reaching the lens.
    LENS
    The Interface
    The interface consists of a 500 k trimpot
    and a 74C04 CMOS hex inverter, as shown
    in figure 2a. Since the input port on our
    computer accepts CMOS logic, no further
    buffering was required. In order to drive
    standard TTL logic, the remaining CMOS
    inverters can be used or a transistor and two
    resistors (see figure 2b). This interface owes
    !====!FOCUSING SCREEN its simplicity to the high gain of the 2N5777

    ~ '""'""""'"
    and the very high input impedance of the
    CMOS chip.

    Calibration and Use


    Figure 7a: Top view of the read head. The calibration and use of this system are
    simple. Once physically assembled, the read
    head is moved close to the page to be read
    and is adjusted to bring the page into focus
    on the screen. This requires some experi­
    The phototransistor was mounted peek­ menting at first. The phototransistor is
    ing through some translucent tape which positioned about 3 inches behind the lens,
    served as a focusing screen. The entire which provides a magnification of about 2.
    assembly was covered on the top and sides To adjust the sensitivity, focus the head
    with a cardboard hood to exclude ambient and then, with the turntable turned off,
    light. The block of wood on which the read turn the platter until the read head faces
    head was assembled was attached to two plain white paper. Observe the voltage at the
    strips of wood, which were in turn attached collector of the phototransistor at point
    A in figure 2a. With a lot of light from the
    white paper on the phototransistor, and the
    potentiometer set to its highest value, this
    point is pulled low by the transistor. The
    FOCUSING SCREEN
    potentiometer is adjusted until it just pulls
    the line high and then it is backed off just
    enough to let the line go low. This completes
    the sensitivity adjustment. While spinning
    the turntable by hand, you can watch the
    output of the transistor alternate. In our
    case we had a voltage swing of about 4 Vat
    point A.
    In order to actually read the lines, the
    output of the CMOS interface is hooked to a
    single bit of an input port on the computer.
    The computer then waits for a line to start,
    Figure 7b: Read head times the light and the dark times, and
    decides if the bit is a one or a zero. The
    assembly for the bar code
    computer program itself is straightforward,
    reader. The focusing
    if somewhat long-winded. The computer we
    screen is made out of
    used is an MCM/800 manufactured by Micro
    translucent tape.
    Computer Machines, Kingston, Ontario. The
    processor is a discrete bipolar affair that has

    164 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


    the same instruction set as the 8008, with a
    few enhancements. +5V

    Notes and Conclusions

    Because th is reader was produced and


    documented within a period of 48 hours, we
    did not have time to go through many
    revisions. From our experiences we gained
    a considerable amount of information that
    could be applied to the development of an Figure 2a: Interface
    improved reader. method for computers
    When we set out to bu iId the reader, we that accept CMOS logic.
    assumed that the mechanical portion would
    be easy and that most difficulties would be
    with the electronics. This was not the case.
    Although the entire electronic portion of another as the focus changed a bit. This
    our reader turned out to be extremely caused quite a bit of jitter in the light time
    simple, (it cost under four dollars), it per­ to dark time ratios, which are, in theory,
    formed flawlessly. We have had no difficu 1­ what is used to separate 1s from Os. How­
    ties with it and we do not suggest any ever, we also observed something that is of
    modifications. In one test performed while considerable use: while the light to dark
    checking the reader, we read a single line ratio jittered a lot on our reader, the timing
    255 times without glitches. of a full bit (light time plus dark time) was
    The mechanical portions of the reader, very stable. This suggests an improved
    however, could stand some improvements. software decoding routine in which you can
    Our most serious problem was keeping compare the total time (light plus dark)
    the read head focused on the page. The for the current bit with the total time of the
    juice can was not perfectly round, parti­ previous bit. Since you know if the previous
    cularly at the end with the top removed, bit is a 1 or 0, you can determine what this
    and minor variations tended to put things next bit is by appropriate comparison. This
    out of focus at one end or the other of the automatically compensates for the jitter in
    line. The can had to be centered exactly the light to dark ratio introduced by the
    on the turntable or similar problems would reader, and also allows tracking on wands
    arise. Anyone seriously considering this where the time will tend to wander a lot.•
    approach might use a full unopened juice
    can, remove the turntable spindle and glue
    the can (after careful centering) to the
    turntable .
    Probably the weakest Ii n k in the design
    is the head support mechanism, which we do
    not recommend. Given some sort of reason­
    ably round support for the page, it would
    be nice to have the head permanently
    mounted on a slide arrangement so it
    could be focused once and then slid back
    and forth in front of the page being read. If
    you standardize on a fixed spacing for the
    lines, it would be possible to add a detent
    mechanism so that the head would stop
    only in the middle of lines. It would be
    reasonably easy to add some automatic +5V
    +5V

    method of advancing the head .


    We feel we should also mention some­
    thing that we discovered in the course of TO COMPUTER POR T

    testing our reader. It applies to bar code


    readers of our type and to wands as well. As
    Keith Regli points out in his article
    "Software for Reading Bar Codes" (Decem­
    ber 1976 BYTE, page 18), readers will tend
    to read light and dark areas of equal width
    as being somewhat different. Our reader was
    no exception, and in fact the amount of Figure 2b: Two interface methods for computers that accept TTL logic.
    bias shifted from one part of the line to

    October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 165


    ~~()~l'~t
    (]esa~i~tiCJ'1 Micro-Scan Corp
    +5V Bar Code Scanner

    L IG HT

    --
    SOURCE

    ~~~ES /

    - TTL
    COMPATIBLE
    OUTPUT

    \ ADAPTIVE
    THRESHOLD

    PHOTODETECTOR

    Figure 7: Functional diagram of the BCS-7 hand held bar code scanner.

    Frederick L Merkowitz The Data-Scan bar code scanner is de­ Functionally, the scanner specifications
    Micro-Scan Corp signed for reading bar codes such as those include: a scanning rate of 10 to 40 inches
    POB 705 presented in BYTE. The scanner can read (25.4 to 101 cm) per second, power supply
    Natick MA 01760 degraded bar codes (such as Xeroxed requirements of + 12 V at 50 mA, and a
    patterns) as well as black bars on a gray transistor-transistor logic (TTL) compatible
    background or gray bars on a white back­ output in the form of a serial bit stream
    ground without adjustments. suitable for application to an input port.
    The scanner consists of a light source, a
    phototransistor and the signal conditioning
    circuitry shown in figure 1. The light source,
    an infrared light emitting diode (LED),
    illuminates the surface of the paper through
    an aperture slightly smaller than the area of
    a unit width bar. Viewing this same surface
    area through the aperture is a phototran­
    sis tor. The transmitted and reflected Ii gh t
    either passes directly through the aperture
    or travels through a bifurcated fiber optic
    cable as described in my article, "Signal
    Processing for Optical Bar Code Scanning,"
    December 1976 BYTE, page 77.
    As reflected light impinges on the photo
    surface of the detector, a light induced
    current of several hundred nanoamperes
    flows into the collector. This minute current
    is amplified, converted to a voltage, and
    applied to one input of the voltage com­
    parator. Simultaneously, the average of the
    peak to peak output voltage is applied to the
    reference input of the comparator. Those
    vol tages in excess of the reference voltage
    Photo 7: Micro-Scan Corp bar code scanner. Circular area at left contains (corresponding to the white areas between
    aperture for viewing bar codes. the bars) cause the output of the comparator

    166 Oc1abcr 1978 ©BY TE Publica tions Inc


    COMING TC ATLANTA IN
    OCTOBER···

    BizCOMP '78

    to conduct, resulting in a logic zero at the


    interface input. Those voltages below the
    reference (corresponding to black bars)
    cause the comparator output to turn off,
    resulting in a logic one at the interface

    ~
    input. The process of using the average of October 27-29
    the peak to peak voltage as the reference Marriott Motor Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia
    input to the comparator is known as adap­
    tive thresholding. .crowds·Exposure.Sales•
    As the line of bar coded data is scanned,
    a string of 1sand Os is serially applied to the Atlanta,The Computer City Of The South···
    10 interface. At this point the software
    loader is continually inputting the value of Biz Comp '78, The Reason For Being There!
    the parallel interface and testing a specific Plan To Exhibit: Reserve Space Now!
    bit for ls and Os. To optimize the human 81zComp 78 will h1ghllghl the relatively sma ll budget necessary for the independen t business opera·
    !or to be able to purcha::>e an 111-house compuler sys tem All racefs of the small business computer
    engineering aspects of the scanner, an LED in dus try will be on display from lhe la!esl 1nnova l1ons 1n c omputers to business soil ware and word
    processng. supplies and services 81zComp 78 wrll also emp ti ;:i s1z e to oie sm,111 husrnessm<in the
    is turned on every time a bar is detected . s1mphc!ly and dependab11t!y o f m1crocompuler systems

    Also avail able, as an option, is a beeper to


    signal the operator when a Iine of bar codes Plan To Attend: Daily Seminars!
    is scanned successfully. A l !he door reg1s traho n will be $4 00 per day Register now tor 52 00 per day Pre -reg1slrat1on o!fer
    e:cp1res October 20t h When ord ering your 11ckets. p lease make ce rtain lo md1cale dales you will be
    I mentioned earlier that the transmitted al! ending and nu mber ot 11c ke!s per day All t1cke!s are co lor coded All early registrants will rece ive
    a spe cia l copy of the Expo sem inar schedule Tickets wi ll be m;:i1led 1mmed1ale1y upon receipt ot
    and reflected light passes either through the your check Please make checks out to Felsburg Associa tes. Inc

    aperture directly or first through a fiber Circl e 27 on inqu iry card.


    optics cable. These variations represent a
    number of scanner models I have designed Felsburg Associates, Inc.
    For Complete ) ) ) ) 12203 Raritan Lane-P.O . Box 735
    and developed for sale. For further infor­ Details Write Bowie, Maryland 20715
    mation on the bar code scanner write to Or Call TodaY! (301) 262-0305
    SPvPn!PPn YP<i.r<; Prndur:ma Oual1!v F xnos rl 1on~
    Micro-Scan Corp, POB 705, Natick MA
    01760.•

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    Circle 3 on inquiry card. Circle 330 on inquiry card. October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 167
    Figure 7: White to play. This example illustrates some of the basic problems of strategy and
    tactics that must be evaluated by any chess playing computer in a typical position. The com­
    puter (White) must evaluate a variety of possibilities: two good first moves for White include
    7 R-B7 and 7 BxN ch. 7 R-B7 threatens BxB. Therefore Black must either exchange Bishops
    or gain time by the counterattack 7. . . B-K4. If 7. . . BxB, White must complete the exchange by
    playing 2 RxB or 2 BxN ch, and so on. The position is analyzed in detail in the game tree
    shown in figure 2.

    A Computer Chess Tutorial

    Norman D Whaland On February 20 1977, the Minnesota primarily to faster hardware.) Experimenters
    430 E 9th St, Apt #15 Open chess tournament was won by a com­ can participate in the search for the concep­
    New York NY 10009 puter program, Northwestern University's tual breakthroughs that will be needed
    Chess 4.5. This was a far better result than before computer programs can be a match
    any program had previously achieved, con­ for the best human players. With that
    sidering that all the other entrants in the thought in mind, this article deals with the
    tournament were human beings. An improved questions : What is a good structure for a
    version, Chess 4.6, went on to wrest the chess program? What are the major functions
    world computer chess championship from that it must perform? In what directions can
    the Soviet program KAISSA {see "The we seek innovations?
    Second World Computer Chess Champion­
    ships" by Peter Jennings, January 1978 The Game Tree
    BYTE, page 108). Professional chess players
    are beginning to worry about the compe­ To get a notion of what a chess program
    tition from machines. They would seem to must do, let's look at a position from an
    have little to fear at the moment, however. actual game {see figure 1). First we must
    The consensus is that Chess 4.5's tactical grasp the important features of the position.
    skill is impressive but its strategy is weak. White has an extra pawn, a passed pawn far
    Against such competition, what can a from Black 's King. Black 's mobility is very
    personal computer experimenter expect to limited: neither the Knight nor the Rook
    accomplish? Perhaps a great deal. There have can move. Black's Bishop isattackingWhite's
    been few new ideas in computer chess since Rook and, indirectly, the Bishop behind it.
    Claude Shannon {see references) outlined Of less importance, because of Black's lack
    the basic principles in a paper published in of mobility, is the fact that two of White's
    1950. {The superiority of Chess 4.6 is due pawns are unguarded. White's task is to save

    GLOSSARY

    Analysis: the calculation of variations in order Minor piece: a Knight or a Bishop.


    to assess a position or flnd the best move.
    Passed pawn: a pawn not hindered'. by enemy
    Backward pawn: a pawn that lags beh ind the pawns on its file or on adjoining files.
    pawns o n the adjoining files . When the opponent
    has no pawn on the file , a backward pawn is Piece: a chess piece other than a pawn.
    usually a serious weakness.
    Positional advantage: any advantage other than
    Development: the process of initially moving an advantage in material.
    the pi ece~ from their original squares.
    Rank : a horizontal row of squares.
    Diagonal : a diagonal row of squares on the
    ch essboard. Strategy: that aspect of chess concerned with
    long-range planning ..
    File: a vertical row, of squares on the chess­
    board. Tactics: that aspect of chess concerned with
    move-by-move changes in the position. Tactics
    Material: the chess pieces considered as assets. include the methods for winning material and
    A pawn is traditionally considered to have a advancing strategic plans.
    material value of one unit. Programs often use
    smaller units to avoid using fractions for Variation : a sequence of moves considered as
    positional advantages. · one of several from a given starting position.

    168 October 1978 ©BYTE Publi cations Inc


    BLACK
    ming one speaks more precisely of a 5 or 6
    ply look ahead.
    In the expansion procedure, no rule was
    given for deciding whether to expand a node
    or for selecting the moves. To gain insight
    into the way human players make these
    choices let us consider the variation that
    runs d~wn the right side of the tree. In the
    initial position, Black threatens ... BxR.
    White can either make a counterthreat or
    move his Rook to guard the Bishop. Thus
    the possible moves include 1 BxN ch,
    1 R-B7, and 1 R-RS. I rejected the last alter­
    native because the Rook wou Id have less
    mobility on RS and it seemed unimportant
    to keep it on the fifth rank. 1 R-B7 threat­
    ens BxB and moving the Bishop to another
    diagonal allows B-K3, attacking Black's
    WHITE Rook . Therefore, Black must either ex­
    change bishops or gain time by the counter­ Figure 2: A game tree
    attack 1 ... B-K4. If 1 ... BxB, White must developed from the posi­
    his Rook and to profit from Black's lack of
    complete the exchange by playing 2 RxB or tion in figure 7. Each node
    mobility. White should win if he can find
    satisfactory solutions to these problems. 2 BxN ch. The latter move was omitted represents a position,- the
    because the reply 2 . . . RxB leads to the root, the initial position.
    Next we calculate variations - sequences
    position at node 13 (see figure 2), already The move leading to the
    of moves that we would visualize in an
    seen to be unsatisfactory for White. After position is written in the
    actual game before deciding on a move to
    2 RxB White threatens R-R6 followed by top of the box, the evalu­
    play. We will follow a systematic procedure
    the exchange of all the pieces and the trium­ ation of the position in
    that will serve as a first approximation to a
    phant advance of the Queen's Rook pawn the bottom. The number
    computer program. We construct a tree
    (QRP). Black must play 2 .. . K-Nl or 2 ... above the box identifies
    whose nodes represent positions and whose
    K-R 1. The square closer to the center was the node. A node's ply
    edges represent moves. The variations are
    chosen on general principles. number is its distance
    the paths from the root to the leaves.
    from the root.
    Initially, the tree will consist of one node
    representing the given position. We expand
    Ply 0
    the tree as follows:

    Expansion - Choose a leaf that has


    not been marked as final. (If one can­ Ply I
    not be found, the expansion phase is
    ended.) Either mark it as final or select
    a set of legal moves in the position rep­ 3
    Pl y 2
    resented by the node. To the leaf
    attach sons representing the positions • 1. 4

    reached by the moves. Repeat from 4


    the beginning. Ply 3

    .. J. 4
    This procedure might yield the tree shown
    5
    in figure 2. The size of the tree has been Ply 4
    limited somewhat for illustrative purposes.
    • 1.4
    Some of the variations I considered and re­
    jected are not included. Most programs gen­
    Ply 5
    erate much larger trees since it is hard to
    build into a program the chess knowledge
    needed for rigorous selection of moves. The 10
    Ply 6
    length of paths in the tree is expressed in 3
    plies (half-moves). A move consists of a play
    by one player and a response by the other;
    11
    a ply is a move by one player alone . Because Ply 7
    R- F'l4
    4 4 R• R
    the term move can be confusing (the chess • 2 4 •1 8
    literature speaks of looking three moves
    ahead for example, but are two or three 26
    Ply 8
    moves by the opponent meant to be in­
    cluded?), in discussions of chess program­

    Oct ober 1978 ©B Y TE Publications Inc 169


    Circle 174 on inquiry card. Free of threats at last, White can move
    in pursuit of his goals. White could play
    ATTENTION COMMODORE PET' OWNERS
    3 R-N7, preparing to position his Rook

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    behind the passed pawn; 3 K-Q2, bringing


    his King toward the center; 3 P-RS , ad\lanc­
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    •
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    •
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    1

    '
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    I

    t ..
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    I I
    the exchange of Rooks. Somewhat arbitrar­
    ily, I included in the tree only the two
    moves that seemed best. 3 R-R6 forces the
    Knight to move. Obviously it should ap­
    proach the passed pawn, but it is not im­
    mediately clear which square is best. After
    3 ... N-K2 4 RxR PxR the assessment is
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    There is no need to consider other Knight
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    moves that best advance these goals. When
    -Boo th #311
    DEALER INQUIRIES INV ITED
    two moves have similar effects, not much
    • ELECTRONICS is learned by including both in the tree,
    particularly at a deep level.
    We can also see some of the reasons for
    terminating a node (that is, choosing not
    to expand it). In this example, a node is
    terminated when the position can be evalu­

    TRS-80

    ated sufficiently well or when the previous


    move was not forcing and the side to move
    has no forcing move that accomplishes
    anything. At node 14, for example, it is
    already clear that White doesn't have a won

    USERS;
    position, and it follows that one of his
    moves must have been a mistake. Thus we
    can evaluate the position sufficiently well
    (but not accurately: further analysis would
    Benefit from the ever lower the estimated evaluation given in the
    growing body of system particular figure). At node 5 White has the forcing
    information contained in each issue of move 3 B-K3, but after 3 . .. R-R 1 his
    SoftSider~the first magazine written for the position hasn't improved . We consider
    TRS-80 microcomputer.
    these moves but don't add them to the
    • TRS-80 Hotline •Software tree, because the resulting position is mere­
    • BASIC Tutorials Games ly compared with the position at node 5,
    •Software Exchange Education not evaluated.
    • New Products Business
    • Business Ventures Household Appli­ Once the tree is complete, the next
    • Gossip cations
    step is to evaluate the terminal positions:
    And Much More

    Evaluation - Label each leaf with


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    Order now and receive the first 12 months point of view of the player whose
    of SoftSide TM for $10.00 (re. subscription turn it is to move in the initial posi­
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    PO Box 68 Milford, NH 03055 has the advantage; negative values
    mean the player's opponent does.
    A value of ±1 means an advantage

    170 October 1978 ©BYTE Pub lications Inc Circle 326 on inquiry card.
    Circle 179 on inquiry card.

    barely enough to win; a value of ±2


    means an easy win (see figure 2).

    In the present example, material, mobility


    and pawn structure were the most important
    factors in making the evaluation. In a middle
    game position, King safety would also be
    taken into consideration.
    The final step is a completely mechanical
    procedure called the minimax algorithm,
    which is guaranteed to choose the best move
    provided the evaluations are accurate and
    that the best move at each node is included
    in the tree.

    Backup - Select an unevaluated node,


    all of whose sons have been evaluated.
    If the node is at even ply, label it with
    the maximum of the sons' values; at
    odd ply, choose the minimum. Repeat
    from the beginning until all of the
    nodes have been evaluated. Then
    choose the move leading to the ply-1
    node with the greatest value.

    This method of assigning evaluations to non­


    terminal nodes is based on the assumption
    that each player always makes the best
    move. The minimax algorithm will not al­
    ways choose the move that affords the best
    winning chances against a weak opponent.
    Our 3 part procedure for generating
    a game tree is somewhat unnatural. For one
    thing, a person analyzing a position would
    return to the expansion phase if the moves
    originally selected didn't work out as well
    as expected. Also, the evaluation phase
    reflects the human assessment process poor­
    ly. No provision is made for recording degree
    of confidence in the evaluation. Human
    players make relatively coarse absolute
    evaluations: they judge which of two similar
    positions is better, but do not attempt to
    assign slightly different values to them. *.ACCOUNTS
    '.RECEIVABLE ' PAYABLE
    In chess programs, expansion, evaluation File Maintenance • . File Maintenance
    and backup are carried out simultaneously. Sale & Cash Journals •. Purchases Journals
    •. Customer Lists • . Vendor Lists
    One reason is that time can be saved by •. Mailing Label s . Mailing Labels
    using backed-up values to demonstrate that •. Aged Trial Balance Payables Ageing
    some nodes need not be expanded at all. For •. Monthly Statements • Automatic Checks
    • . Transaction Listings • Check Register
    example, the variation 1 BxN ch RxB 2 RxP •. Customer Inquiry •. Vendor Inquiry
    ch gives White a great advantage; we say that
    BUSINESS APPLICATION SOFTWARE
    2 RxP ch refutes 1 ... RxB. Once one refu­ Div ision of ELP Development Co., Inc.
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    another: 2 R.-B7 need not be considered if ITEM AIR A/P Both
    not considered already. What does this mean General Information $ 3.00 0 $ 3.00 0 $ 5.00 0
    in terms of the minimax algorithm? Once System Manual 7.00 0 6.00 0 11.00 0
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    node 7 has the value +2.4, we know that the Name_ _ ____ _ __ __ __ _ __ _
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    any less. Therefore the minimax algorithm
    will not choose the value of node 6, and it City_ _ ______ State _ _ _ Zip _ __

    Circle 29 on inquiry card. Oc1obcr 197 8 ©BYTE Publicdtions In c 171


    ENT RY
    can be reformulated so as to require only a
    small part of the tree to be retained in mem­
    ory at any time .
    •-o
    ElOJ - "-oo "

    P - MO VE (P ,M )
    The Depth-First Minimax Procedure

    A tree can be traversed systematically by


    the following procedure:
    Llo)-LIST(P)
    Start at the root - At each step, move
    to the leftmost unmarked son and
    NO mark it. If there is no unmarked son,
    move to the father. If there is no
    l'ES father, stop. (The terms son, father
    and brother are analogous to those
    El ii - VAL UE I PI
    in a family tree.)
    IM!il, L ( o)) - FETCHIL(i))
    P - M OVE {P, M (d)
    The depth-first minimax procedure traverses
    i- , ... . the game tree in this way, simultaneously
    doing the expansion, evaluation and backup.
    Storage is required only for one path from
    l' ES
    root to leaf and for the brothers of the
    P - M OVE( P, M ) nodes on the path.
    Figure 3 shows one way to organize the
    procedure. The processing is centered on
    per I o r m B ACl<UP
    EX IT P-RESTORE (P, M \i )) the ply table, so named because it is indexed
    by the ply number i. The entries in the ply
    table correspond to nodes in the game tree.
    Figure 3: A routine to choose a move. A ply table (so called because it is Each entry contains three fields: L(i), a
    indexed by the ply number, i) is used to choose moves. (A ply is a move on pointer to the list of moves selected at the
    the part of one player; two plies equal one chess move.) The entries in the ply node; M(i), the move currently being proc­
    table correspond to nodes in the game tree (see figure 2). Each entry contains essed; and E(i), the evaluation. The data
    three fields: L(i), a pointer to the list of moves selected at each node; M(i), area P contains the board position. As the
    the move currently being processed; and E(i), the evaluation. Most of the tree is traversed, P is modified to show the
    subroutines are written as functions in order to show which data areas they position at the current node. At the start
    use and affect. Only those data areas that play a central role are indicated. of the routine, the position is as it was
    00 refers to a number which is larger than any returned by subroutine VA LUE.
    presented to the opponent. The routine
    Its additive inverse, - 0 01 is used as the initial value of E(O). applies the move in Ioca tion M to the posi­
    tion, chooses its move, stores it in M, and
    applies it to the position.
    can be eliminated from the tree without The subroutines named in figure 3 are
    expanding node 12. Although in this exam­ discussed briefly here and in greater detail
    ple only one branch can be eliminated in this in the following sections. MOVE applies a
    way, it is an important method for limiting move to the board representation P. It may
    the size of the "bushier" trees generated by also update auxiliary information describing
    chess programs. the position. RESTORE simply reverses the
    We have seen that there are three major changes made by MOVE. LIST generates the
    aspects of chess reasoning that need to be Iist of selected moves and places a pointer
    analyzed to create a chess program: selec­ to the list in L(i) . If the list is empty, L(i)
    tion, termination and evaluation. The is set equal to zero. FETCH moves the first
    handling of these functions by existing pro­ move on the list to M(i) and advances the
    grams is only a crude approximation to the pointer L(i) to the next move. VALUE
    human reasoning process. It has proven places the evaluation of a terminal position
    particularly difficult to limit the number of in E(i). BACKUP moves the evaluations
    moves considered at each node without E(i) up the table in accordance with the
    inadvertently eliminating the best move. minimax rules.
    Consequently, Chess 4.6 uses no selection or Programs that generate a large tree
    termination at a depth of less than six plies, generally use a depth-first search and have an
    and generates trees with hundreds of thou­ overall structure similar to that shown in
    sands of nodes. Even those programs that figure 3. The inflexibility of the depth-first
    exercise some select ion generate, in most search is a significant disadvantage, though.
    cases, trees too large to store in program­ For example, suppose that shallow analysis
    mable memory. Fortunately our procedure of the first ply-1 move casts doubt on its

    172 October 1978 ©BYTE Public alions Inc


    EN T RY

    NO Y ES

    j-j-2

    E l j l - "+o<> " E ( j) - " - oo "

    Figure 4: The BACKUP


    EXIT EXI T routine. The lefthand side
    of the flowchart depicts
    the minimax algorithm, a
    method which is guaran­
    teed to choose the best
    Elil-E(j) E!il-E!Jl move provided that the
    E(j l-"+ 00 " E{j )-"-o0 11 Llil-O
    evaluations of the nodes
    in the game tree are
    accurate and that the best
    EX IT move at each node is
    included in the tree. The
    NO right side of the flowchart
    illustrates the alpha-beta
    algorithm, used to
    refuted nodes. The procedure is shown in "prune" refuted nodes ­
    detail in figure 4. The minimax part of the that is, nodes which are
    M-M(O) procedure manipulates the fields E(i), which known to represent in­
    can contain initial values, provisional values, ferior positions. Trimming
    and final values. The initial values are the tree in this way re­
    -oo for even ply and +oo for odd ply, where duces the amount of infor­
    EX IT oo is a number larger than any returned by mation that must be
    VALUE. E(i) is always set to the initial stored in memory and
    value when the table entry is not being speeds up the evaluation
    value. Time might be saved by proceeding at used. The values produced by VALUE are process (see text).
    once to the other moves and returning to the final values. Whenever a final value E(i)
    first move only if they seem no better. But appears in the ply table, BACKUP compares
    in a depth-first search, the decision to term i­ it with the value E(i-1) . E(i) replaces
    nate a variation cannot be changed on the E(i-1) if i is even and E(i-1) is greater than
    basis of later information. Consequently, E(i) or if i is odd and E (i - 1) is less than E (i).
    programs that generate small trees usually E(i-1) then contains a provisional value . A
    maintain the entire tree in programmable provisional value becomes final when the
    memory. Then it is possib le to skip around move list at its ply becomes empty. When ­
    in the tree, expanding those nodes that look ever E(l) replaces E(O), M(O) is saved in M.
    most promising. Although such programs As a result, M ultimately contains the first
    aren't structured like depth-first programs, move in the list L(O) that produces a maxi­
    they perform many of the same functions, mum final value in E(l ).
    and so the following discussion of the sub­
    routines partially applies to them. The Alpha-Beta Algorithm

    The BACKUP Routine The elimination of refuted moves from


    the tree is accomplished by a procedure
    The movement of values up the tree is called the alpha-beta algorithm. (The alpha­
    controlled by BACKUP, which also prunes beta algorithm is discussed in Slagle and

    October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 173


    Circle 381 on inquiry card.

    Dixon's paper (see reference 6) . ... CM/ To


    get a clear understanding of the alpha-beta
    NewUVS-llE
    algorithm, let's view the minimax procedure
    EPROM Erasing System
    as a contest to de termine which leaf's evalua­
    tion will reach the root. The provisional
    Performance and Reliability evaluations in the ply table are obstacles to
    at an affordable price! the progress of an evaluation up the tree.
    Maximizing nodes stop evaluations that are
    too small; minimizing nodes stop those that
    are too large. Suppose that i is odd and that
    a new evaluation has just been backed up
    into E(i). Because E(i) is now smaller, it
    may not be abl e to get past the provisional
    values in maximizing nodes higher in the
    tree. To find out, the alpha-beta algorithm
    searches at even ply for an evaluation greater
    than or equal to E(i). If one is found, the
    Now available ... the newest member of UVP's growing level-i node is terminated by setting L(i) to
    family of quality EPROM Erasing Lamps. The UVS-1 lE zero. The procedure is similar when i is even.
    Short Wave UV Lamp was designed specifically for the small Th e termination of a node by the alpha-beta
    systems user and computer hobbyist. It's compact, algorithm is called an alpha-beta cutoff or
    easy-to-use, and will erase up to 4 chips at one time. It even
    just a cutoff.
    features a special safety interlock system for complete safety.
    This is the first UV erasing system to offer simple operation
    The LIST Routine
    and foolproof safety features at an affordable price. Llke all
    UVP products, the UVS-11 E is quality-built and backed by
    45 years of UV technology. The decisions that determine the size
    Order now from your local authorized UVP stocking dealer. and shape of th e game tree are made by
    Or write today for more information and name of nearest LIST. It has three main functions: termina­
    dealer. tion of nodes, selection of moves and the
    sorting of the list of moves. If the program
    ULTRA-VIOLET PRODUCTS, INC.DC is to play under a time limit, LIST must
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    also monitor the elapsed time and modify
    its decisions accordingly. Existing programs
    handle these functions in widely differing
    8k1~5
    "l"
    R
    ways. Their selection and termination proce­
    aGI~ 8K STATIC RAM dures range from trivial to complex. It's
    GITAL] .IL discouraging that the trivial methods have
    ASSEMBLED so far yielded the best results, for surely a
    S-100 sophisticated LIST routine will be needed
    RELIABILITY
    for first-rate chess.
    QUALITY
    Most chess programs condition termina­
    tion primarily on depth and the availability
    DEPENDABILITY
    of certain types of forcing moves. The
    simplest method would be to terminate
    ADDRESSING always at some fixed depth. Then VALUE
    PROTECT ON·BOARD SWITCH WRI TE PROTECTSAJNPROTECTS ALL 8K
    OR EACH 4K BLOCK CAN BE PROTECTED VJA FRONr PANEL
    would have to give special handling to
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    material be reckoned incorrectly . Con­
    sequently, many programs use two depth
    WAIT STATES 0. t,OR2 WAI T STAl ES MAY BE SELECTED
    VIA A F\.UGGABLE JJt.FER

    limits. Beyond the first limit are selected


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    limit termination always occurs.


    PHANTOM MEMORY DISABLE IS !MPLEMENlEO VIA PHANTOM (PIN 67)

    Other criteria for termination have been


    TESTING COMPLETE TESTING NOT ONLY OF ALL MEMORY CELLS BUT ALSO
    OF ALL SUPPORT CIRCUITRY Ar\O OPTIONS tried. The Ostrich program (developed on a
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    terminates variations in which material is
    (71 4) 992 - 554 0

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    sacrificed and not recovered within three
    2555 E. CHAPMAN AVE
    plies. Several people have suggested that
    SUITE 604
    termination should occur only if the posi­
    FULLERTON, CA 92631
    tion can be accurately evaluated. The

    174 October 1978 © BYTE Pu blicat iom Inc Circle 294 on inqu iry card.
    Circle 95 on inquiry card.
    Newell-Shaw-Simon program used this philo­
    sophy. When the entire tree is maintained in
    programmable memory, termination de­
    cisions as such need not be made at al I.
    For example, the program COKO expands
    ~CP/M™
    those nodes that promise the greatest yield LOW-COST
    of information, no leaf being permanently MICROCOMPUTER
    excluded from consider a tion. SOFTWARE
    For selection and sorting, LIST might
    assign to each legal move a plausibility CP/M™ OPERATING SYSTEM:
    rating designed to indicate the probability • Includes Editor, Assembler, Debugger and Utilities.
    • For 8080, 280, or Intel MOS.
    that the move will prove best. Many pro­ • For IBM-compatible floppy discs.
    grams don't exp licitly assign a rating ; neve1·­ • $1 OD-Diskette and Documentation.
    theless, it is convenient to imagin e that th eir • $25-0ocumentation (Set of 6 manuals) only.
    decisions are based on an implicit rating. MAC™ MACRO ASSEMBLER:
    Selection and sorting can then be done as • Compatible with new Intel macro standard.
    follows: select all moves with ratings greater • Complete guide to macro applications.
    than some threshold . If too few moves are • $90-Diskette and Manual.
    selected, add highest-rated moves to mak e SID™ SYMBOLIC DEBUGGER:
    up the minimum number. (The threshold • Symbolic memory reference .
    and number of moves might depend on • Built-in assembler I disassembler.
    depth.) Sort the selected moves by rating. • $75-Diskette and Manual.
    For sorting, the requirements on the TF.X™ TEXT FORMATTER:
    rating procedure are not stringent. IL suf­ • Powerful text formatting capabilities.
    fices that moves good enough to cause • Text prepared using CP/M Editor.
    • $75 Diskette and Manual.
    cutoffs often appear early in the list. Occa­
    sional inaccurate ratings will merely increase
    the processing time, not cause a blunder.
    Th e number of cutoffs can be mark edly
    increased by simply assigning high ratings P.O. Box 579 •Pacific Grove, California 93950
    to a few easily defined categories of moves: (408) 649~3896
    captures, checks, moves by attacked pieces,
    etc. Another simple rating method is to
    assign a high rating to moves that have
    proven to be good in other parts of the
    tree. For example, the "kill er" heuristic
    assigns to a refutation found at on e node
    a high rating at its brother nodes . This
    heuristic works well in positions containing
    threats, because all moves that ignore the
    threat can be refuted by the same reply .
    For selection, the plausibility rating must
    be more accurate. A best move markedly
    better than the second best move must only The SS I Microcomputer Software Guide
    rarely receive a rating low enough to cause Thousands of programs availalJle on disk . cassette. paper tape; in books. listings.
    and magazines, comple te w ith so ur ce add resses. If you have access to a microcomput·
    its rejection. Simple criteria that are ade­ er th e SS I Guide is a must I
    quate for sorting are bound to fail. The S 7.9 5 postpaid U.S
    rating must be based on all of the move's
    important effects, which can in turn be A Companion to U iterwyk's Interpreters
    determined only by elaborately tracing the by Dave Gardner
    relationships of the pieces. For this reason, Over 70 memory addresses mapped in MSI and SWTPC 6800 Basics. p lu s 30 custom
    prog1·ams that use selection generally main ­ assembled al teratio ns. lncludccJ is an im plied GOTO routine. FOR -NEXT-THEN
    loops plus much more. Learn iilJOut BJ sic not in theory , but by application.
    tain a tactical description of the position. In
    $ 9.95 postµa•cl U .S.
    the program we are considering, it is the
    responsibility of the MOVE routine to
    keep such information current.
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    The evaluation is usually computed as a 01s1ributed 10 d e.1 lers by MICROMEO IA MARKETING

    sum of numerical scores, each representing


    on e aspect of the position. Chess prog1·am ­
    mers tend to include only those aspects that

    Circle 317 o n inquiry card. Octobe r 1978 BYT E Pub l\c.at ion s In c 175
    Circle 184 on inquiry card.

    are easiest to program. Unfortunately they


    are not always the most important ones.
    The traditional chess literature is more
    exp Iicit about evaluation than about selec­
    tion and termination. The books in the
    bibliography are particularly helpful.
    The evaluation of a position depends
    mainly on material, mobility and vulner­
    ability. The calculation of material is straight­
    forward, although experts disagree about the
    exact values of the men. Chess 4.6 uses the
    values: P=l 00, N=325, 8=350, R=SOO and
    0=900. Like most programs, it adjusts the
    material score to encourage the exchange of
    pieces when ahead in material. The values
    of the pieces vary with the strategic character
    of the position: Rooks are better when the
    IDS now supplies quality order necessary. Just opponent has weak pawns, Knights are better
    cables with male to male, phone or mai I in your in blocked positions, and so on. Such con­
    ma le to female, or female orders. Special cable siderations are important, but I know of no
    to female connectors in 5, configurations also program that takes them into account.
    10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 4 0 & 50 available. Immediate The assessment of mobility is more diffi­
    foot lengths. No minimum delivery from stock.

    ·-
    cult. Counting the legal moves of each man
    is easy but inadequate. It is necessary also
    ON GSA SCHEDULE to take into account the exclusion of men

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    Export: EMEC, Box 1285, Hallandale, Florida 33009 of a man or important square. Detecting
    these factors is complicated and may involve
    tracing the relationships between several
    men.
    Under vulnerability we have to consider
    unguarded pieces, the safety of the King,
    weaknesses in the pawn structure and
    pieces exposed to attack by less valuable
    men . Pawn weaknesses are easy to detect,
    and most programs take them into account.
    Measuring danger to the King is more
    complicated, but it is easy to detect some of
    the relevant features, such as disturbances
    of the King's pawn cover or the absence of
    friendly minor pieces nearby. Detecting
    unguarded and exposed pieces seems to be
    relatively simple, but oddly it is often
    neglected.

    The MOVE Routine

    Because of the rap id expansion of the


    game tree with depth, most of the processing
    time is spent in selecting and evaluating the
    terminal positions. It is therefore desirable
    for MOVE to maintain, along with the cur­
    1·ent position, information helpful to the
    LIST and VALUE routines. For example,
    it is more efficient for MOVE to keep track
    of changes in the material score than for
    VALUE to scan the board to do the same
    thing. Also, some programs maintain lists
    of the locations of each side's men to
    facilitate the generation of moves.
    We have seen that sophisticated LIST

    176 Onob cr 1978 © BYTE Publi lal io ns Inc Circle 293 on inquiry card.
    Circle 78 on inquiry card .

    and VALUE routines would have to detect


    relationships between the men. Since each
    move changes only some of the relationships, C: PRids C: PfUds C:PfUds
    it is more efficient to compute them in
    MOVE than to compute them all from
    scratch in LIST and VALUE. In general, THE PROGRAMS FOR

    the features needed for selection are the PROFESSIONALS!

    same as those needed for evaluation. For Microcomputer software developed by

    example, a backward pawn affects the evalu­ a CPA with an M.S. in Accounting

    ation and also suggests moves for both Orders being accepted now Ior:
    sides. The possessor of the pawn will try to
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    Likewise any advantage suggests moves to
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    The United States Chess Federation rates
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    performance in tournaments. In descending
    Call or write
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    order they are Senior Master, Master, Expert about these programs and our many others that are available. We will even custom
    program for your individual needs. Let us show you how to increase the efficiency
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    showing of Chess 4.5 startled everyone. At
    the conclusion of the Minnesota Open its
    rating had risen to Expert. It is still too early
    to assess its true strength, however. Although
    it is strong tactically, its grasp of strategy is
    well below the Expert level. The weak
    showing of Class A players against Chess 4.5
    was caused largely by their unfortunate
    tendency to get into tactically complex
    positions, thereby playing into the com­
    puter's strength. The program may not be so
    successful once people learn how to play
    against it.
    The sudden improvement in Chess 4.5
    coincided with its transfer to a faster
    machine, enabling it to search two plies
    deeper in most positions. This supports
    the belief that chess skill depends mainly
    on the number of moves one can see ahead.
    It's difficult to give a precise equivalence
    between depth of search and level of skill,
    though. The following rule of thumb is,
    I th ink, close enough to the truth to give
    some idea of the design requirements for
    strong programs. Let a search depth of fou1­
    plies correspond to Class C, and assume that
    each additional two plies yields an increase
    of one level of skill. Thus, play at the SHIPPING EXTRA I
    Expert level would require a 10 ply search.
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    increase in the size of the game tree with


    depth. Suppose that B moves are selected L-- ~o,~o;..--.1

    Circle 120 on inquiry card . Oc tober 1978 © BYTE Publi cations Inc 177
    strong chess a microcomputer will have to
    Search Depth Number of Terminal Nodes
    use selection. The question is: how much?
    2 59 To der·ive a relationship between the
    3 929
    1,800
    branching factor and the depth of search,
    4
    5 27,900 we have to make some assumptions. Let us
    6 54,000 assume that we must Iimit the size of the
    7 837,000 tree to 10,000 leaves, and that the alpha­
    beta algorithm reduces the effective branch­
    ing factor from B to B2/3. Then table 2
    Table 7: Tree size as a function of search gives the desired relationship. Although
    depth (D), assuming exhaustive search and much guesswmk went into this table, it
    the maximum possible number of alpha-beta seems safe to conclude that an Expert­
    cutoffs. The branching factor (B) is assumed levcl progr·am must be very fast or ver·y
    to be 30. The number of terminal nodes is selective.
    2sD1 2 -7 when D is even and s(D+!)/ 2
    +B (D-1)/2_7 when Dis odd. The TECH Program

    How simple can a program be and still


    at each node. This number is called the play reasonable chess? The TECH program
    branching factor or fanout. If D repre­ was developed in order to answer that
    sents the depth of search, the tree has question. It would be a good model to fol­
    BD leaves; the tree grows exponentia ll y low if you want to have a running program
    with depth . A typical position might have in the shortest possible time. Despite its
    30 legal moves, and if no selection is exer­ simplicity, or perhaps because of it, TECH
    cised, the tree will have 27,000 leaves at placed higher in computer chess tournaments
    a depth of th rec pl ics. This is probably than some of the more complicated pro­
    already too large a tree to examine with a grams. It is good enough to defeat only
    microcomputer in a reasonable time . We inexper·ienced human player·s, but that is
    have not, however·, yet taken alpha-beta true of most programs. For the newcomer
    pruning into consideration. to chess progr·amming, the design of a TECH
    The effectiveness of the alpha-beta type program would be a good way to gain
    algorithm depends on how well the move experience.
    list is sorted. The greatest possible reduc­ TECH considers all moves to a fixed
    tion in tree size is ach icved when the best depth, beyond which it considers only
    move is always first on the list. Table I captures. The evaluation of terminal posi­
    shows the tr'ce size under this condition, tions is based only on material. Hence ther·e
    assuming a branching factor of 30. Clear·ly, is no need for a VALUE routine; the evalua­
    exhaustive search beyond six plies is im­ tion is computed on the run whenever cap­
    possible for a small computer. To pl ay tures occur. When the progr·am has an
    advantage of two pawns or more, it reduces
    the value of its own pieces slightly so that
    exchanges are favored . TECH sorts moves
    Branching Depth of Tactical
    Factor Search Skill
    for· two purposes: to increase the frequency
    of alpha-beta cutoffs, and to bring factor·s
    31.6 4 Class C other than material to bear on the choice
    15.8 5 of a move. At ply 2 and lower, captures
    10.0 6 Class B
    7.2 7 arc considered first and the killer heuristic
    is used. The positions at ply 1 are assigned
    5.6 8 Class A
    4.6 9 a rating that includes such factors as the
    4.0 10 Expert number· of legal moves, the advancement
    3.5 11 of the center pawns, and the proximity of
    3.2 12 Master the pieces to the center, to the enemy King,
    2.9 13 and to passed pawns. The program expands
    2.7 14 th e ply-1 nodes in descending order of the
    2.5 15
    rating, which thus breaks ties in the backed­
    up evaluation.
    Table 2: Depth of search (D) and tactical Because TECH does very little proc­
    skill as a function of the branching factor essing at each node, it is able to generate
    (B). It is assumed that the alpha-beta a relativ ely large tr·ee. Cutoffs arc frequent;
    algorithm reduces the effective branching basing the evaluation only on ma tcrial
    factor to 8 2 13 and that 70,000 terminal ensures that th e alpha-beta comparison will
    nodes can be processed. These assumptions often give an equal result. The ply 1 rating
    yield the formula B=J06/D. procedure could be made more elabmate

    178 October 1978 © BYTE Publi c.Hions Inc


    without slowing down the program notice­ Circle 142 on inquiry card.
    ably. It would be interesting to see how
    much the program's play could be improved
    in this way.

    New Directions ,
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    Chess programming is still a young field. Information Games LP-16
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    be needed for a Master-level chess program. $9.95
    Some of the less successful chess programs
    use ideas worth further consideration. Papers LP·lOOF Medical
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    listed in the bibliography. Additional ideas $69.95 Files
    can be found by comparing the behavior
    of programs and human players. Supplies Limited • Prepaid Orders Only Accepted
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    Some Ideas for the Future

    Chess games between computers are often


    dull because the programs don't follow any
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    plan. They pursue general goals such as
    development and control of the center, but
    don't formulate goals specifically appro­
    priate for the position at hand . Goals are Fl'LLER ENGINEERING it: :\IANCf..\CTl!RING
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    represented in the evaluation and rating SUNNYVALE. CALIFORNIA 94086 e (408) 245-5701

    procedures. Setting a specific goal is accom­


    plished by making changes in these proce­
    dures. For example, the general goal of
    center control might be implemented in part
    by a term in the evaluation polynomial for
    the number of pieces bearing on the center.
    A routine for setting specific goals might
    Why

    add a term for the number of pieces bearing


    on a center square that the routine had
    determined to be particularly important.
    Here are some of the types of specific
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    goals. However, it might be difficult to 2200 South, Salt
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    devise a procedure for choosing the specific 84119 or call (801)
    goals. 973-6053.
    Most chess programs spend almost all
    of their time considering silly moves. There
    are two main types of silly moves: moves
    irrelevant to the important goals of the
    position, and sacrifices that gain nothing

    Circle 265 on inquiry card. Oct ober 19 78 ©BY TE Publi ca tions In c 179
    Circle 298 on inquiry card.

    that could be worth the cost. To safely re­


    ject irrelevant moves, the program must
    avoid overlooking important goals, lest it
    reject a vital move and blunder. Because of
    the difficulty of writing a comprehensive
    goal setting routine, it is not surprising that
    highly selective programs haven't performed
    well. Nevertheless, it is only a matter of time
    until enough chess knowledge is formalized
    to permit accurate selection. In the mean­
    time, it might be possible to devise an algo­
    rithm that would reliably identify at least
    some of the silly moves.
    Don Lancaster's ingenius design provides software Chess programs usually compare moves
    controllable options including: or positions by assigning numbers to them
    • Scrolling • Full performance cursor and then comparing the numbers. This
    •Over 2K on-screen characters with only method precludes certain possibilities of
    3MHz bandwidth reliably rejecting moves. Suppose we have an
    • Variety of line/character formats including algorithm that, given two similar positions,
    16/32, 16/64 .... even 32/64 lists all of the important differences between
    • User selectable line lengths them, together with limits on the effect
    each difference could have on the evaluation.
    :.iE:it 1'\E:·iYioRE",· .1· ·1. ~~~~ ·i~~t«~~;i~~ -~~~~:1 ·r~; ;~~ ~~·;_~. ~i·l • • It is then sometimes· possible to determine
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    which position is better, even though it
    N:rn1c: - ­- - - - - - - - - - - - ­
    might not be possible to evaluate either
    position reliably. We saw an example of this

    ~--
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    in the analysis of figure 1, where 2 ... K- Nl
    appeared to be clearly better than
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    2 ... K-R 1. The position-comparing algo­
    ~ DEPT. 10-B, 1020W.WILSHIREBLVD., OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73116 rithm cou Id be used for selection and for
    ............................................................. a variant of a alpha-beta pruning. We meet
    with a familiar difficulty, however: the
    algorithm would have to incorporate com­
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    *16 KRAM EXPANSION KITS (8 CHIPS) • Dete1·mine the relevant goals and rate
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    TRS-80 SOFTWARE ON COMPATIBLE • Compare two similar positions to
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    180 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc C ircle 12 on inquiry card.


    Circle 40 on inquiry card .

    You will have to be able to state explicitly


    the reasons for the choices you make while
    analyzing a chess position. It's not as easy svstems, inc.
    as it sounds. Above all, it's important to
    keep in mind that writing a chess program
    Boards @® Something
    If your system needs to know

    1l;iffl:I~
    is a big project. A methodical approach,
    what time it is, our CL2400 is
    using structured programming and careful the board for you. The present
    documentation, is absolutely essential. time in hours, minutes, and sec­
    onds is always available for input,
    Concluding Remarks and is continuously updated by •n. m1t
    the highly accurate 60 Hz power CL2400 Real Time Clock
    line frequency. Need periodic in- $98/ Kit $135/ Assembled
    In this article I have tried to cover the terrups? The CL2400 can do
    basic ideas of chess programming and indi­ that, too, at any of 6 rates. Reference manual with BASIC and
    cate some new directions for experimenta­ assembly language software examples included.
    tion. I hope that many of you will be
    stimulated to get involved in th is growing
    field of research.• If your system needs on/off con·
    trol of lights, motors, appli­
    ances, etc., our PC3200 System
    components are for you. Con­
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    trol boards allow one 1/0 port to
    1. Frey, Peter W, editor, Chess Skill in Man and control 32 (PC3232) or 16
    Machine, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977. (PC3216) external Power Con·
    Contains an introduction to computer chess, a trol Units, such as the PC3202
    description of Chess 4 .5 and much thought which controls 120 VAC loads to
    provoking material. 400 Watts.Opticallyisolated,low PC3200
    voltage, current-limited control Power Control System
    lines are standard in this growing PC3232 $299/Kit $360/Assm.
    2. Gillogly, J J, "The Technology Chess Program,"
    PC3216 $189/Kit $240/Assm.
    Artificial Intelligence, volume 3, pages 145 thru product line.
    PC3203 $39 50/Kit $ 52/Assm.
    163, 1972. A simple program using exhaustive
    search. P.O. Box 516
    La Canada, CA 91011 (formerly comptek)
    3. Horowitz, I A, and Mott-Smith, Geoffrey, Point (213) 790-7957
    Count Chess, David McKay, New York, 1970.
    An informal system for evaluating positions
    numerically.

    4. Kozdrowicki, Edward W, and Cooper, Dennis W,


    "COKO 111: The Cooper-Kaz Chess Program,"
    Communications of the ACM, volume 16,
    pages 411 thru 427, July 1973. A program that
    uses a small game tree .

    5. Newborn, Monroe, Computer Chess, Academic


    Press, New York, 1975. Contains brief de­
    scriptions of some of the older programs,
    many games and a detailed description of the
    author's program, Ostrich.

    6 . Newell, A, Shaw, J C, and Simon, HA, "Chess


    Playing Programs and the Problem of Com­
    plexity," Computers and Thought (Feigenbaum,
    E, and Feldman, J, editors), McGraw-Hill, New
    York, 1963, pages 39 thru 70. A program that
    uses a small game tree.

    7. Shannon, Claude E, "Programming a Computer


    for Playing Chess," Philosophical Magazine,
    volume 41, pages 256 thru 275, March 1950.
    The start of it all, and still a good introduction
    to the subject.
    IF QUALITY IS FOREMOST IN YOUR REQUIREMENTS

    8. Slagle, James R, and Dixon, John K, "Experi­


    WE ARE PROUD TO OFFER THE HIGHEST QUALITY

    ments with Some Programs that Search Game


    DISKETTE DRIVE FOR THE FAIREST PRICE

    Trees," Journal of the ACM, volume 16, pages


    189 thru 207, April 1969. Contains the results NEW MODEL 410, 8 INCH FLOPPY DISK DRIVES $495

    of some experiments with the alpha·beta TWO DRIVE SUB-SYSTEMS (less controller) $1555

    algorithm and a proof of the formulas used for


    table 1 in this article.
    INNOTRONICS CORPORATION . DEPT D

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    9. Tarrasch, Siegbert, The Game of Chess, David


    LINCOLN . MASSACHUSETTS 01773

    McKay, New York, 1976. Contains a good


    Tel. (617) 259 -0600

    summary of the principles of the opening and a


    systematic survey of middle game tactics.

    Circle 178 on inquiry card. Oct ober 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 181
    Creating a Chess Player

    Peter W Frey
    Department of Psychology
    Northwestern University An Essay on Human
    Evanston IL 60201

    and Computer Chess Skill


    Larry R Atkin
    Health Information Services
    542 Michigan Av
    Evanston IL 60202

    In a recent Time essay (see references) like Simon so wrong in his assessment of
    Robert Jastrow, directorofNASA'sGoddard computer capabilities? A major factor is that
    Institute for Space Studies, predicted that computer scientists have often failed to ap­
    history is about to witness the birth of a new preciate the level of knowledge which is
    intelligence, a form superior to humanity's. required to play master-level chess. They
    The pitiful human brain has "a wiring de­ have also commonly underestimated the
    fect" that causes it to "freeze up" when tremendous information-processing capacity
    faced with "several streams of information of the human brain . Even though chess is a
    simultaneously." Jastrow suggests that "the game of logic in which all legal moves can be
    human form is not likely to be the standard precisely specified and in which nothing is
    form for intelligent life" in the cosmos. left to chance, several centuries of intensive
    Even on our own small planet, a new day is analysis have not exhausted the perennial
    near at hand: "In the 1990s, ... the com­ challenge and novelty of the game. Psycholo­
    pactness and reasoning power of an intelli­ gists have been actively studying the human
    gence built out of silicon will begin to match brain for several decades and have discovered
    that of the human brain." a fascinating mystery wrapped within an
    We have always been fascinated by the enigma. The more we learn about the brain,
    idea of a machine that is capable of rational the more we are aware of our lamentable
    thought. Jastrow is neither the first nor the state of ignorance.
    last person who is betting on rapid improve­
    Pet,er F.i~j( fs currently ments in machine intelligence. His expecta­ The Mind of the Chess Player
    at the Cres,ap taboratory tion that computers will rival humanity
    of Ne,yrgs~l~~G!! .and Be­ within 15 years seems optimistic to anyone At a general level of knowledge, we have
    hgvfor QJ •NO,r.tflwestern who has watched half-a-dozen excited tech­ several provocative insights on the nature and
    VniverSlty: ~Hp fs "editor of nicians flutter about for several hours trying structure of human chess skill. We know, for
    €hess .$.!<ill-· in M;m and to bring a crashed system back to life. This example, that the sk ii led chess player does
    Macfijne: l.;,arcy Atkln Is prophecy seems even more fanciful to those not examine hundreds of possible continua­
    co~'1_tfll!f~ df ~Chess 4,6, who have attempted to program machines tions before selecting a move. We also know
    presently tne world ~ham ­ to cope with pattern recognition, language that superior chess players are not formidable
    pion cgmputer chess pro­ translation or a complex game such as chess. "thinking machines" but in fact display a

    ----
    gram. : The chess environment, in fact, provides
    a particularly good example of the difficult
    problems which still need to be solved before
    normal range of intelligence scores. Strong
    chess players, as a group , do not even appear
    to have special retention abilities such as
    silicon intelligence can become a reality. having "photographic" memories. In most
    More than 20 years ago, Herbert Simon, a respects, top-flight chess players have the
    recognized expert in the field of artificial same intellectual capacities as the rest of
    intelligence, predicted that within a decade, the population and, in the technical details
    the world's chess champion would be a of move selection, seem to engage in the
    computer. This prognostication has not same type of information processing that is
    come to pass. Why was an informed scientist observed in much weaker players.

    182 October 1978©BYTE Publications Inc


    Artwork by K N Ladding.

    Our knowledge in these matters is based pick better moves. Unfortunately, this con­
    on the early work of Binet in France and clusion is not very informative since it is
    that of de Groot in Holland and on more obviously circular. The fact that de Groot's
    recent investigations by other scientists in extensive study did not uncover any promi­
    the USSR and the United States. In the late nent differences in the move-selection strate­
    nineteenth century, Binet was surprised gies used by strong and average players im­
    to discover that masters did not have a vivid plies that the analysis procedure itself is not
    image of the board when playing blindfolded the critical factor which determines chess
    chess. Instead, they seemed to remember sk ii I.
    positions in abstract terms such as by specific An important clue to the difference be­
    relations among pieces. Interviews with tween skilled and unskilled players was
    masters clearly indicated that a photographic discovered by de Groot when he displayed
    memory was not a prerequisite for being an unfamiliar chess position to his subjects
    able to play many simultaneous games of for a few seconds and then asked them to
    blindfolded chess. In the 1930s and 1940s, recall the position from memory. He found
    de Groot worked with a number of strong that masters recalled almost all the pieces De Groot's "law" of chess
    chess players (from Grandmasters to strong while club players remembered only about is that Grandmasters play
    club players} and had them verbalize their half of them. Recent work in th is country better chess simply be­
    thought processes while selecting a move in by Chase and Simon at Carnegie-Mellon cause they pick better
    a complicated position. His research indi­ University has indicated that novice players moves.
    cated that the Grandmasters' general ap­ recall only about a third of the pieces.
    proach was highly similar to that of weaker Chase and Simon also added an important
    players. They analyzed a similar number of control procedure. They demonstrated that
    moves (about four) from the initial position, the differences in recall ability completely
    a similar number of total moves (about 35), disappear if the pieces are positioned
    made a similar number of fresh starts (about randomly. This outcome indicates that the
    six}, and calculated combinations to the superior memory of the chess master is
    same maximal depth (about seven plies or chess-specific and not a general trait.
    half-moves, where a move is defined as a Simon and Gilmartin have proposed that
    play by one side and a response by the skilled chess players learn to recognize a
    other}. The only clear measurable difference large number of piece combinations as
    was that the Grandmasters invariably chose perceptual chunks and perform well in the
    the strongest move while the weaker players recall task because they remember four or
    did not. Thus de Groot concluded that five chunks rather than four or five pieces
    Grandmasters play better chess because they like the novice. If the average chunk size is

    October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 183


    three to four, the skilled player will recall which are compatible with these goals. For
    16 to 18 pieces. this reason, only two to four moves on the
    On the basis of this analysis, skill in chess average are given serious consideration. The
    depends on a learned perceptual ability difference between the Grandmaster and
    which is highly similar to that acquired the expert lies in the fine distinctions which
    by every schoolchild as he or she slowly are made in the first few seconds of their
    builds up a large repertoire of words. analysis. Skilled chess players can play a
    Initially the child learns to read each word remarkably strong game when they are given
    character by character and often does not only five seconds for each move. In this
    understand the meaning of the word. The short time, it is not possible to make a
    novice chess player perceives the chess­ careful analysis of many different continua­
    board in a similar way, assessing a position tions. The player must have an "instinctive"
    piece by piece and failing to recognize the feel for the correct move and be able to
    meaning of common piece configurations. recognize key features and to understand
    The adult reader recognizes words and both their immediate and long-term
    phrases as basic units (chunks) rather than implications.
    individual characters and has a recognition Human chess skill, therefore, is based on
    vocabulary of approximately 50,000 words. two highly refined capac1t1es, pattern
    The skilled chess player, in a similar vein, recognition and rapid information retrieval.
    recognizes a very large number of piece The latter ability depends on the fact that
    configurations (chunks) and understands human memory is content-addressable rather
    what they imply both individually and in than location-addressable like that of a
    combination. computer. Computer systems often have to
    The critical aspect of move selection search for a specific item of information in
    occurs in the first few seconds of the task. memory by conducting an exhaustive,
    Based on his assessment of the position, linear search of an entire file. Human
    the skilled player immediately recognizes memory however is organized in an amaz­
    appropriate long-term and short-term goals ingly complex fashion such that most of us
    and has a good feel for the specific moves can easily recall a specific fact on the basis
    of a completely novel retrieval cue. For
    example, name a flower that rhymes with
    nose. In this case, your quick response

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    will soon equal man's intelligence seems to

    184 October 1978 ©BYTE Publicat ions Inc Circle 81 on inqu i ry card.
    overlook the important points made in
    GRAPHICS STOCK ANALYSIS

    BYTE by Ernest Kent (see references) . Kent


    emphasizes the fact that biological infor­ NAVIGATION ASTRONOMY

    mation processors have a vastly different NUMBER THEORY GAMES

    architecture than their silicon imitations.


    In fact, he suggests that our lack of success

    • •
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    our attempts "to make a wrench do a
    screwdriver's job." Our modern high-speed
    RECREATIONAL
    computers were designed to do important If - - • PROGRAMMER - 11
    tasks which men are not very good at,
    such as complex mathematical calcu­
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    enjoy this magazine! The articles are of
    The human brain evolved, in contrast, interest to hobbyists and professionals- The
    on its ability to identify important environ­ programs are accompanied by explanations
    written in clear, logical language_ Our
    mental events and to quickly recognize their authors are people who own and use machines
    significance. Natural selection has never like yours!
    placed much emphasis on our ability to
    multiply or our ability to compute the "The Recreational Programmer" is issued bi­
    monthly. It is available by subscription only
    inverse of a matrix. Kent also reminds us for twelve dollars per year (domestic), or
    that organic evolution worked with a very fifteen dollars per year (foreign).
    different kind of hardware than that which Subscriptions and articles may be sent to:
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    It may be that present machine hardware
    configurations are simply inappropriate for
    efficient pattern recognition or semantic
    recall. An analysis of the history of com­
    puter chess is instructive. Although there
    have been numerous advocates for chess
    programs which imitate human playing
    methods, only a few have been attempted,
    and none of these have played reasonable
    chess. The eariliest paper on machine chess,
    written by Claude Shannon in 1950 (see
    references), proposed a mechanical algo­
    rithm which was not modeled on human
    chess play. Shannon suggested a workable
    procedure for representing the board and
    piece locations, specified simple mathe­ From EMM - the industry's largest supplier
    matical algorithms for generating the legal of 4K static RAMs - a 2114 with a year and
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    Shannon's proposal was the adoption of the need for microprocessor appl ications.
    minimax technique as described by von
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    that the player whose turn it is to play will
    always choose the move which minimizes
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    Circle 134 on inquiry card . October 1978 © BYTE Publicat ions Inc 185
    strategy in preference to a type A strategy,
    the programmer does not necessarily sim­
    plify the problem. This approach was
    competently implemented in 1967 by
    Greenblatt at MIT. His program played
    reasonable, and at that time, fa"1r\y impres­
    sive chess. The major design problem in a
    selective search is the possibility that the
    look-ahead process will exclude a key move
    at a low level in the game tree. The failure
    to consider an important move can lead
    to a very serious miscalculation. A chess
    game can be lost by a single weak move.
    For this reason, it is of critical importance
    that a necessary move not be missed. The
    type B programs place a critical dependence
    on the accuracy of their plausible move
    generator. Chess is an extremely complex
    game and in many situations a move which
    at a superficial level seems unlikely, is, in
    fact, the best one. Grandmasters find
    these moves while lesser players, including
    machines, fail to see them . For a decade,
    several dozen individuals have tried to
    The Type B Strategy create a plausible move generator that is
    superior to Greenblatt's. The evidence is
    One of the difficulties of this approach is fairly clear, however, that type B programs
    that a complete analysis of all possible have improved very little since 1967.
    continuations (type A strategy) very rapidly As strange as it may seem, recent pro­
    leads to an overwhelming number of paten· gress in computer chess has come by aban­
    tial positions. The look-ahead tree grows at doning the type B strategy. Shannon's
    an exponential rate and with an average, logical analysis was made in a "stone-age"
    according to de Groot, of 38 legal moves at hardware environment and without know­
    each position, a search involving three ledge of several important algorithms.
    moves (three half-moves for each player) Today, the type A strategy is not as ridic­
    produces over 3 bill ion (386} terminal ulous as it seemed in 1950. In addition,
    positions. You may recall that de Groot's very few individuals anticipated the immense
    research indicated that human players difficulty involved in constructing a com­
    regularly searched a tree to seven plies and petent plausible move generator. To become
    The superior memory of sometimes much deeper. Because of this, a chess master, a man has to study chess
    the chess master is chess­ Shannon concluded that it would not be intensively (20 hrs or more a week) for at
    specific and not a general possible for the machine to consider all least 5 years. During this time he acquires an
    trait. possible legal continuations at each node immense amount of detailed knowledge
    of the game tree. Instead, he proposed a about the game of chess. Subtle features of
    type B strategy in which only reasonable a particular position are recognized immedi­
    (ie: plausible) moves are pursued at each ately and suggest both short-term and long­
    branching point. If the program considered term goals as well as specific moves. This
    only five continuations at each node in­ kind of knowledge is sufficiently abstract
    stead of all 38, a 6 ply look-ahead would that most players find it impossible to
    involve only 15,625 (56) terminal positions. verbalize the relevant thought processes.
    The attractiveness of the type B approach The one factor which stands out clearly,
    seems overwhelming when the number of however, is that the chess master has
    terminal positions increases exponentially acquired a tremendous library of factual
    with depth. The fact that skilled human information which can be retrieved quickly
    players explore only a limited number of and applied in apparently novel situations.
    continuations at each choice point is addi­ No chess program has been able to duplicate
    tional evidence which favors the adoption this facility and, without it, the creation of
    of this strategy. It is not surprising, there­ a workable plausible move generator is next
    fore, that most programmers have used to impossible.
    Shannon's type B strategy in designing a When a type A strategy is employed,
    chess program. however, this problem can be bypassed. By
    Sometimes our understanding of the real making all the moves plausible, the program
    world, however, is not always as accurate never overlooks a subtle but important one.
    as we presume. In selecting a type B In fact, by reverting to a brute force search

    186 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


    of all possible continuations, the program An important factor in determining the
    often finds interesting combinations that are efficiency of the alpha-beta algorithm is the
    commonly missed even by strong human order in which the moves are examined. If
    players. It seems ironic that the brute force White's best moves and Black's best replies
    approach (full width searching) produces are considered first at each choice point, the
    many more brilliant moves than the smart search of the uniform game tree of height h
    approach (selective searching). This impor­ (number of plies deep) and width d (number
    tant discovery was made independently by of successors at each node) will involve ap­
    Slate and Atkin at Northwestern (the au­ proximately 2·dhl 2 terminal positions in­
    thors of the current world champion chess stead of dh (see references, Knuth and
    program, Chess 4.6) and by the Russian Moore). The potential magnitude of this
    KAISSA team. saving can be appreciated by considering
    our previous example with a 6 ply search:
    Minimax and the Alpha-Beta Algorithm 336 is more than 3 billion while 2 X 38 3 is
    about 110,000. Shannon might have given
    Slate and Atkin's work has demonstrated more consideration to the type A strategy if
    that a full width search can be conducted he had been aware of the alpha-beta algo­
    considerably more efficiently than anyone rithm and some of the other technical im­
    had previously suspected (including Slate provements which were to follow.
    and Atkin; see references). There are a num­
    ber of important developments which are General Strategy
    responsible for this reassessment. The most
    important discovery was made in the late To maximize the benefit of the alpha­
    1950s by Newell, Shaw and Simon as well beta procedure, it is necessary to devise an
    as by Samuels. Because of the basic logic efficient strategy for generating the moves
    underlying a minimax search, it is not neces­ at each node in an order which is likely to
    sary to search the entire look-ahead tree produce a cut-off, such that searching
    before selecting the best move. Consider a can be terminated at that node. There are
    simple 2 ply search (one move for you and several general heuristics which have proven
    one for your opponent). First you examine their value time and time again. One is
    one of your possible moves and the 38 or so extremely simple and powerful: try captur­
    terminal positions which result from each ing moves first. Because a full width search
    of your opponent's legal replies. You select includes many ridiculous moves, a reply
    the one reply which is best, according to which involves a capture will often remove
    your evaluation function, for your opponent a piece which was "stupidly" placed en prise
    (ie: the one which minimizes your own (ie: attacked and insufficiently defended).
    maximum potential gain). Next, you con­
    sider a second move for yourself and the 38
    or so replies that your opponent can make
    to th is move. In considering these moves,
    yo u discover that the third reply you ex­
    P-K4
    amine would give your opponent a better
    outcome than his best reply to your first
    candidate. Immediately you realize that it
    is a complete waste of time for you to ana­
    lyze any more of his replies to your second
    candidate. Since you are already guaranteed
    a worse position after the second move than
    after the first, it is reasonable to reject the P-K4 P-K3
    second one and turn to your third candidate.
    This decision eliminates the need for eval­
    uating 35 of the potential replies to your
    second candidate. A very tidy savings.
    Historically, the score for the best move
    so far for White has been designated as a and N-083 P-04 N-083
    the score for the best move so far for Black
    has been called ~. Thus the name alpha-beta
    (a-m algorithm. When the tree is both wide
    and deep, this algorithm can reduce the
    number of terminal nodes to a small fraction
    of the number which would be examined by Figure l: Portion of a game tree for the opening game in chess. Square nodes
    a complete minimax search. The beauty of indicate that White is to play; round nodes that Black is to play. Techniques
    this procedure is that it always produces the such as alpha-beta pruning and minimax strategy are used to optimize the use
    same result as the full minimax search. of trees like this.

    October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc 187


    Circle 316 on inquiry card.
    Captures also have the beneficial effect of

    ;=;.
    reducing the number of potential offspring.
    CATCHTHE ~ An additional important characteristic of a
    capturing move is that it will generally have
    S-100, INC. BUS to be examined sooner or later in order to
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    Mother Board, Disc Con­ as 2 to 1 by simply putting all the captures
    troller, One Disk Drive, at the beginning of the move list.
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    8995 7495 producing cut-offs. These are called killers
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    position) is then examined. This killer
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    move order which enhances the probability
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    The general features of the alpha-beta
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    Interface ... 201-382-1318 ably well-known late in the 1960s. In recent
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    The EAS important is the staged or iterative alpha­


    beta search. For example, instead of con­
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    chip and on board prom • Formatting diskette reasonable (from the machine's limited
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    as its predecessor (the exponential char­

    188 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc Circle 114 on inquiry card.
    acter of the look-ahead tree is diminished
    somewhat by the alpha-beta algorithm), the P.E.T. food

    staged 4 ply search would take about 12


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    You've got a
    Russian KAISSA team. Computer
    Refinements to the Type A Strategy Terminal on
    Several other refinements have also made
    the type A strategy more manageable. One
    your desk.
    of the time intensive activities involved in W ith your push-button dial telephones and our P1-5 Data
    tree searching is move generation. This can Concentrator, you've got a comprehensive interactive system
    to front-end your computer. The P1-5 will answer up to 16
    be minimized by generating only one move simultaneous callers and record their key entries onto dual
    at a time and seeing if it produces a cut-off floppy diskettes. which eliminates the key punching process.
    before generating the next move. If a cut-off The P1-5 Data Concentrator offers:
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    avoid generating a large number of potential • Audio response to callers
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    • 3740 diskette compatibility along with automatic
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    and then invest time attempting to decide • Battery backup power supply.
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    which ones are worthy of further consider­ • Optional 360/370 multiplexor channel interface for
    ation. Thus the smaller tree, obtained by P1-5
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    selective searching, has to be partially paid
    The P1 - 5 has almost unlimi ted applications including General
    for by an additional time investment in Ledger , Payroll , Time and Attendance Reporting, Production
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    Another time-intensive activity in the tree Call us today and we' ll tell you how the P 1-5 Data Concentrator
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    function. Since many thousands of terminal
    PHOnEI
    nodes have to be evaluated in each move PO Box1522
    selection, any refinement that reduces the Rockford, lll1no1s 61110
    work of the evaluation function will pay Phone 815/962 - 8927
    rich dividends . There are three important

    Circle 321 on inquiry card. October 1978 ©BY TE Publications Inc 189
    pended if the evaluation data base were
    recalculated from scratch for each evaluation.
    A second refinement in this category is
    the use of serial organization in the eval­
    uation function . In order to assess the relative
    merit of a chess position, most programs
    place heavy emphasis on the material bal­
    ance (ie: the relative number of pieces for
    each side). This tradition is founded on the
    idea that winning or losing is strongly
    correlated with being ahead or behind in
    material. An additional rationale is that this
    information is readily available and easily
    updated.
    In most programs material factors are so
    dominant that the other evaluation terms,
    such as mobility, pawn structure, King
    safety, area control, etc, taken together
    almost never account for more than two
    pawns. Because of this, it makes sense to
    compute the material balance factor first
    and then determine if the result is within
    two pawns of the target value. If not, there
    is no need to assess the other factors,
    because the final decision will be independent
    of their value.
    Th is simple idea encourages one to organ­
    ize the evaluation function in strict serial
    order such that influential (heavily weighted)
    terms are analyzed first and the result ex­
    amined to see if a decision is possible based
    on this initial information . If not, the next
    most influential term(s) are examined and
    another determination is made. This process
    is repeated until an escape condition occurs
    or until all terms have been examined. In
    most cases, the evaluation will be terminated
    long before the list of potential terms has
    been exhausted. This technical refinement
    can save a significant amount of time.
    A third procedure for speeding the eval­
    uation process is to remember past evalua­
    tions. For instance, one should avoid re­
    assessing the same position two or more
    times. In chess, there are many pathways by
    which one can reach identical positions. In a
    techniques which fall in this category. One 3 ply sequence in which the middle move
    of these is called incremental updating. In remains constant, for example, the first and
    order to make an evaluation of a node, it is third moves can be interchanged and the
    necessary to have certain key facts available, resulting position will be the same. Trans­
    such as which squares are attacked by each positions such as this occur frequently in the
    piece, which pieces are present, etc. This end game where the King may have literally
    information can be newly calculated at each hundreds of 4 move pathways that end on
    terminal node or can be incrementally the same square. Rooks, Bishops and Queens
    maintained by updating the appropriate also have a special facility for reaching a
    tables as the tree is generated during the particular destination square in multiple
    search. This latter procedure is more com­ moves rather than in one or two.
    plex to program but tremendously more A full width search (ie: type A strategy)
    efficient in terms of computing time because greatly accentuates this foolishness. By
    neighboring terminal positions are highly creating a large table of past positions which
    similar. They usually differ in respect to have been already evaluated, and using a
    only a single piece, and therefore the up­ hashing procedure to check if the present
    dating procedure requires about 10 percent position is in the table, the programmer can
    of the computations that would be ex­ completely eliminate a portion of the eval­

    190 October 1978 © BYTE Pub licatiom Inc


    uation effort. In most middle game posi­ Although a tremendous amount of work
    tions, this technique will produce a 10 to 50 and chess knowledge is required to complete
    percent saving. In certain end game posi­ this task, the end result is wel I worth the
    tions, however, the transposition table can effort. When a position involving two Kings
    eliminate more than 80 percent of the and a pawn is encountered anywhere in the
    evaluation effort. This idea seems to have look-ahead tree, it can be immediately
    been implemented first by Greenblatt in scored with 100 percent accuracy as a win
    1967. or a draw. This extends the look-ahead
    An extension of this idea is to use the horizon of the program by as much as 12 to
    table to store likely moves as well as 15 plies for these specific situations, and
    evaluations. By remembering a move which eliminates all the tree searching effort which
    previously produced a cut-off, the table can would normally be required. Furthermore, it
    facilitate move ordering decisions. In add­ permits accurate evaluations at the end
    ition, the use of the same reply at a familiar points of a deqJ search, which allows the
    position may have the added benefit of program to select a continuation which leads
    increasing the number of transpositions to a favorable end game. If this approach
    which will be encountered at later nodes. were extended to a wider range of situations,
    Additional details on the use of a trans­ the machine's present knowledge deficit
    position table are discussed in chapter 4 of with respect to the end game would be
    Chess Skill in Man and Machine. greatly reduced.
    One of the most difficult challenges for a These programming refinements, together
    chess program is the end game. A machine with rapid hardware advances, have made
    which calculates a move for each position the Shannon type A strategy feasible if not
    has difficulty competing with humans who particularly elegant. For this reason it is
    "know" the correct move on the basis of possible to program a machine to play a
    their own or someone el~ ,~·s past experience. game of chess which is free of gross blunders
    There are a huge number of end game sit­ and which sometimes even contains an
    uations in which a specific and highly tech­ innovative move or two. Although this
    nical strategy is requirt l. Strong chess players approach is clearly not a final solution, it
    study these intricacies at great length and use does provide a solid base which can be used
    this knowledge at the chessboard to avoid as a r·eliable starting point for future
    unnecessary calculations. For exam pie, a developments.•
    King and a pawn against a lone King is a
    win in some positions, and a draw other­
    wise. The same is true for a King and two
    pawns against a King and a pawn. If a Rook REFERENCES
    or minor piece is added to each side, the
    situation changes dramatically. Unfortu­ Charness, N, "Human Chess Skill," Chess Skill in
    Man and Machine, Frey, PW (editor), New York,
    nately our present day programs are obliv­
    Springer-Verlag, 1977.
    ious to these subtleties. For this reason they
    can find the correct move only by engaging Frey, PW, "An Introduction to Compute r Chess, "
    in prodigious calculations. Their human Chess Skill in Man and Machine, F rev, P W
    (editor). New York, Spr i nger · Verlag, 1977.
    counterpart, on the other hand, "knows"
    the correct move after a cursory glance at Jastrow, R. "Toward an Intelligence Beyond
    the position . Man's.'' Time, February 20 1978, page 59.
    Newborn (see references) has introduced
    a useful technique for reducing this knowl­ Kent, Ernest W, "The Brains of Men and
    Machines" (4 par t series): January 1978 BYTE .
    edge gap. The main idea is to categorize
    page 11 ; February 1978 BYTE. page 84; May 1978
    familiar end game positions as wins or BYTE, page 74; and April 1978 BYTE, page 66.
    draws. Many games end with a King and a
    pawn fighting a lone King. Skilled players Knuth, D E and Moore, R, " An Analysis of Alpha ­
    usually terminate the contest before it runs Beta Pruning,'' Artificial Intelligence, volume 6,
    1975. pages 293 thru 326.
    its inevitable course because the outcome is
    not in doubt. Newborn has shown that it is Newborn. M, "PEASANT: An Endgame Program
    feasible, taking advantage of the symmetries for Kings and Pawns, " Chess Skill and Man and
    of the chessboard, to make a bit map that Machine, Frey, PW (editor), New York, Springer·
    Verlag, 1977.
    indicates either a win (1) or a draw (0) for
    each potential square on which the lone Shannon, C E, "Programming a Computer For
    King might reside for each of the potential Playing Chess,'' Philosophical Magazine, volume
    locations of the opposing King and pawn. 41. 1950. pages 256 thru 275.
    This knowledge can be encoded in approx­
    Slate, D J and Atkin, L R. "CHESS 4.5 - The
    mately 300 bit boards of 64 bits each Northwestern University Chess Program,'' Chess
    (see chapter 5 of Chess Skill in Man and Skill in Man and Machine, Frey, P W (editor),
    Machine) . New York, Springer-Ve rlag, 1977.

    October 1978© BYTE Publications Inc 191


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    192 BYTE Octobe r 1978

    ----------------1 Circle 170 on inquiry card.


    A Chess Playing Program for the T RS-80 Microcomputer Match Your Chess Skills with Boris

    Boris is a recently developed chess


    computer that can flash messages to its
    opponent such as Illegal move, Congrat­
    ulations, 5 ta/emote, and I expected that.
    It is designed for all levels of ability from
    Microchess 1.5 for the Radio Shack to prevent user error, and a simple com­ the beginner to the master player.
    TRS-80 microcomputer has been an­ mand allows temporary numbering of The electronic position programming
    nounced by Personal Software in con­ the squares to assist in move entry. permits the player to set up any board
    junction with Peter Jennings of Micro­ The chessboard is displayed using the position desired. Tl1is programming
    Ware Ltd. Microchess is a 4 K byte Z-80 graphics mode available on the TRS-80. flexibility is designed to allow advanced
    machine language chess playing program Microchess 1.5 is being offered at players to set up board situations and
    described in "Microchess 1.5 versus a temporary in troductory price of practice spec ific strategies. Also, be­
    Dark Horse," March 1978 BYTE, page $19 .95. Microchess 1.0 was described ginners can use the feature to remove
    166. The program has three separate in What's New, February 1978 BYTE, pieces at any time during a game for
    levels of play designed for beginners, page 200. Contact Personal Software, handicapping. Boris displays each rank
    intermediate players and experienced POB 136, Cambridge MA 02138. If you electronically so the player always
    players. have questions on Microchess call knows where the pieces are.
    The program is available in botl1 (617) 783-0694. For Visa and Master­ Boris will play either black or white
    Level I and II BASIC versions for the charge credit card orders dial toll-free or even play itself. If a player is unsure
    TRS -80. Standard algebraic nota tion is (800) 325-6400; in MO dial (800) of what move to make, Boris is pro-·
    used to describe the moves to the com­ 342-6600.• grammed to suggest the best possible
    puter. Every move is verified for legality C ir cle 587 on in Quiry card. move. When Boris gets his opponent
    into a corner, you can change places
    with it and see how it battles its way
    Open Item Billing System for Small Business Use out of its own trap .
    All t he classic chess moves are in
    According to a release from Struc­ operations. The system is documented the computer's programs, such as
    tured Systems Group Inc, 5615 Kales Av, with a 120 page reference manual that castling, capturing en passant and
    Oakland CA 94618, accounts receivable orients the first time user and provides queening, and Boris will solve all mate­
    can now be processed on your 8080 or depth for the experienced hand . in-two problems. Players will not get
    Z-80 based CP/M microcomputer system. The accounts receivable system is the same game twice since the computer
    The general ledger compatible priced at $ 7 50 and features itemi zed is programmed for random play .
    accounts receivable system is a full state men ts, two aged trial balance Boris costs $299.95 in a solid walnut
    open item billing system for small reports, late charges, reminder letters, case along with a compact chess board
    businesses. The programs are designed recurring receivables , sales reports and plus a set of pieces. Contact Chafitz Inc,
    for use by business oriented profes­ more. • 1055 First St, Rockville MD 20850.•
    sionals who need reliable and simple Circle 588 on inquiry card . Cir cle 589 on inquiry card .

    October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 193


    Air Conditioner Selection
    Program in North Star BASIC
    W~at's NewP SOFTWARE
    An Air Conditioner Selection Program
    (ACSP) written in North Star BASIC has
    been developed by HSC Computer Ser­
    Palo Alto Tiny BASIC Extended for Software for North Star Disk Systems vices Ltd, POB 43, Brooklyn NY 11236.
    North Star The following software programs The package allows the calcu la tion of
    California Software has made available have been announced for the North Star the necessary capacity of an air condi­
    Palo Alto Tiny BASIC Extended (PATB) Micro-disk System: Maillist is a general tioner in BTUs per hour, taking into
    for use with the North Star DOS. Ac­ purpose mailing label program. It is said account the heat gain through windows,
    cording to the firm, all save and load to be capable of producing formatted walls, ceiling, floor, electrical equipment,
    functions are available for disk storage lists for tractor fed or Xerox type labels. number of people in room and heat loss
    and loading of programs. Programs are Mai ll ist will also sort lists for any field, through doors and arches . The program
    said to be automatically sized, typed and name, address, city, state or zip. DOS applies a correction factor depending on
    saved without leaving PA TB, even the In-Out Driver Version 4.0 is designed to Iocality in the United States. Also avail­
    disk directory can be accessed while set up mapped memory video boards able are Nor th Star error messages and
    still in PATB. The extended version of with its driver located at C700H and a their meaning.
    the software allows string handling along terminal at port 1. Register is a flexible Price of the ACSP package on dis­
    with other advancements. Although cash register and inventory control kette with a user manual is $19.95, and
    originally designed as a memory saving program which records transactions, the North Star Error Message Summary
    interpreter, it provides an alternative writes sales receipts and flags items is $5 .•
    language of North Star users at an which fall below prespecificd reorder Circle 609 on inquiry card.

    affordable price. The product is available quantities. Prices are $39.95 for Mail­
    on diskette for $30 (plus 6% sales tax for list, $12.95 for In -Out Driver, and
    California residents), including user's $299.95 for Register. Contact Alpha SO LOS T ied to North Star DOS and
    manual. Contact California Software, Data Systems, POB 267, Santa Barbara BAS IC
    POB 275, El Cerrito CA 94530 .• CA 93102.•
    Circ le 605 on in qui ry card . Circle 606 on inquiry card.
    Microcomputer Resources Inc has
    announced a software package which is
    said to tie the North Star disk operating
    system (DOS) and Nbrth Star BASIC
    Star Wars Simu lation Now Available to the SOLOS 10 routines and allow
    the use of the CUTS tape 10 port for
    archive ·storage of data . The tape rou­
    tines are accessed as 10 devices. The
    cursor control keys on the SOL are
    interfaced to BASIC, allowing most
    edits in the line editor without the
    use of control keys. The package is
    said to allow the user to list the direc­
    tory of a disk while in BAS IC. Docu­
    mentation for the software is included
    on the disk .
    The package sells for $10 for the
    diskette and program, and a $2 shipping
    and handling charge. Contact Micro­
    computer Resources Inc, 3000 Medical
    Park Dr, Suite 107, Tampa FL 33612.•
    Circle 610 on inqui ry card.

    PDP-8 Simu lator for 8080


    The Simul8tor is said to be a complete
    PDP-8 simulator for the 8080. Simul8tor
    enables 8080 owners to utilize the
    thousands of PDP,8 programs available
    both commercially and through the
    Digital Equipment Corporation User's
    Society (DECUS). DECUS software such
    as ALGOL, BAS\C, FOCAL, SNOBOL,
    FORTRAN, LISP, assemblers, editors,
    debuggers, floating point, etc, is readily
    available. The simulator is available in
    two formats: Intel paper tape and
    The Star Wars simulation game, an on the Death Star. Intel Tarbell cassette. It comes com­
    adaptation of the end of the movie The game requires the high density plete with a user's manual, PDP-8 pro­
    battle against the Death Star, is a real graphic display provided by Objective gramming tutorial, PDP-8 loader,
    time simulation. Under player control, Design's programmable character genera­ DEC US library information, and a source
    ships move in three dimensions to create tor. Written in 14 K bytes of 8080 listing of its 10 routines for users who
    a realistic simulation of actual space assembly language, the program code is wish to modify them. Prices are: one to
    flight. Ob jects increase in size as the offered on Tarbell and CUTS tape . Game three, $20 each; four to ten, $18 each;
    ships approach and diminish as they rules and instructions for assembling the and 11 and up $15 each. Discounts
    pass. Weapons, deflector screens, and a required ship control boxes are included may be applied to any format combina­
    directional control joystick are imple­ in the total price of $7 .50 . The game is tion. Add $3 for each cassette ordered.
    mented in each ship. Ships of the rebel available from Objective Design Inc, Contact The Amide Corp, POB 600, Sag
    forces must pass through Imperial de­ POB 20325, Tallahassee FL 32304.• Harbor NY 11963.•
    fenses and Tie-fighters to enter a channel Ci rc le 607 on inquiry card. C ir cle 608 on inquiry card .

    194 October 1978 ©BYTE Public alions Inc


    Circle 115 on inquiry card.

    nord
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    4K Elf Expansion Board Kit with Cassette l / F $79.95 Sinclair 31/2 Digit Multimeter S59.95
    Available on board options: 1K super ROM monitor $19 .95. Parallel 1/0 port $7.95. RS232 l/F $3.50. Batt. oper. lmV and .1NA resolution. Resis­
    TIY 20 ma 1/F $1.95. S-100 Memory l/F $4.50. Need 4K Expansion Board Kit for all above options. ' 78 IC Update Master Manual
    tance to 20 meg. 1% accuracy. Small, portable,
    Power Supply Kit ±5 +12V 5 amp $24.95. 1978 IC Update Master Manual $30.00
    oompletely a55em . i n c~5e . 1 yr. Q1t.aran•t11.
    Complete IC data se lector 2175 pg. Ma ster ref­
    Tiny Basic for ANY 1802 System
    erence guide. Over 42.000 cross references. 11~~~1!!1111••••••••••1
    Cassette . s
    1o.oo Super Elf owners take 30%off.
    on ROM Monitor $38.00
    Object code listing or

    paper tape with manual $5.50


    Free update service through 1978. Domestic PROM Eraser
    postage $3 .50 . Foreign $6 .00. Ultravio let, assembled $49.95
    TERMS $5.00 min order U S Funds. Calif residents add 6% tax BankAmenca'rd and Master Charge accepted . Sh1pp1ng charges will be added on charge cards
    FREE. Send for your copy of our NEW 1978 QUEST CATALOG Include 28~ stamp

    Circle 311 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 195


    Assembler for Microprogramming
    of Bit Slice Microprocessors
    Whst's NewP SOFTWARE The Signetics Micro Assembler is a
    software package designed to be used
    for the complete microprogramming
    Personal Software Catalog Offers cycle including defining microinstruc­
    Large Selection of Software Packages tions , writing and assembling programs,
    and generating paper tape output for
    This new catalog is filled with soft­ read only memory programming. The

    ' T--
    PersonalSothware
    amc1a.
    PUil 0111Ce ome ~~
    {017) 7l3-08IM
    ware ranging from entertainment and
    self-education to personal finance, home
    information management and a variety
    of hobbies. A sampling of some of the
    software available includes: Stimulating
    assembler permits flexible editing for de­
    bugging and program alterations through
    iterated loops, updates, and replace­
    ments, and includes a built-in test pro­
    gram to check system accuracy.
    Simulations, a set of ten games th a t The assembler is written in ANSI
    simulate a situation that may be realistic FORTRAN IV and can be run on any 16
    or fanciful; Microchess, which enables or 32 bit computer with FORTRAN
    the user to play chess against a T RS-80 capability.
    computer; assembler in BASIC to make The m icroassem bly language provides
    it possible to write programs in assembly direct support for the 3002 and 2901-1
    language for the 6502 processor and bipolar processors and the 8X02 Control
    have them translated to machine lan­ Store Sequencer. Through the inclusion
    guage for direct ex ecution on the PET; of explici t definitions, similar support
    and a word processing package available can be obtained for the 3001 Micropro­
    for PET owners who would Ii ke to com­ gram Control Unit, as well as other bi­
    pose and edit letters, articles and manu­ polar processing elements and sequences.
    scripts at the computer and obtain cor­ The Micro Assembler is available in
    rected output at high speed. For a source form on 9 track tape for $ 77 5.
    catalog containing these and other soft­ Contact Signetics Corp, POB 9052, 811
    ware packages, PET and T RS-80 owners E Arques Av, Sunnyvale CA 94086.•
    should write to Personal Software, POB Cir c le 643 on inqui ry card.
    136, Cambridge MA 02138, giving their
    serial numbers, memory size, and de­
    scribing their most wanted software System Monitor for 8085 Microprocessor
    products.• The Micro Mate-85 is a hardware
    Circle 64 2 on inquiry card. connected sys t em monitor for the 8085
    processor. When operating in conjunc­
    tion with a terminal or video display , it
    Software Publication Computer Chess Program Available provides a means of examining and
    in Assembly Language modifying memory locations and micro­
    A publication called The Softwar e processor registers at any point in an
    Exchange has been announced by its Software Specialists, POB 845, Norco operating program through the imple­
    publisher Al an Bartholomew. Intended CA 91760, have announced a computer mentation of addressable traps. The
    as a sort of " want ad" publication chess program for 8080 and Z-80 based operating program may be started or
    devoted to software produced by indi­ stopped at any location, or the program
    microcomputer s. This assembly language
    viduals, the plan is to put out six issues may be stepped one location at a time.
    program conforms to all rules and con­
    per year at a $5 per year subscription ventions including castling, en passant The monitor provides a means of loading
    fee. For further details contact Th e or punching a paper tape of memory
    captures, and promotion of pawns. The
    Software Exchange, POB 55056, data form icroprocessor systems not con­
    entire program, including input/output
    Valencia CA 91355.• taining conventional peripheral 10.
    (10) routines, will run in 8 K bytes of
    Cir c le 646 o n inquiry card. Contact Spectrogram Corp, 385 State St,
    programmable memory.
    The user can select one of two board North Haven CT 06473.•
    si zes for display . . . large for 24 by 80 Circl e 644 on inquiry card.
    Attention Readers, and
    inch videos, or small for television type­
    Vendors...
    writers and Teletypes. A level of diffi­
    culty between 2 and 5 is selected, with Timeshare Disk BASIC System
    Where Do New Product Items for North Star
    Come From? level 3 playing an average game. Both
    the user's and the computer's moves are A timeshare disk BASIC system is
    displayed in standard chess notation. now available for users of the North Star
    The information printed in the
    new products pages of 8 YTE is For users with a North Star disk floppy disk system. Designed to operate
    system, the program is available on with microcomputers using the 8080 or
    obtained from "new product" or
    "press release" copy sent by the disk and uses the DOS 10 routines. Z-80 processors, Northshare provides up
    The program is also available on paper to four independent users with selectable
    promoters of new products. If In
    our judgment the neat new whiz­ tape with a 256 byte block reserved memory p artitions and buffered terminal
    bang gizmo or suve the world for the user's 10 routines. Instructions outputs .
    software package is of interest are provided for loading the program Minimum memory requirements for
    and patching the 10 routines. operation are 24 K bytes. There are no
    to the personal computing experi­
    The program is available in either special hardware requirements other
    menters and homebrewers who
    read BYTE, we print the infor­ form for $35. A deluxe version which than additional terminals and 10 ports to
    mation in some form. We openly allows presetting of the board to any support them ultiple users.
    solicit such information from playing situation is available on North System includes one diskette with re­
    manufacturers and suppliers to Star disk only for $50. The standard lease 3 of North Star BASIC and DOS
    this marketplace. The Information starting addresses are 2AOOH for disk with Northshare supervisor and documen­
    and OOOOH for paper tape. Other starting tation package. Price is $48 from the Byte
    is printed more or less as a first In
    addresses are available on request at no Shop of Westminster, 14300 Beach Blvd,
    first out queue, subject to . oc­
    extra charge.• Westminster CA 92683 .•
    casional priority modifications.
    Circ le 647 on inquiry card . Circle 645 on inquiry card .

    196 October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc


    ..:r~I>:E'.1--------------------------------~
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    800/421-5809 all other states

    MICROPROCESSORS STATIC RAM BOARDS fJFl[]BLtr:1 S[]LUEF\


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    IB02 I 7 .9 5 Ram 8B l450ns) $139.95 with m e mory management can
    2650 19.9 5 250ns KIT Mem-1 $149.9!! be used with Alpha Micro or
    AM2901 2 0 .0 0
    6502 I 1.9 5 450ns KIT Mem-1 $125.00 romenco Systems.
    6BOO 16 .9 5 BARE BOARD $25.00 ASSEMBLED & TESTED
    6B02 2 4 .9 5
    BO OB-I I 2 .9 5 16K Uses 2114 Ila pwr.) RAM 651250ns) $390.00
    B035 2 0 .0 0 RAM 65B l450ns) $350.00
    BOBO A 9 .9 5 Ram 16 l250ns) $375.00
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    8080A
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    2513 U/L 6.75 BOARD $30-00 Bare Board $35.00ea the m a rket. "Basic" in ROM,
    25!3i5V) U/C 9.75 Color Graphics, Floating Point
    2513(5v) L/C 10.95 JADE VIDEO INTERFACE KIT MOTHER BOARDS - S100 STYLE Bas ic Pack age, etc.
    6571 10 .95
    6571 A 11l.95 9 slot "Little Mother" S35.00 1 K vP. < 1011 oril 1 095.00
    6574 13.25 KIT $117.9!5 Assembled and Tested 585.00
    Assembled & Tested $1tl9.95 13 slot with front panel slot 4116 [16Kx 1-200NS
    DYNAMIC RAMS Bare board $40.00
    S-1 00 Bus compatible
    416D 1200ns) 16.00 32 or 64 Characters per line · 16 lines Kit $95.00 MEMORY EXPANSION KIT
    4116 (200ns) 16.00 Graphics (12 B x 4 B matrix) Assembled & Tested $110.00
    2104/4096 4.00 Dynamic Ram Chip can be
    Parallel & co m oos i tive 1Jideo
    2107B-4 3.95 On board low-power memory 22 slol Assemb led & Tested $149,9 used for expanding Apple 11
    TMS4 0 2 7 4 .0 0
    TMS4050 4.00 Powerful software included for cursor Memory or the TRS-80 (200ns)
    TMS4060 4.50 home, EOL, Scroll Graphics/Characte E-PROM BOARDS
    s for s12e.oo
    ..
    4096 4.00 Upper case, lower case and Greek.
    MM5270 4.50 Black-on-white & White-on-black .
    MR -8 18K uses 2708) KIT $93.50

    PROMS
    lllf!l!l!l~~l!l!!!!ll!~~------..
    SHUGART 801R
    with 1 K RAM
    MR -16T l16K uses 2716) KIT $99.50
    CONTAINS INSTRUCTIONS
    1702 A 5. 00 with 1K RAM Call for quote on larger quantities
    2516 (Sv) 3 B.0 0 8" FLOPPY DISC DRIVE PM -1 !uses up to4K of 1702) $59.95
    27 0B 9.0 0
    2 716 (Tl) 2 4 .9 5 -. RAMIN/ROM l16K uses JADE PARALLEL/SERIAL

    2716 (INTEL) 3B.OO -. any E-PROM) KIT $117 .00 INTERFACE KIT

    275B 2 3. 2 5 JG-8116 I uses 2708 or


    STATIC RAMS
    1-6 3 64 up
    ~~
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    l
    BARE BOARD
    2716) KIT $59 .95
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    EXPANDABLE E-PROM ­
    KIT
    Assembled & Tested
    * S-100
    $124.95
    $174.95
    21LO2 (4 5 1
    ~- - --~ S.D . Computer Products * 2 Ser ial interfaces with RS232 inter­
    (450ns) 1.50 I. I B 16K or 32K EPROM $49.95without interfaces or 1 Kansas City cassette
    21 L02 EPROM interface.
    (250 ns) 1. 7 5 1.50
    410 D I 0.00 B. 5 0 Allows you to use either 2708's for * Serial interfaces are crystal controlled
    2101-1 2. 9 5 2. 5 0 * Selectable baud rates.

    16K of Eprom or 2716's for 32K of *Cassette works up to 1200 baud .

    2102 1.2 5 .90 EPROM. • 1 paral lel Port.


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    2 11 2-1 2. 7 5 2 .3 5
    2114

    (300ns) I 0 . 00
    2114
    (450ns) 9.00
    B.2 5

    7 .6 9
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    TMS4044
    (450ns) B.9 5 7 .4 0
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    MS4 0 4 5 MODEL OM 2700-S $ 0.00


    (450ns) 9.0 0 B.0 0 75
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    FLOPPY DISC CHIPS FLOPPY DISC INTERFACE Cash, Check, Money Order or Credit Card
    I 7 71 B·O I 3 9 .9 5 JADE Flo ppy D isc !Tarbell Bo a 1· d)
    KEYBOARD ENCODER KIT S175.00 ea. 6% sales tax on all parts delivered in California Cards "'
    AY-5-2376 J 3. 7 5 S.D. Comp uter Prod ucts Discounts availab le at OEM quantities. Welcome
    AY-5-3600 13. 7 5 Versa F loppy Kit Sl59.00ea.

    Assembled & Tested $189. 00 ea.


    The Piggy is coming!
    Circle 195 on inquiry card. BYTE October t97B 197
    Intel Introduces Improved Single Board
    Computer
    Wb~t's NewP SYSTEMS

    A New Appliance Computer from Pertee

    Sometimes a few surprises happen . A that controls operation of the computer


    recent case in point is the appearance of from the keyboard, and a 75 video n
    a new computer from Pertee Computer output jack. The video output provides
    Carp's Microsystems Division (iCOM and 16 lines of 64 characters and a choice
    MITS). This new computer, called of black on white or white on black
    Attache, is a surprise because it fits the display. The system includes forced The iSBC 80/1 OA Single Board
    functional definition of the "appliance" air conditioning over the vertically Computer, an enhanced version of the
    computer: it can be purchased off-the­ mounted cards and a power supply iSBC 80/10, has been introduced by
    shelf in a ready to use condition. The which provides 10 V at 10 A (regulated Intel. The 80/1 OA gives the user up to
    base price of $1449 gets an assembled to 5 V on boards), with preregulated twice the read only memory capability
    and tested computer, to which (at extra +18 V and -18 V, each rated at 2 A. presently available on the 80/10, for the
    cost) one must add a BASIC interpreter A 1 K volatile memory region and extra same price. The 80/1 OA sells for $495
    on a read only memory board for the sockets for programmable read only and includes the Intel 8080A central
    internal S-100 bus. memories are standard. The basic con­ processor, system clock, 1 K bytes of
    The Attache comes with a full ASC 11 figuration includes keyboard , processor programmable memory, up to 8 K bytes
    keyboard, upper and lower case. It has a board, video board, and turnkey monitor of nonvolatile read only memory and
    10 slot board capability, LED indicators board . Contact Pertee Computer Corp, both parallel and serial 10. The unit
    for on and off status, a reset switch Microsystems Division , 21111 Erwin St, is available from Intel Corp, 3065
    which returns to the programmable read Woodland Hills CA 91367 .• Bowers Av, Santa Clara CA 95051.•
    only memory monitor, a monitor PROM Circle 596 on inquiry card. Circ le 597 on inquiry card.

    ITHACA AUDIO

    THE OEM MARKETPLACE

    Quality Components

    IthacaAudio Boards ZILOG Z-80


    ZILOG l-BOA
    $19.00
    23.00
    Are fully S-100 compatable. featuring gold Intel 2708 11 .00
    edge connectors and plated-through fioles. FAIRCHILD 2102 LHPC 1.60
    boardsJexcept the Protoboard) have fullv FAIRCHILD 2102 LIPC 1.35
    buffere data and address lines, DIP swi(ch
    addressing, solder mask and parts legend. IMSAI 8080 Kit with 22 Slot M.B.
    Z-80 CPU Board Most powerful 8 bit central $560.00
    processor available. Featuring power-on­ "'llllS $10 00 shinninn
    Jump, provision for on-board 2708. Accepts
    most 8080 software. $35.00
    BK Static RAM Board High speed static memory
    RAM! HOW TO ORDER

    at the lowest cost per bit. Includes memory 32K for $319.00
    protect/unprotect and selectable wait states.
    $25.00 Ithaca Audio is now stocking the Mostek 4115
    for S.D.'s Expandoram. Buy their basic kit, 24K For technical assistance call or write to :
    270812716 EPROM Board Indispensable for stor­ of add-on RAM from us and SAVE.
    ing dedicated programs and often used soft­
    ware. Accepts up to 16K of 2708's or 32K of
    2716's. $25.00
    S.D. SALES Expandoram Kit w. BK
    Ithaca Audio 24 4115's@ $7.00 ea.
    $151.00
    168.00ITHACA

    Protoboard Universal wire-wrap board for de­


    veloping custom circuitry. Accepts any size
    TOTAL
    S.D. SALES Expandoram Kit w. 32K
    $319.00
    $475.00AUDIO

    YOU SAVE $156.00 P.O. Box 91

    DIP socket. $25.00 Ithaca, New York 14850

    Phone: 607 /273-3271

    19 8 October 1978 ©BY TE Publications Inc Circle 190 on inquiry card.


    Circle 296 on inquiry carci.

    ~1 ·

    TAPE DRIVES SELECTRIC TERMINALS

    MODEMS: High-qual ity Bell 103 & Bell 202 styles by VADIC Corp. in an AMPEX MODEL TMX TAPE DRIVES: Ideal for microcomputerist who
    attractive desk-top case. EIA std RS-232 connectors permit choice of phone wants backup mass storage or access to I BM-type systems via standardized
    access via acoustic coupler, manual Data Access Arrangement or Auto -Answer 2400 series Y," mag tape.
    DAA (sold separately.) Fully assembled & tested; up to 3,000 mile range Specs: 9-track, NRZ1 standard, 800 BPI, 12"/sec., 1200 ft. reels ( 11 mega­
    over unconditioned phone lines. byte capacity.) Drive is like new & comes w ith 8-bit CPU controller diagram
    Bell 103: Bell 202: (requires only 11 I/C's) & MCPU i nterface instructions.
    0-300 Baud, ful l-duplex, asynchro­ 0-1200 Baud rate. half-duplex oper­ Prices: Drive & Documentation $750.00
    nous serial data transmission; includes ation over 2-wire lines; 0 -1800 Baud Controller & cable for MCPU, assembled & tested . $200.00
    Auto-Answer. full-duplex over 4-wire condit ioned Hi -speed search option : controller moves drive at 72"/sec $ 50.00
    Prices: lines. Reverse Channel included. Software listing to read std IBM tapes. translate to ASC 11 $ 50.00
    Standard Features $149.95 Standard Features $219.95 SELECTRIC 1/0 TERMINALS (by GTE/Informat ion Systems). Both ASCII
    V ADIC PCB only w/ interface Standard Features, with & I BM code versions with microcomputer interface software & hardware
    instructions . $ 89.95 Auto-Answer . $249.95
    (single EIA std RS -232 connector.) Cassette drive models permit up to 2400
    Acoustic Coupler. $ 29.95 VADIC PCB only, w ith i nterface
    baud data transfer rate as well as off-line data storage, use as memory type ­
    DAA Kit (pr ivate Ii ne instructions, with Reverse
    writer, & use as data en t ry device for office personnel familiar with Selectric
    only) . $ 14.95 Channel, Manual DAA$149.95
    Typewriters but not computers. Wide·carr iage; interchangeable type spheres;
    with Reverse Channel,
    optional built-in modem. All units cleaned, adjusted & warranted.
    Auto Answer. . $179.95
    Model 5541 . $695.00
    CONVERT IBM OFFICE SELECTRIC to 1/0 Typewr iter: solenoids, switches, Model 5550 (corres, code, buil t·in cassette drive) .$1195.00
    wire harness. magnet driver PCB plus instructions ·18080 Interface Diag.$150.00 M odel 5560 (ASC 11 co dB . bu ilt ·ir'I cassette d ri ve) .$1295.00
    FORMS TRACTORS. Moore Variable-w idth "Form-A-Liner" 1----------------------------------..
    IBM SELECTRIC APL TYPE SPHERES (Specify E8CDic or Correspondence
    for 15" Carriage IBM SELECTR ICS $ 50.00
    for DIAB LO HYTYPE I PRINTERS _ $ 90.00 Code). new . $15.00

    Call or write for deta ils , quantity discounts, and our included PLUS interface instructions where indicated.
    CATALOG. See recent issues of BYTE for a list of PACIFIC OFFICE SYSTEMS, INC. Availability subject to prior sale_ Pr ices may change with­
    other products and prices !including tape drives, out notice.
    power supplies, form tractors, paper tape readers, 2600 El Camino Real, Suite 502
    All - orders shipped from stock. No back orders, no
    video monitors, ASC II encoded keyboards, Selectric Palo Alto, Calif. 94306 subs t itu ti ons. All equ ipment is shipped insured FOB
    & Diablo Terminals, etc.) Palo Alto w i th in 14 days after check clears or COD
    90 day 11Varranty against defects in material or vvork­
    (415) 321-3866
    order i s received. M/C & VISA accepted.
    manship on all used equipment. Full documentation

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    '" 48"" 2 06
    '° 2 91 100 Pin Solder Tail 3 .SO $30 /10
    6"'> 1n <05 1 5 1/K 6 52/K
    J
    CONNECTOR 100 Pin Wire Wrap 3.SO $30 / 10
    I ~

    1"'> 1n
    '"
    '20
    125
    '25
    '45
    7 98/K
    13 J91K
    685/K
    7 181K
    All co nne c tor s include Gold .
    ' '" "' '65 8 801K 7 531K
    SALE!
    6 '-1in
    9
    ' 32
    136
    '85
    505
    9 211 1',
    96 2/ K
    7 641K
    8 171K WIRE WRAP TOOLS
    9·,.,n'" IQQJ I K 8 5QI K
    \ Q in ''°
    "'
    5 25
    "' 10 44 1K 86 J 1K

    Addi. inches •O 8V K 66/ K

    $34.95 PAGE DIGITAL

    WIRE KITS
    ::2 $19.95
    With Free Wire Kit 1
    ($6.95 Value) ELECTRONICS

    HOBBY WRAP Ordering Information:


    M o del SW 63 0
    250 J ' 100 4 ·,,·· 250 2·.,-· 250 4 ? 250 6 Orders under $25 and COO's. add $2
    250 3'?"" 100 5" 500
    500
    J"" 250 5--
    J •,,·· 100 5·)"
    100 5·.
    100 Balte r1es & Charger $11 .00 All o thers. shipped Ppd in U .S. via UPS 135 E. Chestnut Street 5
    100 4"' 100 6"' ~

    500 4-- l 250 11 Roll Bulk WSU 30 Hand Wrap- Unwrap Slrip Tool 6 .25 For Bl ue La bel (Air) or 1s1 Class . add S 1 Monrovia, California 91016
    WSU J OM. lor Mod1hed Wrap 7.25
    We accept Visa & Mastercharge
    Choo se One C ol o r
    BT 30 Extra Bit 2.95
    Most orders shipped same day Phone (213)35~5005
    Dealer Inquiries Invited

    Circle 297 on inquiry card. BYT E Oct ober 1978 199


    SYSTEMS an RS-232 interface, a parallel printer
    interface, a video terminal with line
    editing and block mode transfer cap­
    abilities, and a fast line printer with 132
    Cromemco Features a Z-80 Based Microcomputer columns.
    System Three is available with a
    number of options including a program­
    mable read only memory programmer
    for development work, an additional
    dual disk drive and additional memory.
    With the optional second disk drive,
    System Three provides a megabyte of
    disk storage_
    It has several provisions for protec­
    tion of disks including software control
    for ejection of disks if d esired, a key
    switch that will disable the disk eject
    buttons when in the LOCK position and
    motor driven disk loading and unloading.
    Currently available software includes
    a FORTRAN IV compiler, a 16 K byte
    Z-80 BASIC, and a Z-80 macroassembler
    and linking loader. All software is avail ­
    able on standard, IBM format, soft

    -~~~-J
    sectored diskettes.
    The System Three mainframe is avail­
    .•. able for $5990. The additional video is
    -------­ available in two models for either $1595
    or with expanded capabilities including
    line editing and block mode transfer for
    $1995. The additional line printer is
    also available in two models including
    a 180 character per second model for
    $ 2995 and a 60 character per second
    model for $1495. For more information,
    Cromemco's System Three is ideal Z-80 based microcomputer, 32 K bytes contact Crom emco Inc, 280 Bernardo
    for a wide range of professional work in of programmable memory (two 16 K Av, Mountain View CA 94040.•
    almost any field. It consists of a 4 MHz byte cards) expandable to 512 K bytes, Circle 601 on inq uiry card .

    Compucolor Introduces Series of Color New Microcom purer Based on


    Home Computer Systems Tl TMS 9900

    with its own 8 color, 13 inch (33.02 cm)


    diagonal display, a typewriter-like key­
    board with 3 key rollover, 8080A proc­
    essor, 4 K bytes to 16 K bytes memory
    (depending on the model), and a built-in
    minidisk drive mass storage device. The
    Compucolor II utilizes BASIC 8001, a
    conversational programming language
    with English-type statements and famil­
    iar mathematical notations.
    Games like Star Trek, Blackjack, The SS-16, a 16 bit microcomputer
    Chess, Checkers, Othello, and educa­ based on the Texas Instruments TMS
    tional games for youngsters are avail­ 9900, has been introduced by Technico
    able on diskettes. In addition, there are Inc, 9130 Red Branch Rd, Columbia MD
    programs available for checkbook bal­ 21045. System memory is expandable
    ancing and income tax compilation . up to 64 K bytes, and the unit is avail­
    Prices for the Com pucolor II range able with dual floppy or minifloppy
    from $795 to $1995. Further infor­ disks. Expansion cards provide up to six
    mation can be obtained from Com pu­ RS-232 and 20 mA current loop inter­
    color Corp, POB 569, Norcross GA faces. Also available are a 64 color
    The Compucolor II is a personal com­ 30091.• video board and a 128 bit parallel input
    puter system available in five models, Circ le 602 on inqu iry card . and output board, a complete editor,
    assembler, linking loader and BASIC.
    European 220 V, 50 Hz models are also
    S-100 Microcomputer Price Reduction available.•
    Circle 603 on inquiry card.
    Quay Corp, POB 386, Freehold NJ static programmable memory, 1 K byte
    07728, has announced that its Q80AI, programmable read only memory resi­
    Z-80 based, S-100 compatible micro­ dent monitor, on board programmable Q80AI, the Q80SMB (8 K byte static
    computer has been reduced in price. The read only memory program mer, key­ memory board) and the Q-TBPE-80
    Q80AI, formerly priced at $550, is now board interface and serial (RS232C/ (Palo Alto Tiny BASIC-extended) to sell
    available, factory assembled and tested TTY) input and output (10). for $495.•
    for $350. The unit includes 1 K byte Quay has also package priced the Circ le 604 on inquiry card.

    200 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    •·',·r:.· · .:,
    ------ - .

    CAlifoRNiA DiGiTAl

    Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

    P.11•••••111
    This is a one time pur c hase of
    CUIRE · PEHDAR r:"":'I NEW Surplus keyboards, re ­
    G11ur•l Ln,r-umtd (.arp , ~ cently aquired from the Tele­
    KEYBOARD communications Division of the

    ASCII ENCODED
    Sin ger C or p oration. Quiet
    The keyboard features 128
    ASCII characters in a 63 key
    Busi
    format , i\JOS encoder circuitry
    "N" key rollover, li g hted shift s29.95
    lock, control. escape and re­
    p e t e functions.
    Sloped pan n el and posili ve fee l
    18 slot TTl mode l ,.Ith NOVAl ION br•nd
    switches . makes lhis pro f es­ IMSAI A<ous li< Modern. 11419
    sional quality keyboard an ex ­
    cellent buy at only $6·L95 .
    Limited Quantities. HEXA DECIMAL KEYBOARD DIGITAL
    ALARM CLOCK
    ~~~~~~~:~ s19.95

    Y:'•...... l '9t.l1"1_, c~..11oi ~ Ii lo>11111e\' L.IJQt' I" LED C!•~..JJ .........cn 11


    O'• •C11tl 1nort•.. tu1 ~l '-' V \li!61tl•rt• CIQC1i i;ru;i J'"'Mf2 4 nou1.t 11i"'O
    lt,1ni;:hon. C • I ~LO 41 .. .l~. V' ill [,.. t.119"'4 I ~ •>.enmcimmg ...-llt\ol,il
    ~ CHl11'\Q ~ •• , , .. """;J lhf' • ;i.\lf>() D t•me !"«!Cloe• .t IO.t::'"ll" ~ fo'!l..U
    • Qf>"4 lft 10"ol.- IOud\ 1114 :li'l(l(!J• auuQn 1;1,1-.' • .;in l c;.r .1n .OU•l•on• i
    mr_..,.1,.. n1 ""'"'D C1oci.. ,.1,0 1 .,.xr~~ tt 1 ion m•11111.. •t.:.-..
    ,,JT>t:r
    A l a. •m Se,f' IRIM:~ot, !I'-' PM DI~

    CONNECTORS FR OM ATARI
    ro1111• cl'lolo COLOR TELEVISION

    D
    DB25P
    R.F. MODULATOR
    .,
    nulol!: pl ug & tlood

    0 B255 lcm•I•
    ~3~5
    lmsai solder .1251.250 U .9 5 3/U0.00
    Qty tt. milt hd. lmsai w/ w .125centers U .95 3/ $13.00 COLOR• GRAPHICS• SOUND
    UI US 2.4S t. 1S Altai r soldertail.140row $5,9 5 3! U5.00
    2!li l.IS .l. 25 1.05 SPECIALS Mri;.~ut.
    100 1.BS L9 0 . 9S
    no 1.25 LU _B5
    UL t.'!!1' :Ll1 ,1J
    22144Kim eyelet.156"
    25150 solder h.b .156"
    U.95 3/$5.00
    U.09 3/$2.00
    36/72 wide post w/w .156 St.95 3/S5.00 51024 Rrh ll ..
    '1195

    Certified Digital
    ScotcH CASSETTES
    Won•t drop a BIT!

    iii
    •ss~ ' CALIFORNIA
    INDUSTRIAL
    1san
    Aut horiz ed Tll •SioyS!ick lea1.,rnlou r 1001': polonhO·
    Dealer of m~lcrs. lhal ~ ary res•stanco propcd lon nl to

    Scotch Brand l hoangl'lol1he sl1cll Pe<l <:Ctl or1a l c,.sion


    g1mc1. quaa sierea ano r~aio c anlroll~~ a
    Data Products el r c11l l

    MEMORY

    [)•g•1a~ CasseUe [)r•ue


    COMPUTER CONTROLED
    This precision 110 assembly features
    remote software controlled search
    capabilities. Two independent capstan
    drive motors allow the computer to
    control direction and speed of the
    transport.
    The assembly consists of a Raymond
    cassette transport, chassis, mot her·
    board and three edge cards: read /w rite,
    capstan drive & cont rol card.
    ea . 10 50
    Current replacement valued at over
    $700.00. Schematics and complete 80,000 1 10,, 3.' 5 3•9 2.9s
    documentation included . USED. but in 4500 / 50 •. SH9 13S 119
    excellent condition. 1000 / 15v S.55 49 .45
    i1tal

    Power Ada pt er Page Wire Wrap Kits .ldisc s.12 .09


    precut & stnpped .01 disc .06 .05
    6 >d<.14 0mA 11)9 16!'5
    T<d<, 1.4 A. 5.50 KIT No.1
    90D Assorted Lengths
    9•d<. ISmA_ L."
    10 tA<,JOOmA. U : @
    KIT No.2 1
    19~s

    ·­
    H - 10 '§.(lo 100
    2N2222l .20 .18 .IG .IS
    '.98
    2N30SS . 69 .65 .59 .SS
    MllOSS .79 . 75 .69.65 wire wrap low profile
    ZN377Z 1.s• I." 1.1• 11• lhot . 175mA .
    ' ea . 25 SO ea. 25 SO
    2Nl904 .IS .JI .09 .07 TRAN S FORMER 17< 16 15
    2Nl906 .1s .11 .o9 .01 1--T-R_l_M_M_E_R---1---~-----t 31 • 36 35 18 17 16
    Diodes 10 UIDCI
    POTENTIOMETERS 38 37 36 19 18 17
    99 93 85 36 35 34
    I N4002 ••••. .oa 06.05 2K SK IOK SOK ..=--~
    1•9 !SS 139 63 60 58
    I N40 0 S •OOY. . 10.08 .01 ~
    IN41U•i&"'' .01 .05.04 5 fo • '.98 , KYNAR=m
    20 ~Cl l'l'J D !
    16 • 14• 12 •
    DIGITAL
    MICRD-VERTER

    PL 0 TT ER

    -
    'SPECIAL COLOR MODULATOR FOR APPLE II USERS!!
    ~ -
    IHF Vrnion. Oprntu above channtl U. Elim in;uu worm s
    ASCII
    FEATURING THE IEEE 488 BUSS Dptntu above tht switching h;irmonics of tht computer,

    THE RS 232 SERIAL DAT A IN PUT


    __- __ thereby yitldinc: a cleaner. worm-fret picture. Tunable
    over a minimum of 4 channe ls. lnttrbcn directly with
    INTERFACE OPTIONS lht App l e II u well as mos I otlitr mic r os. Cornn witt1
    video cab l e and RF output stub coupler. Two-toned cow l
    OR DIRECT FROM ANY TTL PORT IBM SELECTRIC ~ type dtcaraTor cabinet. Siu: 5.Scm 1 8.Scm 1 I I . 5cm.
    Power : +5V . Current approx . I ma. Self-powered with 4
    BASED 1/0 TERMINAL penctll batteries, Operating lift in ucen of 1000 hours
    WITH ASCII CONVERSION or nut shelf-life or batteries. Excellent stability. Precise
    frequency adjusllnent . No assembly required ncept for
    INSTALLED $695.00 installation of baneries~itd . MODEL MVX-500.
    • Tape Drives • Cable AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL COMPUTER DEALER
    • Cassette Drives • Wire or direct from ATV RESEARCH. COST includ ing shipping
    • Power Supplies 12V1 5A, 12V25A, anywhere in USA and Canada- $35.00 .
    5V35A Others, • Displays
    e Cabinets e XFMRS e Heat -~ "P1XE-PLEXER" An IC type video-lo- RF modulator
    Sinks • Printers • Components 1 includes FM sou nd sub-carrier, colorsubcamerand

    Many other items separate Fl - Y and B-Y inputs. Designed around the
    LM-1889 chip, A dnigneri drum with tun data sheers.
    Write for free catalog
    Model PX P-4500. Kit form. S?C.50 postpaid.
    BASIC AND MACHINE LISTING
    WORLDWIDE ELECT. INC.
    10 FLAGSTONE DRIVE "PIXE - VERTER" The original computer vidto-to-RF
    SOFTWARE FURNISHED

    HUDSON, N .H. 03051 interface module. Kit form: SB .SO Model PXV · 2A
    KIT IS $ 195
    Phone orders accepted using VISA
    ASSEMBLED-TESTED S 20,
    or MC. Toll Free 1-800-258-1036
    WRITE FOR DETAILS TO In N.H. 603-885-3705 o.-tm Ct tJ , 11 ~ ~ .

    X ••• Y ENTERPRISES P.O. BOX 796 un i


    HUNTSVILLE ALA . ~ Rn4

    Circle 397 on inquiry card . Circle 395 on inquiry card. Circle 22 on inquiry card.

    CANADIANS
    NEW SURPLUS PRINTER

    Okidata - CP 110 - Friction Feed

    Announcing Un-Used, in 0 .E.M. Factory Cartons.

    • 5 x7 Impact Dot Matrrx


    HAMILTON LOGIC • 80 Char/Line
    • 64Char ASCl l~¥'4
    SYSTEMS • 1 1 0Chor/Sec ~ -~ -
    • 66 Lines/Min _ ­
    • Accepts BY/ '
    Specializing in logic Roll paper ~~

    devices, microproce5sors, The "EXTERMINATOR" Includes - Power Supply, Buil1 in Selflest,


    by VAMP Parallel Interface, Line Buffer and Cables.
    memorys, TTL, Cmos, All New Dual Function Board:
    Housed in a three piece plastic cabinet with
    Serves as an extender card & also
    terminates S·1 00 bus. Eliminates all control electronics. Retail for over $1,100
    etc crosstalk, overshoots & noise
    which can scramble data. Occupies Our Price: 1 ea. $650 10 up $600 ea.
    only a single slot. Fully fused. Operating Manual Included.

    Send for your catalogue


    VTE-100 "Exterminator" .$49.95 Service Manual $20 Supplies Limited

    Extender Card only-


    Box 7 with connector . . . . . $21.95
    Shipped Freight Collect . Send Check or M.O.
    Add $2 Shipping Sorry No Warranty Available at these Prices
    STONEY CREEK 6% Calif. Sales Tax.
    INTERNATIONAi,. ELECTRONICS

    VAMP Inc.
    EQUIPMENT CORP.

    ONTARIO L 8G 3X7 Box 29315


    P.O. Box 522542, Miami. Florida 33152

    Los Angeles, Calif. 90029

    Circle 157 on inquiry card. Circle 386 on inquiry card. Circle 177 on inquiry card.

    PCE ELECTRONICS
    S-100 KITS There is much more, including
    complete systems; for more
    Information, write for our flyer .
    16/4+1 EPROM/RAM BOARD KIT $130° 0 P C E Electronics
    4782 Dewey Drive
    SK STATIC RAM KIT $ 130° 0 Fair Oaks Ca. 95628

    II SLOT MOTHER BOARD with sockets $ aooo •master charge ·5 ?o for shipping,
    excess refunded
    48K DYNAMIC RAM KIT $ 631° 0 ·visa
    .calif residents
    VERSAFLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER $ 155 °0 ·phone orders
    (916)966-2208
    add 6 '7. s a I es
    tax
    All kits are complete with ·COD require1o • all products
    sockets and documentation. 50"7. Deposit guaranteed
    prices subject to change

    202 BYTE Octobe• 1978 Circle 288 on inquiry card.


    Circle 100 on inquiry card . BYTE October 1978 203
    memory and 3 K read only memory, the
    board has the following peripheral chips:
    Wtlat's NewP MEMORY two 8255s which can be programmed to
    be input ports, output ports, handshak­
    ing ports and a bidirectional data port.
    S-100 10 Read Only Memory Board One of the ports on each ch i? can use
    bit and reset commands. Each 8 255 has
    a total of 24 possible 10 lines. One 8253
    has three 16 bit counters and timers in
    each chip. Each counter and timer can
    be programmed to be a binary counter
    or a binary coded decimal counter, a
    programmable one shot, a digital delay, a
    pulse wave rate generator (divide by N),
    a square wave rate generator, a software
    triggered strobe and a hardware triggered
    strobe.
    The 8251 universal synchronous and
    asynchronous transceiver can be pro­
    grammed for various clock division
    ratios. All the usual UART functions are
    available plus synchronous serial 10 to
    56 bps. One of the 8253 counters is
    dedicated to the USA RT (8251 ). This
    allows complete software program­
    ability of bps rates. Over 60,000 bps
    The Master 10 contains enough read q uency and period counter, program­ data rates are available.
    only memory and 10 to allow a 2 board mable read only memory and program­ For further information, write to
    S-100 system and can be used to emulate mable memory, and parallel and serial Space Time Productions, 2053 N
    the Intel SBC 10 functions. This board 10 cards. Sheffield, Chicago IL 60614. •
    can replace a real time clock, a fre­ Besides K bytes programmable Circle 549 on inquiry card.

    S-100 PROM Board 2716s or the pin compatible 8316 mem ­


    ories_ This provides for a total storage
    capacity of 12 K bytes.
    While the board is prejumpered for
    the use of the programmable read only
    memories as a continuous block of mem­
    ory, the address decoding scheme pro­
    vides for using any programmable read
    only memory anywhere within the
    memory map. This addressing scheme
    provides monitors at both the low and
    high order end of the memory map.
    The memory ready line is pulled low
    when slower memories are utilized.
    Three spare 16 pin pads are provided on
    board for user electronics.
    The board is available in kit form,
    fully socketed at $59.95; assembled and
    fully tested versions are also available at
    $109 .95 . Bare boards can also be ob­
    tained. For further information contact
    Mini Micro Mart, 1618 Jam es St, Syra­
    This programmable read only mem­ be used with eight 2708 type E read cuse NY 13203.•
    ory (PROM) board for the S-100 bus can only memories with provisions for using Circle 550 on inquiry card.

    Memory Board Compatible with SBC 80 Multibus EMM Cuts Prices on 2 K Static Memory
    A major price cut on the 3539 2 K
    Intel's SBC 80 Multibus. The PROM-32 byte static programmable memory has
    accepts 16 2716 erasable read only been announced by EMM Semi Inc,
    memories. All integrated circuits are 3883 N 28th Av, Phoenix AZ 85107. In
    socketed. Base addresses fall on 16 K quantities of 500, the price has been cut
    byte boundaries and are jumper select­ from $ 7.80 to $4.05 .
    able. Any number of 2 K byte memory The 3539 is a byte organized 256 by
    address blocks may be deselected by 8 static programmable memory compris­
    jumper removal. Memory access time is ing a small memory on an integrated
    4 75 ns maximum. The board uses 5 Vat circuit. It replaces the older 256 by 4
    0.38 A typical, and 0.72 A maximum programmable memories (2101 and
    fully loaded. The board is priced at 2111) for many small memory applica­
    $195 in unit quantity and can be ob­ tions, since only one component is re­
    tained from Electronic Solutions Inc, quired instead of two. For more infor­
    This 32 K byte programmable read 7969 Engineer Rd, San Diego CA 92111.• mation, contact EMM Semi Inc.•
    only memory board is compatible with Circle 553 on inquiry card. Circle 554 on inquiry card.

    204 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


    APPLE II SERIAL 1/0
    INTERFACE* Part no. 106
    Part no. 2 • Stand alone TVT
    Baud rate is continuously adjustable • 32 char/line, 16
    from O to 30 ,000 •Plugs into any periph­ lines, modifications
    eral connector• Lowcurrentdrain. RS­ for 64 char / line in­ Part no. 300
    232 input and output• On board switch cluded • Parallel • SK Altair bus memory •
    selectable 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop ASCII (TTL) input • Uses 2102 Static memory chips• Mem­
    bits, and parity or no parity either odd or Video output • 1 K ory protect • Go ld contacts • Wait states • On
    even • Jumper selectable address • on board memory •
    Output for compu­
    board regulator• S-100 bus compatible• Vector
    SOFTWARE • Input and Output routine
    ter controlled cur ­ input option • TRI state buffered • Board only
    from monitor or BASIC to teletype or other serial printer.
    • Program for using an Apple II for a video or an intelli­ ser • Auto scroll • $22.50; with parts $160.00
    gent terminal. Also can outpu t in correspondence code Non-destructive curser • Curser inputs: up, down, left,
    to interface with some selectrics. Board only- $15.00; right, home, EOL, EOS • Scroll up, down • Requires +5
    volls at 1.5 amps, and -12 volts at 30 mA • All 7400, TTL
    with parts - $42.00; assembled and tested - $62.00.
    chips • Char. gen. 2513 • Upper case only •Board only
    $39.00; with parts $145.00
    RF MODULATOR*
    MODEM* Part no. 107
    Part no. 109
    • Type 103 • Full or half
    TIDMA* •Converts video to AM modu- m
    lated RF. Channels 2 or 3. So • t ._ • ­
    powerful almost no tuning is re­
    duplex •Works up to 300
    quired. On board regulated
    baud • Originate or Ans­
    power supply makes this ex­
    wer • No coils, only low
    tremely stable. Rated very
    cost components • TTL
    highly in Doctor Dobbs' Journal. Recommended
    input and output-serial •
    by Apple. • Power required is 12 volts AC C.T., or
    Connect 8 ohm speaker
    +5 volts DC • Board $7.60; with parts $13.50
    and crystal mic. directly to board• Uses XR FSK
    demodulator • Requires +5 volts • Board $7.60;
    with parts $27.50

    I
    RS 232/TTY*
    DC POWER SUPPLY* Part no. 112
    •Tape Interface Direct Memory Access• Record INTERFACE
    and play programs without bootstrap loader (no
    Part no. 6085 prom) has FSK encoder/decoder for direct con­
    • Board supplies a reg ulated +5 volts nections to low cost recorder at 1200 baud rate, Part no. 600
    at 3 amps., +12 , -12, and -5 volts at and direct connections for inputs and outputs to a • Converts RS-232 to 20mA
    1 amp. • Power required is 8 volts AC ·­ digital recorder at any baud rate.• S-100 bus com­ current loop, and 20mA current
    at 3 amps., and 24 volts AC C.T. at 1.5 ·-· patible• Board only $35.00; with parts $110 .00 loop to RS-232 •Two separate
    amps. • Board only $12.50; with circuits • Requires + 12 and -12
    parts excluding transformers $42.50 volts • Board only $4.50, with
    parts $7.00

    TAPE INTERFACE * UART & BAUD RATE


    Part no. 111 GENERATOR* RS 232/TTL*

    • Play and record Kansas


    Part no. 101
    City Standard tapes •
    Converts a low cost tape
    • Converts serial to parallel
    and parallel to serial • Low
    INTERFACE

    recorder to a digital re­ cost on board baud rate


    corder• Works up to 1200 generator• Baud rates: 110, Part no. 232
    baud • Digital in and out 150, 300, 600, 1200, and • Converts TTL to RS-232.
    are TTL-serial• Output of 2400 • Low power drain +5 and converts RS-232 to
    board connects to mic. in volts and -12 volts required TTL• Two separate circuits
    • TTL compatible •Alt characters contain a start bit, 5 to
    of recorder• Earphone of •Requires -12 and +12 volts
    8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and either odd or even parity.
    recorder connects to input on board• No coils• • All connections go to a 44 pin gold plated edge connec­
    • All connections go to a 10 pin gold plated edge
    Requires +5 volts, low power drain• Board $7.60; tor• Board only $12.00; with parts $35.00 with connector connector • Board only $4.50; with parts $7.00
    with parts $27.50 add $3.00 with connec tor add $2.00

    ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. B, P.O. Box 21638, San Jose, CA. USA 95151

    To Order: Mention part number and description. For parts kits add "A" to part number. In USA, shipping paid for orders accompanied by check, money order, or
    Master Charge. BankAmericard. or VISA number. expiration date and signature. Shipping charges added to C.0.D. orders. California residents add 6.5%
    for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail postage, no C.0.D.'s. Checks and money orders must be payable in US dollars. Parts kits include sockets for alt
    ICs, components, and circuit board. Documentation is included with all products. All items are in stock, and will be shi pped the day order is received via
    [Z]­ *
    first class mail. Prices are in US dollars. No open accounts. To eliminate tariff in Canada boxes are marked " Computer Parts:· Dealer inquir ies invited
    24 Hour Order Line : ( 408) 226-4064 Circuits designed by John Bell

    Circle 125 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 205


    FORT LAUDERDALE AREA

    ..+-- IT'S A GREAT BIG COll'PUTER WORLO ::


    COMPUTER AGE
    ::;:: But You Only Need ...._
    MICROCOMPUTERS & PER IPHERALS
    -+1--THE COMPUTER CORNER-++­ for HOME, SCHOOL & BUSINESSES
    •SOL - A New Dawn is Here! ---++­
    e COMMODORE PET & KIM ---++­ We specialize in computer systems and

    e NORTHSTAR HORIZON ---++­ provide a full range of computer

    e IMSA I VDP-80 ---++­


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    couplers
    services. Applications software

    • Memories & t/O Boards for business including word

    •Computer Book Service


    ---++­
    -+f­
    connect: always
    processing, payroll and

    The De lee 3) Originate Only and the

    • Magnetic Tapes & Disks ~ accounts receivable.

    Dalee 32 Originate Answer acoustic couple rs

    ++- •Full Line of Magazines -++­ provide reliable Bell Syslem 103 113 compatible
    More to come.

    ++- •
    Brain Games & Puzzles -14­ Duplex or Half-Duplex. 300 bps dolo

    ...,._ •Workshops & Club Information --+f­ communication over conventional telephones .
    DEALERS FOR
    -+1--
    ::::= ~;si~o~rH~ 0 ;~~:,u~eEe~s c~:~~~ :~~
    -Ji+- browse - you'll like our personal service.
    =::
    -1+­

    -++­
    Ootec acoustic couplers ore the only couplers

    on the market with CRYSTAL CONTROL

    !or both the receiver and the transm itter


    Apple Computers
    Micromation
    Hazeltine
    Extensys
    Soroc
    Centronics
    North Star
    -+I- T~h~,:~.~~~~-1\,;~~L~~~ ---!+­
    The Da lee 30 and Dalee 32 ocousl1c

    couplers connec t, time and time again

    DEC
    and Others
    ....,__ 200 Hamilton Avenue ......,._ Problem Solvers
    -++--- White Pla ins, New York 10601 -I Cromemco
    -ti+- Tel: (9141 WHY - DATA
    ...,.r Ample Park ing -,...._
    999 South State Road 7 (441)
    ,}If<_ ICJ.6 Daitv & Saturday ~ P. 0 . Box839
    Plantation. Florida 33317
    Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514

    *+*rfil~ ****'11
    305-791-8080
    1 phone: (919) 967·5605

    ./ ff
    Circle 65 on inquiry card . Circle 83 on inquiry card. Circle 4 7 on inquiry card .

    We ship ! rom !.lo ck

    COMPUTER MART TELETYPE MODEL 43 $985


    Dynamic RAM Breakthrouiih
    16K Bits For $15.95
    of NEW HAMPSHIRE, Inc. The be~I ClTrenl f;7"1c•s a...:i bell• t,_.,ny~ can sxps:l lo

    SPECIALIZING IN BUSINESS
    * with RS 232 $1,085 beAI fo-- qui• IKnl8 ltme:

    M C 4116l ·20 PRIME MOTOROLA DYNAMIC RAM (lB pin.

    ~·
    AND PERSONAL COMPUTERS HAZELTINE
    1500 Kit $895
    200rw ecceea, 37Sne c vc le lime , 7DC, C'"'"9C peck11gm,
    gold pina, hJly !1-A'm!lnl eedl SU.9S p.- chip. T,__ pl~
    diraclly into your- TRS-80 or APPLE campvter. D•t•
    9"ieel i~luded w1lh YD.I crder. For rncrw I,._, IOO ll'il•
    can lcr Ql..8"1hly ~·rv.
    1500 $1,045
    DATA GENERAL microNDVA® 1510 $1,165 S.100 64K MEMORY BOARD KIT [for 16K lo 84'K of
    ebov• chipe) ~ •• end alt c~I• e>c::llPI ~
    XITAN GENERAL 1400 $ 775 chip• Sr2~ .

    APPLE II S·IOO CONNECTORS, (Ul!Mld in •ia:111ll•1l co-dliO"\ 9CrT19


    We ship 24 hours aller receipl of with wir• wrap wire) 3 l•vel wir• wr•P, lm•l Spec:lng,
    S· 100 Bus Products $2.95 ra. 10 ror S'l7.00. so ror $75.00.
    cer tified check or rnoney order.
    SOFTWARE currently ava ilable:
    S10 shipping ch arge. CARD CUI DES \Vird (but v..y r-Wce) with ret.rAng CllPI
    AR, G L, AP, Inv., Payroll , S.JO 1 pal,.
    Word Processing , and Dental rnIWJlrnr~wxmr~r:'''''':::::::::;:,;:::;,,,,::::,:;:::,,,,,,=,,,::::::
    Office Manager. ........ }@ff~

    Minrn...im orOl!lr" SMJ .00. MeeliYChltrge ~ V t- ~.cl.


    For Ql.JB11locr. end cturge Of"°d9r• {re COO) celt l'tft AP19Y
    1
    .:i·:il li: :·:=: i:fa~~:,;~~;;:f:~:~;,f:l:f:~h~!~t:: : i:;:;: ~:~;:
    or 0-id L~• et (617) 242-33!iCI.

    Pl•• edd Sl.00 fet · .t-.:~ng einc:t Mn:ting an ... O"dra.


    170 Main Street

    D Nashua. NH 03060

    603/883-2386 D (212) 448-6283 (212) 448-6298


    R.,,,:l to·
    The Memory
    144 MIT Branch

    Cambridge MA 02139

    c.oop

    m1croNOVAe ·~a registered \ \ 'r have no reader 111qu1ry number . Please w r 11e or cal l. 0.... lo IP>• ......... d1C IN11 111¥ el .... llKt~ ... IU - t • " l k • f1'"1C ...

    lrddt>mark of Data Gener.ll Corp


    DA Y, EVENING. WEEKEND CAL L S WELCOME'

    Circle 73 on inquiry card. Circle 221 on inquiry card .

    KIM SOFTWARE
    LSl-11 AND 6800 From the wonderful
    9K MICROSOFT BASIC

    64KB MEMORIES folks who brouldit


    Includes:
    Cl-1103 - BK words to 32K words in a
    single option slot. Plugs directly into LSI
    you iCOM·CPIM!
    • Over 55 Commands 11, LSI 11/2, H11 & PDP 1103. Address­
    able in 2K increments up to 12BK. BK x 16
    MICROPOLIS-CP/M*
    • Full String Handling Computer Mart now bring s CP/M software lo
    $390.00. 32K x 16 $995.00 qty. one. MICROPOLIS users, giv ing lhe MICRO POLIS
    • 9 Digit Precision dis c owner the full capac ities of CP/ M, while
    Cl-6800 - 16KB to 64KB on a single
    • Hypertape Built-In board. Plugs directly into Motorola's retaining full access to Micropolis ' operating
    syste m. PLUS - Direct load and slart CP /M
    • 70 Page Manual EXORcisor and compatible with the eval­
    uation modules. Addressable in 4K in­ • Automalic program execution • Dynam ic
    SPECIAL
    crements up to 64K. 16KB $390.00. disc space allocation • Random access on
    64KB $995.00. all files • HIGH speed dis c read and write
    INCLUDES "DAT A/SAVE"
    • Full compatibility wilh all ~
    (added commands to record
    Cl-8080 - 16KB to 64KB on a single other GP/ M systems
    both programs and data!)
    board. Plugs directly into Intel's MOS

    KIM CASSETTE & MANUAL


    BOO and SBC B0/10. Addressable in 2K
    increments up to 64K. 16KB $390.00. Call us!
    Dealer inquires invited. rne Microcompurtr
    64KB $995.00.
    $100.00 prepaid Computer Mart of New Jersey 00 1
    P • • ·••
    501 Roule 27. lselin, NJ 08830 • 201-283-0600
    Tested and burned-in. Full year warranty .

    MICRO-Z COMPANY
    Tue.·Sal.10:00·6:00 • Tue. & Thur. Iii 9:00
    Box 2426

    Rolling Hills, CA 90274

    €
    Chris/in Industries, Inc.
    Computer Products Division

    31312 Via Colinas •Westlake Vi ll age. CA 91361

    Computer Marl of Pennsylvania


    550 DeKalb Pike. King of Prussia, PA 19406 • 215·265·2580
    Tue .-Thur. 11 :00-9:00 • Ffl . & Sal. 10:00-6:00
    ~CP / M is a regis ter ed 1ra<1emarkol Digital Research Corp.
    213 - 991 -2254

    Circle 228 on inquiry card. Circle 46 on inquiry card. Circle 7 4 on inquiry card.
    "~c, A "Smart" VIDEO BOARD
    d~~ The EW-2001 KIT At A "Dumb" Price!
    ~~ A VIDEO BOARD + A MEMORY BOARD + AN I/0 BOARD - ALL IN ONE!

    •STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY USING DEDICATED MICROPROCESSOR l.C.


    • NUMBER OF 1.C.s REDUCED BY 50% FOR HIGHER RELIABILITY • MASTER PIECE
    $199 95 •
    OF ENGINEERING • FULLY SOFTWARE CONTROLLED Priced at ONLY Basic Software Included

    SPECIAL FEATURES: • Programmable no . of scan lines OPTIONS:


    • S-100 bus compatible • Underline blinking cursor Sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10.00
    • Parallel keyboard port • Cursor controls: up, down , left, 2K Static Memory
    • On board 4K screen memory right, hom e, carriage return (with Socke ts) . . . . . . $45.00
    (optional)* relocatable to main • Composite video 4K Static Memory
    comp ut er memory *Min. 2K required for operation of this board. (with So cke ts) . . . . . . $90.00
    • T ex t editing capabilities (soft­ DISPLAY FEATURES: Complete unit , assembled
    ware optional) and tested with
    • 128 displayab le ASCII charact­ 4K Me mory . . . . . . . $335.00
    • Scrolling: up and down through ers (upper and lower case alpha­
    video memory numeric, controls) Basic software on ROM . $20 .00
    • Blinking characters • 64 or 32 characters per line T ex t edito r on ROM. . . . $75.00
    • Reversed video Uumper selectable)
    • Provision for on board ROM • 32 or 16 lines DEALER

    Uumper selectable)

    • CRT an d video controls fully


    progra mmable (European TV) • Screen capacity 2048 or 51 2 INQUIRIES WELCOMED
    • Character genera tion:
    7 x 11 dot matrix

    8080 SUPPORT
    CPU ASCII KEYBOARD KIT $74.00
    $3.00
    $7. 75
    7.95
    .
    . . : : . . . .... -
    3.50 ~ ~

    5.95 RAM-2114
    7.95 1Kx4 450n s
    8.50 $8 .00
    Additional Improvements : Double Size Return Key
    WIRE WRAP WIRE Computer Grade Control Characters Molderd on Key Caps
    KYNAR 28 AWG Capacitors • Power: +SY 275mi\ OPTIONS:
    $2.95/100 Feet 5000 mfd 60VDC • Upper and Lower Case • Metal Enclosure Painted
    Blue, Red , White $1 .50 Blue and White $2 7 .50
    • Fu ll AS CII Set
    EDGE CONNECTOR WIRE WRAP PINS • 7 or 8 Bits Parallel Da ta
    • 18 Pin Edge Con. $ 2.00
    44 Pin $1.25 - 72 Pin $ 1.75 - I 00 Pin (S-100) $5.45 • Optional Serial Output
    • J.C. Sockets S 4 .00
    • Serial Output Provision
    MISC. IC's CMOS LINEAR Transistors • Selectable Positve or (Shift Register) $ 2.00
    & Diodes Negative Strobe, and
    DM8810 3/ $1 4011 6/ $1.00 l.C.'s Strobe Pulse Width • Upper Case Lock Switch for
    DM8210 $2 ea. 4022 2/$1.70 LM320K-5 99 2N3906 7/$ 1 Capital Letters and Nos. $ 2.00
    N8T15 $ l ea. · 2N4400 9 /$ 1 • 2 Ke y Roll-Over
    9024 2/ $1.5 0 4023 4/$1.00 LM320-12 .99 2N4403 9/ 1 Asse mbled (on Sockets)
    4071 5/ $1.00 LM709N 11/$1 2N2222i\ 4/ L • 3 User DEfineable Keys
    93L08 $1.50 ea. . 1N4003 12 / I and Tested $90.00
    93L09 2/$1.50 LM710H 6 /$1 IN4 005 10/$1 • P.C. Board Size:
    93L24 $1 ea. LM711H 6/$1 I N4 14 8 14/$1 17-3/ 16"x 5"
    LM74 1M 7/$1 S R4 00 --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    41\ . T 22 $ .80
    APPLE II I/O BOARD KIT
    SHIPPING: Keyboard and Video Board : $3.50; 0 111 11<s 1;s Plugs Into Sl o t of Apple II Mother Board
    _ _ _ _ California residents add 6% sales tax _ _ __ 18 Bit Parallel Output Port I free software listing for
    (Expandable to 3 Ports) SWTP PR40 or IBM selectric
    ELEClRONICS WAREHOUSE Inc. 1 Inp ut Port
    PRICE:
    1603 AVIATION BLVD. 15mi\ Output Current Sink 1 Input and 1 Output
    REDONDO BEACH, CA. 90278 . .1 or Source Port for $49.00
    TEL. (213) 376-8005 I~ Can be used for peripheral
    eq uipment such as printers, 1 Input and 3 Output
    WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG '/ floppy discs, cassettes, Ports for $6 4.00
    paper tapes, etc. Dea ler Inquiries Invited
    A Low Cost Minifloppy System

    Wbst's N~wP MASS STORAGE

    New 4 Headed Voice Coil Floppy


    or expanded hard and soft sectored for·
    mats on IBM diskette I, II, \ID or equiva·
    lent media. The drive will store up to
    1 M byte of data in IBM type format,
    1.6 M bytes unformatted single density
    and up to 3.2 M bytes in unformatted
    double density encoding.
    PerSci 's voice coil positioning system
    gives the PerSci drives an average seek Techtran's low cost minifloppy sys­
    time of 33 ms, five to seven times faster tem, the 950 Microdisk, features over
    than stepper motor positioned drives. 200 K characters of storage. RS-232 or
    The speed and the capacity of the drive 20 MA current loop plug compatibility
    are achieved while maintaining industry make the 950 a reasonable addition to
    standard data reli ab ility figures of 1 in timesharing and minicomputer or micro·
    1 o9 soft errors and 1 in 1012 hard computer based systems . The unit incor·
    errors. porates a Shugart drive and data can be
    The Model 299 features electric auto· recorded in either file or batch modes
    This 4 headed flexible disk drive load and can be unloaded by remote, with the 950 automatically entering file
    stores up to 3.2 M bytes of data in the host software control. Optical write names into the directory for total ran·
    space required by a standard size floppy protect secures the file. dom access. Switch selectable data rates
    drive. The new PerSci Model 299 disk · The PerSci 4 headed drive measures to 9600 bps supply fast on line or off
    ette drive interfaces to microcomputers 4.38 by 8.72 by 15 .4 inches ( 11 .1 by line operations. A binary mode is an
    using the 8080, 6800, or Z-80 pro­ 22.l by 39 .1 cm) so two drives can be additional standard feature providing for
    cessors, as well as minicomputers. mounted horizontally or four vertically code t ra nsparent applications.
    The Model 299 is a dual headed, dual in a 19 inch (48.3 cm) rack . The 950 is list priced at $1395.
    diskette drive, reading and writing both The price is $1595 from PerSci Inc, Contact Techtran Industries Inc, 200
    sides of two 8 inch diskettes. Data can 12210 Nebraska Av, W Los Angeles CA Commerce Dr, Rochester NY 14623,
    be encoded in single or double density 90025 _,• (716) 334-9640.•
    in IBM compatible soft sectored formats Circle 525 on inqu iry card. Circle 527 on in quiry card.

    New Unbundled Flopp y Disk Based Floppy Disk System for SwTPC 6800
    Computer Systems

    Two fully assembled unbundled


    floppy disk based computer systems
    have been announced by Ohio Scientific,
    1333 S Chillicothe Rd, Aurora OH
    44202. Both of these computer systems
    feature a 6502A processor, 16 K bytes
    of dynamic programmable memory and
    an 8 inch floppy disk drive and interface.
    Both systems have a full 8 slot bac kplane
    which will accommodate system expan ­ The Southwest Technical Products interpreter with disk file capability and
    sion. The systems are available as Corp DMAF 1 is a dual drive, single string functions is also included with the
    C2·8SK which includes a standard density, doubl e sided 8 inch floppy system. Each diskette holds approxi­
    RS-232 serial 10 port for use with an disk system. The hardware consists of a mately 600 K bytes of data; with two
    external computer term in al and Model SS-50 bus (SwTPC 6800) compatible drives there is over one megabyte of data
    C2-8VS which includes a 32 by 64 (81.3 direct memory access controller capa­ online.
    by 162.6 cm) character video display ble of handling up to four drives, two The system is available in assembled
    board and a keyboard. Only a video CalComp 143 M double density rated and kit form (the drives are fully assem ­
    monitor is required to complete the sys­ disk drives, 5 3/4 by 17 l /8 by 20 1/2 bled). The unit weighs approximately
    tem. Both systems come fully assembled inch (14 .5 by 43.5 by 52 cm) alumi· 45 lbs (20.4 kg) and sells for $2095 as·
    with software and manuals but without num chassis, regulated power supply, sembled and $2000 as a kit, plus postage.
    cases or power supplies. The C2-8SK drive motor control board, cooling fan, Contact Southwest Technical Products
    with serial interface is $1590 and the diskette and interfacing cables. Corp, 219 W Rhapsody, San Antonio TX
    C2-8VS with video interface is $2090.• The supplied software includes a disk 78216.•
    Circle 528 on inqu iry card operating system. An 8 K byte BASIC Circle 526 on inquiry card.

    208 Oc1obcr 1978 ©BYTE. Public.it ions Inc


    DIODES/ZENERS
    SOCKETS/BRIDGES TRANSISTORS, LEDS, etc.
    1N914 100v 10mA .05
    8·pin pcb .20 WW .35
    2N2222 NPN (2N2222 Plastic .1 O) .15

    1N4no5 600v 1A .08


    14·pin pcb .20 WW .40
    2N2907 PNP .15

    2N3906 PNP (Plastic - Unmarked) .10

    1N4007 1000v 1A .15


    16-pin pcb .20 WW .40
    2N3904 NPN (Plastic - Unmarked) .10

    1N4148 75v 10mA .05


    18-pin pcb .25 WW .75
    2N3054 NPN .35

    1N4733 5.1v 1 W Zener .25


    22-pin pcb .35 WW .95
    2N3055 NPN 15A 60v .50

    1N753A 6.2v 500 mW Zener .25


    24-pin pcb .35 T1P125 PNP Darlington .95

    WW .95

    ....
    LED Green, Red, Clear, Yellow .15

    1N758A 10v .25


    28-pin pcb .45 WW 1.25 D.L.747 7 seg 5/8" High com-anode 1.95
    1N759A 12v .25
    40-pin pcb .50 WW 1.25
    MAN72 7 seg com-anode IRed) 1.25
    7 seg com-anode (Orange) 1.25

    ...
    1N5243 13v .25
    Molex pins .01 MAN3610
    To-3 Sockets .25
    MAN82A 7 seg com-anode (Yellow) 1.25
    1N5244B 14v .25

    2 Amp Bridge 100-prv .95


    MAN74A 7 seg com-cathode (Red) 1.50
    1N5245B 15v .25
    FND359 7 seg com-cathode (Red) 1.25
    25 Amp Bridge 200-prv 1.95
    CMOS
    - T T L ­
    4000 .15
    7400 .10
    7473
    .25
    74176
    .85
    74H72 .35
    74S133 .40

    4001 .15
    7401 .15
    7474
    .30
    74180
    .55
    74H101 .75
    74S140
    .55

    4002 .20
    7402 .15
    7475
    .35
    74181
    2.25
    74H103 .55
    74S151
    .30

    4004 3.95
    7403 .15
    7476
    .40
    74182
    .75
    74H106 .95
    74S153
    .35

    4006 .95
    7404 .10
    7480
    .55
    74190
    1.2 5
    74S157
    .75

    4007 .20
    7405 .25
    7481
    .75
    74191
    .95
    74LOO .25
    74S158 .30

    4008 .75
    7406 .25
    7483
    .75
    74192
    .75
    74L02 .20
    74S194 1.05
    4009 .35
    7407 .55
    7485
    .55
    74193
    .85
    74L03 .25
    74S257 (8123) 1.05

    4010 .35
    7408 .15
    7486
    .25
    74194
    .95
    74L04 .30

    4011 .20
    7409 .15
    7489
    1.05
    74195
    .95
    74L10 .20
    74LSOO .20

    4012 .20
    7410 .15
    7490
    .45
    74196
    .95
    74L20 .35
    74LS01 .20

    4013 .40
    7411 .25
    7491
    .70
    74197
    .95
    74L30 .45
    74LS02 .20

    4014 .75
    7412 .25
    7492
    .45
    74198
    1.45 74L47 1.95
    74LS04 .20

    4015 .75
    7413 .25
    7493
    .35
    74221
    1.00
    74L51 .45
    74LS05 .25

    4016 .35
    7414 .75
    7494
    .75
    74367
    .75
    74L55 .65
    74LS08 .25

    4017 .75
    7416 .25
    7495
    .60
    74L72 .45
    74LS09 .25

    4018 .75
    7417 .40
    7496
    .80
    75108A
    .35
    74L73 .40
    74LS10 .25

    4019 .35
    7420 .15
    74100
    1.15
    75491
    .50
    74L74 .45
    74LS11 .25

    4020 .85
    7426 .25
    74107
    .25
    75492
    .50
    74L75 .55
    74LS20 .20

    4021 .75
    7427 .25
    74121
    .35
    74L93 .55
    74LS21 .25

    4022 .75
    7430 .15
    74122
    .55
    74L 123 .85
    74LS22 .25

    4023 .20
    7432 .20
    74123
    .35
    74HOO .15
    74LS32 .25

    4024 .75
    7437 .20
    74125
    .45
    74H01 .20
    74SOO .35
    74LS37 .25

    4025 .20
    7438 .20
    74126
    .35
    74H04 .20
    74S02 .35
    74LS38 .35

    4026 1.95
    7440 .20
    74132
    .75
    74H05 .20
    74S03 .25
    74LS40 .30

    4027 .35
    7441 1.15
    74141
    .90
    74H08 .35
    74S04 .25
    74LS42 .65

    4028 .75
    7442 .45
    74150
    .85
    74H10 .35
    74S05 .35
    74LS51 .35

    4030 .35
    7443 .45
    74151
    .65
    74H11 .25
    74S08 .35
    74LS74 .35

    4033 1.50
    7444 .45
    74153
    .75
    74H15 .45
    74S10 .35
    74LS86 .35

    4034 2.45
    7445 .65
    74154
    .95
    74H20 .25
    74S11 .35
    74LS90 .55

    4035 .75
    7446 .70
    74156
    .70
    74H21 .25
    74S20 .25
    74LS93 .55

    4040 .75
    7447 .70
    74157
    .65
    74H22 .40
    74S40 .20
    74LS107 .40

    4041 .69
    7448 .50
    74161
    .55
    74H30 .20
    74S50 .20
    74LS123 1.00

    4042 .65
    7450 .25
    74163
    .85
    74H40 .25
    74S51 .25
    74LS151 .75

    4043 .50
    7451 .25
    74164
    .60
    74H50 .25
    74S64 .15
    74LS153 .75

    4044 .65
    7453 .20
    74165
    1. 10 74H51 .25
    74S74 .35
    74LS157 .75

    4046 1.25
    7454 .25
    74166
    1.25
    74H52 .15
    74S112 .60
    74LS164 1.00

    4049 .45
    7460 .40
    74175
    .80
    74H53J .25
    74S114 .65
    74LS193 .95

    4050 .45
    7470 .45
    74H55 .20
    74LS367 .75

    4066 .55
    7472 .40
    74LS368 .65

    4069/74C04 .25

    4071 .25
    MCT2
    .95
    LINEARS, REGULATORS, etc.
    4081 .30
    8038
    3.95
    LM320T5 1.65 LM340K15 1.25 LM723 .40

    4082 .30
    LM201
    .75
    LM320T12 1.65
    LM340K18 1.25 LM725N 2.50
    MC 14409 14.50
    LM301
    .45
    LM320T15 1.65 LM340K24 1.25 LM739 1.50
    MC 14419 4.85
    LM308 (Mini) .95
    LM324N 1.25 78L05 .75
    LM741 18-141.25

    4511 .95
    LM309H .65
    LM339 .75
    78L12 .75
    LM747 1. 10

    74C151 1.90
    LM309K C340K-5)85
    7805 (340T5) .95
    78L15 .75
    LM1307 1.25

    LM310 .85
    LM340T12 .95
    78M05 .75
    LM1458 .65

    9000 SERIES LM311 D (Mini) .75


    LM340T15 .95
    LM373 2.95 LM3900 .50

    9301 .85 95H03 1.10


    LM318 (Mini) 1.75
    LM340T18 .95
    LM380cs-14 PINJ .95
    LM75451 .65

    9309 .35 9601 .20


    LM320K51790511.65
    LM340T24 .95
    LM709(8,14 Pl N).25 NE555 .35

    9322 .65 960? 45


    LM320K12 1.65
    LM340K12 1.25
    LM711 .45
    NE556 .85

    NE565 .95

    MICRO'S, RAMS, CPU'S, NE566 1.25


    E-PROMS
    74$188
    3.00 8214 8.95
    INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNLIMITED NE567 .95

    1702A
    4.50 8224 3.25
    MM5314
    3.00 8228 6.00 7889 Clairemont Mesa Boulevard, San Diego, California 92111

    MM5316
    3.50 8251 8.50 (714) 278-4394 (Calif. Res.) SPECIAL
    2102-1
    1.45 8255 8.50 DISCOUNTS
    2102L· 1
    1.75 8T13 1.50 All orders shipped prepaid No minimum Total Order Deduct
    2114
    9.50 8T23 1.50 Open accounts invited COD orders accepted $35- $99 10%
    TR1602B
    3.95 8T24 2.00
    TMS 4044- 9.95 Discounts available at 0 EM Quantities California Residents add 6% Sales Tax $100- $300 15%
    8T97 1.00
    21076-4 4.95 All IC's Prime/Guaranteed. All orders shipped same day received. $301 - $1000 20%
    8080 8.95 2708 9.50
    8212 2.95 Z80 PIO 8.50 24 Hour Toll Free Phone 1-800-854-2211 American Express I BankAmericard I Visa I MasterCharge

    Circle 180 on inquiry card. BY TE Ociobcr 1978 209

    MICROPROCESSOR C MPONENTS he Incredible


    P!Glll CPU fl'i !15 COP 1802 C1'1J S!9 g~
    ELPAC BOeOA CPU
    8212 8-Bit lnpul/Output
    10 9!
    ~ 95
    280
    2650
    CPU
    MP\.I
    2• I!
    26 !iO
    " Pennywhist/e
    POWER 82 1:" Priority Interrupt Control 1 1f'5. MC6800 MPU 19 'iii~
    82 16 Bl·Directional Bus Driver • 95 MC6810API 128 x BStatic Ram 5 9!>
    SUPPLIES 822 <1 Clock Generator/Driver S~ MC6820 Periph. Interlace Adapter J ~
    sna System Controller/Bus Omer .5 ¥..! MC6821 Periph_ lnle1tace Adapter 11 SO
    :~~ ~~:· ~~:~· :~:~~': .~:~ ~:~LB ~:~~~ ~~m A~lf!t :~ ~~~1~~~~~:~ ~~~1:~~~~1~af:rb:~e ~;:~~~;n:n~a~a 1~ i~n~ :~ ~!~~n~: ~:::~.~;
    1 0 0 0
    Completely Assembled ::
    l---...;....;...;_,,,R~"111"'·s,_---------'---=....;..,,;,,R,,,DM;,,S,.-......;...;..._ _-t ~~:_.~·.,":";;;_:~;.~~~i :t'..:::~."7:~.1b~:'!,=~~=
    1
    SPECIFICATIONS :
    105 · 12$.i110 · 2SOVrt. O •·«Otl.r ~: 11'11 1!>& 1 1 St.JP:< s ••'l 1702A 20.tBxl I~ S595 read•lvava1lablepar1s
    lm~ ~u\.Jl"3fl ~:~ ;~,.., • 1 ~~,...-< l ~ ~;~~
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    .!. I> l "".11 0 -~ W r11 "' ~ :l't:i:i'
    4
    102"-ti , t SU!4 1 ;~ 82S 115
    3 ~~4:: 1
    4096 A 1
    ~~:~~
    B1polar
    1~ ~
    19.95
    Data Trmmtnlon Metllad . . . -~;~e~~:~~:,·Shlt1 Keyin9. lull-duple x (hall-duple•
    Maclmum 0111 Rale . ..300 Baud.
    0..t:>111 illt:lllt ll'IO .:-;.:..se 'I) I"..O •PJ IC ro 10 MHz : 1 0 ~ 'S l&l •:O>S , 1 °"-,,.J~ ~ ~ 825123 32 x 8 Tlis1a1e S 00 Data Format . . . ... . ......Asynch ronou sSerial (re1 umto ma rk level 1'Quirrll
    ~ fij!UI~ llQl..ll!gn 00 mt'c;J ohm llt . 900 'll•t: ;i 11 1 :Sd 1 4 Stn< li~ 745287 1024 A 1 S1atic 795 belween eac11 characler)
    Shor! (H( Uil Oin tnl J. ~ •. rr. N f\l ll tt1l :itli 1~ t. 1 ~LI• <: ~ ~ l~\S253 2 32~ E"Pf10 M 9995 Receive Channel Frequencies ...2025 !iz fer space: 2225 Hz 1or mark
    PART HO . RATING$ PRICE ~ : : !l :~ ~ : ~~:; ~;;: lo. " 1~ : ::~: T.l ~;K ~;~~~ ~~ ~~ Transmit Channel Freq11enclu . -~;~t~hm~~~,~~~~ l~; (~~~~:1J i~a~kspace 5 2225
    WA n$ VOLTS. AMP'S :in 4 J h. , 1 ~i.. ~ )Obi. UI i!!o 2716 lntel (2516 I 1 1 16K EPROM 5995 Receln $1111ilml'pl . . •... 46dbm accous11cally coupled
    SOLV15.·S" 15 S 3 Sl(l g5 i' ll lt l ,._ ...~l.nic:>O>-ri t>01 f n-c r 11 ~ 6301·1 1024•1 Tn·Stal eBtpol ar 349 T1i1nsmllteve1 . 15dbmnom1nal. Adj ustab lelrom 6dbm
    SOL'f1 1~ · 1 2'"
    SO Vl0-5 3() 5
    i~
    6
    1~
    5~ 9S !·t"=' I
    I~ 36 .9!i H-115' 'fl ••
    ~~ ~ l
    SI.It <
    ~_,.
    11$
    ~ ~
    6330·1 256x 1 OpenCB1po1ar 2.95 10 -20dbm
    Receive Frequency Tol1uilnce . ..Frequency reference automa1ically al!1us1s 10
    SOl '-'JO ~ 12 JO 12 J 59 95 ! 1~ 1 l!...f .t • Sbl< C~ SHIFT REGISTERS allow Ior epera1ionbetween 1800Hzand 2400 Hz
    cvcr-.olla~~ pt~ltrhOn 10< SOLVJO·S. ·li 9 fJ5 ~~~ ~~ ", 1 ~ ~~ ~~~~:~~ ~~~: ~~Ac~~~~~a~~ Oynai rnc
    OWi
    _·s_o_Lv_1_5-_1_•_
    2_m_M_'_•_O_,P_._,._n._o_ __ __ _ _ _ _l 1.-:oo ~ , l ~1 c SS MM 501 m
    5 81 2 :~ Ol1tllal Dilta lnlerlace. . --~~ ~~;:;~ca~~ ~~n~~l~~;renl loop (receiver~
    01
    1 ' RI MoD 11 9l"-l 1 1?1 • r Su u
    ti
    Z~ 25041
    Dual 50 0J 512 811 Oynamtc
    1024 Dynamic
    2 95
    3 95
    Power Req111rements .
    Physkill
    . ...120 VAC . single Phase. 10 wans

    . . .. .. .All comoonents mount on a smoie 5· oy 9­


    SUP t:~~'fuJ' 1h1 l'1 UI ~~ 1 1
    :%~ 16 l'JJ j gfJ ~~:: ~!: ~~ :::~::;~ ~ ~~ lf~~·t~ vu·.~ ii A..JOJ OW1n1 ~,:,~c~~ubn~:;~n~~o~ ~:1~e;;~~~~~:~,~
    1 0 1

    UHF Chan nel 33 TV l nle r1ace Un it Kil V.. •. ~L 1 t/f11 1'().11C!] I '" 1)11~1 -:C: 16.l l.,, lfY) 2522 Oual t32 B1tSla11c 295
    *Wide Band 8/W or Color System
    Jf- Converts TV to Video Display for
    nrl

    25 13(2 14 01
    ~ 1 ~•"'

    Claracler
    ~ t i. Ile

    RllM "S
    case)
    Ge~erator (up~ e1
    14

    S 9 95
    ~ 2524
    2525
    2527
    512 O~na~1c
    1024 Oynam1c
    Oua1256Br1Stat1c
    99
    295
    295
    the Jrd Hand
    home computers . CC TV camera .
    Apple II. works with Cromeco Oa z
    2513130211 cn~racie r G!Mra10r (lower easel 995
    2528
    2529
    Ouall50Stat.c
    Oua 1240 B11S1a11c
    400
    400 $9.95 each
    ?~16 cn a1ac1 er G eMr~ 1or 1095 2532 OuadSOB11S1 a11c 295
    Zier. SOL-20. IRS-80. Challenger. MMS2:JDN 'Leaves two hands free for

    .
    2048 9,1Aead Only Memory \ 95 2533 1024 S!~hc 2 95
    etc JJ41 Frlo 695 working
    USER MANUALS
    * MOO II is pretuned to Channel 33 "' 74lS67U 4 X J Rea1 ~rer 195 • Clamps on edge of bench, table

    0 (UHF)
    1802
    ZBOM
    COP1802 Mlnuill
    zaoM anu~1 ,,.
    "" UAAT"S or work bench
    *Includes coaxial cable and ,:mten nil
    transformer.
    N.~ ~
    1------SP_E_C_IA
    '~~ u,.......
    -L-RE_Q_U_E_S_TE_D_IT_E~
    M~S------
    '.,
    '-• •) 1g 1) 30K BAUO • Position board on angle or flat
    position for soldering or clipping
    •Sturdy, aluminum conslruclion
    MOD II $29.95 Kit THEPHONE
    ICEYBOARO CHIPS
    AY-59100 S1495
    1tll 0.#1
    JCM,'-Oi)
    ~\,l i11l!
    u·1 n
    l') Q)
    1111 0.S ll.(.l.0 O• ,.
    -.itt110-•"
    'J C.Ul~ ! I ~t ]~
    11c90
    Mi!CU LIJHll ~ 5
    s19 95 MK40?40 s11 so .J ,. ~~:~~~~ manufacturer or
    MCJQ61P 11.95 OS0025CH J 75 > - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 0
    -'. .-f ... 'CRYSTALS ~-·
    AY·S-9200 1495 1c. u r.'O • : ~ UCUf, ) l l IJ~ MC1408L 7 4.95 TI LJ08 10 20
    AY-59500 495
    /\Y-5-237ti 1495
    !CM ." Z'l'.M
    l!:M•"ll1t
    l ty)
    • 9)
    UC U t.V~ 11 MC1408L8 575 95H90 11 95 DIGITAL STOPWATCH
    - .' "t.;-... -~ THESE FRE QUENCIES OHL Y L0\ 10!11 \ S250015e1 .. Bnqr1 6 Cl.!;111 LW O•SPlay - 'Ill' it
    ~ H00165 795 MC4016(7W6J 150 .11111es10591mnu1es5959seconds
    1~C922 9 95 4N33 395
    ~ FREQUENCY ~ !'.!!1£.g .C1ys1a1 Contr oll ed Time Base
    •Three Stopwatcties in One
    CY!• 1000MHz HC33 5 95
    CY! So 18432MHz HC33 5 95 The Sinclair PDM35. !1mes S,nqtehen1 - Spl1!&Taylor
    • Size 4 S ~ 2 1s· x 90 14 ''1ounces]
    CYl1\
    CY1 01
    2 OOOMHz
    2 OtOMHz
    HC33
    HC33
    5 95
    1.95
    Apersonal digital • Uses 3 Penl1 te Cells
    Kil - $39.95
    C'r1 50
    CYJ ?1
    2 500MHz
    3 2768MHz
    HC33
    HC33
    4.95
    4 95
    muhimeter foronly S59·95 Assembled - S49 .%
    CVJ 57 3 579545MHz HC33 4.95 h~ h .. lt.4• ..-lfl" ..-1•11 ttHoy Duty c..,., Cue 15 . ~
    C'rJ.\ 4.000MHz HC18 4 95 Ul......_. ,_,_···j
    CY4 '9 1 4 916MHz HC 18 4 95
    w.,.. 1....1 ... K<.:>J. \ ~lop W•l<h Ch ip Doty t120SJ s1g,g5
    ' • · • ' "" ' .. "" ' I "" • " h"•••I
    C'f f A 5 OOOMHz HC 18 4 95 '°I 111 \l ollllj'"Wl...,,.. Jdo•

    ilM3 /zD~I~~~
    1
    (j\ •8
    cY6 ••
    5 !85MHz
    6 144MHz
    HC 18
    HC 18
    4 95
    4 95
    ... ,.. ., ., \ •\\
    W" \ •h1• .. ll •

    .... . ... ....., ...


    ~ Uh l

    1... · ~·- · KIT


    CY6 •O 6 400MHz HC 18 4 95 J . \. 11 t\t 1 I ,,_ ...... 111 n•"'•"* l' ••-..• •I
    11... , .. , ......") .....\
    CY6 55 6 5536MHz HC18 4 95 r*' , ..... ,..~ .1... 11 r ··~ .. 1r \. ...... . . .. .:. •• I ll . , __

    ..
    r t JI ~•• . \I ,,. '- \~ , • ,.., ""• • 0 I "- \
    (YO/I 10 OOOMHz 4.95

    •
    HC 18 I \ rt 1\t .. 1.J Mn11u..o•• 1l••.,1• •I
    t Y1.1A 14 31818MHz HC18 4 95 ,1. .... J ',1 11 o..I 11 • • • • • • ,.,. •• 11••
    C't'191'. 18 OOOMHz HC18 4.95 ... 1 ' 1"- ·- ..,... _. ,,...,,.~
    ••• ..&.-. \ _ __' ' • ••I u ...,
    ' . ­ ..
    tY 1!1. 43 18 .4 32MHz HC18 4 95
    ,,. , ., , , 1 ..
    ' . . . ... .
    r · • r
    '
    ... . '
    ... .. ,.""'" .1 1:io.... - ....... ... . f ... . 1 ""'

    lY7?A
    CYJO•
    20 OOOMHz
    32 00ij.•, 1.Ht
    HC18 4 95 . ..... J .
    ------ ~
    ~tCll!. 4 95 ~A I NU -~$(""-RIP I I N PRtCI- ~·.~·.~ .-:~~.;.~· ::·::·_..
    POM35 Dign<1 I Mullimeter •- -· . _ S59.95 ·;;::;- .~;.'·" ~ f'lew Bipol.ir Unit : t~!i° :g~;;ty
    AUTO-TEL KITS POM-AC
    PDM ·DP
    117volt AC Adapter
    Deluxepaddedcarryingcase
    6.95 .._ . ,. ~ .... .. ,.
    6 95 ~ •o , . .. ,....,.....
    • Auto Zeroing
    • 5" LED •Single IC Unit
    As Featured in August - Popular Electronics t - - - - - - - -- - - ' - T - - - - · - - - - - - - t Model KB500 DPM Kit $49.00
    An Electronic
    31h·Diolt Portable DMM
    ~~.= Model KB503 5V Power Kit $17.50
    • tl v••lo1i1P•olerltd
    100 MHz 8-Digit Counter
    Warning Device • .l l "I )~ [[ () [)1;plA)
    JE700 CLOCK

    ~
    • r~. ll t.'r y u I AC oµl' l.11 • tO H?·100MHl f1anqe • Four power sauces . 1 e
    For Tcmperature . A111o l emu1 c1 • G"tEO Olsplay batteries. t 10or 220V w11h T!le J t :OO osa lo,.. 1v•I J>rtJ" • •r> lliUI
    • C1ys1at·ccntrollell hmetlilse cha19er 12V w11h ilulo r ) : ~ ,') ... .. l~"l;l."" ~ t... ,, ,
    and Oil Failure • 10111 \Vl O l ohm 1e~oli•t1cu
    • rut!yAut omauc hqhter adapter ar\11 e~!einal
    ' I ._·'
    ....... .. ··i:ar-• .. . .... , ,..... .. .., .

    • O~c1JnQe t C ~th111J • Por1a~ 1e - comp1e1eiy 7 2-lOV power supply ~... r l I• , ~. , I II •l.;n


    • 11l1 nr11in1 w1 u1111c,.11e11tc
    • IJ1'.J\r c11 1,ic:y 1°. typr l;i l • ~~:/~n\a~;~dJa MAX·100 $134 .95 ~ .. .- -..­ MA Ni2 h•~ h b 1 11i'1l n~ss rt• 11101,1 .1 rid !"~

    ,
    ,~
    MMSJ1l (IOC~ c11o11
    Ranges: DC Vol!"1}c · 0 !UI OV d6J" 1? 012~ Haur
    AUTOTEL - An audible alarm kit in dicating po lential en ­
    gine dJmJge An audible signal (70 db pulsing) irn·
    medii'ltety forewarns a malfunction or failure . There is no
    At: Vcill ,1Qe 0-10 00V
    ltetl Res po n;e 50 ~0 0 Ht
    OC1AC Cutren! 0-100mA
    115 VAC KfT ONLY $16. 95
    !les1sldntf 0 11J meg orin1

    sound during normal operation. Features CMOS circui! ry.


    Complete kit with alt $4 95 /ea Model 2800
    So1e [j ~ ' J J • 2

    Accessories:
    JE803 PROBE ~~
    ca 1nponents . hardware. . • ACCESSORIES FOR MAX 100: Ire lOQ•CProoe •)A un.1.. ~.e ll •SIO• !t"e >nOSI OJt! . ~ ~ -- ..J
    $99.95 AC Adaptor BC·28 $9-00 int1tSPtn ~i01 e "' 1roub1e srviol1'1~ :OQ1{ la m o l f~ -.....,,.......__ !
    McbU1 Ch1rg1r Ellmln1tor
    1/ 16 VECTOR BOARD
    O• 11oleSPH•no
    Pa11No L
    P-Panem
    w 1·9
    P"te
    10 up . • "' I
    .' ~
    Rechargeable
    Battorios BP·26 20.00
    Carrying Cm LC·28 7.50
    usepower1r om carbane1y
    Chtrger/Ellmlnator
    usetlOVAC
    Model 100-CLAS39S

    M~del100-C:AISUS
    nt Ol l Rl t CMOS 11 Ctr"f~ lfle oo ... er <I
    nee!l s to ope•a1e a,·ec111 011 ~ · ·~p c··cu 1 1mo t1
    test Qr,1w1no .i SCd ~ I 10 mA ma. 11 u~es ~ MANJ
    ieadoi.I to •nll•cale dn y 01 Tii t IQ1IOwonq s t~I H Oy
    6~P44 062X XXP
    169P44062XXXP '"
    '50
    650
    1700
    172
    369 '"
    332
    t--------------....L..-------------1 ~:~~ote:::~~:,;:'.0" 1:~~~~~cr 0 ~~~s1;•J ;M~~e $9.95 Per Kit 1 0 1

    63 ·K ey Un enco ded IKEYBOARDS IHexadecimal


    It {an 1 De us ~ d JI MOS ie-e:s o• cue i1t da md~ e
    64PH062WE '50 650 207 186
    84P4~ 062WE '50 050 256 231 Key Pad o• iflted l.JOard nrcu11
    169PH06/WE '50 '53 Unencoded
    169P 8 ~ 062WE 050
    1700
    1700 '"
    913 826
    PL 5V 1A Supply
    { 1'\) ~Y ~.1.5 $
    W f"f\ ll Cl.IO
    169PH06?WECr '50 1700 600 61?
    ... l n1s1s as1anGard nLoowers11001yuSlll QlheweMknown

    . .'
    - •• '' l LM309Kre9u1ator:c1op1o••C1easo1.dlAMP01cu" en1a1S
    vo11s We lr; 10 ma~e 1n1n9s ~ as~ tor you Oy i:uo., C1110
    .q
    ..... - - -:0.Mi CONNECTORS ~ ~ " "
    .

    •
    heiyln1n~ y011neeoonone pdc~ag e 1nc lu01n~ !Mt nari1 ware

    .
    =s=
    Gm•••~ 25 Pln-0 Subminlalure '" '"'' JE225 $9.95 Per Kit
    This is a 63 ·key. terminal keyboard newly

    0Sl5PIH p lctUIO~I PLUG SJ 25 manufaclured by a large computer manufac·

    OB2SS SOCKET 4.95 lurer. It is unencoded wilh SPST keys, unat­ PROTO BOARDS
    t--'o~s-'-s~m=•·~1_ _ _ _-'-
    Co~•-'-
    rr-'t-'-
    or-'O'-'l=
    l1 5 _
    P..;;o_•S~_..;.•.;.7;;.
    5 -1 tached to any kind of PC board. A very solid 19-key pad includes 1-10 keys.

    molded plastic 13 x 4'" base suits most applica· ABCOEF and 2 op ti ona l keys and a PROTO BOARO 6

    MOLEX CONNECTOR PINS lion. IN STOCK $29.95/each shift key $10.95/each $15.95 PB100 - 4 5" x 5· s. 1g 9~
    16" long X 4" w'de) PB101 - 5.8"' 4 5" 12 95
    $5.00 Minimum Order - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 251 PB102 · 7" x 4.5" 26 gs
    Wf?'1W1iWW M-530·1 California Residents - Add 6% Sales Tu 1g79 A Cata log Available-Send 41< slamp P8103
    PB104
    - 9" x 6"
    - 95 " x8"
    44. 95
    54 9~
    PB203 · 9.75 x 611i x 2Jf• ; :>. 00

    INSTRUMENTI
    LOCK CASE
    Jameco ELECTRONICS
    PHONE
    OROERS
    WELCOME
    (415) 592 ·8097 t#WtUtH
    PB203A - 9.75 x 6 1/2 x 2l• 124 .95
    ( 1 nc1u~es ~ o wer suPPlyl

    PROTO CLIPS
    MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE
    • . . , _ .......:. ••• .., • • ~ ... .r o:" oLI ­

    1021 HOWARD AVENUE. SAN CARLOS. CA 94070


    Advertised Prices G"od thru October
    •
    nllmmmm;;;;"
    Ill
    '
    ··)llM-"-.····
    f.
    14
    16
    24
    40
    PIN
    PIN
    PIN
    PIN
    S' ~
    ..;7 5
    8 !-0

    ""'"'"" 13.IS

    210 BYTE Odoher 19 78 Circle 200 on inquiry card.


    W~~~~~A:rR~~T .~:~2P·~---------~
    ··.
    • Tool fo1 30 AWG Wrre
    o Roll of 50 Ft. Wh il e or Blu e 30 AWG Wir• ·, ~
    -~\'
    ~\
    ·.,
    • 50 pcs. each r ·. 2· .. J• & 4·· lengths - \ .
    pre-stripped wire . "· 0 ·.
    $12.95 "·­ --.
    .. -? WIRE WRAP TOOL WSU-30
    WRAP o STRIP o UNWRAP -$6.95
    WIRE WRAP WIRE - 30 AWG

    Precisio n timing circuit !or


    generat1ng timingpulsesin ml·
    nutas, hours and days or up lo
    1 year lly using 1wo. Reduces
    costoltimede!aycircuits. Basic
    555 Timer with lluill·in 8-bit
    Counter.

    TYPE VOLTS W PRICE TYPE VOLTS W PRICE


    1'046 33 400m 4·1 00 1N400S 600 PllJ 1 AMP 101100
    1N751A S1 400m 4 I 00 1N4006 800PllJ 1 AMP 101100
    1N7S2 S6 4Q0m 41 OD 1N4007 1000PllJ I AMP 101100
    1N7 53 62 40Cl!Tl 4 1 0D 1NJ60D 50 2Dl)n 61100
    1N754 68 400'n 4100 1N4148 75 l(Jm 1S i100
    \N959 82 40Qm 4 1 00 1N4154 JS 10m 1211 .00
    1N9 65B 15 400m 4 1 00 1N4J05 75 25m 101100
    1N5232 S6 500m 28 1N471J S6
    ""
    l•
    1N52J4 62 500m 18 1N47JS 62 1w
    1NS23S 68 500m 18 1N47J6 68 lw
    1N5136
    1N456
    15
    25
    500m
    40m
    18
    6 1 00
    1N4738
    1N4742
    82
    12
    1w
    lw
    ""
    1N458
    1N485A
    150
    180
    7m
    10m
    6 1 00
    S 1 00
    1N4744
    1N118 3
    15
    50 PIV
    lw
    3S AMP 160
    ""
    ...
    1N400 1 50 Piii 1 AMP 111 00 1N1 18 4 100 PlV 35AMP 1.70
    1N4002 100 PllJ I AMP 121 DO IN 1185 150PllJ 35AMP 170
    1NJ003 100 PllJ 1 AMP 12100 \Nl186 100P11J 35AMP
    1N400J JOO PllJ 1 AMP 111 00 1N1188 400 Pill ) ~ AMP 100
    SCR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
    CJ60 ~~· ~ 4- •' SCll1l.. U •
    CJBM j~ t.)O , SC•
    1N2328
    MOA980· 1
    MDA980·J
    '~ ... ~ .)OC?I"
    l~ "' l" ~·
    Ti: .O f.. :'U:,,
    '" r.•li'tlh!':lli~
    t'~ !!l!.IDG.!
    A! C
    F.i[

    50 TRANSISTORS 1NJ904 ' .,


    "
    .
    1N3055 89 2N390S
    5 100
    6 \ 00
    MJE J055
    2N3391
    1 DO
    5 1 00
    1N3906
    2N4 01J
    ""'
    ".,
    6> DO
    5' DO
    5·00
    2N3398
    PNJ567
    PtlJ568
    S!OO
    3 I 00
    J \00
    2N41l3
    PN.1249
    PNJ250
    l ""
    ""
    .t -100
    ~ ' 00
    17 5 PNJ569 J100 1NJ400 J •lOO
    liS t.1PSJ6J8.\ 5-100 2N4J01 4100
    1N4J02
    J100
    3100
    '" MPSJ701
    2''1370J
    MPSJ7N
    S 1 00
    5100
    5 1 00
    1N4-l03
    2N4409
    4100

    ""'
    4100
    5100
    1N370S
    MPS3705
    S 1 00
    St 00
    2NSOE6
    2NS087 "'"''
    .,
    '' "
    '""'
    " 00
    5100
    2N3706
    MPSJ706
    2NJ707
    5 , 00
    S 1 00
    S·l 00
    2NS088
    1N50B9
    2NS129
    11 00
    " 00
    '1 DO
    4100 1N3711 5100 PN5134 '100
    4100 2NJ72 JA 6S PNS1J8
    5 1DO
    51DO
    1N37 ?5,.
    2N3172
    1 00
    1.25
    2N51J9
    :;i !'l$}1 ~
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    125 1tl3813 100 i· i ~~'t
    :?: 1 00 2N3903 41 ;t•. )951 ""'
    ""'
    1t 10·99 100 · Ii 1Q'B 100
    1001 C) 04 03 001µF ~ Go! Q)~
    2201 C-!I 04 03 0047µF C) Q.i Gil
    114 WATTS•., SOPCS 4701 C:~ 04 03 OlµF OS G.1 .J~
    10001 C!i 04 OJ 021µf ~ C'"3 Col­
    12001 0$ 04 03 0471,F O!i ~ 0­
    114 WATI 5°e SOPCS 47 0p f 0~ 04 OJS 1,,f 11 ot OJS
    100VOLT MY LAR FILM CAPAC ITORS
    114 WATT 5 °0 50PCS
    001m! 17 10 07 012m1 13 11 08
    0021 12 10 07 047mr 21 17 13

    "'
    _\Ji'. 0047mf 12 10 07 !m1 17 13 17
    ASST. 4 Sea 8?"' !Q I( s•. Olm !
    '" '"' 114 WATT 50 PCS 12 10 07 22mT 33
    +20'Yo DIPPEO TAHTALUMS (SOLID) CAPACITORS
    17 22

    ASST. 5 Su '"
    'i6K ,,,
    ]jl(

    "'
    100•. l(Q•. 114 WATT 5•. SOPC:S
    1 35V
    1S351J
    28
    28
    23
    13
    17
    17
    1513511
    2212511
    30
    31
    16
    17
    21
    22
    15QK 180~ ?~a~ JJQK 113511 18 13 17 33/2511 31 27 11
    ASST. 6 5 ea. 390~ J1Qp1, 6HO!'i 8201( 114 WATT s•. 50PCS 3JtJSIJ 18 13 17 4712511 31 28 13
    47 1J51J 18 13 17 6.812511 36 Jl 15
    ;i 74LSOO TTL ~:t~m (,')
    (.j AS ST. 7 5u
    1M
    7 1M
    12M
    J JM
    ISM
    3 9M
    18M
    4 7M
    2? M
    ~ fiM l/4 wAn 5•1. 50PCS
    68/35V
    10/351/
    28
    18
    2J
    13
    17
    17
    1012511
    1512511
    .40
    63
    3S
    .SO
    29
    40
    ]l 74LS51

    .Mt------------------'-------'---------1
    ~ ASST. BR Includes Resistor Assortments 1·7 (350 PCS ~
    23 74LSISS
    O'J.
    n
    74LS54
    74LS55
    .23
    .23
    74LS157
    74 LS160
    $9.95 ea. MINIATURE AlUMIHU MElECTROlrTlC CAPACITORS
    A1ialL11a11 Ralllalleall
    Ci 74LS73 .35 74LS161 471501/ 15 13 10 4111511 15 .1 3 10
    Zl 74LS74 35 74LS162 H SS.OD Minimum Order ­ U.S . Funds Only Spec Sheels-25< 10/5011 16 14 11 4715011 16 14 11
    ?3 74LS75

    ,,,,,
    .49 74LS163
    }1 74LS76 .35 74LS 164 ~ Cali forn ia Residents ­ Add 6% Sales Tax 1978 A Catalog Available-Send 41< stamp 3315011 t4 12 09 1011611 .15 13 10
    fi1 74LSBJ 4 712SIJ 1S 1~ ID I 012 511 16 14 11
    75 74LS175
    !tJ 74LS85 .99 74LS181 1011511 15 1J 10 10/SOIJ 16 14 11

    ......
    l'i 74LS86 .35 74LS190 II 10/5011 16 14 11 41116\/ 15 13 10
    :l'l 74LS90 -49 74LS191 II PHONE 1211511 17 15 11 J7f251J 15 lJ 10
    ?i 74LS92 .59 74LS192
    n 74LS9J 59 74LS193 ORDERS 11150V
    4712511
    14
    19
    20
    17
    18
    15
    4 7/5011
    1011511
    16
    14
    14
    12
    11
    09
    19
    Xi
    74LS95
    74LS96
    79
    .89
    74LS194
    74LS 195
    WELCOME 4715011 25 21 19 10/1511 15 13 10
    H 74LS 107 3S 74LS2S3 ELECTRONICS (415) 592-8097 10011511 14 20 18 1015011 .1 6 14 12
    n
    »
    74LS109
    74LS1 12
    .35
    .JS
    74LS2S7
    74LS260 "
    ""
    1001sov
    12012SIJ
    3s
    31
    30
    28
    18
    25
    4715011
    10011611
    14
    . 19
    21
    .15
    .1 9
    14
    ~ 74LS123 99 74LS279 MAIL ORDER ELECTRON/CS ­ WORLDWIDE
    ,.,"""
    110150\J 45 41 J8 10012511 14 .20 18
    lt 74LS1J2 79 74LSJ67 47012511 ·_33 19 27 100/5011 .35 JO .18
    t.1 74LS136 .J9 74 LS368 1021 HOWARD A VENUE . SAN CARLOS. CA 94070
    ,1 74LS!38 .69 74LS670 100011 611 .SS 50 45 21011611 23 11 18
    Advertised Prices Good thru October 220011 6\1 .70 .61 5S 470125\1 .31 2' 1- u

    Circle 200 on inquiry card . BYTE October 1978 211


    LRC Inc, Technical Research Park,
    PERIPHERALS Riverton WY 82501, has announced
    the availability of improved versions of
    its 7000 series matrix impact printers.
    LRC Improved Series of Matrix Impact Printers Improvements include a new drive cam
    for the print head which is said to
    result in a uniform character width at
    the extreme ends of the print line as well
    as a decreased failure rate .
    Available in ticket printer models as
    well as in roll paper models, all units
    have multiple copy capability with the
    print line capacity of 40 columns at 12
    characters to the inch. Ticket printer
    versions are available in 22 column
    models. 1 line or 5 line document
    validation is optional on rollpaper
    models. Prices range from $66.50
    to $282 depending upon model, op·
    tions and quantity.•
    Circle 564 on inqui ry card.

    Data Communications Adapter Pertee Announces Double Head, Double


    Density Microfloppy
    incorporating a fully programmable
    The new FD250 Microfloppy disk
    modem and Telco interface. These
    drive stores up to 437.5 K bytes without
    functions are usually accomplished by
    operator intervention. Double density,
    the use of two separate modules: a serial
    hard or soft sectoring, and write protect
    10 board and an external modem. The
    are all standard features. The unit
    80-103A combines these features on a
    can write and read data on both sides
    single board .
    of a diskette .
    A S-1 00 computer and a Telco
    Measuring 3.25 inches by 5.75 by
    1001 D data access arrangement (DAA)
    8 inches (8.26 by 14.61 by 20.32 cm),
    are all that is needed to control the
    the F D250 weighs 3 .2 lbs ( 1.45 kg).
    adapter and interface to the telephone
    Its seek time is 25 ms track-to-track,
    network.
    The price of the 80-103A is$ 279.95 with head settling time of 10 ms (last
    This 80-103A Data Communications track addressed) and a maximum head
    from DC Hayes Associates In c, POB
    Adapter has been developed to function 9884, Atlanta GA 30319.• loading time of 35 ms.
    The recommended recording mode is
    as a S-100 bus compatible serial interface Circle 565 on inquiry card.
    frequency modulation (FM) on single
    density and modified frequency mod­
    ulation (MFM) on double density.
    New Programmable UART Int erface Recording density (inside track) is
    2768 to 5536 bpi, with 1750 K bits per
    disk (single density and unformatted)
    or 3500 K bits per disk (double density
    and unformatted).
    The F D250 is priced at $ 3 25 per
    unit for quantities of 100. For further
    information contact Pertee Computer
    Corp, Pertee Division, 9600 Irondale Av,
    Chatsworth CA 91311.•
    Circle 566 on inquiry card.

    Put Your PET on the Bus


    The PET -488 cable assembly makes
    the PET computer plug-compatible with
    The COM6402, a programmable uni­ mable through the use of external con­ any device using the IEEE 488 bus. The
    versal asynchronous transceiver (UART) trols. There may be five, six, seven and PET computer can become the con­
    with high clock frequencies, low power eight data bits, odd, even or no parity, troller for a variety of electronic test
    requirements and independent program­ and one or two stop bits or 1.5 stop bits equipment and computer peripherals.
    ming capabilities, has been introduced when utilizing a 5 bit code. The cable assembly plugs directly into
    by Standard Microsystems Corp. Com­ COM6402 is TTL compatible and re­ the edge connector on back of the PET
    patible with industry standard UA RTs, quires only a single ±5 V power supply. computer and has an IEEE -488 com­
    the COM6402 is a pin for pin replace­ It is fully double buffered to eliminate patible connector on the other end.
    ment for Harris H D-6402 and I ntersil the need for ex ternal timing and pro­ The cable meets all IEEE-488 spec ifi ca­
    IM6402. vides start bit verification to decrease tions for shielding and crosstalk and is
    CMOS/LSI technology permits oper­ error rate. Three state outputs are bus 18 inches (45 cm) long. The price of
    ator clock frequencies up to 3.2 MH z structure oriented. the PET-488 cable assembly is $30
    (200 k bps) while requiring only 10 mW For further information, contact (California residents add 6% sales tax).
    of power. Duplex mode, bps rate, data Standard Microsystems Corp, 35 Marcus Contact Pickles & Trout, POB 1206,
    word length, parity mode and number of Blvd, Hauppauge NY 11787 .• Goleta CA 93017 .•
    stop bits are independently program­ Circle 568 on inquiry card. Circle 567 on inquiry card .

    212 October 1978 ©BY TE Publications Inc


    Circle 388 on inquiry card .

    2708/2716 EPROM

    MEMORY BOARD

    * S-100 BUS

    *
    1-32 KBYTES USING EITHER 2708 OR 2716 EPROMS

    *
    HIGH/LOW LIMIT ADDRESS RANGE SELECTION

    * MEMORY BANK SELECT OPTION

    * SOLT• COMPATIBLE MEMORY DISABLE

    * SELECTABLE WAIT STATES

    * FULLY BUFFERED INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

    * DOUBLE SOLDER MASK

    * SILK SCREENED PARTS LAYOUT

    IT WILL TELL YOU WHERE TO GO ­


    * COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION

    CPU-1™8080A CPU BOARD WITH

    8 LEVEL VECTOR INTERRUPT.


    $30. BARE
    $100. KIT (LESS EPROMS)
    $30. BARE $185. KIT TESTED AND ASSEMBLED $130.
    $220. ASSEMBLED AND TESTED (LESS EPROMS)
    DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

    / Wmt:'] TM WAMECO INC .


    DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

    inc. 3107 LANEVIEW DRIVE SAN JOSE CA. 95132 WmC inc. WAMECO INC . 31 07 LANEVIEW DRIVE SAN JOSE CA 951 32
    TM

    IRONDURE COMPANY 2522 BUTLER ST.


    DALLAS, TEXAS 75235
    214 - 630-4621 tine camputer raam
    ASCII SELECTRIC DATEL SELECTRIC (IBM Selectric Mechanism)
    SPECIAL SALE Printer Mechanism : Heavy
    OO duty Input/output, Series
    $875 . 745. Specifications:
    Weight : 120 lbs. Dimen­ eSi z e: 2l"Wx2l"Dx8 " H.
    sions : 29"Hx35"Wx33"D . ePower Input 115 Volt
    Hz
    Print Speed : (14.8 charac­ •I nferface: RS232
    ters per second) •Weight : 54 lbs. (Shipping
    TESTED WITH
    Platen : 15" wide, pin feed weight 6 5 lbs.)
    NEW
    or form feed devic e option­ • 15" Carriage
    al ( 132 print positions). e 15 CPS
    ASCII
    •Correspondence code
    Parallel outpu t only-15
    ELECTRONICS
    characters pe r second ac­ •Half Duple x
    cepts 7 bit ASCII parallel • • • • • • • • • • • • • 132 Print Positions, 10
    w/strobe & prints on Sele c ­ Pitch
    tric. The unit still works as
    a typewriter in off- l i ne
    ASCII Selectric with ASCII parallel electronics.

    Immediate Delivery-Shipped from inventory.

    mode. Used $395

    NOVATION DC3102A
    SHUGART
    Tl 990/4 MINI-FLOPPY DRIVE
    Used Single Board 16 Bit Micro
    Working
    Computer
    N E W $250.00

    NEW PRICE
    USED MODE MS & COUPLERS $325 . 00 ea. FLAT PACK ACOUSTICAL
    NOVATION TC10 2 (Acoustic) $45.00 MODEM PICK-UP
    AJ 233 (Acoustic) ••..• ..... ....... .. $ 25. 00 M o del SA -400 Useable with most modem
    CF 318 (Hard Wire) .. •........ ..... . $25.00 chips/kits
    RS232 Connection
    300 Baud . Used ­ $17 . 50 Cw/prin t s)

    ORDERING INFORMATION : SHIPPING INFORMATION :


    We ship the same day we receive a certified check or money order. Modems : $2 .00 each; 2 for $4.00 UPS .
    Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Please call if you have a question. Large I terns & Parts : Specify Freight or Air Freight Col le ct
    Wri t e for our CATALOG of many parts, terminals , printers, etc. Foreign Orders: Add appropriate fre ight o r pos t age.
    All items subject to availability . Your money returned if we are out We now take Master Charge and Visa orders, Specify full number,
    of stock. bank number and expiration date.

    Circle 314 on inquiry card. BYTE Oci obe r 19 78 213


    DUAL TRACE
    15 MEGAHERTZ
    $43500
    PORTABLE MINISCOPE

    MADE
    INTHE
    U.S.A.!

    . ...
    FEATURES
    • Dual Trace- 2 channel: separate, • Time Base - 0.1 microseconds to • Power consumption less than 15W.
    chopped or alternate modes. 0.5 Sec/div - 21 settings. • Verticle Gain - 0.01 to50 volts/div
    • 15 megahertz bandwidth. • Battery or line operation. -12 settings.
    • External and internal trigger. • Automatic and line sync modes. • Weight is only J pounds.
    From the originator of the Digital Voltmeter. Non-Linear Systems comes the MS-215 Miniscope. It is a fine
    electronic instrument with a great deal ofmeasuring capability and excellent accuracy. Its design is modern. utilizing
    the latest in low-powered integrated circuits. andit is packaged into the smallest practical size. The instrument fits into
    many briefcases and tool boxes with room to spare.
    Operating characteristics have been chosen so that the MS-215 will make all of the measurements needed in
    servicing most electronic equipment. It is field-portable so its use is not restricted to the bench.
    SPECIFICATIONS: Triggering
    Internal: Sweep 1riggered from internal trigger source (In the
    Acceuoriea
    Furnished: Tilt s1and, benerv charger, 2 input cables. end 3
    Ve11ical dual trace modes. the internal trigger source is CH1 ). miniature banana plugs .
    Mode: CH1. CH2. CH1 & CH21Chopped) & CH1 & CH2 IAll.J

    Automatic: Tr igger source is internal cal1brater frequency To be Optional: Leather carrying case end probes
    The Following Specilicsrions apply ro each channel used if there is no other trigger soura:i ava ilable 10 Warrranty: One veer parts end labor. Mede in Iha U.SA

    Y Axis
    synchronize the s'W'Oep.
    Line Trigger 1s derived from line freQuency when using the
    VertickJ Input: 1OmV/div to SOV in 12 Calibrated ranges. es follows
    x1-10mV/div to lOV/div in four ranges. each contin­ banerv charger MS-215 with Rechargeable Batteries
    uously variable. Extemal: Conlrols funclio n es for in1ernal triggering (1 Megohm
    x2-20mV/div to20mV/div in four ranges, each contin­ input impedance) . and Charger
    uously variable. Slope: Selects sync to posillve· or negative· going waveform
    x5-50mV /div to SOmV/div in four ranges, each contin­ Coupling: AC $395.00
    uously vairiable . Sensi1tvity: Less than 1 div for inlernal trigger and less !hen 1 volt
    Accuracy is 3% for external trigger. Leather Carrying Case
    Input lmpedence: l M ohm shunted by SO pF. level: Trigger Level conlrol per mils continuous adJUSlment of
    trigger point in ell modes except Auto . The leather casehas2 separste compartments. One toholdthescope. the
    Bendwkhh: DC/DC to 15 Mhz :t6 dbl DC to8 Mhz 13 db). AC, same other to hold the charger. probe. shoulder strap. etc. The csse can be worn
    as DC down to 3Hz . Internal Calibratar: A square-wave signal of 1 volt p-p %: 5% is provided
    Frequency is approximately 1KHz. on the belt. or over the neck.
    Rite Time: Approximately 23 nS @ 1 division deflec1ion The snaps used on the csse are "one way". thus accidental striJcing of
    Input Voltage: 250 maximum (DC and Peak AC). Display the case against an object will not undo the snaps or l etitbepul ledo llyour
    Horizontal Graticule: 4x5 div. each division is 0 .25 inch. Viewing area beh.
    Mode: Internal Time Base or External Horizontal, switch 1.1"H11:1 .35 'W

    selectable. In the XY mode. vertical inpul is through CRT: Bluish-wh ite phospher. medium peristence. CRT uses
    41 -140 $45.00
    CHl and horizontal input is through CH2 low power filamen1 for low banerv drain. Instant onl

    Bandwidth:
    Coupling:
    DC to 200 KHz (t3 dbl.
    AC. DC or ground, switch selectable . low frequency
    Power

    On -Board BatterM11: Three sealed, rechargeable lead acid ··o.. Cells

    Probes
    point on AC is 3 Hz. Operating Time : Typically 4 hours.
    10 to 1 probe with 10 megohm input .
    Input lmpedence: lMeg ohm shunted try< 50 pf. Charging Time Scope Operating : Will run indefinitely but not reach full
    Probe uses spring hook tip for sure connection. Compensation network is
    Deflection Factor: 10mV/div to 50V/div in 12 calibra1ed ranges. charge.
    located at.the connector rather than at the probe. so as to keep size and
    The ranges can be calibraledwith the CH2 gain control Non-operating: Si11:teen hours
    Input Voltage: 250V maximum (DC and Peak AC) we ight to o minimum
    External Power: Battery charger 11 5 vec (220 vac on request). 50­
    Time Bue; 0.1uS/divto0.6 Sec/divin21' calibrated rengee, 400Hz. less then 15 wans. 41-141 $27.00
    as foUows: Oimen1ion1: 3 .1""H11:6 .4'Wx8 .0 '" 0.
    x1. uS-0.1 uS/div to 100 uS/div. x2.. uS·0.2uS/div to Weight: Three pounds.
    200 uS/div. Environment
    x5, uS-0.5uS / div to 500uS/div.x1, mS·0.1 mS/d ivto Operating Temperature: 0° to 40 °C Deluxe Combination Probe
    100 mS/div Shock and Vibration: Des1gnedtowi1h stand normal shock end vibration Switchable 10to111 to1 probe wirh anassortmentofprobe

    x2., mS·0.2mS/div to 200 mS/div. x5. mS·0.5mS/div encountered in commercial shipping end handling.

    to 500 mS / dlv.
    tips ro suit any situation.
    ell in four ranges. each continuously variable. (Range 41-3495 536.00
    increments er . 1. 1. 10. 100.) Wilhvernierin full clock­

    $50.00 OFF
    w ise position, celibra1ed time measurements ere
    possible . Accuracy is 3%.

    +
    Send
    , PRIORITY
    flm; VISAr~t C~C~:;, ~~'~'"'~
    Sl~
    rnum orot1 s.1 0 00 O·a.ers less
    please include your phone no

    lor 011r Latesl b rochu re


    11'1ilfl

    phone orders welcome


    ONE
    t~~:·s~n10~~.~t~~~.n~...d~~ ~~.~~9 ~
    re-l t1"t1~ Ju~I
    OD 1{1c li...n-e 10 '>'. "Y
    "Sorry, no ever the counter sales"
    (213) 973-4876
    ELECTRONICS ()

    "11 .it\ C- nan<J 1D!) exces!I 1n


    Good 1'1ruNov1978
    C..,S(!

    OE M an d lnsl1lul1 o na l inQ uir1es1nv1ted

    214 BYTE October 1978 Circle 306 on inquiry card.


    LM3A 3 dig 1 % DC . ... . . . . $134.00
    ~ 1¢-
    SALE
    "" ' .....,..,.,,
    1i1s­1s
    . '.,$318. ~: (
    1.11H1sc·~o~PE=----••--_,
    LM3.5A 3\'.i dig .5% DC . .. $ 158.SO : ~~ 1~::iga~~~~z;~,~~~;,;~,\~ger
    lN.OA 4 d\g .1 '% DC..... .. $ 209.00 •T im e base - .1 mlcrosec. to 0.5Sec/dlv - 21
    LM•A 4 din 03% DC
    • •
    c. 250 OD
    • Rechargeable batteries and charger in­
    eluded
    set11ngs . .!.3%.
    • •' • " .. • • Battecyorlineopmtion.
    : =e~~~~:U~nP~~~"~~;!iis.
    • Voll lta l G1in - ,01 to~ VldlY . 12, 1lllng1 .t J%
    s
    this M AGAZ INE
    PROBE 1¢
    PROBE 1e with lhe
    purchase 01 SCOPE
    lood . the MEN TIO N .,

    1-24 25-49 50-99 100-249 250-999 1K-5K


    : ~:: ~~:';Y"1 ~:. !·.~~·~ 7 s·o.Joound,.
    1
    • Measures DC Volts, AC Volts, Ohms and 8 pin" .41 .38 .35 .31 .27 .23
    Current : ~~~:t ~!:~~~:-' ,.., , v. 14 pin" .39 .38 .36 .32 .29 .27
    • Automatic polarity, decimal and overload · ' " '""~ "- $ . .. 16 pin" .43 .42 .39 .35 .32 .30
    Indication • MS-215 Ouol Troce Version of MS · 15 $435.
    • Rechargeable batteries and charger \-"c. s . 100 BUS EDGE CO NN ECTORS .s'-"1
    • Measures DC Volts, AC Volts, Ohms and 18 pin .63 .58 .54 .47 .42 .36

    ~9' ilil\iliiiilililiiiiiililil iiillllliillllllillllii <~


    Current 20 p in .80 .75 .70 .63 .58 .53
    • Automatic polarity, decimal and overload 22 pin• .90 .85 .80 .70 .61 .57
    Indication
    ~~~~E~~R~~~~c3;~ .. ~~ ~~~~s
    5 5 0 2
    • No zero adjustment and no full-scale oh.mo. ~~~~[~ER ~~~~0~ n; 5 ci s~~~':d 24 pin .90 .84 .78 .68 .63 .58
    adjust on 250 $PBcftd ro-.; GOLD pl 11ed rows l o• VECTOR and MASI
    • Battery·operat~ - NICad batteries; also AC .~.-rio ,:.795 ~~-·;~ ~~~tierooa~~; Go1~~;:aied 28pin 1.10 1.00 .90 .84 .76 .71
    llne operation. s4 oo sJ1s n 5o 40 pin 1 .50 1.40 1.30 1.20 1 04 .89
    • Large LED dlsplay tor easy roadlnQ w-Hoou• AG81G 501100 Cont 125 Cl•S DIP R681 -J 501100 Con! 125 ens
    Interpolation
    • Size: 1.9"H X 2.7"W X •"O
    SOLOERTAILon 140SPBCl'd•owslor
    ALTAIR rnoth111bo1rds GOl D pl ~!ed
    PIERCED SOLDER EYELET IB1ls
    GOLD
    Sockets purchased in multiples of 50 per type
    & labor guaranteed 1 year • 5 .00
    f>atta
    Ttltetaod option. . .. ... .. . a •· Other Popular Edge Connectors
    17.J5
    may be combined for best price.
    • Leather caae . . .• ••. , . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 7 0. A644 · G 22144 Coni 156 ctrs
    PI ERCED SOLOER EYELES 1 ~ • 1s
    A644 .J 22144 Co<11
    WRAP taols GOLD
    156cir5WIRE All sockets are GOLD 3 level closed entry •End and side
    Purchase any of the LM series GOLDpla1td
    1- 4 5.9 10 . 24
    '4 71
    stacable. 2 level, Solder Tail, Low Profile, Tin Sockets and
    Meters and buy the LE A THER CASE •J.00 •2 75 •2 50
    Dip Plugs available. CALL FOR QUOTATION
    for TC

    'J/ffl Plugboards

    lJn.·1et ...11 M1c rocomputer/p roce ssor


    plugDoard . use with S·100 bus Com·
    ~r 3682 9.6" '4.5"
    $10.97
    3677 9 6" 14 .5"
    $10.90
    p!ete with heat sink & ha rdware 5 3·· x 3677-2 6.5" 14.5" J590· 12
    10" x 1/ 16'" 3682-2 6.5" '4.5" CARD EXTeNOER
    3&62 6.5.. . 4.S "
    1·4 5-9 10-14 $9.81 $9.74 Card Extender has 100
    119.95 $17 .95 115.96 Hi· Density Du al-In-Line $7 .65 contacts·50 per side on .125
    8801-1 Plugboard for Wrre Wrap Gen . Purpo<n 0. 1.P . 3662·2 9.6"' • • .5" centers -A ttached connector-is
    Same as BBOOV except plain: less power wrlh Power & Grd. Bus Bi>a rd s w11h Bus Pauorn $11.45 compatible with S·100 Bus
    buses & heat sink Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44 lor Soldot or Wi r ~ wrap. P i><lllein plugco.irds lor Systems ....... . ... . . $25.00
    1-4 5.9 10·24 pi n con. spaced . 156 Epoxy Glass 111 6" 44 IC'< Epoxy GI•" t/ 16' . 3690 6.5" 22/44 pin .158
    1 ,g~ " 346 tn ss plneon sp"'ed 155 ~~~ r n co~ spac:ea 156 ctrs. Extenders .. ... . $12.00

    .:.•~=-~~~----...------------------~----~ ~~ M""!""-r-"~~~~~
    1116 JJrum BOARD
    ,042dia holes on
    t:,Ll t ·{\t-L[l.JCi.l/ .I?;
    Wr,,psonsu1ete<:lwUeon 025 "" squaieposts
    P180
    wilhlwo

    0 .1 spacing for IC's ~~~~~:s_~~~"!'.' • ·~::.~:


    PRICE / • Ir•
    SIZE 1 - 9 10 . 19 ,,_/ $24.50 14 - G3 100 for
    4 .5x6. 5" $1.49 1.34 t', ·~ • . ~
    /Ira "'· ·1r. .. ~t::v--<
    169P44XXJ<P 4 .5x17"

    Epoxy Glass
    $351 3.16
    NO PRE .SfR'PP'NG '
    NO P~E . CUnlNG•
    SPOOL -FED WIA E•
    • • tr · o.,.,., r.i;n ··,uni
    llet1.1bluf\dNt~touw
    ILl"ulllorpe-..rOl*"ahon
    $30.00
    16-G3 100 for
    ·111e ~POOied *"' p.1$14"$ lnrooQh !ht 1~ 1).1~! • shr.ong td\)'I
    &Llf.t'll ·WA.V
    S30 .00
    64P44 4.5x6.5" S 1.70 1.53 nu1 T01111•••P D0$1 "'"'' 1 owlcng,t ~>n.icut•$m.ult•n lne
    WIRE
    "'ll!fe 11 preu.e~ fllt squirt ?011

    __ ..._.....
    onsul.i>en
    84P44 4 .5x8.5" S2 .10 1.89

    _....................
    '"'"'' 1•1Clo,l•odt!IW<"•t•"°"ft!od0,1nu"''~'°Qt NO 11. 0 AOt IN SlJ\.ATCD
    169P44
    169P84
    4 .5x 17"
    8 .5 x17"
    $4.30
    S7.65
    3.87
    6.89
    '""' ............
    1ITucft1,]!,o01.Cl1I

    , -""' ""'"'" ¥1\RE. 1o00' SPOOlS

    LIQUID CRYSTAL DIGITAL


    CLOCK-CALENDAR
    •For Auto, Home. Ofllce
    • Small In sire (2X2~x \At)
    • Push bullon for seconds releue for da1e.
    • Clocks mounl anywhere w llh •11/'ler 3M doubl&
    Si d.cf \ape or VELCRO. lnclud•d­
    • 2 MODELS AVAILABLE:
    l.C0-101, po1iable m odel 11.1ns on sell-Cori!alned
    bat111ri11storblln11rlh•n •year.
    LC 0.102. runs on 12 Volt snt11m and Is cia.c:lli
    lighted. .
    • LCD .10,orLCO.,Q2
    7ourcl>olc• $34.95 ••
    $2.00
    Price Breakthrough! s ~ SPECIAL
    ~ ~ :I2 2 B j;: ~~:A:~:. ~~~~~.
    ~
    17 50
    ·,:J
    :.~ •_:.~ ......~~•u""•;, ..u-": ~14CS2 100 for 114'"
    MA1003 ' . : : 1ecs2 100 for •1e••
    ~_::.;:~:!.:: ·"': ~:~ ··· :fi
    MICRO·KLIP
    for .042 dia. hOles
    1
    ..•L••••••.•. l..i--·:·jl a1g 1 Ii. LEO Otsplar '•ulF'I
    1nao 111•s a•IJ. c; o!ons O.rfi:I ·iJf1.. e
    A\t f Pl.1 : 12:'-18 .; l.,,,,."""'""~ U p:lnCS211> fcw•::-•
    •••• . ;-;­ 111i;1n CS2 1 rot•::-•
    (allboardsonthispage) .d .u : fl ' J lD PIN 1 n!ttrta~ e wtl 9'l991A :·- '""''""''"":". CAR CLOCK
    T42·1pkg. 100 s 1.50 ........u. ~:~~~ .: J •C These low cost DIP sockets will sccspt
    1 •• • ... J
    Jusl aat.l -s ... ,tct·M . .:.c SuOD'"r
    T42·1 pkg. L::_.,1 , - ·, , 1·1 .i.111rm O. sota inc I C Mlv Brrghl Green Fluorescent Display Crys· both standard width plugs and chips.
    1000 .. . $11.00 For use with chlpa, the sockets offer• 1ow
    lal Time Base Assembled, jusl add
    P·U9hand ins1al1ing
    1001 .S 2.03
    ,·:: t;l:~l:t; ~ swilches and 12 voe.
    prorne height of only .125" above the board.
    TheH sockets are •nd stack•bl•.

    24 PIN DIP PLUGS


    PRIORITY ELECTRONICS © ,
    ~,~?\L8MC~C~;:k.~O~~~e;~~~~· s ~Ss~l~~r~S~~; aS~. 2.~~~g' ~)
    w1rn COVERS

    J 7 49
    WRAP POST

    mum order $10.00 . Orders less lhan $75 .00 inc lude 10% shipping and handling: excess relunded. Jusl in case ...
    . please in clude your phone no "Sorry, no over the counter sales" Good thru October, 1978

    (213) 973-4876
    Radio Shack Microcomputer Catalog

    What'sNswP PUBLICATIONS

    New 1978-79 General Semiconductor New Electronic Test Equipment Catalog


    ~MtBaeN

    TRS-80- Microcom~uter

    Industries Product Catalog System Products

    The l.ow·Cost Loder C~ F.arth~ Oul Front

    This new 76 page 1978 catalog fea­ Now availabl e from Radio Shack is
    tures electronic test equipment from the 8 page TRS-80 Microcomputer Sys­
    major manufacturers including B & K tem Products catalog. The catalog
    Precision, Con tin en tal Specialties, Hic­ features Radio Shack's $599 T RS-80
    kok and Simpson. North American microcomputer system and provides
    Electronics specializes in direct catalog .information on upgraded systems, pe­
    marketing of name brand electronic ripherals and ready to use software de­
    test equipmcn t. The free catalog can be veloped specifically for the TRS-80_ The
    obtained by writing to Dept AA 78, basic TRS-80 system offers Level I
    North American Electronics, 1468 W BASIC with 4 K bytes of read only
    25th St, Cleveland OH 4411 3.• memory and 4 K bytes of programmable
    Ctrcle 624 on inquiry card.
    memory.
    Also included in the catalog is
    New Metric Components Catalog information on expanding your existing
    TRS-80 system with details of Level II
    BASIC, and an order worksheet that
    helps customers to custom tailor a
    TRS-80 system to their particular
    nee ds. Th e Radio Shack TRS -80 Micro­
    computer System Products catalog is
    The new 1978-79 General Semi­
    available free on request from Radio
    conductor Industries Product Catalog
    contains a complete listing of the com­ Shack stores and dealers.•
    pany's entire line of Zener diodes, Circle 626 on inquiry card .

    temperature compensated diodes, NPN


    switching transistors, TransZorb silicon
    transient voltage suppressors, and c2 R Free Book and Educational
    high speed and high voltage switching Products Catalog
    transistors. Sybex 's 12 page book and educa­
    This 238 page publication contains tional products catalog contains a broad
    detailed device characterization and range of books (including foreign ver­
    applications information for many of the sions), self-study courses and video cas­
    units listed. The catalog lists the devices settes for TV systems for the personal
    numerically within specific categories. computer user. For a free copy of this
    General Semiconductor's environmental catalog, write Sybex, 2161 Shattuck Av,
    facilities and equipment is also listed. Berkeley CA 94 704.•
    Contact General Semiconductor Indus­ Cir cle 621 on inquiry card.
    tries Inc, 2001 W 10th Pl, Tempe AZ
    85281.•
    Circle 622 an inquiry card. 1977 Periodical Guide for Computerists
    The January thru December 7977
    Periodical Guide for Computerists
    Surge, Hash and Transient Protection A compilation of metric system indexes over 2200 articles from 25
    standardized precision mechanical com­ hobby and professional electronic and
    A new flyer from Electronic Special­ ponents and assemblies has been pro­ computer publications. Articles,
    ists, POB 122, Natick MA 01760 , discus­ duced by PIC Design, POB 335, Benrus editorials, book reviews and letters from
    ses AC power line surges and hash. Sug­ Center, Ridgefield CT 06877. readers which have relevance to the
    gestions are offered for protection from The 208 page edit ion con ta ins over personal computing field are indexed by
    microprocessor damage or malfunction. 25 ,000 components covering 24 dif­ su bjcct under 100 categories. An author
    Included are prot ection against lightning ferent product categories_ Also included index is included which lists the subjects
    and error-producing power line hash. in the catalog arc working prints, tech­ that each author wrote about. The more
    When writing for this free flyer, specify nical reference data tables, gear data, than 60 page book is available postpaid
    flyer AEP-7. Send stamped, self-ad­ metric terms and formulas, and many for $5 from E Berg Publications, 1360
    dressed envelope.• other design and production aids.• SW 199th Ct, Aloha OR 97005.•
    Circle 623 on inqu ir y card. Cir cle 625 on inquiry card. Circle 620 on inquiry card.

    216 October l<J78 ) HYTE PublicJtiom In c


    Circle 356 on inquiry card.

    Selectric Controller Complete Terminal Unit


    The 3S-01 is a complete controller for
    the IBM Model 731 1/0 typewriter This unit consists of:
    for both input and output operations.
    1. A cleaned, checkout, repainted

    With this controller the 731 becomes a


    used selectric. This unit has been

    versatile ASC 11 printer with the world


    converted for upper & lower case

    famous Selectric quality and an alpha­


    with new ball containing all

    $199.95 numeric ASCII-encoded keyboard with


    BASIC characters.
    ASIS the wonderful Selectric f ee l. An
    2. Selectric controller unit allowing
    I BM® Selectric-Based eightbit parallel input/output port
    both input and output
    1/0 Writers (bidirectional or separate) is all that is 3. Power supply (used)
    necessary to add the KI NG of the 4. Terminal table (new)
    Excellent Hobby Printers hardcopy terminals to your system.
    5. Assembled and tested. Ready to
    Serial RS-232C is also available for
    plug in and go.
    •Series 72/7 31 connection to a serial communications 6. ASC 11 to computer
    •Heavy Duty port or modem. 7. Crated for shipping by motor
    •8}2" Platen Power supply requirements are 5VDC freight (collect)
    •All Solenoids at. 75A and 48VDC at 1A for the basic
    para Ilel control Ier. Additional power PRICE $775.00 FOB TULSA
    •BCD Code needed for the serial unit is.±. 12VDC. DEALER INQUIRY INVITED

    These terminals are from a large


    airline reservation system. They are PRICE $249.95 Have 10 HP 26718 card readers left at
    ASSEMBLED BOARD $299.95 each FOB Tulsa.
    heavy duty and were under continuous
    maintenance. The units have been Surplus power supply for above $30.00 Cashier Check or Money Order.
    in storage. We make every effort to
    Personal check allow 3 weeks. Units
    ensure that all essential parts are Print only interface unit
    $59.95 shipped collect. Price Net FOB Tulsa.
    included. Most work when plugged Board and instructions only
    in. No warranties are given or implied.
    3 S Sales, Inc.
    P. 0. Box 45944

    SUPER SALE
    Tulsa, OK 74145

    1-918-622-1058

    -~~~~~----------------~~----------------------~~~~~-·
    ,__r ' rn1·rE•
    Wl1muc. m11(,0UT 4096•1 N-HOS RAH
    Ci( Q
    p
    7808North27thAvenu' ~
    GENERAL Tlllffa ~;i;~·;g~.~;~;a 85011
    DESCRIPTION DATA CO>lNECTORS
    16 1 384 -BIT DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

    Part Number 4801 Po;:>Ulor 25 pin subminioture "O" co:inector


    is a 4K semicon· The MCM41 16 is 0 16,384-bit, high-speed dynamic Random Access

    os used in RS232 interfaces .


    ductor random Memory designed for high-performance, low-cost applications in main­

    access memory Sp~cial sole pr ices!


    frame and buff er memories and pe riphera l storage_ Organized as 16,384

    organized as 4096 1-bit words. It is fully static and l -9 I0-99 100-up


    needs no clock or refresh pulses. I! requires a
    one-bit words and fabricated using highly reliable N-chonnel double­

    DBC-25P (mole S2.19 19 . 80 173.00


    single +5 volt power supply and is lullyTTl com· polysilicon technol()dy, this device optimizes speed, power, and density

    DBC-25S (female) S3 .19 30.50 266.00


    patible on inpul and outpul lines. The 4801 is trodeoffs. By multiplexing row and column address inputs, the MCM411~

    packaged in a convenienl 18 pin dual-in- line requires only seven address lines and permits packaging in standard 16-pin
    DATA PHONE HOODS

    package. dual in -line packages. This packaging technique allows high system den­
    "Clam Shell" type junction shell for 25

    •Single + SV Power Supply FEATURES sity and is compatible with widely ovoi loble automated test and insertion

    • 4Kx1 Organization
    equipment. Complete address decoding is done on chip with address lat­
    p in dal a
    OB - 5 1216
    c.onned0<>.
    - - .. Sl
    .•. JI'
    • Replaces 4 1024x1 Static RAMs
    •Completely StatiC-No Clocks or Refresh
    ches incorporated. All inputs ore TTL compatible, and the output is 3­
    stote TTL compatible. The dote output of the MCM4116 is controlled by

    • 18 Pin Package
    • Access/Cycle Times 600 nsec max
    • 250mw Typical Operaling Power
    the column address strobe and remains valid from access time until the

    column address strobe returns to the high state. This output scheme allows

    ... ._. ..
    l • t • IH

    • Separa!e Data In and Data Out


    •TTL Compatible 110
    higher degrees of system design flexibility such as common input/output

    SCREW LOCK ASSEM~L Y


    •Three State Oulputs operation and two dimensional memory selection by decoding both row

    address and column address strobes. The MCM4116 incorporates o one­


    Set of 2 fv\ole/Femole screw lock adopters
    • Data Bus Compatibla 1/0 Funclion
    for joining socket and plug connectors.
    tronsistor cell design and dynamic storage techni ques , with each of the

    020418 • . . .••.. .• • •.• . • . •• • ...• Sl.19


    W14 STATIC, m IN/OUT 1024x4 N-HOS RAM 128 row addresses requiring o refresh cycle every 2 milliseconds .

    . Flexible timing with reod-ma.::tify-write, RAS-Only refresh, and Page­


    GENERAL
    DESCRIPTION
    Mode capability. ...::::: 0
    •····· .ti; ......
    • Industry standard 16 pin package

    Par1Number4804
    . 16,384 X 1 organization

    ] ..
    is a 4K semicon­
    ductor random .:t 10% tolerance on all power supplies
    ~ ........ .
    access memo ry
    organized as 1024 4-bil words. II is lull y sta!ic and
    .All inputs ore fully TTL compatible

    , Three-state fully TTL-compat ib le output


    ~-·······
    needs no clock or refresh pulses. II requires a .Comma'l 1/0 capability when using "Early Write" mode

    single 5 volt power supply and is fully TTL com­


    patible on inpul and output lines. The 4804 is .On chip latches for addresses and data in

    packaged in a convenient 16 pin dual- in- line .Law power dissipotion-462mW active, 2VmW stondby(Max)

    package. • Fast access time: 200nS

    FEATURES . Easy upgrade from 16-pin 4K RAMs


    ollol.01>1• - luHJO•Ofloodp•ol"Ctod

    •
    •Single +SVPowerSupply o l · 1~d'ol1•oulotUdLU)
    • 1Kx4.0rgan izalion .Pin compatible with 2117, 2116, 6616, uPD416 and 4116
    ,.~. ,

    0 c""'~'"'•'11>CtU010-u•o
    • Replaces41024x1 Slatic RAMs MCM4116 . ..•• • .•.••.•.•••...•.•.•...••.•••••...•.•.•• $24.95
    •10nJ•H•o'
    • Aulo tO•O' "G
    •Completely Static-No Clocks or Refresh
    • 18 Pin Package
    Specs •. •.•••.. • .••. •. •. • .•..••• . • . • . •.•• . .•. S. 60 •~"~;..~~. .~~~=.~«~""' , .,
    0 1...v . 1.. • . 0•oM.,ruol•n""
    • Access/Cycle Times 600 nsec ma11:
    • 250 mw Typical Operating Power Fo• premoum ""Po•nQ ll<tU cl •n. • O• c• • ! " • " dhng, •le . I "ny 1o!und1 ,..,11 bo by cr.oc ~ . '101 C•o(li1 ~""'""'' · ,,""f · _ .. • .'!::.~,·~~:~r:;r·""··
    • (1coll•M10mpo101uro coottl< oHI
    ulll •~"" E.c u1 ... o11b o • • •u n(l od
    •Common l/O Bus ii"'" '"oulObo 1ompatotoly cul alolac- Cl" • nv "om , ll
    • TTL Compatible 1/0 ,..,11 bo ploc•" '"' t>o c~ at<l or II - con no1 '"'Pon )0
    (lov 1, vou ...;11 b•nohl •oO alt"o u a ocUO• "•Parngd•le
    •Three Stale Outputs c O 0 . NO o••c•I aou C 0 O
    U PS c_o.o. Add es' 10 o•d ••
    o nd!u•""""d"'''" •P OOl •gOI CU•dC••d"' ' '""'"•<"•O
    c•nco!yo.,•ard ot l l d • 01•0 """"
    2800
    ""V CO"UPOnd•"c • no! <0'"'"""" "'''" 1ta... or(I ... Torm .. Choe~. mo"•Y Otd •r . C<0d<I c•«I "4<1 30 do v • TO
    r>IU> .. u~ u por olo ' " " ' e nd 1 ~c•ud o SASE IC< ••P IV,
    4801 "'4804 4K RAM's rorodl"m•.>e"OOl • ondgo••"'"'""'"g""" '"'
    C l••"'• lo• •" O ttO~ at dunagod ",.'•' •• I muttbO"'•d• Cl••m•1orQ<O fon• v o m a1a tt o lmu11bo "' o d • w ••"• " f>O(lav• '-'oJtl 1800. .... S9'9.95
    $8.95 8/$60.00 16/$100.00 "'"" ' "10d•v o a ltoco1PtOl 1>1n1;io ol ••c••PI ol ao•c•I . C 11"" """'1 '"c lud o '"¥""'~ '"""lJ ~•
    da<~ S. doloc<l••D••U

    ·--------------------------------------------------------~~~~·

    Circle 376 on inquiry card. RVTE 0<1u l"" 19 78 217


    Mini Discs $3.70 ea. in boxes of 10
    Two-tier walnut formica enclosure
    for S. A. 400 Shugart. . ...$39.95

    A Horizon - 2
    R Centronic 779
    C Hazeltine 1500
    D Hazeltine 1400
    A,B&C A, B&D:
    $4,150 $3r852
    We also stock lmsai, Seals, Okidata,
    ADM-3A, Xitan and Cromemco.
    Mail order only.

    (Cahr r-tS1t:e ls a.:llt TORA SYSTEM


    6~~a~ ta il lo
    29-02 23rd A ve1111e
    ~f,U ~· ..ELECTRON IC S Astoria, NY I I 105
    11 1•I\ ~4 J . J JJO (212) 932-3533

    Circle 24 on inquiry card. Circle 193 on inquiry card , Circle 3 73 on inquiry card.

    LSl-11/2
    16K RAM MEMORY CARD

    USERS
    I)~ 1-
    ,· . . . . . . . . ,

    ......l'
    • Product Support Engineers
    AAM-11 •Auto-answer/Auto-dial low
    speed modem/serial interface. Requires
    '>t
    Q , • 1111111 .•
    $27.00 • Support Engineers
    mi n i-co m p uters $27 ,000

    Mic ro -mini-c omp uter s $23,000


    only a 'CBS' DAA unit. Emulates DL-11E D t 11 IJlU.tl
    • Field Service Engineers
    mi ni p eri ph erals $20 ,000
    and DN-11 . Software transparent. $650
    Call or write: Steve Bagley
    BUS-11 •Direct X-Y graphics display of SWTPC MSI DSD
    bus activity on your oscilloscope. Selecta­ 16 K RAM card us ing TMS 4045 or SY 2114 1024
    • Compiler Design S3D,000
    ble qualifiers and address window. Use • Real Time Operating Systems $28,000
    x 4 Me m o ri es. Selectable to any two BK bl oc k s of
    • Micro-Processor Programmers $23 ,000
    stand-alone or connect to logic analyzer. memory . Si n gle 5V supply. Co mp at ible t o all
    Call or Write: Walt Abrams
    S S -50 BUS Comp ut er s.
    Start/stop address strobes for software loop
    MANY MORE CHALLE NGI NG O PPORTUNITI ES
    timing analysis. Invaluable diagnostic. Other Cards Available
    $300 DSD 1802 ·4K ·BK CPU car d $27.00
    0 5 0 56011 Se r i a l car d $ 12.00
    TEXT-11 • Screen editor package for DSD P8212 Pa rall el ca rd $12.00
    RT-11. Use with any cursor controlled CRT. DSO C l/0- 2 M Cas sett e ca rd $1 2.00
    Context switch between 2 files. What you DSD l/O· N 1/0 Ne1work $29 .00
    DSD SS-50·5 Mother board $29.00 EL EC TR ON IC S S ERV IC ES . IN C
    see is what you get! $500
    All cards with connectors only .
    Dealer/OEM inquiries invited PERSONNEL CONSULTANTS
    GITAL SERVICE & DESIGN S ui te 100

    NDrt:e1c
    The LS/-11 specialists.
    P. 0. Box 741
    Newark, Ohio 43055
    Two Newton Execu tive Park
    Newton Lower Falls, MA 0 21 62
    (6171 965·9700
    2432 NW Johnson· Portlan d, OR 97210 Order d irec t bV check, VISA o r Ma st er Charge.
    503-226·3515 Ohio r esidents add 4 :4 96 sales tax.

    Circle 284 on inqui ry card . Circle 103 on inquiry card . Circle 203 on inquiry card .

    LOW LOW COST RADIO SHACK

    COMPUTER
    S 1110 Ill S

    POWER SUPPLY KITS


    ~1H IW l'O\!Pl I J. f.t:lll. \ \'\

    3 Hou r Assembly Ti me-Complete Instructions Included


    Dimen!ions of kit 13" [l} x S" (W) x 4 Va " (H)
    < l'HHI \:I COMPUTER OWNERS

    TQ0-80
    II PROFESSIONALS
    Top New England clients
    seek key individuals for
    KIT A: $57.50 ;0u;~~~~'."<lav~~~!!;:;;~~~~ MONTHLY NEWSLETTER several outstanding
    Includes TRANSFORMER T2 (25A, size 3f.¥4.. (1) x 4W" (w) x BUSINESS• PERSONAL FINANCE
    opportunities , Salary
    3'1... lh)J, CAPACITOR C1 1100.000 UF. 15V), BRIDGE RECTI · PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
    • range $16 - $SOK .
    FIERS: D1 130A, SOV) & D2 (4A, SOV), FUSE HOLDER, GAMBLING• GAMES

    BARRIER STRIP, ALUMINUM PLATE [13·· (I) x 5·· (w) x 31 16""


    (!)], 3X CAPACITORS (6,000 UF, 45 V) , 4X RESISTORS and LATESTTRS-BODEVELOPMENTS
    CRITICAL NEEDS :Ha rd­
    All Necessary Mo unting Parts. SOFTWARE EXCHANGE• MARKET PLACE
    wa re/Software Engineer s,
    QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
    Ana lysts and Programmers
    4 Unregulated Voltages Available PROGRAM PRINTOUTS
    in Scientif ic En v ironmen ts.
    KIT B: $47.50 .+8.5V/15A, - 8-5V/2A, ± 17V /2A
    ... AND MORE
    Exp erience d esired in Oi g i·
    All Par1s are same as in KIT A, EXCEPT: CAPACITOR C1 t al Des ign , Dal a Co mm u ni­
    M A JOR PR OG RA MS PUBLIS HED MONTHLY • IN­

    (52.000 UF. 15V) and TRANSFORMER T1 [15A, Size 3;\·· (I) x COME TAX PR OG R AM - L O N G A ND SH ORT FORM S
    cat io ns, Graphics, Ra d ar,
    4·· lw ) x 2 13115·· (h )J e INV ENT OR Y CO NTRO L e EX TEN SIV E M A ILIN G
    Distribu te d Process ing, Minis
    LIST A ND F ILE PRO GRAM• PA YR O LL • ST OCK
    and Mi c ros, PDP ·11 , RSX­
    You May Buy Transformers Alone: SEL ECT ION • PI CK ING WINNING HOR SES • R E­
    11 , GC O S, CAD, CAM, As­
    T2 (25A) & Ti (1 5A) at $22.50 and $17.50 r espectively . N U MB ER PROG RA M LIN ES e C H ESS e C HE CKER S e
    se mb ly, PL- 1, Alga an d
    FI NA N CI A L A PPLI CAT ION S PACKAGE • PERSO N A L
    Pasca l.
    SHIPPING CHARGES: $ 4.75 per TRANSFORMER FIN A N C E PACKAG E •GR A PHI CS • ST ATI STI CS •

    FOR EACH KIT: $ 5 .00 in California. $ 7.00 for all oc her Stales . M A TH EMA TIC S • EDU CAT IO N . . . AND MOR E
    California Residen1s add 6% sales tax $24 P~r YHr-Sampla l•u~ $4
    Call us collect
    Masler Charge & BankAmericard. OEM Availabte VI S A · Ma1tarc ~1 ar'19
    (603) 889-0112
    or send resume .
    SUNNY INTERNATIONAL MA THEMATIC AL APPLICATION S SERVICE
    PREFERRED
    Mail Order Store Box 149 RB
    POSITIONS, INC.
    P 0 Hux llBli 7245 E . .\londr.1 Hh d. NEW CIT Y, NY 10956
    142 Main Street
    '1'111 r,1nu.·. (',\ 1.ttlf1 lo P.m:1mounl, C .\. !l0723 Nashua.N.H.03060
    Cll:U :>:m-:i;:J:! Mon.-Sut.: !J am-H pm 1914) 425-1535

    (Se nd for our F R EE Softwar e Catalog)

    Circle 354 on inquiry card. Circle 217 on inquiry card. Circle 304 on inquiry card.
    ..--------- • ---------,

    I BECK/AN ENTERPRISES
    EDGE CARD CONNECTORS: GOLD PLATED.
    BODY: Non brittle, solvent resistant, high temp, G.E . Valox. The finest you can buy.

    CONTACTS: Bifurcated Phos./Bronze; Gold/Nickel.

    T
    All Prime Quality - New Parts Only
    Satisfaction Guaranteed!
    ..
    .-----------------------------------ea.ea.I
    SUBMIN IATURE CONNECTORS: IDB 25 SERIES RS 232.)

    DB 25P Male Plug


    DB 25S Female Socket
    $2 .50 ea.
    3.60 ea.
    5 pcs.
    5 pcs.
    Circle 30 on inquiry card .

    $2.20

    3.40
    ea.

    I
    ALTAIR S·lOO: Cont./Ctrs.. 125" Row Spacing, .140"

    50/100 Dip Sold.


    50/100 Sold. Eve.
    $3.95 ea.
    6.95 ea.
    5 pcs.
    5 pcs.
    $3.75 ea.

    6.50 ea.

    DB 51212-1 Grey Hood


    DB 51226-lA Black Hood
    D 20418-2 Har~t
    1.20 e•.
    1.30 ea.
    0.75 ea.
    ~UY A SET: (1 DB25P, 1 DB25S. Any Hood.)
    5 pcs.
    5 pcs.
    5 pcs.
    1.10
    1.20 ea.
    ea I
    0.70

    1
    IMSAI S·100: Cont./Ctrs .. 125" Row Spacing, .250"
    50/100 Dip Sold.
    50/100 W/Wrap 3
    $4.20 ea.
    3. 75 ea.
    5 pcs .
    5 PCS.
    $3.95 ea.
    3.50 ea.

    1 Set: $6.35 ea. 5 sets: $6.15 ea .


    NOTE: For Hardware, (D20418-21 Add $.65/Set.

    WHISPER FANS II
    1
    JMSAI CARD GUIDES 0.19 ea.

    CROMEMCO S· 100: Cont /Ctrs . 125" Row Spacing, .250"


    5 pcs. 0.16 ea. Excellent for Cc;}mputer cabine,l cooling. This is the "most quiet fan you will find. Only
    measures 4 3/4 square by 1Y2 deep. U. L. Listed.
    $21 .00 ea. 5 pcs. $19.00 ea.

    1 50/100 Dop Sold.


    IOr short W/Wrap)

    $6.50 ea. 5 pcs.

    l:O~HR::~::::~TORS AVAILABLE
    $6.00 ea.

    I. C. SOCKETS. GOLD.
    WIRE WRAP 3 TURN.
    14 pin $0.36 ea.
    I. C. SOCKETS.
    Dill Solder. Tin.
    14 pin $0 .15 ea.

    I
    1
    .100" Contact Ctrs., .
    22/44 Dip Sold. $2.30 ea. 5 pcs. $2.10 ea.

    16pin 0.38ea. 16pin 0 .17ea.

    I
    2708 EPROMS PRIME 8080 PRIME
    25/50 Sold. Eve. 2.95 ea. 5 pcs. 2.75 ea.
    ea.
    1.
    40/80 Sold. Eye. 4.80 ea. 5 pcs . 4.50 ea. $14.00 $9.00 ea.

    43/86 Dip Sold. 4 .90 ea. 5 pcs. 4 .70 ea.

    43/86 Sold. Eye. 4 .90 ea. 5 pcs. 4.70 ea.

    I I

    11

    156 ' ° Contact Ctrs. . 140 Row Spacina .

    6/- Sgle. Row (PET) $1.00 ea. 5 pcs. $0.90 ea.

    WRITE FOR LARGER QUANTITY DISCOUNTS. DEALER INQUIRIES ARE


    22/44 Sold. Eye. (KIMI 1.90 ea . 5 pcs. 1.80 ea.
    WELCOME .

    22/44 Dip Sold. (K IMI 1.90 ea. 5 pcs. 1.80 ea.

    1
    43/86 Dip Sold. 4.90

    .156 Contact C1t'S., .200" Row Sp~c l ng.


    11

    S1.05
    ea. 5 pcs. 4.70 ea. WE ARE CONNECTOR (EDGE CARD) SPECIALISTS. IF YOU DO NOT SEE
    WHAT YOU NEED IN THIS ADVERTISEMENT. PLEASE WRITE US. WE WILL
    REPLY.

    I
    1
    15/30 W/Wrap 3
    22/44 W/Wrap 3
    36/72 Sold. Eye.
    36/72 W/Wrap 3
    2.30
    3.45
    3.85
    ea.
    ea.
    ea.
    ea.
    5 pcs.
    5 pcs.
    5 pcs.
    5 pcs.
    $0.95
    2.10
    3.30
    3.70
    ea.
    ea.
    ea.
    ea.

    TERMS: Minimum Order $10.00: Add $1.25 for handling and shipping. All order>
    over $25.00 in USA and Canada: WE PAY THE SHIPP/NG.
    NOTE: CA residents please add6%sales rax.
    I
    1
    43/86 W/Wrap 3 5.50 ea. 5 PCS, 5.00 ea. NO C.0.D. SHIPMENTS OR ORDERS ACCEPTED.

    POLARIZING KEYS FOR ALL OF THE ABOVE:


    Specify: IN Contact or BETWEEN Contact: Beckian Enterprises
    rn..
    I
    MAIL ORDERS
    1 to 49 pcs. $0.10 ea. 50 pcs./Up $0.08 ea .

    ·-----2-5_$___ --------- ...I P.O. Box 3089


    I
    ~
    12/24 Pin .156" Cont./Ctrs . . 2oo'' Row Spacing.

    I TIN PLATED CONTACTS.


    IDEAL FOR PET INTERFACE & PARALLEL USER PORT. Simi Valley, CA 93063

    / WmC/inc. WAMECO INC. KITS


    ~ CtjCerCcrn BOARDS MEM-1 8KX8 fu lly buffered. S-100. uses 2102 lype
    MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENT
    WITH WAMECO AND CVBERCOM PCBDS
    rams. PCBD ............ ...... .. .. ............ ... . .... $24.95
    QM-12 MOTHER BOARD, 12 slot, terminated . S-100 MEM-1 with MIKOS # 1 450 NSEC BK
    MB-1 MK-8 Computer RAM (not S-100). 4KX8. uses board only .. .. .. ....... .... .. .$34 .95
    2102 type RAMs, PCBD only _... ... .$22.00 RAM ...... ..... . . ... $125.00
    CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with 8 level
    MB-3 1702A EROM Board, 4KX8, S-100 switchable veclor interrupt PCBD .. ..... $25.95 CPU-1 with MIKOS #2 BOBOA CPU B9.95
    address and wait cycles, kit less PROMS . $58.00 RTC·l Realtime clock board. Two independent inc MEM-2 with MIKOS #3 250 NSEC BK
    MB-4 Basic 4KX8 ram, uses 2102 lype rams S-100 terrupts. Software programmable. PCBD .. $25.95 RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.00
    EPM-1 1702A 4K Eprom card PCBD $25.95
    buss. PC board .. •. ... .. .. ... .$25.95 QM-12 with MIKOS #4 13 slot mother
    MB-GA Basic BKXB ram uses 2102 type rams, S-100 EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K board _ . . . . . . _. . ... _. 79.95
    buss. KIT 450 NSEC... ...$125. PCBD ...... ........$24.95 EPROM CARD PCBD ..... ... .. ....... .. - $25 .95
    RTC-1 with MIKOS #5 real time clock 60.95
    MB-7 16KX8, Static RAM uses ).lP410 Protection. QM-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QM -12.
    9 Slols PCBD ...... .. ... ... ...... ...... .. .. $27.95 VB-18 with M IKOS #6 video board less
    fully buffered. KIT .. .. .. $299.95 molex connectors B9.95
    MB-SA 2708 EROM Board, S-100, 8KX8 or 16KX8 MEM-2 16K x 8 Fully Buffered
    kit without PROMS ... __ . _ .... ..... .. ..... ... .. ... $75.00 2114 Board PCBD ... ...
    ·· • · . $25.95 MEM-2 with MIKOS #7 16K RAM 275.95
    2102AL-2 Prime 250 NSEC $1.70 EMP-1 with MIKOS #10 4K 1702 less
    MB-9 4KX8 RAM/PROM Board uses 2112 RAMS or -·
    2102AL-4 Prime 450 NSEC $1.30 EPROMS ______ . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . 49.95
    82S129 PROM kil wilhout RAMs or PROMs ... $72.00
    2708 Prime (Nationa l) $9.95 EPM-2 with MIKOS # 11 16-32K EPROMS
    10-2 S-100 8 bit parallel 1/0 port. 2ii of boards is for 2501B $1.50 1488N $1 .50
    kludging. Kit ...... ......$46.00 PCBD ..... .. ...$25.95 less EPROMS ...... . ... 49.95
    2502B 1.50 1489N 1.25
    10·4 Two serial 1/0 ports with full handshaking 2504 1.50 MC4044 2.25 OM-9 with M IKOS # 12 9 slot mother
    20/60 ma current loop: Two parallel 1/0 porls. 2507V 1.50 8038 3.90 board 67.95
    Kit .. ...$130. PCBD . $25.95 2510A 1.50 5320 5.95
    VB-1 B 64 x 16 video board. upper lower case Greek. 2517V 1.50 5554 1.90 MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FAC­
    composite and parallel video with software, S-100 . 2518B 1.50 5555 2.50 TORY PRIME PARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL
    Kil ...... .. $125.00 PCBD .. .... ...$25.95 2519B 1.50 5556 2.50
    1.25 PARTS LISTED AS REQUIRED FOR THE
    2521 1 50 5055
    Altair Compatible Molher Board. 11 x 11 V2 x Va" 1.50 5312 4.00 COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED. ALL
    2522
    Board only .. $40 .00. With 15 conneclors .. . $94.95 2525 1.50 MH0025 1 50 SOCKETS INCLUDED .
    Extended Board full size. Board only ........... .$ 8.95 1.50 MH0026 1.75
    2527
    With connector ..... $12.95 2532V MH0028 1.90
    1.50
    SP·l Synthesizer Board S-100 2529 2.75 5262 .50
    PCBD ............ ... ..$3g,g5 KIT .... .... .. ...............$135.95 2533V 1.95 2101 3.50 V ISA or MASTERCHARGE . Send account number,
    I
    interbank number, expiration date and sign your

    [K!AJ 0[K\@~
    82S23 $1.50 PRIME DEVICES order. Approx. postage will be added. Check or mo­
    82S123 1.50 ney order w i th order will be sent post paid in U.S.
    82S 126 1.95 8080A $ 9.95
    82S129 1.95 8212 3.45 If you are not a regular customer, please use
    82S130 3.00 8214 6.50 charge, cashier's check or postal money order,
    82S131 3.00 8216 3.75 otherwise there will be a two-weel< delay for checks
    MMl6330 1.50 8224 4.00 to clear. Calif. residents add 6% ta x. Money back
    4N26 .75 8228 6.50 419 Portofino Drive 30 day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC's
    4N27 .75 8251 9.95
    4N26 .75 8255 9.95 San Carlos, California 94070 tha t have been soldered to. Pr ices subject to
    LM323 2.95 21L14 7.95 Please se n d for IC. X1stor change without notice. $10 minimum order. $1.00
    4116(apple ram) 19.50 and Computer parrs /1st service charge on orders less than $10.00.

    Circle 229 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1978 219


    Combination Coding and
    Video Layout Form
    Introduced for BASIC Users

    A new coding form designed for


    New Enclosure for Homebuilt
    BASIC or other line number oriented
    Microcomputers and Terminals
    able for home built microcomputers and languages is available from S ti rl ing/
    terminals. Constructed of molded fiber­ Bekdorf, 4407 Parkwood, San Antonio
    glass, the case is large enough ( 18 by 20 TX 78218. With grid lines lithographed
    by 8 inches (46 by 51 by 20 cm)) to in soft blue on a white sheet, Form 78Cl
    enclose a variety of components and combines coding and interactive video
    sturdy enough to support a monitor or layout functions into one unit. The form
    portable TV. The keyboard area will has 28 coding lines and retains the 6 mm
    accommodate both a full-size keyboard by 3 mm (.02 inches by .01 inches) grid
    and a hex pad (not included with case). needed for comfortable writing.
    The textured polyester finish is available Both 16 line by 64 character and 24
    in beige, white or black . Cutouts may be line by 80 character standard video
    easily made with an ordinary sabre saw. formats are indic ated on the form.
    Cast-in brackets are provided for mount­ Developed for minicomputer and micro­
    ing to a base plate. The price of the case computer programming, Form 78Cl 's
    is $59.95 . An optional aluminum base paper stock is a 22#opaque sheet which
    plate is available for $15 .95. For more will take a plastic tip marker without
    information contact Technical Products spreading and will accept soft pencil
    Company, POB 12983, Gainesville FL equally well.
    Designed with the personal computer 32604.• According to the company, it is pure
    user in mind, this new case is now avail- Circle 582 on inquiry card . enough for magnetic ink character
    recognition scanning equipment. For
    maximum writing ease and legibility,
    pens with fine hard plastic capillary
    New DIP Plugs and Covers
    action points and black ink should be
    For the personal computer user or used. Such pens as the Pilot Razor
    prototype engineer who needs to make Point, Sanford's Expresso Fine Point
    interconnection assemblies, OK Machine or Big Sig 11, Bero! Super Flash and
    and Tool Corp, 3455 Connor St, Bronx Flair Ultra Fine give sharp, crisp coding.
    NY 10475 , offers 14 and 16 pin plugs The Pen tel 0.5 mm mechanical pencil
    that fit into standard dual in line pack­ using 0.5 mm HB soft lead will give good
    age (DIP) sockets. Plugs feature United resu Its.
    Laboratories recognized glass filled The BASIC coding and video layout
    thermo plastic bodies, and solder lugs on form is available in 3 hole punched
    the top side are slotted for easy attach­ loose -leaf style in 100 sheet packages
    ment of cable leads. Rectangular legs and as 3 hole punched 50 sheet pads
    aid in the insertion into the socket. with chipboard backing.•
    Circl e 584 on inquiry ca rd .
    The leg and solder lug are one piece
    gold plated phosphor bronze. Packed
    two to a package, complete with slotted Let the 3rd Hand Hold Your Circuit
    top-en try cov ers, the plugs are $1.45 for Boards
    two 14 pin units and $1.59 fo r the 16
    pin version.•
    Circ le 583 on inq uiry card .

    DM-1 Design Mate Adds Power, Metering


    to Solderless Breadboards lated power supply and a 0 to 15 voe
    voltmeter to a solderless breadboard ter­
    minal and bus strips.
    The output of the DM-1 variable reg­
    ulated power supply is 5 to 15 voe at
    up to 600 mA for 9 W max imum of
    electronic drive.The 0 to 15 VDC meter
    and the power supply are brought out to
    their own binding posts on the face of
    the Design Mate ca.se. The meter can
    then be used to set up the power supply
    voltage and reconnected to measure The 3rd Hand is an aluminum circuit
    voltage parameters within the circuit board holder featuring one hand opera­
    being designed. Load and line regulation tion. Clamped to the edge of the work­
    is better than 1%; ripple and noise are bench it holds the board at a convenient
    less than 20 mV at full load. angle for placing parts and then is flip­
    The package weighs 3 pounds (1.4 kg) ped forward to solder parts in place. The
    and comes assembled with detailed vinyl gasket protects the board from
    operating instructions. The 11 7 VAC damage while holding it securely in
    60 Hz version is priced at $69.95. A place. The open end design allows it to
    220 V 50/60 Hz version is available hold circuit boards of any size . The price
    for 10% more. For further information is $9.95 and the unit can be obtained
    contact Continental Specialties Corp, from Studio 3 , POB 1184, Kailua HA
    The Design Mate-1 is a self-contained 70 Fulton Ter, New Haven CT 06509.• 96734.•
    unit that adds a 5 to 15 V variable regu ­ Circl e 585 on inq uiry car d. Circ le 586 on inqu iry card.

    220 October 1978 © BYTE Publi cations Inc


    VISIBLE USED FOR CHARACTER MAY BE USED IN IN MAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT
    OR RECOGNITION FOR A VACUUM, BECAUSE THERE IS NO
    INFRA RED COMPUTERS WITH UNDER WATER, HIGH VOLTAGE OR
    EXTERNAL CIRCUITS HIGH ALTITUDE MAGNETIC DEFLECTION

    MINATURE SOLID STATE

    202 VIDEO CAMERA KIT

    FEATURING A ... 100 x 100 BIT SELF SCANNING CHARGED COUPLED DEVICE

    THIS UNIQUE UPDATED CAMERA KIT

    FEATURES THE FAIRCHILD CCD 202C IMAGE SENSOR

    ADVANTAGES FEATURES
    • IN THE FUTURE • Sensitive to infra red

    WE WILL SUPPLY A as well as visible light

    COMPUTER VIDEO INTERFACE CARD


    • May be used for IR surveillance
    • All clock voltages operate at 6V with an IR light source

    reguiring no adjustments • Excellent for standard

    • Higher video output signal surveillance work, because

    • We supply the power board, so only of light weight and small size

    a 5V 1 Amp power source is needed • All components mounted on

    • The circuitry has been simplified for


    parallel 3 3/4 fl x 6 V2 fl s ingle

    easier assembly sided boards

    • Two level TTL output is supplied for


    • Total weight under 1 lb.
    interfacing

    We supply all semiconductors, boards , data sheets,

    $34900 KIT
    diagrams, resistors and capacitors, and BMM lens. Add $75.00 to assemble and test

    Sorry we do not supply the case, batteries and 5V supply. Add $2.00 Posta ge an d Handling

    UNIVER SAL 4K x8 MEMORY BOARD KIT TRANSISTOR SPECIALS DIP SOC K ETS
    $69.95 2N6 2 JJ.NP N SWITCHING P OW ER
    M A F·8004 a CB A F Transistor NPN
    $ 1. 95
    S 1.50
    _l'UV
    .!_DO
    nr..
    I.JO
    S "'IN ,, .'.2 f1U" l .l >
    32-2102· 1 fu ll y b uffered, 16 address lines, on l J ~~N 2.Q ;,&P IN 40
    2N3772 NPN 5, TQ.J $ 1.00 100 ..!L 1 . 2~ ;t GO
    board decoding for any 4 of 64 pages. standard
    4A p in b~m. m;,y be used with F-8 & KIM 2 N1 5 4 6 PN P GE T0·3 .
    2N '1 90B PNP s, TO 3
    $ .75
    S 1 00
    •h•
    -C:l'tQ. t :lQ
    ?' ~ ·~ o J
    l-:" 1!; - 4 00
    oD !6 PI N ,~ ~ Oi'l.t~ 00

    "
    18 P4N
    2N6056 NPN 51 TQ.3 Q,,. r,nq t•n 5 1 70
    EXPANDABLE FS CPU BOARD KIT ]N ]:810 Pr[ f s. .t!, 2N5086 PNP 5 , TO 92 •\ 5 l .00
    $99.00 21\15457NFE.T 'i ii ~ SAN KEN AUDIO POWER AMPS
    ;n .n&t.6 vu
    2NJ 137 N PN Si RF . . s .85

    fea t uring Faubug PSU .1 K- o t s !auc ram, RS 2 32


    s ~'5 e s
    So 10 10G I DWAT1S S , 80
    int e rface, d oc u m eni a ti o n . 64 BYTE re qi~. er E~ 900 11-C IG<iE:..R OI O !JF ~ .ii s~ oo 2N3919 NPN So i 3 RF 1.50 S• 1020 (j :?OWA T1 S S1 510
    ' ~ G0?8 PnOG uJT s (i ~ 2 N 1420 NPN Si TO 5 . 3 1$ 1.00 5, IOaiJGi;r} WArl S $28 5 0
    2NJ767 NPN 5, T0 ·66 5 70
    C/MOS !DIODE CLAMPED) M I NI ATURE MlJLT l· T URN TA 1M •on 2N2222 NPN 5 , T0-18 5 1$ 1.00 TANTULUM CAPACITORS
    4 001 - .18 4019 - . J7 4049 - .35 74C73- .li 'So rno, •K. 2K, 5:t:;, I OK, 20 . 50K, I OOK,
    2N3055 NPN 5, TO J 5 so 22UF 35V 5 1S 1 00 G Buf )W 4 s• oo
    !g~ = -~~ ~~;~ = - ~g !g~~ = 1 : ~~ ~:g~;~ l . ~ ~ ----"
    10;.;0"'~"-. -"= • .;;.;;.""-2
    SOO K._ "~ l'l'l' ;.;;.;
    ~• .;:.;
    .. S;..75;.;;;;;:;;.
    ;.: ' °'h;.;J;;.;S
    / ;.;7;.;0;.;
    0_ -1 2NJ904 N PN $1 TO 9 2 6 / 5 LOO 4 7 UF 3S V 5 S I 00 IOUF 10V $ ?S
    4007 - .18 4022 - :J() 4055 - 1.25 74C86- 4D CHA RG ED COUPL E DEV ICES 2NJ9 0 6 PNP 5 , T O 9 2 6 / 5 1.00 68UF JSV s 51 00 ?'.?UF isv s •o
    4009 - .J7 4023 - IB 4066 - .70 74C9J- )'lj CCD 321 AH2 ·512 audio a na log S.A . . SG U. 00 2N5296 NPN $ 1 TO 220 5 50 1UF J5 V s 5 1 00 1~UF 3BV ) l !.1 .00
    4010 - .37 4024 - 15 4071 - .18 74Cl5 1 t,A. ll CC D 201C 100x100 lm.ageSensor . . . . $!1'G 00 2N6109 PNP 5, I u no s .55 7.2U F 20V5 S l 00 J OLJf- UV ljfS. 1 OD
    4011 - .18 4025 -· 18: 4076 - .97 74C160 1 0!1 CC D 202C 100ic 100 Image S e nsor . , . ~ 14 5 00
    K~:Mt!~:f N~Js,rn_~ ~ s\ 00 3 JUF 2 0 V 4 s 1 0 0 ·1/UI- ""JO\' s .JS
    4012
    40TJ
    4014
    -
    -
    -
    . 18
    .29
    .15
    4027
    4028
    4029
    -
    -
    -
    J.7
    00
    '9~
    4520 - .70 74C161 J O~
    74COO- .22 74C174 1 ~
    1..c co1- .22 74c115 1.05

    VERl PAX PC BOA R D. . . . . . S-4.00


    This bo.ard is .a 1/16"s ingle sided PilP!.H epoMy
    bo.ard, 4Y," x6Y." DRILL E D and ETCH ED w hich TTL IC SERIES 7445 _74151 - .61
    • "1 fS '00 4 . 7UF 1SV 5/ $ 1.00 68 u; 1$ V
    100 u:r 10V • .• O
    s
    ~o

    .6S AJI (Ul [UIT 'S


    4015 - .75 4030 - l3 J'• C{M - .24 74C193 1 ~0 w ill hold up to 21 5ingle 14 pin \C's or 8 . 16 o r LSI 7400- .13 7446- .6B 74 153 - .61

    '"
    74154- .94 L•·' , 01
    4016 - .29 40 35 - .9 1 ~..f. CQ8. - .22 74C901 48 DIP IC's w it h bus s es for power supply con nec 1or. 7401- . 13 7447- .SB LY Jo) l : 1-I
    4017 - .90 4042 - ~5 l •C ID- .27 74C902 ..i.o 7402- . 13 7448- .6B 74155- .SB HLS!lJ

    """ "
    FP 100 PHOTO TRANS S 50 LM 307 .JO
    -4 0 18 - !10 4046 - 1 3~ -:O • CO - .ti\ J4 C9 1• 1 m 7403- . 13 7450- . 15 74157- .SS 1'L S0l 1'LSIJB
    LM308 15
    7 ~LSll9

    """
    R ED, Y ELL OW. G REEN o r A MB ER 74161- .SS l•LSOl
    ,l .n 7404- .15 7472- 25 1•L S15 1 LM311 l5

    """
    1 1ot: ' " Ll' /110 1\0' r• ~o,. . 1 74LSO•
    L AR G E L ED' s .2" . . . . 7405- . 13 74 163 - .55

    .
    2 !lo::' : :ST ... 11CS.t•lft " U I 1 .. ~ 6 / $1.00 7473- .2B 1• LSO~ ULS 1Sl LM3 1B - 1.20
    7406- . 16 7474- 2B 74164- .BS HLSl SS
    n • lC~+ .. n ... Ctl' fl G LN l C1!i TIL-1180PT O- ISOLAT O R . . . . $ .7 5
    74 165- .9S
    HLSOB
    UL SO'l
    "'" H LS 1S6 " LM324 .70
    """
    l"U. .. uc l~ i ii 1 n I l" ! O 7407- .20 7475- .4S - 110
    M O L E X PI NS 100/St.OO LM 339
    " HlS IO 1• lS1S7

    t:~~}J1'~~·6~,.
    7408- . IB 74 76- .30 74170- 1.68 JHS" 1•lS•60 - LM358 .70
    I
    I
    \ ~~
    J <l !i
    1000/58.00 7409- .1B 7480- . 31 74173 - 1-20
    74174- 9S

    l • LSll '" HLSl61-


    1•LSl67
    LM 370 - 1.15
    ... .. .. !XIII .. I l!ll!>
    I WATT Z E N ER S : 3 .3, 4 .7 . 5. 6 . 9 1. 10. 7 410 - . 13 748 3- .6S l• LS U
    HLS!S 1• LS16 l - " LM3 77 - 1.60
    """
    110 1 11i!o• • • :S ... T tC I J U
    7411- . 1B 7485- .B 7 74175 - BS HLSl68- ro LM380 - .95
    ) 1 1 11 1 ~ • • 'Sl ... T IC I J .. ~ 12. 1 5 . 18. or 22V . 6/$ 1. 00 7 412- . 13 74176 - .75
    HLS10
    Hq.1 ~ ~• . • s= ... ric l l 1S 7486- .2B 1'LSl1 l • LS\69 w LM381 - 125
    MC6860 MO DEM CHIP S9.95 7413 - .36 74 89- 1.25 74177- .75 l•LS2l 1•LS1 10
    J• t • ..,; ;U ... 'f1C:fl A. V 4.. ~o}
    • it CY~1,.,U 1 C:
    "Jt 0,...) 10 111
    r ... J ..0)01.
    .. ... ...
    1 10:.ll
    I J .. O MCM 6571 A 7 x 9 c ha 1ac 1er gen $10 .75 74 14 - .60 7490- .42 74180- .6S 1•LSl6
    ULS77
    " HLS1!l­
    HLS11• ­
    LM 387
    LM387
    - l.25
    1.25
    ""
    I J.I~ 7416 - .22 7491- SB 74181 - 1.90 LM 5 37 -2.50
    UO. • lli - now l•LSlB l• LSI 1 ~
    •an
    I
    I
    .. 1111~
    I l!i 7417- .25 7492 - .43 74190- 1.00 I OL SJO "" H LSIB I - ,00 LM553 - 2 50
    •n•t•
    ..... 7420- .13 7493- .43 74191 - 1.00 - 39
    l • LS H l•LSl90 ­
    ll:l':.
    Siiicon Power Rectifiers "'" LM555

    ,.
    ... .... 101 2 v ... .. , l •L Sl l 1"L 5 1 ~ 1 M
    l !il:. 7425- .25 7494- .67 74192- .79
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    '"O •~9 c.c .4" S .so LED RE ADO UT S


    309K S .95 340K-12, 15 ' · LCO 1 1 ~1.'llWH 10 G LE S\'"l" C t1E5 PAV 1A 10A 25 A 1 .5A 6A J 5 A
    FCS 8024 4 d igi1 OL-704 C.A .. 3" $ .75 723 . S .50 or 2 4V.. . . . S 95 MT A 10 6 S PO T ') .95
    MT A206 DPDT $ 1 .70
    100 .4 0 70 1. 30 40 50 1.20
    C.C . 8" d is play $ 5 .95 OL 747 C.A . . 6" S 1.25 LM 3 76 .. . S .6 0 340T -5. 6, 8 , 12
    FND 503 C .C.. 5" $ .85 F"NO 803C .C.. 8 " $1 .95
    320T -12, 15 15.18 o r 24VS 95 MTA 206 P-OPDT C E NTER OF F $ 1.85 200 70 u o 1. 7 5 .60 70 1 .60

    . '

    Terms: FOB CamMdge. Mass


    Send Chec:Pok or Monay Ordtir
    5,.,." 2s; '°' ou• "'"log feolunng
    Tran~1stors .ind Rcct1f1ers
    ,~, SQLI D
    O BOX p
    STATE SALES WESHIP OVER 95%

    Include •t.oti.,f•Unlmum 145 Hampdure St c.1mlmdye Mass ' '


    74 8· OF OUR ORDERS THE
    DAV WE RECEIVE THEM
    Otdo•15-00. CCIOSS2000 SOMERVILLE, MASS 02143 TEL (6171547-7053

    Circle 340 on inquiry c ar d. BYTE October 1978 221


    FOR SALE OR TRADE: Hewlett-Packard Model
    1BOE dual trace oscilloscope. Excellent condition
    asking $300 or trad e for KI M -1 or similar system.
    Also power supply with ±24 VDC, ±12 VDC,
    ±5 VDC and -6 VDC all outputs r at ecl at 5 A.
    Asking $30. Contact Roger at 19041651-4153.

    FOR SALE: Five computer memory and 10 boards


    (all units from D igital Equipment Corp). They are
    all in new condition, but I cannot gu arante e any
    of th em as I do not have the equipment. Three
    of the boards are core memory (nonvolatile).
    WANTED: For Microdata 1600 processor (Reality) FOR SALE : Autonetics Y~ inch magnetic tape There i s a 4 K by 12 DEC part number H220 P-33,
    magnetic tape controller, disc controller and drive, drive minideck and solid state electronic control unmarked board, and a 64 by 64 by 18 10 part
    core memory boards. Jack Hardman, 140 Forest circu its. Requires parallel interface. $75 plus ship­ number CF -4. The remaining boards plug i nto a
    Av, Glen Ridge NJ 07028, 1201) 429-8880. ping (weight 45 lbsl. Dick Jug el, 3814 N 85th Av, PDP - 11. One is a m emory driver G231E-P2; the
    Omaha NE 68134, 1402) 572 -8441. other is a control and data loops board number
    FOR SA L E: Apple II Game of Life. High speed, Gl09C. Boards go to the highes t bidder. Marty
    180 generations p er minute for 36 by 36 cell FOR SALE: Programs for HP-25. Sniper , Cannon, Bunshaft, 29A Forest Acres Dr. Bradford MA
    matrix. Variable size color display and many Wumpus, Wumpus 2, Artillery, Artillery 2, Golf, 01830.
    features using game paddles and keyboard ­ Hi-Lo, Blackjack, Mastermind, (including Random
    requires 8 K of memory. On Apple cassette, number generator, Roulette, Poker-machine, Para ­ FOR SALE: 12 issues of BYTE !October 1976
    $12. C H Galfo. 602 Orange St. Charlottesv ille chutist, Biorhythm (includes 100 year calendar), thru September 1977l. Best offer or trade for
    VA 22901. Amplifier (designs simple amplifiers). $4 each, what have you . G F Sabin, 6022 Sage Dr. Orlando
    5 for $18, 10 for $32 or complete set for $45. FL 32807.
    FOR SALE: Apple 11 ham radio software package. Also, programs custom written to requirements
    Send and receive in Morse, Baudot or ASCII code. and to run on any of Hewlett-Packard range FOR SALE : PDP - 15 computer 24 K of 18 bit core
    Var iable size te x t buffer, 3 field screen display, (specify). $10 each. I Webber. 92 Royal Pde, m emory, 4 DEC tapes, Teletype, paper tape read er
    stored messages and more features . Uses on board St Johns Wood 4060, AUSTRALIA. /punch , Fortran and Focal. Always on DEC full
    (game) 10 - requires 8 K of memory. On cassette. maintenan ce. Or L K Steinrauf, Dept of Bio­
    $18 . C H Galfo, 602 Orange St, Charlottesville FOR SALE : A Heathkit HS and H9 and cassette chemistry , I U Medical School. Indianapol is IN
    VA 22901. recorder, fully assembled and running w ith 16 K of 46202, 13 171 264 -7544.
    memory, includ ing many programs and three
    FOR SALE· Blank 4 K memory cards. 2102 versions of BASIC . Will sell for $2450 or over FOR SALE : OSl-400 computer syst em. Assembled
    memories, buffered address and data lines, pro­ $100 less than the price of the kits. Price i ncludes and tested by a professional . 4 K programmable
    vis ions for on board regulat ion and standby power sh ipping. George Walker. 67 Wyndham St, Guelph memory (unfinished 2nd 4 K board includedJ.
    ut ilizat ion, $18. Industrial quality G - 10 glass Ontar io, CANADA 1519) 823 -1411. Cassette 10. video display, keyboard ; $900 value,
    epo x y boards with gold plated 44 pin edge con ­ best offer takes it. Assembl ed and runn ing. Robert
    nector, on board decoding to 32 K of memory. WANTED: Intel 8008 lor -A) processor based W Warfield. 3202 Boyd, Midland TX 79701, 1914)
    Specially manufactured for my personal system, system or parts thereto. Send specifications and 694-7035.
    but eas ily used for KIM or other expansion . I requested pricing . Also need October 1977 BYTE
    also have 5 slot mother boards - $20 - and power in good cond ition . James Tucker, POB 471, APO WANTED : IMSAl/iCOM/DEBBI owners to join
    suppl ies. Bob Ribbeck, 10990 Howe Rd, Clarence New York NY 09305. European based users group for softw are exchange,
    NY 14031. mutual assistance: or alternatively CP/M European
    WANTED: Speech Synthesizer and Heuristics users group. Contact K A Geiger, 66, Rue Roths·
    FOR SALE: MITS Altair 88-S4K Synchronous 4 K Speechlab in good condit ion . State price and child, 1202 Geneva SWITZERLAND .
    memory board. Built by experienced kit bu ilder, cond ition . Contact William Yeap, 2217 7th Av,
    and checked out by lo c al MITS c omputer store_ NW. Calgary Alberta, CANADA T2N OZ9. 14031 FOR SALE: Fine 1959 SULLIVAN pipe organ
    Full documentation pack included. Wish to u se 283-6863. with electric key and stop action ideal for artist/
    slot for higher density board. Asking $150 . Dave hobbyist integr ation of micro based c3 as de­
    Busse, 1510 W Dempster, Mount Prospect IL WANTED: September 75 thru June 76, September scribed in two art icles in February 1978 BYTE .
    60054, evenings (3121 364 -0147 . 1976, January 1977 and February 1977 BYTE Two manuals (61 keys), 32 pedals, n i ne ranks,
    issues. Will accept all or separate cop ies. Will accept 498 pip es, ch imes, pistons, shutters; suitabl e for
    FOR SALE: Distortion Analyzer TS -917/GG. a reasonable price. Randy Pray. 3209 SW 2nd , home or chu r ch installation (in daily use in home
    Stelma model TDA-2 detects bias d istortion and Des Moines IA 50315, 1515) 288-8189. nowl. $6200 plus optional packing and shipp ing .
    other faults of 5 level t eleprinters. 60 -75 -100 WPM. Send SASE for compl e te sp ecificat ion and details.
    With instruction manual, $40. John Riley, 914 N FOR SALE : TRS -80 sci- fi games 14 K, l 1) : Phil Bergstresser, 128 Jackson Av, Madison AL
    Cordova, Burbank CA 91505. Galactic Blockade Runner- a sophisticated space 35758 .
    war game. You control your ship and its weapons,
    FOR SALE: Radio Shack ASCII keyboard fight off enemy attacks and cope with hazards to I am looking for an i ndividual or company willing
    assembled and tested for 540. Like new Tl -58 pro ­ run the blockade and to deliver vital supplies on to provide on site service contracts for the metro­
    grammable calculator - make offer or swap for time. $9.95 for cassette and 12 page manual. SASE plitan New York City area. Equipment would be
    SwTPC hardware. Dennis Doonan, 2307 Carlisle for list of games. Tim Quinlan, 219 Washington Av, microcomputers and related peripherals. Also
    Av, Racine WI 53404 Chelsea MA 02150. looking for other owners who would like to have
    on site service and maintenance for the ir equip ­
    FOR SALE OR TRADE: Stand and enclosure for FOR SALE : Two IMSAI 4A-4 st atic programmable ment . B Rabinow icz. 1061 54 St, Brooklyn NY
    chain printer. Can be modified to house a Cen ­ memory boards. Professional construction, from an 11219 .
    tronics printer. Would consider trading for Tele­ operational IMSAI 8080 system. Going to Z -80
    type model 35 RO parts. James Mullen, RR 5, POB and do not want the 450 ns slow programmable MUST SELL : 3P+S Processor Technology 10 card .
    106, Evansville IN 47711 . memory in the system. $200 buys both boards. Two parall el I Os and one serial 10. $100, as­
    K J Hall iwell, 2373 John Smith Dr. Apt F. sembled and test ed . Paper tap e reader, Oliver
    FOR SALE : Updating to bigger system. Must sell Schaumburg IL 60194, or call after 6 PM 1312) Audio OP-BOA, used only several times, assembled
    Digital Group Z-80 system complete with Z-80 885-0362. and tested, $50; all that is needed is to interface
    processor, video and cass ette 10 board, four a par allel input. PerCom Electronics cassette
    parallel ports, 8 K bytes static memory. Complete FOR SALE : Heathki t H-8 Computer system, 16 K i nt erface; all that is needed is a serial or parall el
    with case and full documentation. Originally memory, H-8-5 serial 10 and cassette interface. All 10 and cassette recorder . Assembled and tested,
    $1400, will sell for $900. Ray Cote. POB 68, ava ilable Heath software. assembled and working, $50. Godbout PROM board, holds 8 K 15204)
    Peterborough NH 03458. $900. Lear Sie gler model 7700 Display Term inal, and has Godbout monitor . $75 takes assembled
    serial RS -232 output, 25 lines with 80 characters board and PROMs . Larry Belmontes Jr. 1762
    per line, serv ice manual, $450. Bob Majanski, Yale St, Corpus Christi TX 78416, (5121 855-2687
    214 Coolidge Av , Hasbrouck Heights NJ 07604, or 1512) 854 -2662.
    NEW UNCL4SS/F/£D POLICY 1201) 288 -3742.
    PROM PROGRAMMING: From binary paper
    Readers who have equipment, :software or other i t?1m:s FOR SALE : One Processor Technology 8 K tape: 1702A 1$41, 2708 ($81. From hexadecimal
    to buy, :sell or :swap :should :send in a cl"arly ryped notice programmable memory board, working, $150. or octal listing : 1702A 1$51, 2708 ($161. You
    to that effect. To be considered for publication. an adver­
    tisement must be clearl y noncommercial, typed double
    One Ithaca Audio 8 K programmable memory supply the read only memory. Quantity discounts
    spaced on plain white p~er, contsin 75 words or less . and board, working, $100. Two Godbout 4 K pro· for multiple copies. 48 hour turnaround. David
    include complete name and address information. grammable memory boards, working, $50 each. Corbin. 11704 Ibsen Dr. Rockville MD 20B52,
    These notices are free of charge and will be printed one One Vector Graphics 18 slot mother board, 13011881-7571 after 6 PM.
    rime only on a :spcJCe available basis. Notices can be ac­
    cepted from indi11idual:s or bona fide computer u:se1s clubs
    assembled , $75. One ICOM microfloppy system
    only. We can engage in no correspondence on these and (board and floppy) complete with FOOS 111 for FOR SALE: First 16 issues of BYTE except num­
    your confirmation of plilCement i:s appearance in an issue of th e SOL. working, $800. One PerSci dual floppy ber 11 !July 1976 BYTE). Also February, March
    BYTE. drive, working, $800. All prices are negotiable. and April 1977 Data Communications for free. No
    Please note that it may take chree or four months for an
    ad to appear in the maga.zine. •
    Jeff Roloff, 2214 Brookshire, Champaign IL reasonable offer refused. L R Chauvenet, 11 Sussex
    61820. Rd, Silver Spring MD 20910.

    222 October 1978 © BYTE Publi cations Inc


    FOR SALE: Sharp Associates Selectric typewriter WANTED: F loppy disc drives (any condition), WANTED: Program s for ecosystem and forest
    interface kit model SK2. Converts any selectric line printer I 100+CPS). OSI boards, S-100 boards, management simulation that could be used in a
    typewriter to printer and keyboard input peri­ 6502 hardware and software, C-MOD (MMM/Cele­ study of the feas i bility of the utilization of wood
    pheral. Includes power supply and transistor­ tron) boards and software. I R Peterson, 669·23 for energy . M itc hell Bayersdorfer, 8325 New
    transistor logic (TTL) compatible outputs, as­ Av NW, St Paul MN 55112, 1612) 633.1599. Second St, Elkins Park PA 19117, 1215) 635-2126.
    sembly and interface manuals. Partly assembled
    $180. Contact Jeff Duntemann, 6208 N Campbell FOR SALE : Persci model 70 8 inch floppy drive M6800 CROSS ASSEMBLER: A two pass cross
    Av, Chicago IL 60659, (312) 454·2755 during and model 1070 in telligent controller. Never assembler written in FORTRAN IV i s available
    business hours, otherwise ( 312) 764 -5069. powered up - perfectly new, $1000. Elwood for the M6800 Motorola micro . In put is i n fixed
    Downey, 1000 W Spring Valley, number 242, fo rmat; statements are similar to Motorola as­
    FOR SALE: Altair 8800 with 16 slot motherboard Richardson TX 75080, 1214) 690- 1523 home or sembler language, most features of the language
    and 16 edge connectors, cooling fan modification, 231-9303 ext 312 work. being supported. Additionall y. a system symbol
    2SIO serial 10 with both ports, 88PIO parallel table is supported, enabl i ng symbolic reference
    10 board, 1 K static memory with 512 bytes of WANTED: Modules/parts to restore a DEC RK05 to system addresses, and assembly of rout ines to
    memory, 12 K static memory, 4 K read only disk drive for personal use. G180 read/write board, contiguous memory locat ions. Send $1 for the
    memory software board with 8080 assembler, M7700 board, M7701 board, M7702 board, manual. and $5 for t he listing, (or $14 for a paper
    text editor. system monitor and all documentation. G938 board, H604 board, two 20 V regulator tape} to: G A R Trollope. 466 Caswallen Or, West
    All A and T, original cost over $2000, yours for modules, 5 V regulator module. The above items Chester PA 19380, 1215) 431 -2885.
    $1500 and you pay shipping. Don Cheeseman, do not have to be in working condition. Peter
    8231 Creekline Dr. San Antonio TX 78251, 1512) A Balkus, 18 Clearview Av, Lynn MA 01904 . FOR SALE : HP-25 Game Pr og rams. I have several
    681 ·4938. games i nclud ing a neat golf game, two versions
    GETTING MARRIED : So I'm selling the whole of Master Mind (or Comp IV), Footba l l. Tic-Tac ­
    WANTED: Cheap optical paper tape reader ; ball of wax to pay for my honeymoon: IMSAI Toe, Mortar Batt lefield, Battle the D ive Bomber
    RAECO, OAE, or similar. Also cheap high-speed with full motherboard and connectors, SOS 2·80 and others. $2 each or trade. Jerry Hansen, 420
    8 level paper tape punch, hopefully with enough card, 24 K 500 ns memory, 3P+S 10 card, Tarbell West 800 South number 1, Richfield UT 84 701,
    documentation to build a parallel port interface. floppy controller, real time clock, Tarbell tape 1801) 8966110 .
    Chuck Johnson, 17104 Via Alamitos, San Lorenzo Interface, bus terminator, 2708/2716 erasable
    CA 94580, (415) 278·6595 evenings. read only memory card (with two 2708s) 12 by 80 FOR SALE : Fully assembled and fully operational
    video display with built-in modem and much 8080/ M o rrow M icro Stufl/Thinker Toys front panel
    FOR SALE: Digital Group system with 8080 2-80 Software. Complete documentation on every­ processor board. All documentation inclu ded. First
    processor, 6502 processor, 26 K programmable thing. Worth much more than the $2,000 I'm certified funds for $300 gets rid of that "knuck le ­
    memory, erasable read only memory card 64/32 asking. Judd Ellmers, 1201) 967-2645, 9 AM to buster." double clutch ing front pane l. including
    character displays, two phidecks and interface, 5 PM. (Congran1/ations from BYTE.. _.DWH/ UPS shipping charges . W Howar d Adams, 1590
    keyboard, video monitor. audio cassette, 25 A South Kramer ia St. Denver CO 80224, 1303)
    power supply, processor cabinet, software, BASIC, FOR SALE: Complete microcomputer system. 756 4052.
    assembler, editor and games. All for $1500. Bill IMSAI 8080 main frame with Wunderbuss. 4 MHz
    Seiler. number 202, 1717 Woodland Av. Palo Alto Z-80 process or, 56 K bytes of fully static pro ­ FOR SALE ACT 11, a video termina l capable of
    CA 94303, 1415) 323-2083. grammable memory (250 nsl PerSci 277 dual d isk over t he te lephone communication w ith its built -in
    drive with PerSci power supply and cabinet, OMA acoustic coup ler . Complete w ith video display and
    FOR SALE : A number of copies of BYTE, volume d isk controller, 0 C Hayes modem board (set up RF Modulator . $600 . Con t act: 1516) 671 -3957.
    1, number 1 at $10 per copy. Copies will be mailed for autoanswer timeshare using CP/M software).
    insured as long as supply lasts. Joe Haran. 517 Lear Siegler ADM-2 video display terminal. Data FOR SALE: Paper tape reader and punch; Heath­
    Bridge St, Mont Clare PA 19453, (215) 935-0484. General Dasher terminal/p rinter (60 cps ma t ri x), kit H 10, assembled and tested . 50 character per
    comp lete library of CP/M software (version 1.4) second reader, 10 character per second punch .
    WANTED: L it erature on Intel SDK -80 (the w it h documentation, approximately 20 diskettes. $320 delivered w ith manuals, cable and supply
    MDS-80 Systems Development Kitl. I am inter ­ Many many extras! Individual components cost of tape. Write D T Mears, 32·E S Westmoor Av,
    ested in specific applications of your SOK -80 (ie : over $9800 in kit form. Asking price is $8900 Newark OH 43055 .
    distributive process ing). Dave Fashenpour, 5411 or best offer for this completely integra ted system.
    Cerro Vista, San Antonio TX 78233. 1714) 521 ·2344 or 738 -8086. FOR SALE : Built and tested SwTPC 6800 with
    8 K (extra 2 K unbuilt), Haze lt in e 2000 video
    FOR SALE: Tl-59, PC-100A, two libraries (master CASINO BLACKJACK : For Tl Programmable disp lay term inal. and Hazel t ine thermal printer
    and statistics), 40 magnetic cards, 22 thermal 59. Most complete vers ion avai lable for a hand (with extra Texas Instruments pr int head) in
    paper rolls, three card holders, one battery charger, held unit . Allows up to six players to bet, hit, excel lent condit ion. Will make super system jus t
    one carrying case. all in perfect condit ion. Plus stand, double down, in sure and split pairs aga inst by add ing d iskette or tape drive . $1595 complete
    my own special programs including Horse Race, the house . Keeps score and displays al 1 cards or best offer. Also BYTE volume one, number 1
    Universal Calendar. Personal Finance (Expen se automatically. Cost is only $3.50 and includes in excellent condition. V Farmer, 78 Harvard St,
    Analysis and Cash Register!. Alphanumeric Entry program listing and qu ality documentation. Send Walpole MA 02081, (6171 668 -7339.
    Routine . All documents came with original ship­ two mag cards and will record th is 600+ step
    ment (they are still brand -new). Please quote offer; program for you as well. Game rules from Thorp·s FOR SALE: Elf 11 with 4 K memory, the giant
    if no reply, outfit has been sold.HT Chen, Physics Bear The Dealer. Robert Griffin Jr, 104 Briar Rd, board. an d expansion power supply. $200. Win sto n
    Dept, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602, Nanuet NY 10954. Cope, 302 Anderson St, Apt G. Durham NC
    1404) 546-1065. 27705. 1919) 684 ·0893 .
    FOR SALE: TRS -80 level· 1 tapes and program
    FOR SALE: Altair 8800A mainframe micro­ lists. Star Trek (runs on 12 Kl , list $7, tape $10.
    FOR SALE: TVT 11 w ith keyboard, monitor and
    computer with 40 K memory, X.. K programmable Lunar Lander (runs on 4 K l , list $3, tape $6.
    modem. Ready to go on line . Asking $350. Jack S
    memory/read only memory resident bootstrap Biorhythm (runs on 4 Kl, list $4.50, tape $9.
    Dav is. POB 5, Endw ell NY 13 760.
    loader for diskette system, 88DCDD flexible J R Menzies, 7106 Colgate Dr. Alexandria VA
    diskette drive with controller and extended 22307.
    FOR SALE : Assembled SwTPC CT -64 terminal
    BASIC software version 4.1. Additional boards: with Hitachi model P-05 TV mon ito r $450. The
    vectored interrupt/real time clock, ARC tape 10, FOR SALE: Two lnnovex floppy drives (com­
    ASCII terminal is in excellent condition and is
    two SID RS -232 IDs, PIO parallel 10 etc. Retail patible with Tarbell and Peripheral V ision inter ­
    configured for 16 l ines of 64 characters. The
    value over $3,500; asking $2,000 for all, including faces). three 8 K memory boards (4 MHz), one
    serial interface is RS232 and can be strapped for
    many extras; will sell separates too . TVT Modified Alpha Video 11 video board (4 MHz compatible,
    various baud rates. Jim Crane, 5650 Windsor
    SwTPC 32 character line with video monitor and on board keyboard port with 5 V and status out,
    Way number 308, Culver City CA 90230, 1213)
    Pendar keyboard - $150. Burroughs terminal/ 1 K buffer, etc), one GRI keyboard (case and
    649.4187.
    printer with logic controller - $150. Ira Wilner, connector cable), one video monitor (as in Com­
    POB 5B2, Brattleboro VT 05301, (802) 254 -880 7. puter Warehouse ad). John Whiffen, 443 -6324 or
    279 -1496, Toronto CANADA. FOR SALE : PET BASIC action games including
    Bombe1. Seawolf. Indy 500 and Aerial Dogfight.
    WANTED : Any Micro Systems Design MF 10-1
    FOR SALE : Must sell ASAP an IBM 6420 com­ All four on cassette. Send $6 A n dy Fra ley, 1753
    10 Board user . Help. Stephen Gladstone, 1103
    puter system with 6425 magnet ic ledger card York Rd, Reading PA 19610.
    Namdac Av, Bay Shore, Long Island NY 11706,
    1516) 666 -8342. reader attached. It conta ins 1 to 220 column
    t ractor fee d and 1 to 130 column friction feed HELP: I have a DEC POP-8/1 mini with a Dataram
    selectric wi t h a magnetic ledger card reader Corp memory stack. PIN 2100270, SIN DR5049D .
    PROM PROGRAMMING: From binary paper
    tape: 1702A 1$4), 2708 ($8). From hexadecimal attached. Un it works and I have some manuals for Does anyone know if the firm is still in business
    or octal listing: 1702A 1$5), 2708 1$161. You it. Some boards and lot s of extras are included. and t he address where they may be contacted: or
    supply the read only memory. Quantity discounts Un it sold new for $55,000 a few years ago. will does anyone have any i nformation on the stack?
    for multiple copies. 48 hour turnaround. David sell to first person with certified check for $1200 If you can help with any informat ion please write.
    Corbin. 11704 Ibsen Dr . Rockville MD 20852, or call and make offer above. Dave Dahlber g, Thomas Parquette. 116 Sanford Av, Clinton New
    (301) 881-7571after6 PM. 4375 Weber River Dr, number 95, Ogden UT York 13323.
    84401, 1801) 399 -2396.
    WANTED: I needa design or k it to convert an IBM LEARN : Complete self·study microcomputer
    2741 selectric terminal to ASCII. It presently HELP: Southern Connecticut New Haven area; training system. Includes microcomputer. work·
    uses correspondence code and requires a special anyone using Tarbell disk system please contact me books, texts, in ter fac ing board and power supply.
    element which I would like to replace with a for mutual system support. Also need help i n Will send full information to all sending me SASE.
    regular element. Peter Baum, POB 399, Sunny­ maintenance, fine points of CP/M; will pay! James First $500 takes this $1200 package. Tony Durr,
    mead CA 92388. Van Pelt, 25 Sagamore Cv. Branford CT 06405. 2802 W Kenmore, Tampa FL 33614. •

    October 1978 © BYTE Publications Inc 223


    To get further informorion on rhe producrs advertised in BYTE, fill our the reader service cord with your name and address. Then circle the
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    Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No.
    2 Administrative Systems 143
    150 Godbout Electronics 77 288 PCE Electronics 202
    3 AJA Software 16 7
    GFN Industries 117 301 Per Com Data 45
    4 Alpha Micro Systems 140, 141
    157 Hamilton Logic Systems 202 302 Personal Software 94
    7 Altos Computer Products 5
    159 Hayden Book Publishing 133 303 Personal Systems Consulting 52
    10 Anderson Jacobson 85 158 DC Hayes 149 321 Phone I 189
    12 Apparat Inc 180 160 Heath Company 17 304 Preferred Positions 218
    14 Apple Computer 14 1 70 Hobby World 192 306 Priority I 214, 215
    15 Apple Computer 1 5 172 Honeywell 87 305 Processor Technology 8. 9, 10
    • Art·by·Computer 161
    173 Houston Instruments 47 307 Program Design Inc 157, 159, 161
    20 Artec Electronics 69
    174 HUH Electronics 170 308 Programmers Software Exchange 149

    22 A TV Research 202
    1 77 IEE Corporation 202 309 PRS 51

    24 AVR Electronics 218


    175 IMSAI 13 311 Quest Electronics 195
    26 Base 2 Inc 99
    1 76 Information Terminals 35 Radio Shack 79
    30 Beckian Enterprises 219
    Information Unlimited 159 The Recreational Programmer 185
    35 BITS Inc 127. 128, 129
    1 78 lnnotronics 181 313 Reston Educational Institute 120, 121
    27 Biz Comp '78 167
    179 Integrand 171 314 Rondure Co 213
    28 Bootstrap Enterprises 163
    180 Integrated Circuits Unlimited 209 316 S-100 188
    29 Business Application Software 1 71
    184 International Data Sciences 176 Scelbi C 111

    32 Buss 14 7
    190 Ithaca Audio 198 Scelbi/BYTE Primer 125

    BYTE Back Issues 159 193 J & E Electronics 218 317 Schrier Software Index 1 75

    BYTE Books 61, 62, 63, 64 195 Jade Company 197 Scientific Research 54, 55, 160
    BYTE WATS Line 50 200 Jameco Electronics 210. 211 318 Seattle Computer Products 101
    39 Californ ia Digital 201 201 Jim -Pak 71 319 Michael Shrayer Software 11 3
    40 Canada Systems 181 203 Judge Electronics 218 312 Shugart CIV
    45 Central Data 73 204 Kybe Corp 131 322 Signetics 37
    46 Chrislin Industries 206 205 Lear Siegler 107 323 Small Business Computer Magazine 155
    47 Computer Age 206 Lifeboat Associates 159, 161 324 Ed Smith's Software 161
    65 Computer Corner 206
    215 Logical Services 151 320 Smoke Signal Broadcasting 93
    70 Computer Enterprises 92
    217 Mathematical Application Services 218 3 2 6 Softside 1 70
    72 Computer Labo f NJ 163
    219 McGraw -Hill Publishing 139 330 Software Records 16 7
    75 Computerland 10, 11
    221 The Memory Coop 206 335 SSM 56, 5 7
    73 Computer Mart of NH 206 222 Micro Mail 150 340 Solid State Sales 221
    74 Computer Mart of NJ & PA 126. 206 223 Micromation 25 343 Soroc 41
    76 Contemporary Marketing 109
    224 MicroPro International Corp 49 350 Southwest Technical Products C 11
    77 Cosmic Search 1 58
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    78 CPAids 177
    228 Micro Z 206 351 Structured Systems Group 29
    Creative Software 189
    229 Mikos 219 353 Summagraphics 152
    80 Cromemco 1, 2
    255 Morrow{Thinker Toys 23, 75 354 Sunny Trading Company 218
    81 Datafacs 184
    265 mpi 179 358 Sybex 3 9
    83 Datec 206
    267 Mullen Computer Boards 126 355 Synchro Sound 66, 67
    87 Digital Marketing 91
    269 MVT Microcomputer Systems 68 359 Talos Systems Inc 43
    89 Digital Pathways 97
    271 NCC '79 123 360 Tarbell Elec t ronics 105
    95 Digital Research (CA) 175
    280 Netronics 153 363 Taylor & Associates 1 50
    100 Digital Research (TX) 203 281 NE Electronics 82 370 Technical Systems Consultants 119
    103 Digital Service & Design 218 283 Newman Computer Exchange 111 372 Terrapin 138
    110 Dynabyte 32, 33 284 Nortek Inc 218 356 3 S Sales Inc 217
    112 Ed-Pro 151 285 North Star 7, 27 3 73 Tora Systems 218
    114 Electro Analytic Systems 188 286 Northwest Microcomputing Systems 59 374 TransNet 60
    115 Electrolabs 195 290 Ohio Scientific Instrument 18, 19, 20. 21 3 76 Tri Tek 217
    120 Electronic Control Technology 1 77 291 OK Machine & Tool 31 381 Ultra Violet Products 174
    125 Electronic Systems 205 293 Oliver Advanced Engineering 176 382 University Microfilms International 83
    130 Electronics Warehouse 207 292 Osborne & Associates 13 7 383 US Robotics 9 7
    132 EMM/CMP 156 • Owens Assoc iates 206
    386 Vamp 202
    134 EMM Semi Inc 185 294 Pacific Digital 174
    388 Wameco 213
    137 Exidy Inc 81 296 Pacific Office Systems 199
    Whales 115

    140 Forethought Pro ducts 148 297 Page Digital 199


    395 Worldwide Electronics 202

    142 Fuller Eng & Mfg 179 298 PAI A Electronics 180
    397 X & Y Enterprises 202

    144 General Electric 103 299 PanaVise 1 54


    400 Xitex 146, 147

    •correspond direcc/y with company.

    Readers Choose

    "Choosing a Microprocessor"

    Article No. ARTICLE PAGE


    The first place winner in the July BOMB
    Kinzer: A Memory Pattern Sensitivity Test 12 (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box) was "How
    2
    Ciarcia: No Power for Your Interfaces? 22 To Choose a Microprocessor" by Louis
    3
    Chung-Yuen: A "Tiny" Pascal Compiler: Part 2 34 Frenzel, page 124. Second prize went to
    4
    Adams: Testing Memory in Basic 58 Lane T Hauck for "Who's Afraid Of Dy­
    5
    Letwin: PAM/8: A New Approach to Front Panel Design 70 namic Memories?", page 42. The first place
    6 The Spracklens: First Steps in Computer Chess Programming 86 article score was 1.4 standard deviations
    7 Anderson: Linear Circuit Analysis 100
    above the mean, and the second place article
    8 Smith: Solving the Eight Queens Problem 122
    9 Steeden: Assembling the H9 Video Terminal 130
    was 1.34 standard deviations above the
    10 Burhans: A Simpler Digital Cassette Tape Interface 142 mean-quite a close score. The authors will
    11 Hughes: Souping Up Your SwTPC 6800 144 receive prizes of $100 and $ 50, respectively.
    12 Farnell: A Novel Bar Code Reader 162 "Antique Mechanical Computers," page 48,
    13 Whaland: A Computer Chess Tutorial 168 placed third, and the other two history
    14 Frey-Atkin: Creating a Chess Player 182 articles tied for fourth place.•

    224 October 1978 ©BYTE Publications Inc


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    Shugart invented The minifloppy in T976. positioned precisely on The selected Track by a
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    drive Technology into This Tiny package. Up To ll0 for The drive.
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    maintenance-Tree feaTures like write protect To disk storage. Ask for The standard of The industry.
    prevent accidental data loss, an activity light to minifloppy. If iT isn’T ShugarT. it isn’T minifloppy.
    indicate when The drive is selected by your
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    maximum daTa interchange margins, and it is 435 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California Q4086

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