FortiADC Handbook

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Tuesday, September 19, 2017

FortiADC Handbook 4.7.3

Second Update
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Change Log 13
Introduction 14
Features 14
Basic network topology 14
Scope 15
Chapter 1: What’s New 17
FortiADC 4.7.3 17
FortiADC 4.7.2 17
FortiADC 4.7.1 17
FortiADC 4.7.0 17
FortiADC 4.6.2 19
FortiADC 4.6.1 19
FortiADC 4.6.0 19
FortiADC 4.5.3 21
FortiADC 4.5.2 21
FortiADC 4.5.1 21
FortiADC 4.5.0 22
FortiADC 4.4.0 23
FortiADC 4.3.1 24
FortiADC 4.3.1 24
FortiADC 4.3.0 25
FortiADC 4.2.3 26
FortiADC 4.2.1 26
FortiADC 4.2.0 26
FortiADC 4.1 27
FortiADC 4.0 Patch 2 27
FortiADC 4.0 Patch 1 27
FortiADC 4.0 27
FortiADC 3.2.0 28
FortiADC 3.1.0 28
FortiADC 3.0.0 29
FortiADC 2.1.0 29
Chapter 2: Key Concepts and Features 30
Server load balancing 30
 Feature Summary 30
Authentication 31
Caching 31
Compression 32
Decompression 32
Content rewriting 32
Content routing 32
Scripting 32
SSL transactions 32
Link load balancing 33
Global load balancing 33
Security 33
High availability 33
Virtual domains 34
Chapter 3: Getting Started 35
Step 1: Install the appliance 35
Step 2: Configure the management interface 36
Step 3: Configure basic network settings 39
Step 4: Test connectivity to destination servers 43
Step 5: Complete product registration, licensing, and upgrades 43
Step 6: Configure a basic server load balancing policy 45
Step 7: Test the deployment 48
Step 8: Back up the configuration 51
Chapter 4: Server Load Balancing 53
Server load balancing basics 53
Server load balancing configuration overview 56
Configuring real server SSL profiles 59
Configuring MySQL profiles 63
Single-master mode 63
Sharding mode 64
Creating a MySQL profile 67
Creating a MySQL configuration object 67
Specifying the MySQL user account 68
Configuring MySQL rules 69
Configuring sharding 69
Configuring client SSL profiles 71
Using real server pools 75
Configuring real server pools 75
Example: Using port ranges and the port 0 configuration 80
Configuring persistence rules 82
Configuring content routes 88
Using content rewriting rules 90
 Overview 90
Configuring content rewriting rules 91
Example: Redirecting HTTP to HTTPS 93
Example: Rewriting the HTTP response when using content routing 101
Example: Rewriting the HTTP request and response to mask application details 103
Example: Rewriting the HTTP request to harmonize port numbers 105
Compression and decompression 106
Configuring compression rules 107
Configuring decompression rules 109
Using caching features 111
Static caching 111
Dynamic caching 113
Configuring caching rules 113
Configuring certificate caching 115
Configuring a certificate caching object 115
Configuring Application profiles 115
Configuring error pages 140
Using source pools 140
Configuring source pools 141
Example: DNAT 143
Example: full NAT 144
Example: NAT46 (Layer 4 virtual servers) 145
Example: NAT64 (Layer 4 virtual servers) 147
Example: NAT46 (Layer 7 virtual servers) 149
Example: NAT64 (Layer 7 virtual servers) 151
Configuring authentication policies 152
Configuring load-balancing (LB) methods 154
Configuring an L2 exception list 156
Creating a Web Filter Profile configuration 157
Using the Web Category tab 158
Configuring virtual servers 158
Two Options for virtual server configuration 158
Basic virtual server configuration 159
Advanced virtual server configuration 161
TCP multiplexing 166
Using scripts 168
Create a script object 169
Import a script 169
Export a script 169
Delete a script 169
Chapter 5: Link Load Balancing 170
Link load balancing basics 170
 Using link groups 170
Using virtual tunnels 171
Link load balancing configuration overview 173
Configuring gateway links 175
Configuring persistence rules 176
Configuring proximity route settings 178
Configuring a link group 180
Configuring a virtual tunnel group 182
Configuring link policies 184
Chapter 6: Global Load Balancing 186
Global load balancing basics 186
Global load balancing configuration overview 188
Configuring servers 190
Configuring a global load balance link 193
Configuring data centers 194
Configuring hosts 195
Configuring virtual server pools 197
Configuring Topologies 199
Configuring dynamic proximity 199
Configuring persistence 200
Configuring an address group 201
Configuring remote DNS servers 202
Configuring the DSSET list 203
Configuring DNS zones 204
Configuring DNS64 208
Configuring the response rate limit 209
Configuring a Global DNS policy 210
Configuring general settings 211
Configuring the trust anchor key 212
Chapter 7: Network Security 214
Security features basics 214
Managing IP Reputation policy settings 214
Configure IP reputation exception 216
Using the Geo IP block list 217
Using the Geo IP whitelist 218
Enabling denial of service protection 219
Configuring a firewall policy 220
Configuring the firewall connection limit 221
Chapter 8: Web Application Firewall 223
Web application firewall basics 223
Web application firewall configuration overview 224
Predefined configuration elements 225
 Severity 225
Exceptions 225
Configuring a WAF Profile 225
Configuring a Web Attack Signature policy 227
Configuring a URL Protection policy 233
Configuring an HTTP Protocol Constraint policy 234
Configuring an SQL/XSS Injection Detection policy 238
Configuring WAF Exception objects 241
Configuring a Bot Detection policy 241
Chapter 9: Authentication Management 244
Configuring user groups 244
Using the local authentication server 246
Using an LDAP authentication server 247
LDAP bind messages 247
Simple bind 247
Anonymous bind 247
Regular bind 248
LDAP over SSL (LDAPS) and StartTLS 249
Configuring LDAP binding 249
Using a RADIUS authentication server 251
Using Kerberos Authentication Relay 251
Authentication Workflow 252
Step 1: Client authentication 252
Step 2: Client service authorization 252
Step 3: Client service request 253
FortiADC Kerberos authentication implementation 253
Configure Authentication Relay (Kerberos) 253
Using HTTP Basic SSO 254
Configure HTTP Basic SSO 255
SAML and SSO 256
Configure a SAML service provider 256
Import IDP Metadata 258
Chapter 10: Shared Resources 259
Configuring health checks 259
Monitoring health check status 267
Creating schedule groups 268
Creating IPv4 address objects 269
Configuring IPv4 address groups 270
Creating IPv6 address objects 270
Configuring IPv6 address groups 271
Managing ISP address books 272
Create an ISP address book object 274
 Creating service objects 275
Creating service groups 276
Chapter 11: Basic Networking 278
Configuring network interfaces 278
Using physical interfaces 278
Using VLAN interfaces 279
Using aggregate interfaces 279
Configuring network interfaces 280
Configuring static routes 285
Configuring policy routes 286
Chapter 12: System Management 288
Configuring basic system settings 288
Configuring system time 289
Configuring an SMTP mail server 291
Configuring FortiGuard service settings 291
Pushing/pulling configurations 293
Backing up and restoring the configuration 294
Updating firmware 295
Upgrade considerations 296
Updating firmware using the web UI 296
Updating firmware using the CLI 298
Rebooting, resetting, and shutting down the system 299
Create a traffic group 300
Create a traffic group via the command line interface 301
Create a traffic group from the Web GUI 301
Create administrator users 302
Configure access profiles 304
Enable password policies 307
Configuring SNMP 308
Download SNMP MIBs 309
Configure SNMP threshold 309
Configure SNMP v1/v2 310
Configure SNMP v3 312
Manage and validate certificates 313
Overview 314
Certificates and their domains 314
Prerequisite tasks 315
Manage certificates 316
Generating a certificate signing request 316
Importing local certificates 319
Creating a local certificate group 320
Importing intermediate CAs 321
 Creating an intermediate CA group 322
Validating certificates 323
Configure a certificate verification object 323
Importing CRLs 326
Adding OCSPs 327
Importing OCSP signing certificates 329
Importing CAs 330
Creating a CA group 331
HSM Integration 332
Integrating FortiADC with SafeNet Network HSM 332
Preparing the HSM appliance 333
Generating a certificate-signing request on FortiADC 335
Downloading and uploading the certificate request (.csr) file 337
Uploading the server certificate to FortiADC 338
Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting 340
Using the event log 340
Using the security log 347
Using the traffic log 352
Using the script log 361
Using the aggregate log 361
Configuring local log settings 362
Configuring syslog settings 364
Configuring high speed logging 365
Enabling real-time statistics 366
Configuring alert email settings 367
Configuring an alert email recipient 368
Configuring reports 368
Configuring Report Queries 369
Configuring fast reports 372
Viewing reports 373
Viewing the Overall report 374
Viewing the Server Load Balance report 375
Viewing the Link Load Balance report 377
Viewing the Global Load Balance report 378
Viewing the Security report 379
Display logs via CLI 380
Chapter 14: High Availability Deployments 381
HA feature overview 381
HA system requirements 385
HA configuration synchronization 386
Configuring HA settings 387
Monitoring an HA cluster 393
 Updating firmware for an HA cluster 394
Deploying an active-passive cluster 395
Overview 396
Basic steps 398
Best practice tips 398
Deploying an active-active cluster 398
Configuration overview 399
Basic steps 400
Expected behavior 401
Traffic to TCP virtual servers 401
Traffic to HTTP virtual servers 405
FTP traffic and traffic processed by firewall rules 407
Best practice tips 410
Advantages of HA Active-Active-VRRP 410
Deploying an active-active-VRRP cluster 410
Configuration overview 411
Basic steps 412
Best practice tips 413
Chapter 15: Virtual Domains 415
Virtual domain basics 415
Enabling the virtual domain feature 415
Creating virtual domains 416
Assigning network interfaces and admin users to VDOMs 416
Virtual domain policies 417
Disabling virtual domains 418
Chapter 16: SSL Transactions 419
SSL offloading 419
SSL decryption by forward proxy 421
Layer 7 deployments 421
Layer 2 deployments 423
Profile configurations 424
Certificate guidelines 428
SSL/TLS versions and cipher suites 428
Exceptions list 432
SSL traffic mirroring 432
Chapter 17: Advanced Networking 434
NAT 434
Configure source NAT 434
Configure 1-to-1 NAT 437
QoS 439
Configuring a QoS queue 440
Configuring the QoS filter 440
 Configuring the QoS IPv6 filter 441
ISP routes 442
BGP 443
How BGP works 443
IBGP vs. EBGP 443
Access list vs. prefix list 447
Configuring an Access List 448
Configuring an Access IPv6 List 448
Configuring a Prefix List 449
Configuring an IPv6 prefix list 450
OSPF 450
Reverse path route caching 454
Packet capture 456
Chapter 18: Best Practices and Fine Tuning 458
Regular backups 458
Security 458
Topology 459
Administrator access 459
Performance tips 460
System performance 460
Reducing the impact of logging on performance 460
Reducing the impact of reports on system performance 460
Reducing the impact of packet capture on system performance 460
High availability 461
Chapter 19: Troubleshooting 462
Logs 462
Tools 462
execute commands 462
diagnose commands 463
System dump 464
Packet capture 465
Diff 466
Solutions by issue type 467
Login issues 467
Connectivity issues 468
Checking hardware connections 468
Checking routing 468
Examining the routing table 472
Examining server daemons 472
Checking port assignments 472
Performing a packet trace 472
Checking the SSL/TLS handshake & encryption 473
 Resource issues 473
Monitoring traffic load 473
DoS attacks 474
Resetting the configuration 474
Restoring firmware (“clean install”) 474
Additional resources 477
Chapter 20: System Dashboard 478
Status 481
Data Analytics 482
Server load balance 483
Select a display option 483
Filter virtual servers onscreen 484
Add virtual servers 485
Link load balance 485
Global load balance 485
HA status 486
Session monitoring 487
Appendix A: Fortinet MIBs 488
Appendix B: Port Numbers 490
Appendix C: Scripts 492
Events and actions 492
Predefined commands 492
Control structures 499
Operators 499
String library 501
Examples 502
Select content routes based on URI string matches 502
Rewrite the HTTP request host header and path 503
Rewrite the HTTP response Location header 503
Redirect HTTP to HTTPS using Lua string substitution 504
Redirect mobile users to the mobile version of a website 504
Appendix D: Maximum Configuration Values 505
Appendix E: High Speed Logging Binary Format 511
Change Log

Change Log

Date Change Description

2017-02-03 Initial release.

2017-08-24 First update to address Bug 445531 regarding supported certificate file formats.

2017-09-19 Second update to implement team feedback and comments on the initial 4.7.3 Handbook.

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 Introduction

Introduction

Welcome, and thank you for selecting Fortinet products for your network.

The FortiADC D-series family of application delivery controllers (ADC) optimizes the availability, user experience,
performance and scalability of enterprise application delivery.

An ADC is like an advanced server load balancer. An ADC routes traffic to available destination servers based on
health checks and load-balancing algorithms; full-featured ADC like FortiADC also improve application
performance by assuming some of the server task load. Server tasks that can be handled by the FortiADC
appliance include SSL encryption/decryption, WAF protection, Gzip compression, and routing processes, such as
NAT.

Features
FortiADC uses Layer 4 and Layer 7 session information to enable an ADC policy and management framework for:

l Server load balancing

l Link load balancing
l Global load balancing
l Security
The FortiADC D-series family includes physical appliances and virtual appliances.

Basic network topology

Your network routing infrastructure should ensure that all network traffic destined for the backend servers is
directed to the FortiADC appliance. Usually, clients access backend servers from the Internet through a firewall
such as a FortiGate, so the FortiADC appliance should be installed between your servers and the firewall.

Figure 1 shows a basic Router Mode deployment. Refer to the Basic Deployment Topologies guide for an
overview of the packet flow in Router Mode, One-Arm Mode, and Direct Server Return Mode deployments.

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 Introduction

Figure  1: Basic network topology

Note: The deployment topology might be different for global load balancing (GLB) or high availability (HA)
clusters. Refer to those chapters for a description of features and illustrations.

Scope
This document describes how to use the web user interface to:

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Introduction

l Get started with your deployment.

l Configure feature options.
l Configure network and system settings.
l Monitor the system.
l Troubleshoot issues.
The following topics are covered elsewhere:

l Appliance installation—Refer to the quick start guide for your appliance model.
l Virtual appliance installation—Refer to the FortiADC-VM Install Guide.
l CLI commands—Refer to the FortiADC CLI Reference. In parts of this manual, brief CLI command examples or
CLI syntax are shown to help you understand how the web UI configuration pages are related to the CLI
commands.

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 Chapter 1: What’s New FortiADC 4.7.3

Chapter 1: What’s New

This chapter lists features and enhancements introduced in each of the FortiADC D-Series releases.

FortiADC 4.7.3

FortiADC 4.7.3 is a patch release only; no new feature or enhancement has been implemented in this release.

FortiADC 4.7.2

FortiADC 4.7.2 offers the following new features or enhancements:

HSM support
l Register HSM server in config file
l Save Client certificate and key to CMDB
l Upload HSM server certificate to FortiADC
l Add registered partition
l Generate CSR with HSM
l View certificate information on the GUI
l Feature configuration supported on both the CLI and the GUI
Support for new hardware models
l FortiADC 1000F
l FortiADC 2000F
l FortiADC 4000F

FortiADC 4.7.1

FortiADC 4.7.1 is a patch release which has fixed some known issues discovered in previous releases. No new
features or enhancements have been implemented in this release.

For more information, refer to FortiADC 4.7.1 Release Notes.

FortiADC 4.7.0

Management

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FortiADC 4.7.0 Chapter 1: What’s New

l Network Map 2.0

l Includes SiteMap on link load balance (LLB) and global server load balance (GSLB) modules
l Real server global object
l Standalone real server objects
l Allows a single real server to be shared across multiple real server pools and virtual servers
l Configuration templates for Applications
l Supports SharePoint, Exchange, Windows Remote Desktop, IIS, and Apache
Server load balance (SLB)
l Supports Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) & Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)
l Layer 7 load-balancing
l Health check
l Supports MySQL
l Layer 7 load-balancing, user authentication, and persistence
l Health check
l MySQL rules
l Decompression
l Allows decompressed traffic from servers for Layer 7 manipulation (content rewrite), caching, and security
(Web Application Firewall)
l Client SSL profile
l Provides advanced client SSL offloading parameters
User authentication
l Supports LDAP authentication for Regular/Anonymous/LDAPS method
l Supports HTTP basic SSO with HTML Form Authentication/HTML Basic Authentication
High availability (HA)
l Supports HA sync traffic over aggregate ports
l Allows configuration from every device regardless of their HA status (backup vs. master)
l Separated management interface for each node in an HA cluster
l Allows to retrieve license on HA active-passive slave
System
l Transparent mode
l Support transparent mode installation (Layer 2 forwarding)
l Health check validation
l Allow testing health check policy before biding it to a real server pool.
l Provide a list of predefined services (TCP, UDP, HTTP, and more)
l Allows to match a admin user to a multiple VDOMs
l Adds Loopback interface in BGB/OSPF defined as router ID
l Attack logs aggregated by date and attack category
l Advanced filters in SLB logs

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 Chapter 1: What’s New FortiADC 4.6.2

FortiADC 4.6.2

This is a patch release; no new features or enhancements are implemented. Refer to the Release Notes for
detail.

FortiADC 4.6.1

OpenSSL Library Upgrade

The Software OpenSSL Library has been upgraded to OpenSSL-1.0.2 on FortiADC appliances shipped with the
Cavium SSL card, which include the following hardware models:

l FortiADC 400D
l FortiADC 700D
l FortiADC 1500D
l FortiADC 2000D
l FortiADC 4000D
StartTLS
l Supports offloading TLS encryption from back-end SMTP servers
Script
l Supports HTTP:rand_id() function for HTTP

FortiADC 4.6.0

Monitoring and Logs

l Dashboard
l Statistics and information
l Search bar in VS and RS
l Backup server visibility
l Network map
l Three mode views
l Data analystics
DNS load-balancing, security, and caching
l Load-balance DNS traffic (queries and IP addresses) to DNS server
l Sanity check on DNS queries according to RFC 1034, 1035, ad 2671
l DNS caching for answer records
Dynamic Load-balancing algorithm
l Dynamic LB based Server Performance such CPU, Memory and Disk
Client certificate forwarding

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FortiADC 4.6.0 Chapter 1: What’s New

l Sends client certificates to back-end server for authentication, without affecting SSL offloading
Script validation

l Provides more information in case of syntax error

l Checks content routing for virtual servers
l Generates log message
l Import/export script files
Kerberos Authentication Relay
l Enables authentication between client and server
l Protects against eavesdropping and repay attacks
l Allows nodes communicating over a non-secure network to verify each other's identity in a secure manner
SSL/HTTP visibility (mirroring)
l FortiADC’s transparent IP, TCP/S and HTTP/S mirroring capabilities decrypt secure traffic for inspection and
reporting by FortiGate or other third-party solutions
l IPv4/IPv6 support
Virtual server port enchantment

l Supports non-consecutive ports in port-range

l Allows Port 0 on TCP or UDP (to catch traffic on all ports)
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) 2.0
l Provides Service Provider (SP) and Meta Data of Identity Provider (Idp).
l Can access all VS web resources with user log-in until session expired.
Enhanced Global Load Balancing (GLB) proximity methodology
l Static proximity (GEO, GEO-ISP) and dynamic proximity (RTT, Least Connections, Connection-Limit, Bytes-Per-
Second)
l Static match first, dynamic match second
HTTP/S health check
l Adds Username-password Authentication into HTTP/S health check (basic, digest and NTLM)
l Allows to choose SSL Version/Ciphers in HTTPS Health Check
Password policy

l Allows the Admin to control password length and string

VDOM enhancement
l Supports VDOMs restrictions (performance and configuration)
l Able to limit performance (throughput, CPS, SSL, etc.) on each VDOM
SNMP MIBs

l Allows users to download SNMP MIBs from the Web GUI

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 Chapter 1: What’s New FortiADC 4.5.3

FortiADC 4.5.3

OpenSSL Library Upgrade

Software OpenSSL library has been upgraded to OpenSSL-1.0.2 on FortiADC appliances shipped with the
Cavium SSL card, which include the following hardware models:

l FortiADC 400D
l FortiADC 700D
l FortiADC 1500D
l FortiADC 2000D
l FortiADC 4000D

FortiADC 4.5.2

Software OpenSSL library upgrade

l Software OpenSSL library has been upgraded to openssl-1.01s (the latest version) on all FortiADC platforms.
l It's fully functional on FortiADC software.
Enhanced certificate validation
l Support for multiple Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) configurations.
l Support for multiple Certificate Revocation List (CRL) files.
"Description" field for child records in Geo IP Whitelist
l Allows the user to add a brief notation for each child record added to a parent record.
US-Government (USG) mode
l Allows the user to change the appliance from the default regular (REG) mode to USG mode via a special license
key.
l Locks the FortiADC D-Series appliance to servers located within the US only.

FortiADC 4.5.1

Acceleration
l Speeds up compression of .PNG, .JPG, and .BMP image files. See
l Caching time definition based on HTTP status code (200/301/302/304)
Server Load Balancing
l SSL Health Check Client certificate selection using SSL Certification
l Support for SIPv6 traffic includes a new health check and virtual server profile
l URL Redirection based on server HTTP status code
High Availability (HA)

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 FortiADC 4.5.0 Chapter 1: What’s New

l HA-VRRP mode that supports floating IP, traffic group, and fail-over
Global Load Balancing
l Supports DNS SRV record
Miscellaneous
l Full BGP routing support
l Adds a "Description" field in GeoIP White List

FortiADC 4.5.0

SSL offloading

l Support ECDSA SSL cipher suites. See Chapter 16: SSL Transactions.
l SSL certificate validation for server-side SSL connections. See Configuring real server SSL profiles.
l L2 exception list can specify FortiGuard web filter categories. See Creating a Web Filter Profile configuration.
Server Load Balancing

l SIP—Support for SIP traffic includes a new health check, virtual server profile, and persistence method. See
Configuring health checks, Configuring Application profiles, and Configuring persistence rules.
l RDP—Support for RDP traffic includes a new virtual server profile and persistence method. See Configuring
Application profiles and Configuring persistence rules.
l HTTP/HTTPS profile—HTTP mode option can be set to HTTP keepalive to support Microsoft SharePoint and other
apps that require the session to be kept alive. See Configuring Application profiles.
l Caching—New dynamic caching rules. See Using caching features.
l Real server pool—Member default cookie name is now the real server name. You can change this to whatever you
want. See Using real server pools.
l Scripting—Added predefined scripts that you can use as templates. See Using scripts.
Global Load Balancing
l Persistence—Option to enable persistence for specified hosts based on source address affinity. See Configuring
persistence.
l Dynamic proximity—Optional configuration for proximity based on least connections. See Configuring virtual
server pools.
l Support for @ in zone records. See Configuring DNS zones.
l Zone records (including dynamic records) displayed on zone configuration page. See Configuring DNS zones.
Security
l Bot Detection—Integrated with FortiGuard signatures to allow "good bots" and detect "bad bots." See Configuring a
WAF Profile.
Monitoring and Logs
l Fast reports—Real-time statistics and reports for SLB traffic. See Configuring fast reports.
l Session tables and persistence tables—Dashboard tabs for SLB session tables and persistence tables. See
Chapter 20: System Dashboard.
l Network map search—Dashboard network map now has search. See Chapter 20: System Dashboard.
System

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 Chapter 1: What’s New FortiADC 4.4.0

l New health checks for SIP and custom SNMP. See Configuring health checks
l Config push/pull (not related to HA). See Pushing/pulling configurations.
l HA sync can be auto/manual. See Configuring HA settings.
l HA status includes details on synchronization. See Monitoring an HA cluster.
l SNMP community host configuration supports subnet address and restriction of hosts to query or trap (or both).
Configuring SNMP.
l Support STARTTLS in email alerts. See Configuring an SMTP mail server.
l Coredump utilities. See System dump.
Platform
l Virtual machine (VM) images for Hyper-V, KVM, Citrix Xen, and opensource Xen. See the FortiADC-VM Install
Guide for details.

FortiADC 4.4.0

Server Load Balancing

l New SSL forward proxy feature can be used to decrypt SSL traffic in segments where you do not have the server
certificate and private key. See Chapter 16: SSL Transactions.
l New server-side SSL profiles, which have settings for the FortiADC-to-server connection. This enables you to
specify different SSL version and cipher suites for the server-side connection than the ones specified for the client-
side connection by the virtual server profile. See Configuring real server SSL profiles.
l Support for ECDHE ciphers, null ciphers, and user-specified cipher lists. See SSL/TLS versions and cipher suites.
l You can now specify a list of SNAT IP address pools in the virtual server configuration. This enables you to use
addresses associated with more than one outgoing interface. See Configuring virtual servers.
l Added a health check for UDP, and added hostname to the general settings configuration. In HTTTP/HTTPS
checks, you can specify hostname instead of destination IP address. See Configuring health checks.
l UDP profiles can now be used with Layer 2 virtual servers. See Configuring Application profiles.
l Server name added to real server pool member configuration. The name can be useful in logs. When you upgrade,
the names will be generated from the pool member IP address. You can change that string to whatever you like.
See Using real server pools.
l Added a comments setting to the virtual server configuration so you can note the purpose of a configuration. See
Configuring virtual servers.
Link Load Balancing

l You can now specify ISP addresses, address groups, and service groups in LLB policies. Using groups adds
Boolean OR logic within the elements of LLB rules. See Configuring link policies.
Global Load Balancing

l Added "dynamic proximity" to the server selection algorithm. Dynamic proximity is based on RTT. See Configuring
dynamic proximity.
l Added an option to send only a single record in responses instead of an ordered list of records. See Configuring
hosts.
l Support for health checks of third-party servers. See Configuring servers.
l Support for TXT resource records. See Configuring DNS zones.
Security

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 FortiADC 4.3.1 Chapter 1: What’s New

l You can now specify exceptions per WAF profile or per policy. Exceptions identify specific hosts or URL patterns
that are not subject to processing by WAF rules. See Configuring a WAF Profile
l Additional WAF HTTP protocol constraint rules. See Configuring a WAF Profile.
Monitoring and Logs

l Added a Network Map tab to the dashboard. In the Network Map, each virtual server is a tree. The status of the
virtual server and real server pool members is displayed. See Chapter 20: System Dashboard.
l Added on-demand and scheduled reports for many common queries. You can also configure custom queries. See
Configuring reports.
l Added event log categories and added a column in logs to support future integration with FortiAnalyzer. Removed
the Download Logs page. Each log category page now has a Download button. See Using the event log.
l Enhanced SNMP MIBs and traps. See Appendix A: Fortinet MIBs for information on downloading the vendor-
specific and product-specific MIB files.
System

l Shared Resources—Merged the address and service configuration for firewall and LLB. Added address groups and
service groups, which can be used in LLB policy rules. See Chapter 10: Shared Resources.
l Routing—Support for OSPF authentication. See OSPF.
l HA—Added option to actively monitor remote beacon IP addresses to determine if the network path is available.
See Configuring HA settings.
l System—Updated the web UI to match CLI configuration options for global administrator and access profile. See
Managing administrator users.
l Web UI—Support for Simplified Chinese. See Configuring basic system settings.
l Troubleshooting—New commands: diagnose debug flow, diagnose debug report, diagnose
debug timestamp, execute checklogdisk, and execute fixlogdisk. See the FortiADC CLI
Reference.
l CLI—Added execute ssh and execute telnet for connections to remote hosts.
API

l REST API—Remote configuration management with a REST API. See the FortiADC REST API Reference.

FortiADC 4.3.1

l Server Load Balancing Persistence—Added a Match Across Servers option to the Source Address affinity method.
This option is useful when the client session for an application has connections over multiple ports (and thus
multiple virtual servers). This option ensures the client continues to access the same backend server through
different virtual servers for the duration of a session.
l Server Load Balancing TCP Multiplexing— Added support for HTTPS connections.
l Global Load Balancing DNS Server—The negative caching TTL in the SOA resource record is now configurable.

FortiADC 4.3.1

l Virtual domains—Increased the maximum number of VDOMs on the following platforms:

l FortiADC 700D — 30

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 Chapter 1: What’s New FortiADC 4.3.0

l FortiADC 1500D — 45
l FortiADC 2000D — 60
l FortiADC 4000D — 90
l Health checks—Added an HTTP Connect health check that is useful for testing the availability of web cache
proxies, such as FortiCache.
l ISP address book—Added a province location setting to the ISP address book. The province setting is used in GLB
deployments in China to enable location awareness that is province-specific. For example, based on location, the
DNS server can direct a user to a datacenter in Beijing or Guangdong rather than the broader location China. Only a
predefined set of Chinese provinces is supported.
l Advanced routing—Exception list for reverse path route caching.

FortiADC 4.3.0

l Authentication—Framework to offload authentication from backend servers.

l Geo IP blocking—Policy that takes the action you specify when the virtual server receives requests from IP
addresses in the blocked country’s IP address space.
l Web application firewall—Protect against application layer attacks with policies such as signatures, HTTP protocol
constraints, request URL and file extension patterns, and SQL/XSS injection detection.
l Scripts—Support for Lua scripts to perform actions that are not currently supported by the built-in feature set.
l SSL/TLS—Support for PFS ciphers.
l Health check improvements—The SLB and LLB health check configuration has been combined and moved to
System > Shared Resources. You can configure destination IP addresses for health checks. This enables you to test
both the destination server and any related services that must be up for the server to be deemed available. Also
added support for Layer 2 and SSH health checks.
l Port range—Support for virtual IP address with a large number of virtual ports.
l NAT46/64—Support for NAT46/64 by the SLB module.
l ISP address book—Framework for an ISP address book that simplifies the ISP route and LLB proximity route
configuration.
l Proximity routes—Support for using ISP address book entries in the LLB proximity route table.
l Backup pool member—Support for designating a link group or virtual tunnel group member as a “backup” that joins
the pool when all of the main members are unavailable.
l Global load balancing—New framework that leverages the FortiGuard Geolocation database or the FortiADC
predefined ISP address books to direct clients to the closest available FortiADC virtual servers.
l Stateful firewall—If client-to-server traffic is allowed, the session is maintained in a state table, and the response
traffic is allowed.
l Virtual server traffic—Many of the firewall module features can be applied to virtual server traffic.
l ISP Routes—ISP routes are used for outbound traffic and link load balancing traffic.
l HA upgrade—Simpler one-to-many upgrade from the primary node.
l HA status—HA status tab on the system dashboard.
l HA remote login—You can use the execute ha manage command to connect to the command-line interface of
a member node. See the CLI reference.
l SNMPv3 support
l Statistics and log database to better support dashboard and report queries.
l Improved dashboard—New time period options for the virtual server throughput graphs.

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 FortiADC 4.2.3 Chapter 1: What’s New

l Improved reports—New report queries for SLB HTTP virtual server reports, including client IP address, client
browser type, client OS, and destination URL.
l Backup & restore—Option to back up the entire configuration, including error page files, script files, and ISP
address books.
New CLI commands to facilitate troubleshooting:

l diagnose debug config-error-log—Use this command to see debug errors that might be generated
after an upgrade or major configuration change.
l diagnose debug crashlog—Use this command to manage crashlog files. Typically, you use these
commands to gather information for Fortinet Services & Support.
l execute statistics-db—Use this command to reset or restore traffic statistics.
l config system setting—Use this command to configure log database behavior (overwrite or stop writing)
when disk utilization reaches its capacity.
For details, see the CLI reference.

FortiADC 4.2.3

l HTTPS and TCPS Profiles—Support for SHA-256 ciphers suites.

FortiADC 4.2.2

l Content rewriting—Support for PCRE capture and back reference to write the Location URL in redirect rules.
l Web UI—You can clone configuration objects to quickly create similar configuration objects. If a configuration

object can be cloned, the copy icon appears in the tools column for its summary configuration page.
l Web UI—You can sort many of the configuration summary tables by column values. If a configuration summary
table can be sorted, it includes sort arrows in the column headings. For example, the Server Load Balance > Virtual
Server configuration summary page can be sorted by Availability, Status, Real Server pool, and so on. You can also
sort the Dashboard > Virtual Server > Real Server list by column values-for example, by Availability, Status, Total
Sessions, or throughput bytes.

FortiADC 4.2.1

Bug fixes only.

FortiADC 4.2.0

l New web UI
l New log subtypes
l New dashboard and report features
l Additional load balancing methods—Support for new methods based on a hash of a full URI, domain name,
hostname, or destination IP address.
l Predefined health checks—Helps you get started with your deployment.

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 Chapter 1: What’s New FortiADC 4.1

l Predefined persistence rules—Helps you get started with your deployment.

l HTTP Turbo profile—Improves the performance of HTTP applications that do not require our optional profile
features.
l Layer 2 load balancing—Support for TCP profiles.
l Granular SSL configuration—Specify the SSL/TLS versions and encryption algorithms per profile.
l Connection rate limiting—Set a connection rate limit per real server or per virtual server.
l HTTP transaction rate limiting—Set a rate limit on HTTP transactions per virtual server.
l Additional link load balancing methods—Support for new methods in link groups, including spillover and hash of the
source IP address.
l Global load balancing—A new implementation of our DNS-based solution that enables you to deploy redundant
resources around the globe that you can leverage to keep your business online when a local area deployment
experiences unexpected spikes or downtime.
l HA active-active clustering—Support for active-active clusters.
l Administrator authentication enhancements—Support for authenticating users against LDAP and RADIUS servers.
l Multinetting—You can configure a secondary IP address for a network interface when necessary to support
deployments with backend servers that belong to different subnets.
l High speed logging—Supports deployments that require a high volume of logging activity.
l Packet Capture—Support for tcpdump.

FortiADC 4.1

No design changes. Bug fixes only.

FortiADC 4.0 Patch 2

No design changes. Bug fixes only.

FortiADC 4.0 Patch 1

No design changes. Bug fixes only.

FortiADC 4.0

l VDOMs—Virtual domains (VDOMs) allow you to divide a FortiADC into two or more virtual units that are configured
and function independently. The administrator for each virtual domain can view and manage the configuration for
his or her domain. The admin administrator has access to all virtual domain configurations.
l Caching – A RAM cache is a cache of HTTP objects stored in FortiADC's system RAM that are reused by
subsequent HTTP transactions to reduce the amount of load on the backend servers.
l IP Reputation—You can now block source IP addresses that have a poor reputation using data from the FortiGuard
IP Reputation Service.

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 FortiADC 3.2.0 Chapter 1: What’s New

l Layer 2 server load balancing—FortiADC can now load balance Layer 3 routers, gateways or firewalls. This feature
is useful when the request’s destination IP is unknown and you need to load balance connections between multiple
next-hop gateways. Supports HTTP, HTTPS and TCPS client-side connection profiles only.
l Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) support—The new OSPF feature allows FortiADC to learn dynamic routes from or
redistribute routes to neighboring routers.
l HTTPS profile type for virtual servers—The HTTPS profile type provides a standalone HTTPS client-side
connection profile.
l Consistent Hash IP – The persistence policy type Hash IP has changed to Consistent Hash IP. Consistent hashing
allows FortiADC to achieve session persistence more efficiently than traditional hashing.
l Enhanced logs

FortiADC 3.2.0

l Link routing policies—You can now specify how FortiADC routes traffic for each available ISP link, including by
source or destination address and port.
l Virtual tunnels—You can now use tunneling between two FortiADC appliances to balance traffic across multiple
links to each appliance. A typical scenario is a VPN between a branch office and headquarters for application-
specific access.
l Persistent routing—You can now configure connections that persist regardless of the FortiADC link load balancing
activity. You can configure persistence based on source IP, destination IP, and subnet.
l Proximity-based routing—Maximize WAN efficiency by using link proximity to determine latency between FortiADC
and remote WAN sites so that FortiADC can choose the best route for traffic.
l Scheduled link load balancing—You can now apply a link load balancing policy during a specific time period.
l One-to-one (1-to-1) NAT—You can now fully define how each individual source and destination IP address will be
translated. This feature is useful when you require a different NAT range for each ISP.
l PPPoE interface support—To support DSL connectivity, you can now configure interfaces to use PPPoE (Point-to-
Point Protocol over Ethernet) to automatically retrieve its IP address configuration.

FortiADC 3.1.0

l Custom error page—You can now upload a custom error page to FortiADC that it can use to respond to clients
when HTTP service is unavailable.
l Full NAT for Layer 3/4 load balancing—Layer 3/4 load balancing now supports full NAT (translation of both source
and destination IP addresses). FortiADC can now round robin among a pool of source IP addresses for its
connections to backend servers.
l Standby server—You can now configure FortiADC to forward traffic to a hot standby (called a Backup Server) when
all other servers in the pool are unavailable.
l Log cache memory—To avoid hard disk wear and tear, FortiADC can cache logs in memory and then periodically
write them to disk in bulk. Previously, FortiADC always wrote each log message to disk instantaneously.
l HA sync for health check status with IPv6—For high availability FortiADC clusters, the Layer 4 health check status
of IPv6-enabled virtual servers is now synchronized.

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 Chapter 1: What’s New FortiADC 3.0.0

FortiADC 3.0.0

l Link load balancing—FortiADC now supports load balancing among its links, in addition to distributing among local
and globally distributed servers. Depending on if the traffic is inbound or outbound, different mechanisms are
available: outbound can use weighted round robin; inbound can use DNS-based round robin or weighted round
robin.
l HTTP response compression—FortiADC now can compress responses from your backend servers, allowing you to
off load compression from your backend servers for performance tuning that delivers faster replies to clients.
l Quality of service (QoS)—FortiADC now can guarantee bandwidth and queue based upon source/destination
address, direction, and network service.
l Source NAT (SNAT)—When applying NAT, FortiADC can now apply either static or dynamic source NAT,
depending on your preference.
l Session persistence by source IP segment—FortiADC now can apply session persistence for entire segments of
source IPs such as 10.0.2.0/24. Previously, session persistence applied to a single source IP.
l Health check enhancements—FortiADC now supports additional health check types for servers that respond to
these protocols: email (SMTP, POP3, IMAP), TCPS, TCP SYN (half-open connection), SNMP, and UDP.
l HA enhancements—FortiADC HA now synchronizes Layer 3/4 and Layer 7 sessions and connections for session
persistence and uninterrupted connections when the standby assumes control of traffic.

FortiADC 2.1.0

Support for FortiADC 200D and FortiADC VM—FortiADC software has been released to support these new
platforms.

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 Chapter 2: Key Concepts and Features Server load balancing

Chapter 2: Key Concepts and Features

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Server load balancing

l Link load balancing
l Global load balancing
l Security
l High availability
l Virtual domains

Server load balancing

Server load balancing (SLB) features are designed to give you flexible options for maximizing performance of your
backend servers. The following topics give an overview of SLB features:

l Feature Summary
l Authentication
l Caching
l Compression
l Content rewriting
l Content routing
l Scripting
l SSL transactions

Feature Summary
Table 1 summarizes server load balancing features.
 Table 1: Server load balancing features

Features Summary

Methods l Round robin

l Weighted round robin
l Least connections
l Fastest response
l Hash of URI, domain, host, destination IP

Health check Checks based on Layer 3, Layer 4, or Layer 7 data.

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 Server load balancing Chapter 2: Key Concepts and Features

Features Summary

Server management l Warm up

l Rate limiting
l Maintenance mode with session ramp down

Persistence Based on:

l Cookies
l TCP/IP header matches
l A hash of TCP/IP header values
l TLS/SSL session ID
l RADIUS attribute
l RDP Session Broker cookie
l SIP caller ID

Layer 7 Profiles: HTTP, HTTPS, HTTP Turbo, RADIUS, RDP, SIP, TCPS

Content routing: HTTP Host, HTTP Referer, HTTP Request URL, SNI hostname,
Source IP address

Content rewriting: URL redirect, 403 Forbidden, or HTTP request/response rewrite

Layer 4 Profiles: FTP, TCP, UDP

Content routing: Source IP address

Layer 2 Profiles: HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, TCPS, UDP

Note: Layer 2 load balancing is useful when the request’s destination IP is unknown
and you need to load balance connections between multiple next-hop gateways.

For detailed information, see Chapter 4: Server Load Balancing.

Authentication
FortiADC SLB supports offloading authentication from backend servers. The auth policy framework supports
authentication against local, LDAP, and RADIUS authentication servers, and it enables you to assign users to
groups that are authorized to access protected sites.

For configuration details, see Configuring authentication policies.

Caching
FortiADC SLB supports both static and dynamic caching. Caching reduces server overload, bandwidth saturation,
high latency, and network performance issues.

When caching is enabled for a virtual server profile, the FortiADC appliance dynamically stores application
content such as images, videos, HTML files and other file types to alleviate server resources and accelerate
overall application performance.

For configuration details, see Using caching features.

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 Chapter 2: Key Concepts and Features Server load balancing

Compression
FortiADC SLB supports compression offloading. Compression offloading means the ADC handles compression
processing instead of the backend servers, allowing them to dedicate resources to their own application
processes.

When compression is enabled for a virtual server profile, the FortiADC system intelligently compresses HTTP and
HTTPS traffic. Reducing server reply content size accelerates performance and improves response times.
FortiADC supports both industry standard GZIP and DEFLATE algorithms.

For configuration details, see Configuring compression rules.

Decompression
FortiADC SLB also supports decompression of HTTP request body before sending it to the Web Application
Firewall (WAF) for scanning according to the content-encoding header. Upon receiving a compressed
HTTP request body, FortiADC first uses the zlib library to extract the HTTP body to a temporary buffer and then
sends the buffer to the WAF engine for scanning.

Content rewriting
FortiADC SLB supports content rewriting rules that enable you to rewrite HTTP requests and responses so that
you can cloak the details of your internal network. You can also create rules to redirect requests.

For configuration details and examples, see Using content rewriting rules.

Content routing
FortiADC SLB supports content routing rules that direct traffic to backend servers based on source IP address or
HTTP request headers.

For configuration details, see Configuring content routes.

Scripting
FortiADC SLB supports Lua scripts to perform actions that are not currently supported by the built-in feature set.
Scripts enable you to use predefined script commands and variables to manipulate the HTTP request/response or
select a content route.

For configuration details, see Using scripts.

SSL transactions
FortiADC SLB supports SSL offloading. SSL offloading means the ADC handles SSL decryption and encryption
processing instead of the backend servers, allowing the backend servers to dedicate resources to their own
application processes.

SSL offloading results in improved SSL/TLS performance. On VM models, acceleration is due to offloading the
cryptographic processes from the backend server. On hardware models with ASIC chips, cryptography is also
hardware-accelerated: the system can encrypt and decrypt packets at better speeds than a backend server with a
general-purpose CPU.

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 Link load balancing Chapter 2: Key Concepts and Features

FortiADC SLB also supports SSL decryption by forward proxy in cases where you cannot copy the server
certificate and private key to the FortiADC, either because it is impractical or impossible (in the case of outbound
traffic to unknown Internet servers).

For detailed information, see Chapter 16: SSL Transactions.

Link load balancing

Link load balancing (LLB) features are designed to manage traffic over multiple ISP or WAN links. This enables
you to provision multiple links, resulting in reduced risk of outages and additional bandwidth to relieve traffic
congestion.

For detailed information, see Chapter 5: Link Load Balancing.

Global load balancing

Global load balancing (GLB) makes your network reliable and available by scaling applications across multiple
data centers to improve application response times and be prepared for disaster recovery.

You can deploy DNS to direct traffic based on application availability and location.

For detailed information, see Chapter 6: Global Load Balancing.

Security

In most deployment scenarios, we recommend you deploy FortiGate to secure your network. Fortinet includes
security functionality in the FortiADC system to support those cases when deploying FortiGate is impractical.
FortiADC includes the following security features:

l Firewall—Drop traffic that matches a source/destination/service tuple you specify.

l Security connection limit—Drop an abnormally high volume of traffic from a source/destination/service match.
l IP Reputation service—Drop or redirect traffic from source IPs that are on the FortiGuard IP Reputation list.
l Geo IP—Drop or redirect traffic from source IPs that correspond with countries in the FortiGuard Geo IP database.
l Web application firewall—Drop or alert when traffic matches web application firewall attack signatures and
heuristics.
l Denial of service protection—Drop half-open connections to protect the system from a SYN flood attack.
For detailed information, see Chapter 7: Network Security.

High availability

The FortiADC appliance supports high availability features like active-passive, active-active cluster, active-active-
VRRP cluster, failure detection, and configuration synchronization. High availability deployments can support
99.999% service level agreement uptimes. For detailed information, see Chapter 14: High Availability
Deployments.

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Chapter 2: Key Concepts and Features Virtual domains

Virtual domains

A virtual domain (VDOM) is a complete FortiADC instance that runs on the FortiADC platform. The VDOM
feature supports multitennant deployments. To do this, you create a virtual domain configuration object that
contains all of the system and feature configuration options of a full FortiADC instance, and you provision an
administrator account with privileges to access and manage only that VDOM. For detailed information, see
Chapter 15: Virtual Domains.

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started Step 1: Install the appliance

Chapter 3: Getting Started

This chapter provides the basic workflow for getting started with a new deployment.

Basic steps:

1. Install the appliance.

2. Configure the management interface.
3. Configure the following basic network settings:
l Administrator password
l System date and time
l Network interfaces
l DNS
4. Test connectivity.
5. Complete product registration, install your license, and update the firmware.
6. Configure a basic load balancing policy.
7. Test the deployment with load to verify expected behavior.
8. Back up this basic configuration so that you have a restore point.

Tips:
lConfiguration changes are applied to the running configuration as soon as you save
them.
l Configuration objects are saved in a configuration management database. You
cannot change the name of a configuration object after you have initially saved it.
l You cannot delete a configuration object that is referenced in another configuration
object (for example, you cannot delete an address if it is used in a policy).

Step 1: Install the appliance

This Handbook assumes you have already installed the appliance into a hardware rack or the virtual appliance
into a VMware environment.

For information on hardware appliances, refer to the FortiADC hardware manuals.

For information on the virtual appliance, refer to the FortiADC-VM Install Guide.

To download these documents, go to:

http://docs.fortinet.com/fortiadc-d-series/hardware

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Step 2: Configure the management interface Chapter 3: Getting Started

Step 2: Configure the management interface

You use the management port for administrator access. It is also used for management traffic (such as SNMP or
syslog). If your appliance has a dedicated management port, that is the port you configure as the management
interface; otherwise, it is the convention to use port1 for the management interface.

You configure the following basic settings to get started so that you can access the web UI from a remote location
(like your desk):

l Static route—Specify the gateway router for the management subnet so you can access the web UI from a host on
your subnet.
l IP address—You typically assign a static IP address for the management interface. The IP address is the host
portion of the web UI URL. For example, the default IP address for the management interface is 192.168.1.99 and
the default URL for the web UI is https://192.168.1.99.
l Access—Services for administrative access. We recommend HTTPS, SSH, SNMP, PING.
Before you begin:

l You must know the IP address for the default gateway of the management subnet and the IP address that you plan
to assign the management interface.
l You need access to the machine room in which a physical appliance has been installed. With physical appliances,
you must connect a cable to the management port to get started.
l You need a laptop with an RJ-45 Ethernet network port, a crossover Ethernet cable, and a web browser (a recent
version of Chrome, Firefox, or Internet Explorer).
l Configure the laptop Ethernet port with the static IP address 192.168.1.2 and a netmask of 255.255.255.0. These
settings enable you to access the FortiADC web UI as if from the same subnet as the FortiADC in its factory
configuration state.

To connect to the web UI:

1. Use the crossover cable to connect the laptop Ethernet port to the FortiADC management port.
2. On your laptop, open the following URL in your web browser:
https://192.168.1.99/

The system presents a self-signed security certificate, which it presents to clients whenever they initiate an
HTTPS connection to it.
3. Verify and accept the certificate, and acknowledge any warnings about self-signed certificates.
The system displays the administrator login page. See Figure 2.

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Chapter 3: Getting Started Step 2: Configure the management interface

Figure  2: Login page

4. Enter the username admin and no password.

The system displays the dashboard. See Figure 3.

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Step 2: Configure the management interface Chapter 3: Getting Started

Figure  3: Dashboard after initial login

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started Step 3: Configure basic network settings

To complete the procedures in this section using the CLI:

1. Use an SSH client such as PuTTY to make an SSH connection to

192.168.1.99 (port 22).
2. Acknowledge any warnings and verify and accept the FortiADC SSH key.
3. Enter the username admin and no password.
4. Use the following command sequence to configure the static route:
config router static
edit 1
set gateway <gateway_ipv4>
end
end
5. Use the following command sequence to configure the management
interface:
config system interface
edit <interface_name>
set ip <ip&netmask>
set allowaccess {http https ping snmp
ssh telnet}
end
end
The system processes the update and disconnects your SSH session
because the interface has a new IP address. At this point, you should be
able to connect to the CLI from a host on the management subnet you
just configured. You can verify the configuration remotely.

Step 3: Configure basic network settings

The system supports network settings for various environments.

To get started, you configure the following basic settings:

l Administrator password—You must change the password for the admin account.
l System date and time—We recommend you use NTP to maintain the system time.
l Network interfaces—You must configure interfaces to receive and forward the network traffic to and from the
destination servers.
l DNS—You must specify a primary and secondary server for system DNS lookups.
Before you begin:

l You must know the IP address for the NTP servers your network uses to maintain system time.
l You must know the IP addresses that have been provisioned for the traffic interfaces for your FortiADC deployment.
l You must know the IP address for the primary and secondary DNS servers your network uses for DNS resolution.

To change the admin password:

1. Go to System > Administrator to display the configuration page.

2. Double-click the key icon in the row for the user admin to display the change password editor. See Figure 4.
3. Change the password and save the configuration.

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Step 3: Configure basic network settings Chapter 3: Getting Started

For detailed information on configuring administrator accounts, refer to the online help or see Managing
administrator users.
Figure  4: System administrator change password editor

CLI commands:
FortiADC-VM # config system admin
FortiADC-VM (admin) # edit admin
FortiADC-VM (admin) # set password <string>
Current password for 'admin':
FortiADC-VM (admin) # end

To configure system time:

1. Go to System > Settings.

2. Click the Maintenance tab to display the configuration page. See Figure 5.
3. Enter NTP settings and save the configuration.
For detailed information, refer to the online help or see Configuring system time.

Figure  5: System time configuration page

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Chapter 3: Getting Started Step 3: Configure basic network settings

CLI commands:
config system time ntp
set ntpsync enable
set ntpserver {<server_fqdn> | <server_ipv4>}
set syncinterval <minutes_int>
end

Or use a command syntax similar to the following to set the system time manually:

config system time manual

set zone <timezone_index>
set daylight-saving-time {enable | disable}
end
execute date <MM/DD/YY> <HH:MM:SS>

To configure network interfaces:

1. Go to Networking > Interface to display the configuration page.

2. Double-click the row for port2, for example, to display the configuration editor. See Figure 6.
3. Enter the IP address and other interface settings and save the configuration.
For detailed information, refer to the online help or see Configuring network interfaces.

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Step 3: Configure basic network settings Chapter 3: Getting Started

Figure  6: Network interface configuration page

CLI commands:
config system interface
edit <interface_name>
set ip <ip&netmask>
set allowaccess {http https ping snmp ssh
telnet}
end
end

To configure DNS:

1. Go to System > Settings to display the Basic configuration page. See Figure 7.
2. Enter the IP address for a primary and secondary DNS server; then save the configuration.
For detailed information on configuring DNS, refer to the online help or see Configuring basic system settings.

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started Step 4: Test connectivity to destination servers

Figure  7:  DNS configuration page

CLI commands:
config system dns
set primary <address_ipv4>
set secondary <address_ipv4>
end

Step 4: Test connectivity to destination servers

Use ping and traceroute to test connectivity to destination servers.

To test connectivity from the FortiADC system to the destination server:

Run the following commands from the CLI:

execute ping <destination_ip4>
execute traceroute <destination_ipv4>

To test connectivity from the destination server to the FortiADC system:

1. Enable ping on the network interface.

2. Use the ping and traceroute utilities available on the destination server to test connectivity to the FortiADC
network interface IP address.
For troubleshooting tips, see Chapter 19: Troubleshooting.

Step 5: Complete product registration, licensing, and upgrades

Your new FortiADC appliance comes with a factory image of the operating system (firmware). However, if a new
version has been released since factory imaging, you might want to install the newer firmware before continuing
the system configuration.

Before you begin:

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Step 5: Complete product registration, licensing, and upgrades Chapter 3: Getting Started

l Register—Registration is required to log into the Fortinet Customer Service & Support site and download firmware
upgrade files. For details, go to http://kb.fortinet.com/kb/documentLink.do?externalID=12071.
l Check the installed firmware version—Go to the dashboard. See Figure 8.
l Check for upgrades—Major releases include new features, enhancements, and bug fixes. Patch releases can
include enhancements and bug fixes.
l Download the release notes at http://docs.fortinet.com/fortiadc-d-series/.
l Download firmware upgrades at https://support.fortinet.com/.

To upload your license and new firmware:

1. Go to the dashboard.
2. Under License Status, click Update to locate and upload the license file.
3. Under Firmware Version, click Update to locate and upload the firmware file.
For detailed information, refer to the online help or see Updating firmware.

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started Step 6: Configure a basic server load balancing policy

Figure  8:   License and firmware upgrade page

Step 6: Configure a basic server load balancing policy

A FortiADC server load balancing policy has many custom configuration options. You can leverage the predefined
health check, server profile, and load balancing method configurations to get started in two basic steps:
1. Configure the real server pool.
2. Configure the virtual server features and options.
For complete information on server load balancing features, start with Server load balancing basics.

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To configure the server pool:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Real Server to display the configuration page.
2. Click Add to display the configuration editor. See Figure 9.
3. Complete the basic configuration and click Save.
4. Double-click the configuration to display the configuration editor.
5. Under Member, click Add to display the Edit Member configuration editor. See Figure 10.
6. Complete the member configuration and click Save.
For detailed information, refer to the online help or see Configuring real server pools.

Figure  9:   Real server pool basic configuration page

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Chapter 3: Getting Started Step 6: Configure a basic server load balancing policy

Figure  10:   Real server pool member configuration page

To configure the virtual server:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Virtual Server to display the configuration page.
2. Click Add to display the configuration editor. See Figure 11.
3. Complete the configuration and click Save.
For detailed information, refer to the online help or see Configuring virtual servers.

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 Step 7: Test the deployment Chapter 3: Getting Started

Figure  11:   Virtual server configuration page

Step 7: Test the deployment

You can test the load balancing deployment by emulating the traffic flow of your planned production deployment.
Figure 12 shows a basic network topology.

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Chapter 3: Getting Started Step 7: Test the deployment

Figure  12:  Basic network topology

To test basic load balancing:

1. Send multiple client requests to the virtual server IP address.

2. Go to the dashboard to watch the dashboard session and throughput counters increment.
3. Go to Log & Report > Log Browsing > Event Log > Health Check to view health check results.
4. Go to Log & Report > Log Browsing > Traffic Log > SLB HTTP (for example) to view traffic log. It includes
throughput per destination IP address.
5. Go to Log & Report > Report to view reports. It has graphs of top N policies and servers.
Figure 13 through Figure 16 are examples of the logs and reports you can use to verify your deployment.

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Figure  13:   Dashboard report

Figure  14:   Event log

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 Chapter 3: Getting Started Step 8: Back up the configuration

Figure  15:   Traffic log

Figure  16:   Overall report

Step 8: Back up the configuration

Once you have tested your basic installation and verified that it functions correctly, create a backup. This “clean”
backup is a reference point that has many benefits, including:

l Troubleshooting—You can use a diff tool to compare a problematic configuration with this baseline configuration.
l Restarting—You can rapidly restore your system to a simple yet working point.
l Rapid deployment—You can use the configuration file as a template for other FortiADC systems. You can edit use
any text editor to edit the plain text configuration file and import it into another FortiADC system. You should
change unique identifiers, such as IP address and sometimes other local network settings that differ from one
deployment to another.

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To backup the system configuration:

1. Go to System > Settings.

2. Click the Backup & Restore tab to display the backup and restore page.
3. Click Back Up.
For detailed information, refer to the online help or see Backing up and restoring the configuration.

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 Chapter 4: Server Load Balancing Server load balancing basics

Chapter 4: Server Load Balancing

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Server load balancing basics

l Server load balancing configuration overview
l Configuring real server SSL profiles
l "Configuring client SSL profiles" on page 71
l Configuring real server pools
l Configuring persistence rules
l Configuring content routes
l Using content rewriting rules
l Configuring compression rules
l Using caching features
l Configuring Application profiles
l "Configuring MySQL profiles" on page 63
l Configuring error pages
l Using source pools
l Configuring authentication policies
l "Configuring load-balancing (LB) methods" on page 154
l Configuring an L2 exception list
l Using the Web Category tab
l Creating a Web Filter Profile configuration
l Configuring virtual servers

Server load balancing basics

An application delivery controller (ADC) is like an advanced server load balancer. An ADC routes traffic to
available destination servers based on health checks and load-balancing algorithms. ADCs improve application
availability and performance, which directly improves user experience.

The physical distance between clients and the servers in your backend server farm has a significant impact on
server response times. Besides physical distance, the most important factors contributing to server performance
are:

l Number of simultaneous connections and requests that the servers can handle
l Load distribution among the servers
The purpose of an ADC is to give you multiple methods for optimizing server response times and server capacity.

After you have deployed an ADC, traffic is routed to the ADC virtual server instead of the destination real
servers.
Figure 17 shows an example of a basic load balancing deployment. The FortiADC appliance is deployed in front
of a server farm, and the network interfaces are connected to three subnets: a subnet for management traffic; a

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subnet that hosts real servers A, B, and C; and a different subnet that hosts real servers D, E, and F. The
FortiADC system performs health checks on the real servers and distributes traffic to them based on system logic
and user-defined settings.

Figure  17:  Basic network topology

Optionally, you can further improve application security and performance by offloading system processes from
the server and having them handled transparently by the ADC. Server tasks that can be handled by the FortiADC
appliance include SSL encryption/decryption, WAF protection, Gzip compression, and routing processes, such as
NAT.

Figure 18 shows the order in which the FortiADC features process client-to-server and server-to-client traffic.

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Figure  18:  FortiADC processing

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 Server load balancing configuration overview Chapter 4: Server Load Balancing

In the client-to-server direction:

l If SNI or SSL decryption is applicable, the system acts on those exchanges.

l Then, security module rules filter traffic, and traffic not dropped continues to the virtual server module.
l Virtual server security features are applied. Traffic not dropped continues for further processing.
l If a caching rule applies, the FortiADC cache serves the content and the request is not forwarded to a backend
server.
l If the system selects a destination server based on a persistence rule, content route, or script, the load balancing
rules are not applied.
l After selecting a server, the system performs any rewriting and re-encryption actions that are applicable, and then
forwards the packets to the server.
In the server-to-client direction:

l WAF HTTP response, NAT, rewriting, persistence, and caching rules are applied.
l If applicable, the FortiADC compresses and encrypts the server response traffic.

Server load balancing configuration overview

The configuration object framework supports the granularity of FortiADC application delivery control rules. You
can configure specific options and rules for one particular type of traffic, and different options and rules for
another type.

Figure 19 shows the configuration objects used in the server load balancing configuration and the order in which
you create them.

Basic steps

1. Configure health check rules and real server SSL profiles.

This step is optional. In many cases, you can use predefined health check rules and predefined real server
SSL profiles. If you want to use custom rules, configure them before you configure the pools of real servers.
2. Configure server pools.
This step is required. Server pools are the backend servers you want to load balance and specify the health
checks used to determine server availability.
3. Configure persistence rules, optional features and policies, profile components, and load balancing methods.
You can skip this step if you want to select from predefined persistence rules, profiles, and methods.
4. Configure the virtual server.
When you configure a virtual server, you select from predefined and custom configuration objects.

Example workflow

For a members-only HTTPS web server farm, you might have a workflow similar to the following:
1. Configure security module firewall rules that allow only HTTPS traffic from untrusted subnets to the virtual server.
2. Import server SSL certificates, configure a local certificate group, and a certificate verification policy.
3. Configure HTTPS health checks to test the availability of the web servers.
4. Configure the server pools, referencing the health check configuration object.
5. Configure authentication:

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l Create a RADIUS or LDAP server configuration.

l Create user groups.
l Create an authentication policy.
6. Configure an HTTPS profile, referencing the certificate group and certificate verification policy and setting SSL
version and cipher requirements.
7. Configure an application profile and client SSL profile if needed.
8. Configure the virtual server, using a combination of predefined and user-defined configuration objects:
l Predefined: WAF policy, Persistence, Method
l User-defined: Authentication Policy, Profile

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Figure  19:  Server load balancing configuration steps

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 Chapter 4: Server Load Balancing Configuring real server SSL profiles

Configuring real server SSL profiles

A real server SSL profile determines settings used in network communication on the FortiADC-server segment, in
contrast to a virtual server profile, which determines the settings used in network communication on the client-
FortiADC segment.

Figure 20 illustrates the basic idea of client-side and server-side profiles.

Figure  20: SSL profiles

Table 2 provides a summary of the predefined profiles. You can select predefined profiles in the real server pool
configuration, or you can create user-defined profiles.

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 Table 2: Predefined real server profiles

Profile Defaults

LB_RS_SSL_PROF_DEFAULT l Allow version: SSLv3, TLSv1.0, TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2

l Cipher suite list.

LB_RS_SSL_PROF_ECDSA l Allow version: SSLv3, TLSv1.0, TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2

l Cipher suite list: ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384, ECDHE-
ECDSA-AES256-SHA384, ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA, ECDHE-
ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256,ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-
SHA256,ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA,ECDHE-ECDSA-RC4-
SHA,ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA

LB_RS_SSL_PROF_ECDSA_ l Allow version: SSLv3

SSLV3 l Cipher suite list: ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA, ECDHE-ECDSA-
AES128-SHA,ECDHE-ECDSA-RC4-SHA,ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-
CBC3-SHA

LB_RS_SSL_PROF_ECDSA_ l Allow version: TLSv1.2

TLS12 l Cipher suite list: ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384, ECDHE-
ECDSA-AES256-SHA384, ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-
SHA256,ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256

LB_RS_SSL_PROF_ENULL l Allow version: SSLv3, TLSv1.0, TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2

l Cipher suite list:  eNull
Recommended for Microsoft Direct Access servers where the
application data is already encrypted and no more encryption is
needed.

LB_RS_SSL_PROF_HIGH l Allow version TLSv1.2

l Cipher suite list:  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 ECDHE-
RSA-AES256-SHA384 ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA DHE-RSA-
AES256-GCM-SHA384 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256 AES256-GCM-
SHA384 AES256-SHA256

LB_RS_SSL_PROF_LOW_SSLV2 l Allow version: SSLv2

l Cipher suite list:  RC4-MD5

LB_RS_SSL_PROF_LOW_SSLV3 l Allow version SSLv3

l Cipher suite list.

LB_RS_SSL_PROF_MEDIUM l Allow version: TLSv1.0, TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2

l Cipher suite list.

NONE l SSL is disabled.

Before you begin:

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l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.

To configure custom real server profiles:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Real Server Pool.

2. Click the Real Server SSL Profile tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 3.
5. Save the configuration.

You can clone a predefined configuration object to help you get started with a user-
defined configuration.

To clone a configuration object, click the clone icon that appears in the tools column
on the configuration summary page.

 Table 3: Real Server SSL Profile configuration guidelines

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.
You reference this name in the real server pool configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

SSL Enable/disable SSL for the connection between FortiADC and the real
server.

Note: The following fields become available only when SSL is enabled. See above.

Customized SSL Enable/disable use of user-specified cipher suites. When enabled, you must
Ciphers Flag select a Customized SSL Cipher. See below.

Customized SSL If the customize cipher flag is enabled, specify a colon-separated, ordered
Ciphers list of cipher suites.

An empty string is allowed. If empty, the default cipher suite list is used.

The names you enter are validated against the form of the cipher suite short
names published on the OpenSSL website:

https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/apps/ciphers.html

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Settings Guidelines

New SSL Ciphers Ciphers are listed from strongest to weakest:

l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA
l ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
l ECDHE-ECDSA-RC4-SHA
l ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
l ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384
l ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
l DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
l DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256
l DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
l AES256-GCM-SHA384
l AES256-SHA256
l AES256-SHA
l ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
l ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256
l ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
l DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
l DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256
l DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
l AES128-GCM-SHA256
l AES128-SHA256
l AES128-SHA
l ECDHE-RSA-RC4-SHA
l RC4-SHA
l RC4-MD5
l ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
l EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
l DES-CBC3-SHA
l EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA
l DES-CBC-SHA
l eNULL
We recommend retaining the default list. If necessary, you can deselect
ciphers you do not want to support.

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Settings Guidelines

Allow SSL Versions Select SSL versions that are allowed for the connection.

Certificate Verify Specify a Certificate Verify configuration object to validate server certificates.
This Certificate Verify object must include a CA group and may include OCSP
and CRL checks.

SNI Forward Flag Enable/disable forwarding the client SNI value to the server. The SNI value will
be forwarded to the real server only when the client-side ClientHello message
contains a valid SNI value; otherwise, nothing is forwarded.

Session Reuse Flag Enable/disable SSL session reuse.

Session Reuse Limit The default is 0 (disabled). The valid range is 0-1048576.

TLS Ticket Flag Enable/disable TLS ticket-based session reuse.

Configuring MySQL profiles

FortiADC (Version 4.7.0 and later) supports MySQL server load-balancing .

MySQL application profiles are user-specific and must be configured only by the user on a case by case basis. For
this reason, FortiADC does not provide any default predefined MySQL application profiles that you can use out of
the box. So you must configure your own MySQL load-balancing application profiles to take advantage of this
feature.

FortiADC supports two MySQL database load-balancing modes: single master and data sharding.

Single-master mode

The single-master mode is a database server configuration in which a single master MySQL server is responsible
for all write operations (i.e., create, update, or delete requests), and one or more slave servers handle all read-
only operations. The master server replicates data to the slave servers in a close to real-time fashion. This mode
can improve database performance to a certain extent by offloading read-intensive operations to slave servers. It
is ideal for load-balancing database traffic that involves more read operations.

The diagram below illustrates the network topology of database server load-balancing in single-master mode.

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By default, FortiADC passes all write requests to the master server and all read requests (such as select) to the
slave servers. So once you have created a MySQL server load-balancing profile, FortiADC will automatically apply
this default mode when load-balancing MySQL traffic on the network. However, if you do not like the default
behavior, you can change it by setting up your own MySQL server load-balancing rules when configuring your
MySQL application profile. For more information, see Configuring MySQL rules on page 69.

Sharding mode

Database sharding is a "shared-nothing" database partitioning technique that breaks down a large database
involving a number of database servers into small database chunks and spread them across a number of

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Chapter 4: Server Load Balancing Sharding mode

distributed servers. It's a highly scalable approach to improving the throughput and performance of large
enterprise business applications that are transaction-extensive and database-centric because it provides
scalability across independent servers, each having its own CPU, memory, and disks.

The diagram below illustrates MySQL server load-balancing in data-sharding mode.

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In sharding mode, FortiADC stores global data on the Master Global—it send s all requests that do not belong to
any group to global servers. Using the keys that you have specified, it sends part of the requests to Group ) and
some to Group 1. It supports split read/write in every group.

It must be noted that Data Manipulation Language (DDL) is not supported in sharding mode.

Creating a MySQL profile

Creating a MySQL profile involves the following steps:

1. Create a MySQL configuration object.
2. Specify the existing user name and password of the MySQL database to be used by the MySQL profile
configuration object.
3. Configure MySQL Rule (for single-master mode, optional) or MySQL Sharding (for database sharding mode).
Note: You can create MySQL profiles from either the GUI or the CLI. The following paragraphs discuss how to
configure a MySQL profile using the GUI. For instructions on how to create MySQL profiles from the CLI, refer to
the FortiADC 4.7.0 CLI Reference.

Before you begin:

l You must have already created MySQL database objects to be used the MySQL profile.
l You must have read-write permission for load-balance settings.

Creating a MySQL configuration object

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Application Resources.
2. Select the Application Profile tab if it is not already selected.
3. Click Add to open the Application Profile configuration editor.
4. In the Name field, enter a unique profile name.
5. In the Type field, click the down arrow and select MySQL from the drop-down menu.
6. For MySQL Mode, select Single Master or Sharding. Refer to
7. Click Save. Your newly created MySQL profile configuration object is automatically appended to the bottom of the
Server Load Balancing > Application Resources > Application Profile page.
8. Click the newly created MySQL profile to open it. See the illustration below.

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Note: The image above shows a sample MySQL profile configuration object named "jack-test-1".
Once a MySQL profile is created, you need to specify the MySQL database user account, and create
MySQL Rule or Sharding depending on which MySQL mode you choose to use. The following
paragraphs discuss the procedures for each of those tasks.

Specifying the MySQL user account

Once a MySQL profile is created, you must specify a MySQL user account to be used with the profile by entering
the user name and password of that account.

It's important to note that you are asked to provide the user name and password of an existing MySQL account.
So do not try to create a new user account here.
To specify a MySQL user account:

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1. In the MySQL User Password pane (see the illustration above), click Add. The Edit MySQL User Password dialog
opens.
2. Enter the user name and password of the MySQL database account,
3. Click Save.

Configuring MySQL rules

When configuring a MySQL rule, you first need to decide whether you want FortiADC to send requests to the
Master database server or the Slave database server(s). Then you can set a few conditions (rules) to tell FortiADC
how to send the requests . It must be noted that all the conditions are of an "OR" relationship.

To configure a MySQL rule:

1. In the MySQL Rule pane, click Add . The Application Profile > Edit MySQL Rule dialog opens.
2. Make the desired entries or selections as described in Table 17.
3. Click Save.

Configuring sharding
ForitADC supports two types of database-sharding: by range or by hash. In the former case, FortiADC distributes
the data to different groups according to the key range. In the latter case, it first hashes the keys and then
automatically distributes the data to different groups.

To configure MySQL sharding:

1. In the MySQL Sharding pane, click Add . The Application Profile > Edit MySQL Sharding dialog opens.
2. Make the desired entries or selections as described in Table 17.
3. Click Save.
Note: When configuring pool members in the CLI to match the real server pool members on the GUI, you can use
the set mysql-group-id command to set the groups that match the pool members:
config load-balance pool
edit "sharding"
set real-server-ssl-profile NONE
config pool_member
edit 1
set pool_member_service_port 3306
set pool_member_cookie rs
set real-server master
next
edit 2
set pool_member_service_port 3306
set pool_member_cookie rs2
set real-server master2
set mysql-group-id 1
next
edit 3
set pool_member_service_port 3306
set pool_member_cookie rs3
set real-server slave
set mysql-read-only enable
next

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edit 4
set pool_member_service_port 3306
set pool_member_cookie rs4
set real-server slave2
set mysql-read-only enable
set mysql-group-id 1
next
end
next
end

You can clone a predefined configuration object to help you get started with a user-
defined configuration.

To clone a configuration object, click the clone icon that appears in the tools column
on the configuration summary page.

 Table 4: MySQL profile configuration guidelines

Parameter Description

Application Profile

Name A unique name for the MySQL profile you are creating.

Type MySQL

MySQL Mode Select either of the following:

Single Master—If selected, FortiADC will configure the MySQL profile in

single-master mode. See Single-master mode.

Sharding—If selected, FortiADC will configure the MySQL profile in

database-sharding mode. See Sharding mode.

MySQL User Password

User Name The user name of the MySQL database.

Password The password for the MySQL user name you've entered above.

MySQL Rule

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Parameter Description

Type Select either of the following:

l Master—If selected, FortiADC will send all data specified in the

MySQL rule to the master MySQL database server.
l Slave—If selected, FortiADC will send all data specified in the MySQL
rule to the slave MySQL database server.

Database List A list of up to eight MySQL database names separated by space

User List A list of up to eight user names separated by space

Table List A list of up to eight MySQL Database tables separated by space

Client IP List A list of up to eight FortiADC client IP addresses separated by space

SQL List A list of up to eight MySQL statements separated by space

Sharding

Type Select either of the following:

l Range—If selected, FortiADC will send data in the data tables to

different groups based on the specified range of the keys.
l Hash—If selected, FortiADC will perform hash calculations and then
automatically send data to different groups.

Database The database name

Table The table name

Key The column name

Group List A list of up to eight group IDs

Note: The group IDs must match the real server pool members.

Configuring client SSL profiles

A client SSL profile is used to manage the SSL session between the client and the proxy. It allows FortiADC to
accept and terminate client requests sent via the SSL protocol. The Client SSL page provides the settings for
configuring client-side SSL connections, and displays all the client SSL profiles that have been configured on the
system.

Before you begin creating a client SSL profile:

l You must have already created configuration objects for certificates, certificate caching, and certificate verify if you
want to include them in the profile.
l You must have read-write permission for Load Balance settings.

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To configure custom profiles:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Application Resources.

2. Click the Client SSL tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in .
5. Save the configuration.

You can clone a predefined client SSL profile to help you get started with a user-defined
configuration.

To clone a configuration object, click the clone icon that appears in the tools column
on the configuration summary page.

 Table 5: Client SSL profile configuration guidelines

Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Name Specify a unique name for the client SSL profile.

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable the use of user-specified cipher suites. If enabled,
Flag you must specify a colon-separated, ordered list of a customized
SSL cipher suites. See below.

Customized SSL Ciphers Available only when the Customized SSL Cipher Flag is enabled
(see above). Specify a colon-separated, ordered list of a customized
SSL cipher suites.

Note: FortiADC will use the default SSL cipher suite if the field is
left empty.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

SSL Ciphers Ciphers are listed from the strongest to the weakest:

l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA
l ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
l ECDHE-ECDSA-RC4-SHA
l ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
l ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384
l ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
l DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
l DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256
l DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
l AES256-GCM-SHA384
l AES256-SHA256
l AES256-SHA
l ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
l ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256
l ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
l DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
l DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256
l DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
l AES128-GCM-SHA256
l AES128-SHA256
l AES128-SHA
l ECDHE-RSA-RC4-SHA
l RC4-SHA
l RC4-MD5
l ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
l EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
l DES-CBC3-SHA
l EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA
l DES-CBC-SHA
l eNULL
Note: We recommend retaining the default list. If necessary, you
can deselect the SSL ciphers that you do not want to support.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Allowed SSL Versions You have the following options:

l SSLv2
l SSLv3
l TLSv1.0
l TLSv1.1
l TLSv1.2
We recommend retaining the default list. If necessary, you can
deselect SSL versions you do not want to support.

Note: FortiADC does not support session reuse for SSLv2 at the
client side. Instead, a new SSL session is started.

Client Certificate Verify Select the client certificate verify configuration object.

Client Certificate Forward Disabled by default. When enabled, you must specify the client
certificate forward header. See below.

Client Certificate Forward When Client Certificate Forward is enabled (see above), specify the
Header client certificate forward header.

Forward Proxy By default, (SSL) Forward Proxy is disabled. When enabled, you'll
have to configure additional settings noted below.

Client SNI Required Require clients to use the TLS server name indication (SNI)
extension to include the server hostname in the TLS client hello
message. Then, the FortiADC system can select the appropriate
local server certificate to present to the client.

Local Certificate Group Select a local certificate group that includes the certificates this
virtual server presents to SSL/TLS clients. This should be the
backend servers' certificate, NOT the appliance's GUI web server
certificate. See Manage certificates.

Note: The following fields become available only when Forward Proxy is enabled.

Forward Proxy Certificate Select a Forward Proxy Certificate Caching rule.

Caching

Forward Proxy Local Signing Select a Forward Proxy Local Signing CA.
CA

Forward Proxy Intermediate Select a Forward Proxy Intermediate CA Group.

CA Group

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Backend SSL SNI Forward Disabled by default. Enable it to let FortiADC forward Server Name
Indication (SNI) from the client to the back end.

Backend Customized SSL Enabled by default. In this case, you must specify the backend
Ciphers Flag customized SS ciphers. See below.

Backend Customized SSL Specify the customized SSL ciphers to be supported at the back
Ciphers end.

Backend Allowed SSL We recommend retaining the default list. If necessary, you can
Versions deselect SSL versions you do not want to support.

Note: FortiADC does not support session reuse for SSLv2 at the
client side. Instead, a new SSL session is started.

Using real server pools

This section includes the following topics:

l Configuring real server pools

l Example: Using port ranges and the port 0 configuration

Configuring real server pools

Server pools are groups of real servers that host the applications that you load balance.

To configure a server pool:

1. Create a server pool object.
2. Add members.
Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding and knowledge of the backend server boot behavior, for example, how many
seconds it takes to “warm up” after a restart before it can process traffic.
l You must know the IP address and port of the applications.
l If you want to select user-defined health checks, you must create them before creating the pool configuration. See
Configuring health checks.
l If you want to select user-defined real server SSL profiles, you must create them before creating the pool
configuration. See Configuring real server SSL profiles.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a real server pool, you can select it in the virtual server configuration.

To configure a pool:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Real Server Pool.

The configuration page displays the Real Server tab.

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2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

3. Complete the configuration and add members as described in Table 6.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 6: Real Server Pool configuration guidelines

Settings Guidelines

Real Server Pool

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the virtual server configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Address Type l IPv4

l IPv6

Health Check Enable health checking for the pool. You can override this for individual servers in
the pool.

Health Check Rela- l AND—All of the selected health checks must pass for the server to the considered
tionship available.
l OR—One of the selected health checks must pass for the server to be considered
available.

Health Check List Select one or more health check configuration objects.

Real Server SSL Select a real server SSL profile. Real server SSL profiles determine settings for
Profile communication between FortiADC and the backend real servers. The default is
NONE, which is applicable for non-SSL traffic.

Member

Status l Enable—The server can receive new sessions.

l Disable—The server does not receive new sessions and closes any current sessions
as soon as possible.
l Maintain—The server does not receive new sessions but maintains any current
connections.

Real Server Click the down arrow and select a real server configuration object from the list
menu.

Note: The name of the selected real server pool member will appear in logs and
reports.

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Settings Guidelines

Port Enter the backend server's listening port (number), as described below:

l HTTP—80,
l HTTPS—443
l FTP—21
l SMTP—25
l DNS—53
l POP3—110
l IMAP4—143
l RADIUS—1812
l SNMP—161
Tip: The system uses Port 0 as a “wildcard” port. When configured to use Port 0,
the system uses the destination port from the client request. For example, if you
specify 0, and the destination port in the client request is 50000, the traffic will be
forwarded to Port 50000.

Weight Assigns relative preference among members—higher values are more preferred
and are assigned connections more frequently. The default is 1. The valid range
is 1 to 256.

All load balancing methods consider weight. Servers are dispatched requests
proportional to their weight, relative to the sum of all weights.

The following example shows the effect of weight on Round Robin:

l Sever A, Weight 2; Server B, Weight 1: Requests are sent AABAAB.

l Sever A, Weight 3; Server B, Weight 2: Requests are sent AABAB.
For other methods, weight functions as a tie-breaker. For example, with the Least
Connection algorithm, requests are sent to the server with the least connections.
If the number of connections is equal, the request is sent to the server with the
greater weight. For example:

l Server A, Weight 1, 1 connection

l Server B, Weight 2, 1 connection
l The next request is sent to Server B.

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Settings Guidelines

Recover Seconds to postpone forwarding traffic after downtime, when a health check
indicates that this server has become available again. The default is 0 (disabled).
The valid range is 1 to 86,400 seconds. After the recovery period elapses, the
FortiADC assigns connections at the warm rate.

Examples of when the server experiences a recovery and warm-up period:

l A server is coming back online after the health check monitor detected it was down.
l A network service is brought up before other daemons have finished initializing and
therefore the server is using more CPU and memory resources than when startup is
complete.
To avoid connection problems, specify the separate warm-up rate, recovery rate,
or both.

Tip: During scheduled maintenance, you can also manually apply these limits by
setting Status to Maintenance instead of Enable.

Note: Not applicable for SIP servers.

Warm Up If the server cannot initially handle full connection load when it begins to respond
to health checks (for example, if it begins to respond when startup is not fully
complete), indicate how long to forward traffic at a lesser rate. The default is 0
(disabled). The valid range is 1 to 86,400 seconds.

Note: Not applicable for SIP servers.

Warm Rate Maximum connection rate while the server is starting up. The default is 10
connections per second. The valid range is 1 to 86,400 connections per second.

The warm up calibration is useful with servers that have the network service
brought up before other daemons have finished initializing. As the servers are
brought online, CPU and memory are more utilized than they are during normal
operation. For these servers, you define separate rates based on warm-up and
recovery behavior. For example, if Warm Up is 5 and Warm Rate is 2, the number
of allowed new connections increases at the following rate:

l 1st second—Total of 2 new connections allowed (0+2).

l 2nd second—2 new connections added for a total of 4 new connections allowed
(2+2).
l 3rd second—2 new connections added for a total of 6 new connections allowed
(4+2).
l 4th second—2 new connections added for a total of 8 new connections allowed
(6+2).
l 5th second—2 new connections added for a total of 10 new connections allowed
(8+2).
Note: Not applicable for SIP servers.

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Settings Guidelines

Connection Limit Maximum number of concurrent connections to the backend server. The default is
0 (disabled). The valid range is 1 to 1,048,576 concurrent connections.

Note: Connection Limit is not supported for FTP or SIP servers.

Connection Rate Limit the number of new connections per second to this server. The default is 0
Limit (disabled). The valid range is 1 to 86,400 connections per second.

In Layer 4 deployments, you can apply a connection rate limit per real server and
per virtual server. Both limits are enforced.

Note: The connection rate limit applies only when the real servers belong to a
Layer 4 virtual server. If you add a real server pool with this setting configured to a
Layer 7 virtual server, for example, the setting is ignored.

Note: Connection Rate Limit is not supported for FTP or SIP servers.

Cookie Specify the cookie name to be used when cookie-based Layer 7 session
persistence is enabled. The cookie is used to create a FortiADC session ID, which
enables the system to forward subsequent related requests to the same backend
server.

If you do not specify a cookie name, it is set to the pool member server name
string.

Note: This option is NOT applicable for SIP servers.

MySQL Group ID Specify the MySQL group ID.

MySQL Read Only Disabled by default. Select the button to enable it.

Backup Designate this as a backup server to which FortiADC will direct traffic when the
other servers in the pool are down. The backup server receives connections when
all the other pool members fail the health check or you have manually disabled
them.

Note: Not applicable for SIP servers.

Health Check When enabled, FortiADC will use the pool's health check settings. If disabled, you
Inherit must select a health check to use with this individual backend server. See below.

Health Check Select this option to specify a health check configuration object for this server.

Note: This option becomes available only when

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Health Check Rela- l AND—All of the selected health checks must pass for the server to the considered
tionship available.
l OR—One of the selected health checks must pass for the server to be considered
available.

Health Check List Select one or more health check configuration objects. Shift-click to select multiple
objects at the same time.

RS Profile Inherit Enable to inherit the real server SSL profile from the pool configuration. Disable to spe-
cify the real server profile in this member configuration. See below.

RS Profile If RS Profile Inherit (above) is disabled, you must specify a real server SSL profile.
A real server SSL profile determines the settings for communication between
FortiADC and backend real server.

Note: This option becomes available only when RS Profile Inherit is disabled.

Example: Using port ranges and the port 0 configuration

In some deployments, it is advantageous to support listening port ranges for client requests. For example, data
centers or web hosting companies sometimes use port numbers to identify their customers. Client A sends
requests to port 50000, client B to port 50001, client C to port 50002, and so on.

To support this scenario:

1. On the real servers, configure the listening ports and port ranges according to your requirements.
2. On the FortiADC, when you configure the real server pool member, specify port 0 for the port. The system handles
port 0 as a “wildcard” port. When configured to use port 0, the system uses the destination port from the client
request. For example, if you specify 0, and the destination port in the client request is 50000, the traffic is
forwarded to port 50000.
3. When you configure the virtual server, specify a listening port and port range. The port range is like an offset. If the
specified port is 50000 and the port range is 10, the virtual server listens on ports 50000-50009.
Figure 21 and Figure 22 highlight the key FortiADC configuration elements.

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Figure  21: Real server port 0 configuration

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Figure  22: Virtual server port range configuration

Note: Ports shown on the Dashboard > Virtual Server > Real Server page are for the configured port, so in this
case, port 0. The ports shown in traffic logs are the actual destination port, so in this case, port 50000.

Configuring persistence rules

Persistence rules identify traffic that should not be load balanced, but instead forwarded to the same backend
server that has seen requests from that source before. Typically, you configure persistence rules to support server

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transactions that depend on an established client-server session, like e-commerce transactions or SIP voice calls.

The system maintains persistence session tables to map client traffic to backend servers based on the session
attribute specified by the persistence rule.

The persistence table is evaluated before load balancing rules. If the packets received by the ADC match an entry
in the persistence session table, the packets are forwarded to the server that established the connection, and
load balancing rules are not applicable.

Most persistence rule types have a timeout. When the time that has elapsed since the system last received a
request from the client IP address is greater than the timeout, the system does not use the mapping table to
forward the request. Instead, it again selects the server using the method specified in the virtual server
configuration. Hash-based rule types have a timeout built into the hash algorithm. For other types, you can
specify the timeout.

Table 7 describes the predefined persistence rules. You can get started with these commonly used persistence
methods or create custom objects.

 Table 7: Predefined persistence rules

Predefined Description

LB_PERSIS_SIP Persistence based on source IP address or subnet.

LB_PERSIS_CONSISTENT_ Persistence based on a hash of source IP address.

SIP

LB_PERSIS_HASH_SRC_ Persistence based on a hash that includes source IP address and

ADDR_PORT port.

LB_PERSIS_HASH_COOKIE Persistence based on a hash of a session cookie provided by the

backend server.

LB_PERSIS_RDP_COOKIE Persistence based on RDP cookie sent by RDP clients in the initial
connection request.

LB_PERSIS_SSL_SESS_ID Persistence based on the SSL session ID.

LB_PERSIS_SIP_CALL_ID Persistence based on the SIP call ID.

LB_PERSIS_PASSIVE_ Persistence based on a passive cookie generated by the server.

COOKIE FortiADC does not generate or manage the cookie, but only
observes it in the HTTP stream, thus the name "passive cookie".
Also known as "server cokkie".

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding and knowledge of the applications that require persistent sessions and the
methods that can be used to identify application sessions.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a persistence rule, you can select it in the virtual server configuration.

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To configure a persistence rule:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Application Resources.

2. Click the Persistence tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Give the rule a name, select the type, and specify rule settings as described in Table 8.
5. Save the configuration.

You can clone a predefined configuration object to help you get started with a user-
defined configuration.

To clone a configuration object, click the clone icon that appears in the tools

column on the configuration summary page.

 Table 8: Persistence rule guidelines

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You ref-
erence this name in the virtual server configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Type Select a persistence type.

Source Address

Source Address Persistence is based on source IP address.

Timeout Timeout for an inactive persistence session table entry. The default is 300
seconds. The valid range is 1-86,400.

Subnet Mask Bits Number of bits in a subnet mask to specify a network segment that should following
(IPv4) the persistence rule. For example, if IPv4 maskbits is set to 24, and the backend
server A responds to a client with the source IP 192.168.1.100, server A also responds
to all clients from subnet 192.168.1.0/24.

Subnet Mask Bits Number of bits in a subnet mask to specify a network segment that should following
(IPv6) the persistence rule.

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Settings Guidelines

Match across serv- Enable so clients continue to access the same backend server through different
ers virtual servers for the duration of a session.

For example, a client session with a vSphere 6.0 Platform Services Controller
(PSC) has connections on the following ports: 443, 389, 636, 2012, 2014, 2020. A
FortiADC deployment to load balance a cluster of vSphere PSCs includes Layer 4
virtual server configurations for each of these ports. To ensure a client’s
connections for a session go to the same backend real server:
1. Create a persistence object based on Source Address affinity and select the
Match Across Servers option.
2. Select this persistence object in each of the Layer 4 virtual servers configured
to load balance the vSphere PSC pool.
3. Select the same real server pool object in each of the Layer 4 virtual servers
configured to load balance the vSphere PSC pool.
When these options are enabled, FortiADC dispatches the intial connection to a
real server destination (for example, RS1) based on the virtual server’s load
balancing method, and the persistence object is noted in the connection table.
Subsequent connection attempts with the same source IP address to any
FortiADC virtual server that has this persistence object and real server pool are
dispatched to RS1, as long as the session is active.

Note: In the Layer 4 virtual server configuration, you specify a packet forwarding
method. You can use Source Address persistence with Match Across Servers with
any combination of Direct Routing, DNAT, and Full NAT packet forwarding
methods. However, with NAT46 and NAT64 packet forwarding methods, the
source address type is different from the real server address type. To use Match
Across Servers with NAT46 or NAT64, all virtual servers for the application must
be configured with the same packet forwarding method: all NAT46 or all NAT64.

Source Address Hash

Source Address Persistence is based on a hash of the IP address of the client making an initial request.
Hash

Source Address-Port Hash

Source Address- Persistence is based on a hash of the IP address and port of an initial client request.
Port Hash

HTTP Header Hash

HTTP Header Hash Persistence is based on a hash of the specified header value found in an initial client
request.

Keyword A value found in an HTTP header.

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Settings Guidelines

HTTP Request Hash

HTTP Request Persistence is based on a hash of the specified URL parameter in an initial client
Hash request.

Keyword A URL parameter.

Cookie Hash

Cookie Hash Persistence is based on a hash of the cookie provided by the backend server.

Persistent Cookie

Persistent Cookie Persistence is based on the cookie provided in the backend server response. It for-
wards subsequent requests with this cookie to the original backend server.

Keyword Backend server cookie name.

Timeout Timeout for an inactive persistence session table entry. The default is 300
seconds. The valid range is 1-86,400.

Insert Cookie

Insert Cookie Persistence is based on a cookie inserted by the FortiADC system.

The system inserts a cookie whose name is the value specified by Keyword and whose
value is the real server pool member Cookie value and expiration date (if the client
does not already have a cookie).

For example, if the value of Keyword is sessid and the real server pool member
Cookie value is rs1, FortiADC sends the cookie sessid=rs1|U6iFN to the client,
where U6iFN is the expiration date as a base64 encoded string.

Keyword Specifies the cookie name.

Timeout Timeout for an inactive persistence session table entry. The default is 300
seconds. The valid range is 1-86,400.

Rewrite cookie

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Settings Guidelines

Rewrite Cookie Persistence is based on the cookie provided in the backend server response, but the
system rewrites the cookie.

The system checks the HTTP response for a Set-Cookie: value that matches the
value specified by Keyword. It replaces the keyword value with the real server pool
member Cookie value.

For example, the value of Keyword in the persistence configuration is sessid. The
real server pool member Cookie value is rs1. After an initial client request, the
response from the server contains Set-Cookie: sessid=666, which FortiADC
changes to Set-Cookie: sessid=rs1. FortiADC uses this rewritten value to for-
ward subsequent requests to the same backend server as the original request.

Keyword Specifies a Set-Cookie: value to match.

Embedded Cookie

Embedded Cookie Persistence is based on the cookie provided in the backend server response.

Like Rewrite Cookie, the system checks the HTTP response for a Set-
Cookie: value that matches the value specified by Keyword in the persistence
configuration. However, it preserves the original value and adds the real server
pool member Cookie value and a ~ (tilde) as a prefix.

For example, the value of Keyword is sessid. The real server pool member
Cookie value is rs1. After an initial client request, the response from the server
contains Set-Cookie: sessid=666, which the system changes to Set-
Cookie: sessid=rs1~666. It uses this rewritten value to forward
subsequent requests to the same backend server as the original request.

Keyword Specifies a Set-Cookie: value to match.

RADIUS Attribute

RADIUS Attribute Persistence is based on a specified RADIUS attribute.

Keyword RADIUS attribute. Specify the RADIUS attribute number. For example, specify 8 for
Framed-IP-Address or 31 for Calling-Station-ID. For a list of RADIUS attribute num-
bers, see
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2865#page-22.

Timeout Timeout for an inactive persistence session table entry. The default is 300
seconds. The valid range is 1-86,400.

Match across serv- Enable so clients continue to access the same backend server through different virtual
ers servers for the duration of a session.

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Settings Guidelines

RDP Cookie

RDP Cookie Persistence based on RDP cookie sent by RDP clients in the initial connection request.

SSL Session ID

SSL Session ID Persistence is based on SSL session ID.

Timeout Timeout for an inactive persistence session table entry. The default is 300
seconds. The valid range is 1-86,400.

SIP Call ID

SIP Call ID Persistence is based on SIP Call ID. For SIP services, you can establish persistence
using Source Address, Source Address Hash, or SIP caller ID.

Timeout Timeout for an inactive persistence session table entry. The default is 300
seconds. The valid range is 1-86,400.

Configuring content routes

You can use the content routes configuration to select the backend server pool based on matches to TCP/IP or
HTTP header values.

Layer 7 content route rules are based on literal or regular expression matches to the following header values:

l HTTP Host
l HTTP Referer
l HTTP Request URL
l SNI
l Source IP address
You might want to use Layer 7 content routes to simplify front-end coding of your web pages or to obfuscate the
precise server names from clients. For example, you can publish links to a simple URL named example.com and
use content route rules to direct traffic for requests to example.com to a server pool that includes
server1.example.com, server2.example.com, and server3.example.com.

Layer 4 content route rules are based on literal or regular expression matches to the following header values:

l Source IP address
Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of HTTP header fields.

l You must have a good understanding of Perl-compatible regular expressions (PCRE) if you want to use them in
rule matching.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a content routing rule, you can select it in the virtual server configuration.

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Note: You can select multiple content routing rules in the virtual server configuration. Rules you add to that
configuration are consulted from top to bottom. The first rule to match is applied. If the traffic does not match any
of the content routing rule conditions specified in the virtual server configuration, the system behaves
unexpectedly. Therefore, it is important that you create a “catch all” rule that has no match conditions. In the
virtual server configuration, this rule should be ordered last so it can be used to forward traffic to a default pool.

To configure a content route rule:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Virtual Server.

2. Click the Content Routing tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 9.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 9: Content routes configuration guidelines

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the virtual server configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Type l Layer 4
l Layer 7

Real Server Select a real server pool.

Persistence Inherit Enable to use the persistence object specified in the virtual server configuration.

Persistence If not using inheritance, select a session persistence type.

Method Inherit Enable to use the method specified in the virtual server configuration.

Method If not using inheritance, select a load balancing method type.

Comments A string to describe the purpose of the configuration, to help you and other admin-
istrators more easily identify its use.

Layer 4 Specifics

IPv4/Mask Address/mask notation to match the source IP address in the packet header.

IPv6/Mask Address/mask notation to match the source IP address in the packet header.

Layer 7 Match Condition

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Object Select content matching conditions based on the following parameters:

l HTTP Host Header

l HTTP Referer Header
l HTTP Request URL
l SNI
l Source IP Address
Note: When you add multiple conditions, FortiADC joins them with an AND
operator. For example, if you specify both a HTTP Host Header and HTTP
Request URL to match, the rule is a match only for traffic that meets both
conditions.

Type l String
l Regular Expression

Content Specify the string or PCRE syntax to match the header or IP address.

Note: An empty match condition matches any HTTP request.

Reverse Rule matches if traffic does not match the expression.

Using content rewriting rules

This section includes the following topics:

l Overview
l Configuring content rewriting rules
l Example: Redirecting HTTP to HTTPS
l Example: Rewriting the HTTP response when using content routing
l Example: Rewriting the HTTP request and response to mask application details
l Example: Rewriting the HTTP request to harmonize port numbers

Overview
You might rewrite the HTTP request/response and HTTP headers for various reasons, including the following:

l Redirect HTTP to HTTPS

l External-to-internal URL translation
l Other security reasons
Table 10 summarizes the HTTP header fields that can be rewritten.

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 Table 10: HTTP header rewriting

Direction HTTP Header

HTTP Request l Host

l Referer

HTTP Redirect Location

HTTP Response Location

The first line of an HTTP request includes the HTTP method, relative URL, and HTTP version. The next lines are
headers that communicate additional information. The following example shows the HTTP request for the URL
http://www.example.com/index.html:
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Referer: http://www.google.com
The following is an example of an HTTP redirect including the HTTP Location header:
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Location: http://www.iana.org/domains/example/
You can use literal strings or regular expressions to match traffic to rules. To match a request URL such as
http://www.example.com/index, you create two match conditions: one for the Host header www.example.com
and another for the relative URL that is in the GET line: /index.html.

For HTTP redirect rules, you can specify the rewritten location as a literal string or as a regular expression. For all
other types or rules, you must specify the complete URL as a literal string.

Configuring content rewriting rules

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of HTTP header fields.

l You must have a good understanding of Perl-compatible regular expressions (PCRE) if you want to use them in
rule matching or rewriting.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a content rewriting rule, you can select it in the virtual server configuration.

Note: You can select multiple content rewriting rules in the virtual server configuration. Rules you add to that
configuration are consulted from top to bottom. The first to match is applied. If the traffic does not match any of
the content rewriting rule conditions, the header is not rewritten.

To configure a content rewriting rule:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Virtual Server.

2. Click the Content Rewriting tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 11.
5. Save the configuration.

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 Table 11: Content rewriting rule guidelines

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the virtual server configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Comments A string to describe the purpose of the configuration, to help you and other admin-
istrators more easily identify its use.

Action Type Select whether to rewrite the HTTP request or HTTP response.

HTTP Request Rewrite Actions

Rewrite HTTP Host—Rewrites the Host header by replacing the hostname with the string you
Header specify. For Host rules, specify a replacement domain and/or port.

URL—Rewrites the request URL and Host header using the string you specify.
For URL rules, specify a URL in one of the following formats:

l Absolute URL — https://example.com/content/index.html

l Relative URL — content/index.html
If you specify a relative URL, the host header is not rewritten.

Referer—Rewrites the Referer header with the URL you specify. For Referer
rules, you must specify an absolute URL.

Note: The rewrite string is a literal string. Regular expression syntax is not
supported.

Redirect Sends a redirect with the URL you specify in the HTTP Location header field.

For Redirect rules, you must specify an absolute URL. For example:
https://example.com/content/index.html

Note: The rewrite string can be a literal string or a regular expression.

Send 403 Sends a 403 Forbidden response instead of forwarding the request.
forbidden

HTTP Response Rewrite Actions

Rewrite HTTP Rewrites the Location header field in the server response.
Location
For Location rules, you must specify an absolute URL. For example:
https://example.com/content/index.html

Note: The rewrite string is a literal string. Regular expression syntax is not
supported.

Match Condition

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Settings Guidelines

Object Select content matching conditions based on the following parameters:

l HTTP Host Header

l HTTP Location Header
l HTTP Referer Header
l HTTP Request URL
l Source IP Address
Note: When you add multiple conditions, FortiADC joins them with an AND
operator. For example, if you specify both a HTTP Host Header and HTTP
Request URL to match, the rule is a match only for traffic that meets both
conditions.

Type l String
l Regular Expression

Content Specify the string or PCRE syntax to match the header or IP address.

Reverse Rule matches if traffic does not match the expression.

Example: Redirecting HTTP to HTTPS

You can use the content rewriting feature to send redirects. One common case to use redirects is when the
requested resource requires a secure connection, but you accidentally type an HTTP URL instead of an HTTPS
URL in the web browser.

For HTTP redirect rules, you can specify the rewritten location as a literal string or regular expression.

Figure 23 shows a redirect rule that matches a literal string and rewrites a literal string. In the match condition
table, the rule is set to match traffic that has the Host header domain example.com and the relative URL
/resource/index.html in the HTTP request URL. The redirect action sends a secure URL in the Location
header: https://example.com/resource/index.html.

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Figure  23: Redirecting HTTP to HTTPS (literal string)

Regular expressions are a powerful way of denoting all possible forms of a string. They are very useful when
trying to match text that comes in many variations but follows a definite pattern, such as dynamic URLs or web
page content.

Figure 24 shows a redirect rule that uses PCRE capture and back reference syntax to create a more general rule
than the previous example. This rule sends a redirect for all connections to the same URL but over HTTP. In the
match condition table, the first regular expression is (.*). This expression matches any HTTP Host header and
stores it as capture 0. The second regular expression is ^/(.*)$. This expression matches the path in the
Request URL (the content after the /) and stores it as capture 1. The regular expression for the redirect action
uses the back reference syntax https://$0$1.

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Figure  24: Redirecting HTTP to HTTPS (regular expression)

Table 12 describes commonly used PCRE syntax elements. Table 13 gives examples of useful and relevant
expressions that were originally submitted to the FortiGate Cookbook. For a deeper dive, consult a PCRE
reference.

Regular expressions can involve very computationally intensive evaluations. For best
performance, you should only use regular expressions where necessary, and build
them with care.

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 Table 12: Common PCRE syntax elements

Pattern Usage Example

() Creates a capture group or sub-pattern Text: /url/app/app/mapp

for back-reference or to denote order of
operations. Regular expression: (/app)*
Matches: /app/app
Text:
/url?paramA=valueA&paramB=valueB

Regular expression: (param)A=

(value)A&\0B\1B

Matches:
paramA=valueA&paramB=valueB

$0, $1, $2, ... Only $0, $1,..., $9 are supported. Let’s say the regular expressions in a
condition table have the following
A back-reference is a regular
capture groups:
expression token such as $0 or $1
that refers to whatever part of the (a)(b)(c(d))(e)
text was matched by the capture This syntax results in back-reference
group in that position within the variables with the following values:
regular expression.
$0 — a
Back-references are used whenever
$1 — b
you want the output/interpretation
to resemble the original match: they $2 — cd
insert a substring of the original
$3 — d
matching text. Like other regular
expression features, back- $4 — e
references help to ensure that you
do not have to maintain a large,
cumbersome list of all possible
URLs.

To invoke a substring, use $ n (0 <=

n <= 9), where n is the order of
appearance of capture group in the
regular expression, from left to right,
from outside to inside, then from top
to bottom.

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Pattern Usage Example

\ Escape character. Text: /url?parameter=value

Except, if it is followed by an Regular expression: \?param
alphanumeric character, the
Matches: ?param
alphanumeric character is not
matched literally as usual. Instead,
it is interpreted as a regular
expression token. For example, \w
matches a word, as defined by the
locale.

Except, if it is followed by regular

expression special character:
*.|^$?+\(){}[]\
When this is the case, the \ escapes
interpretation as a regular
expression token, and instead treats
the character as a normal letter.

For example, \\ matches the \

character.

. Matches any single character Text: My cat catches things.

except \r or \n.
Regular expression: c.t
Note: If the character is written by
Matches: cat cat
combining two Unicode code points,
such as à where the core letter is
encoded separately from the accent
mark, this will not match the entire
character: it will only match one of
the code points.

+ Repeatedly matches the previous Text: www.example.com

character or capture group, 1 or
Regular expression: w+
more times, as many times as
possible (also called “greedy” Matches: www
matching) unless followed by a
Would also match “w”, “ww”, “wwww”,
question mark ( ? ), which makes it
or any number of uninterrupted
optional.
repetitions of the character “w”.
Does not match if there is not at
least 1 instance.

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Pattern Usage Example

* Repeatedly matches the previous Text: www.example.com

character or capture group, 0 or
Regular expression: .*
more times. Depending on its
combination with other special Matches: www.example.com
characters, this token could be
All of any text, except line endings
either:
(\r and \n).
* — Match as many times as
Text: www.example.com
possible (also called “greedy”
matching). Regular expression: (w)*?
*? — Match as few times as Matches: www
possible (also called “lazy”
matching). Would also match common typos
where the “w” was repeated too few or
too many times, such as “ww” in
w.example.com or “wwww” in
wwww.example.com. It would still
match, however, if no amount of “w”
existed.

? Makes the preceding character or Text: www.example.com

capture group optional (also called
Regular expression:
“lazy” matching).
(www\.)?example.com
This character has a different
Matches: www.example.com
significance when followed by =.
Would also match example.com.

?= Looks ahead to see if the next Text: /url?parameter=valuepack

character or capture group matches
Regular expression: p(?=arameter)
and evaluate the match based upon
them, but does not include those Matches: p, but only in “parameter,
next characters in the returned not in “pack”, which does not end with
match string (if any). “arameter”.
This can be useful for back-
references where you do not want to
include permutations of the final few
characters, such as matching “cat”
when it is part of “cats” but not when
it is part of “catch”.

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Pattern Usage Example

^ Matches either: Text: /url?parameter=value

the position of the beginning of a Regular expression: ^/url
line (or, in multiline mode, the first
Matches: /url, but only if it is at the
line), not the first character itself
beginning of the path string. It will not
the inverse of a character, but only if match “/url” in subdirectories.
^ is the first character in a character
Text: /url?parameter=value
class, such as [^A]
Regular expression: [^u]
This is useful if you want to match a
word, but only when it occurs at the Matches: /rl?parameter=value
start of the line, or when you want to
match anything that is not a specific
character.

$ Matches the position of the end of a line

(or, in multiline mode, the entire string),
not the last character itself.

[] Defines a set of characters or Text: /url?parameter=value1

capture groups that are acceptable
Regular expression: [012]
matches.
Matches: 1
To define a set via a whole range
instead of listing every possible Would also match 0 or 2.
match, separate the first and last
Text: /url?parameter=valueB
character in the range with a
hyphen. Regular expression: [A-C]
Note: Character ranges are Matches: B
matched according to their
numerical code point in the Would also match “A” or “C”. It would
encoding. For example, [@-B] not match “b”.
matches any UTF-8 code points
from 40 to 42 inclusive: @AB

{} Quantifies the number of times the Text: 1234567890

previous character or capture group
Regular expression: \d{3}
may be repeated continuously.
Matches: 123
To define a varying number
repetitions, delimit it with a comma. Text: www.example.com
Regular expression: w{1,4}
Matches: www
If the string were a typo such as “ww ”
or “wwww”, it would also match that.

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Pattern Usage Example

(?i) Turns on case-insensitive matching for Text: /url?Parameter=value

subsequent evaluation, until it is turned
off or the evaluation completes. Regular expression: (?i)param
Matches: Param
Would also match pArAM etc.

| Matches either the character/capture Text: Host: www.example.com

group before or after the pipe ( | ).
Regular expression: (\r\n)|\n|\r
Matches: The line ending, regardless
of platform.

 Table 13: PCRE examples submitted to the FortiGate Cookbook

Regular Expression Usage

[a-zA-Z0-9] Any alphanumeric character. ASCII only; e.g. does not

match é or É.

[#\?](.*) All parameters that follow a question mark or hash mark in

the URL.

e.g. #pageView or ?param1=valueA&param2=valueB...;

In this expression, the capture group does not include the

question mark or hash mark itself.

\b10\.1\.1\.1\b A specific IPv4 address.

\b(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?) Any IPv4 address.

\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)
\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)
\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)
\b

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Regular Expression Usage

(?i)\b.*\.(a(c|d|e(ro)?|f|g|i|m|n|o|q|r|s Any domain name.

(ia)?|t|y|w|x|z)
|b(a|b|d|e|f|g|h|i(z)?|j|m|n|o|r|s|t|v|w|y|z)
|c(a(t)?|c|d|f|g|h|i|k|l|m|n|o((m)?
(op)?)|r|s|u|v|x|y|z)
|d(e|j|k|m|o|z)
|e(c|du|e|g|h|r|s|t|u)
|f(i|j|k|m|o|r)
|g(a|b|d|e|f|g|h|i|l|m|n|ov|p|q|r|s|t|u|w|y)
|h(k|m|n|r|t|u)
|i(d|e|l|m|n(fo)?(t)?|o|q|r|s|t)
|j(e|m|o(bs)?|p)
|k(e|g|h|i|m|n|p|r|w|y|z)
|l(a|b|c|i|k|r|s|t|u|vy)
|m(a|c|d|e|g|h|il|k|l|m|n|o(bi)?|p|q|r|s|t|u
(seum)?|v|w|x|y|z)
|n(a(me)?|c|e(t)?|f|g|i|l|o|p|r|u|z)
|o(m|rg)
|p(a|e|f|g|h|k|l|m|n|r(o)?|s|t|w|y)
|qa
|r(e|o|s|u|w)
|s(a|b|c|d|e|g|h|i|j|k|l|m|n|o|r|s|t|u|v|y|z)
|t(c|d|el|f|g|h|j|k|l|m|n|o|p|r(avel)?|t|v|w|z)
|u(a|g|k|s|y|z)
|v(a|c|e|g|i|n|u)
|w(f|s)
|xxx
|y(e|t|u)
|z(a|m|w))\b

(?i)\bwww\.example\.com\b A specific domain name.

(?i)\b(.*)\.example\.com\b Any sub-domain name of example.com.

Example: Rewriting the HTTP response when using content routing

It is standard for web servers to have external and internal domain names. You can use content-based routing to
forward HTTP requests to example.com to a server pool that includes server1.example.com,
server2.example.com, and server3.example.com. When you use content routing like this, you should also rewrite
the Location header in the HTTP response so that the client receives HTTP with example.com in the header and
not the internal domain server1.example.com.

Figure 25 shows a content routing rule that maps requests to example.com to a server pool.

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Figure  25: Content routing for the example.com pool

Figure 26 shows an HTTP response rule that matches a regular expression and rewrites a literal string. In the
match condition table, the rule is set to match the regular expression server.*\.example\.com in the HTTP
Location header in the response. The rewrite action specifies the absolute URL http://www.example.com.

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Figure  26: Rewriting the HTTP response when masking internal server names

Example: Rewriting the HTTP request and response to mask application details
Another use case for external-to-internal URL translation involves masking pathnames that give attackers
information about your web applications. For example, the unmasked URL for a blog might be
http://www.example.com/wordpress/?feed=rss2, which exposes that the blog is a wordpress application. In this
case, you want to publish an external URL that does not have clues of the underlying technology. For example, in
your web pages, you create links to http://www.example.com/blog instead of the backend URL.

On FortiADC, you create two rules: one to rewrite the HTTP request to the backend server and another to rewrite
the HTTP response in the return traffic.

Figure 27 shows an HTTP request rule. In the match condition table, the rule is set to match traffic that has the
Host header domain example.com and the relative URL /blog in the HTTP request URL. The rule action
rewrites the request URL to the internal URL http://www.example.com/wordpress/?feed=rss2.

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Figure  27: Rewriting the HTTP request when you mask backend application details

Figure 28 shows the rule for the return traffic. In the match condition table, the rule is set to match traffic that has
the string http://www.example.com/wordpress/?feed=rss2 in the Location header of the HTTP
response. The action replaces that URL with the public URL http://www.example.com/blog.

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Figure  28: Rewriting the HTTP response when you mask backend application details

Example: Rewriting the HTTP request to harmonize port numbers

The HTTP Host header contains the domain name and port. You might want to create a rule to rewrite the port so
you can harmonize port numbers that are correlated with your application service. For example, suppose you
want to avoid parsing reports on your backend servers that show requests to many HTTP service ports. When you
review your aggregated reports, you have records for port 80, port 8080, and so on. You would rather have all
HTTP requests served on port 80 and accounted for on port 80. To support this plan, you can rewrite the HTTP
request headers so that all the Host header in all HTTP requests shows port 80.

Figure 29 shows an HTTP request rule that uses a regular expression to match HTTP Host headers for
www.example.com with any port number and change it to port 80.

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Figure  29: Rewriting the HTTP request port number

Compression and decompression

FortiADC supports HTTP/HTTPS response compression and request decompression with either gzip or deflate
format.

You can offload HTTP/HTTPS response compression to FortiADC to save resources on your back-end servers,
and let FortiADC to decompress compressed HTTP/HTTPS client requests for WAF inspection before passing
them to your back-end servers.

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Configuring compression rules

To offload compression from your back-end servers, you can configure FortiADC to perform HTTP/HTTPS
compression on behalf of the server.

The following content types can be compressed:

l application/javascript
l application/soap+xml
l application/x-javascript
l application/xml
l text/css
l text/html
l text/javascript
l text/plain
l text/xml
l custom
Not all HTTP.HTTPS responses should be compressed. Compression offers the greatest performance
improvements when applied to URIs whose media types include repetitive text such as tagged HTML and
JavaScript. Files that already contain efficient compression such as GIF images usually should not be
compressed, as the CPU usage and time spent compressing them will result in an increased delay rather than
network throughput improvement. Plain text files where no words are repeated, such as configurations with
unique URLs or IPs, also may not be appropriate for compression.

FortiADC supports HTTP/HTTPS response compression in either gzip or deflate format.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of HTTP/HTTPS compression and knowledge of the content types served
from the back-end real servers.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
Compression is not enabled by default. After you have configured a compression inclusion rule, you can select it
in the profile configuration. To enable compression, select the profile when you configure the virtual server.

To configure a compression rule:

1. Click Server Load Balance > Application Resources.

2. Click the Compression tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 14.
5. Save the configuration.

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 Table 14: Compression configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the profile configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

URI List Type l Include— Select this option to create a compression inclusion rule. HTPP/HTTPS 
responses that match the URIs and content types specified in this rule will be
compressed by FortiADC before being passed to the client.
l Exclude—Select this option to create a compression exclusion rule. HTPP/
HTTPS responses that match the URIs and content types specified in this rule will
not be compressed by FortiADC before being passed to the client.

URI List Click Add and specify URIs to build the list. You must use regular expressions
beginning with a

Content Types Click Add and select from the following content types to build the list:

l application/javascript
l application/soap+xml
l application/x-javascript
l application/xml
l text/css
l text/html
l text/javascript
l text/plain
l text/xml
l custom
Note: The "custom" option allows you to specify almost any content/media type,
including image files in .JPG, .PNG, and .BMP formats. The default is */*, which
means any content/media type.

You can use the CLI to configure advanced options:

config load-balance compression
edit 1
set cpu-limit {enable | disable}
set max-cpu-usage <percent> -- max cpu usage for
compression
set min-content-length <bytes> -- min bytes for
compression
end

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Configuring decompression rules

If the HTTP request body is compressed, FortiADC cannot pass it to the Web Application Firewall (WAF) which
will scan it for potential problems such as a data leak or virus.

To allow FortiADC to pass compressed HTTP client requests to WAF for inspection before forwarding it to your
back-end server, you must configure a FortiADC decompression policy.

You can configure FortiADC to temporarily decompress the body of a request based on its file type, which is
specified by the HTTP/HTTPS Content-Type: header. The appliance can then inspect the traffic. If no policy-
violating content is discovered, it will allow the compressed version of the request to pass to the back-end server.

FortiADC supports HTTP/HTTPS request decompression with either gzip or deflate format. Upon receiving a
compressed HTTP/HTTPS request body, FortiADC first extracts the HTTP/HTTPS request body to a temporary
buffer and then sends the buffer to the Web Application Firewall (WAF) engine for scanning.

FortiADC supports decompression of the following content-type files:

l application/javascript
l application/soap+xml
l application/x-javascript
l application/xml
l text/css
l text/html
l text/javascript
l text/plain
l text/xml
l custom
Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of HTTP decompression and knowledge of the content types served from the
backend real servers.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
Decompression is not enabled by default. After you have configured a decompression rule, you can select it in the
profile configuration. To enable decompression, select the profile when you configure the virtual server.

To configure a decompression rule:

1. Click Server Load Balance > Application Resources.

2. Click the Decompression tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 15.
5. Save the configuration.

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 Table 15: Compression configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Specify a unique name for the decompression rule. Configuration name. Valid
characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You reference this name in the
profile configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

URI List Type l Include— Select this option to create a decompression inclusion rule.
HTPP/HTTPS  responses that match the URIs and content types specified in this
rule will be decompressed by FortiADC before being passed to the client.
l Exclude—Select this option to create a decompression exclusion rule.
HTPP/HTTPS responses that match the URIs and content types specified in this
rule will not be decompressed by FortiADC before being passed to the client.

URI List Click Add and specify URIs to build the list.

Content Types Click Add and select from the following content types to build the list:

l application/javascript
l application/soap+xml
l application/x-javascript
l application/xml
l text/css
l text/html
l text/javascript
l text/plain
l text/xml
l custom
Note: The "custom" option allows you to specify almost any content/media type,
including image files in .JPG, .PNG, and .BMP formats. The default is */*, which
means any content/media type.

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You can use the CLI to configure decompression rules:

config load-balance decompression
edit <name>
set cpu-limit {enable | disable}
set max-cpu-usage [1-100]
set uri-list-type {include | exclude}
config uri_list
edit <ID>
set uri <refex_pattern>
next
end
config content-types
edit <ID>
set content-type <types>
{
application/javascript
application/soap+xml
application/x-javascript
application/xml
custom <plain-string>
text/css
text/html
text/javascript
text/plain
text/xml
}
next
end

You can use the CLI to select a decompression rule in a server load balance
profile (HTTP):
config load-balance profile
edit <name>
...
set decompression <decompression name>
...
next
end

Using caching features

The system RAM cache can store HTTP content and serve subsequent HTTP requests for that content without
forwarding the requests to the backend servers, thereby reducing the load on the backend servers.

You can configure basic static caching or dynamic caching rules.

Static caching
Figure 30 illustrates the static caching feature.

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Figure  30:  Static caching feature

Before content is cached After content has been cached

1. FortiADC receives the request from Client A 1. FortiADC receives the request from Client B
and checks to see if it has a cached copy of and checks to see if it has a cached copy of
the content. the content.
2. If it does not, it forwards the request to a 2. It does, so it responds by sending the
backend server. content to the client. The backend server is
3. The server sends content in response, and not contacted.
FortiADC caches the content.
4. FortiADC sends it to the client.

In general, the RAM cache conforms with the cache requirements described in sections 13 and 14 in RFC 2616.

If caching is enabled for the profile that is applied to traffic processing, the system evaluates HTTP responses to
determine whether or not to cache the content. HTTP responses with status codes 200, 203, 300, 301, 400 can
be cached.

The following content is not cached:

l A response for a request that uses any method other than GET.
l A response for a request of which URI is contained in URI Exclude List or Dynamic Request URI Invalid list.
l A response for a request that contains any of the following headers: If-Match, If-Unmodified-Since, Authorization,
Proxy-Authorization.
l A response that contains any of the following headers: Pragma, Vary, Set-Cookie, and Set-Cookie2.
l A response that does not include the Content-Length header. The Content-Length header must be 0.
l A response that does not contain the following headers: Cache-Control, Expires.
l A response with a Cache-Control header that does not have any of the following values: public, max-age, s-
maxage.
l A response with a Cache-Control header that has one of the following values: no-cache, no-store, private.
In addition, content is not cached if the user-configured RAM cache thresholds described below are exceeded.

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Dynamic caching
Dynamic caching is subject to rules that you configure. In the Dynamic Caching Rules List, content that matches
"caching invalid" URIs is never cached; otherwise, content that matches the Dynamic Cache Rule List of URIs is
cached only for the period you specify.

Dynamic caching is useful for dynamic web app experiences, such as online stores. For example, suppose a site
uses a shopping cart. The URL to list items in the shopping cart is as follows:

http://customshop.com/cart/list

The URLs to add or delete items in the cart is as follows:

http://customshop.com/cart/add

http://customshop.com/cart/delete

In this case, you never want to cache the added or deleted pages because the old content will be "invalidated" by
the changes you make. You may want, however, to cache the list page, but only for the period of time that you
specify. The dynamic "invalid" rules makes it possible for you to never cache added and deleted pages, whereas
the Dynamic Cache Rule List allows you to cache the list page for a specified period of time.

Another case where dynamic caching is useful is when content on a page is dynamic. For example, suppose an
online ticket vendor has the following URL that shows how many tickets remain available for an
event: http://customshop.com/tickets/get_remains. The number of tickets available is updated by
a backend database. In this case, you might want to invalidate caching the URL or specify a shorter age-out time
for it.

Configuring caching rules

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of caching and knowledge about the size of content objects clients access on
the backend servers.
l You must have deep and detailed knowledge of your website URIs if you want to create dynamic caching rules.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
Caching is not enabled by default. After you have configured caching, you can select it in the profile configuration.
To enable caching, select the profile when you configure the virtual server.

To configure caching:

1. Click Server Load Balance > Application Resources.

2. Click the Caching tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 16.
5. Save the configuration.

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 Table 16: Caching configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the profile configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Maximum The default is 1 MB. The valid range is 1 byte to 10 MB.

Object Size

Maximum The default is 100 MB. The valid range is 1 byte to 500 MB.
Cache Size

Maximum The default is 10,000. The valid range is 1 to 262,144.

Entries

Maximum Age The default is 43,200 seconds. The valid range is 60 to 86,400.

The backend real server response header also includes a maximum age value.
The FortiADC system enforces whichever value is smaller.

URI Exclude List

URI Specify URIs to build the list. You can use regular expressions.

This list has precedence over the Dynamic Cache Rule List. In other words, if a
URI matches this list, it is ineligible for caching, even if it also matches the
Dynamic Cache Rule list.

Dynamic Cache Rule List

Age Timeout for the dynamic cache entry. The default is 60 seconds. The valid range is 1-
86,400. This age applies instead of any age value in the backend server response
header.

URI Pattern to match the URIs that have content you want cached and served by
FortiADC.

Be careful with matching patterns and the order rules in the list. Rules are
consulted from lowest rule ID to highest. The first rule that matches is applied.

Invalid URI Pattern to match URIs that trigger cache invalidation.

Be careful with matching patterns and the order rules in the list. Rules are
consulted from the lowest rule ID to the highest. The first rule that matches is
applied.

This list has precedence over the Dynamic Cache URI list. In other words, if a
URI matches this list, it will not be cached even if it also matches the Dynamic
Cache URI list.

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Configuring certificate caching

Certificate caching allows the system to cache the certificates presented to it for later use. Once cached, the
certificates can be readily retrievable from the cache so that the system does not have to reload them when
clients requesting service. In so doing, system performance can be greatly improved.

Configuring a certificate caching object

1. Click Server Load Balance > Application Resources.
2. Click the Certificate Caching tab.
3. Click Add to open the certificate caching editor.
4. Make the desired entries as described in Table 1.
5. Click Save.
 Table 17: Certificate caching configuration guidelines

Settings Guidelines

Name Enter a unique name for the certificate caching rule.

Maximum Specify the maximum size of the certificate caching object. The default is 100 M.
Certificate
Cache Size

Maximum Specify the maximum number of real servers whose certificates (RSA +
entries ECDSA) are to be cached. The default is 100,000.

Configuring Application profiles

An application profile is a configuration object that defines how you want the FortiADC virtual server to handle
traffic for specific protocols.

Table 18 describes usage for by application profile type, including compatible virtual server types, load balancing
methods, persistence methods, and content route types.

 Table 18: Application profile usage

Profile Usage VS Type LB Methods Persistence

FTP Use with FTP servers. Layer Round Robin, Least Source Address,
4 Connections, Fastest Source Address
Response Hash

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Profile Usage VS Type LB Methods Persistence

HTTP Use for standard, Layer Layer 7: Round Robin, Source Address,
unsecured web server 7, Least Connections, Source Address
traffic. Layer URI Hash, Full URI Hash, Source
2 Hash, Host Hash, Address-Port Hash,
Host Domain Hash, HTTP Header Hash,
Dynamic Load HTTP Request
Hash, Cookie Hash,
Layer 2: Same as
Persistent Cookie,
Layer 7, plus
Insert Cookie,
Destination IP Hash
Embedded Cookie,
Rewrite Cookie,
Passive Cookie

HTTPS Use for secured web Layer Same as HTTP Same as HTTP, plus
server traffic when 7, SSL Session ID
offloading TLS/SSL Layer
from the backend 2
servers. You must
import the backend
server certificates into
FortiADC and select
them in the HTTPS
profile.

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Profile Usage VS Type LB Methods Persistence

TURBO Use for unsecured Layer Round Robin, Least Source Address
HTTP HTTP traffic that does 7 Connections, Fastest
not require advanced Response
features like caching,
compression, content
rewriting, rate limiting,
Geo IP blocking, or
source NAT. The profile
can be used with
content routes and
destination NAT, but
the HTTP request must
be in the first data
packet.

This profile enables

packet-based
forwarding that reduces
network latency and
system CPU usage.
However, packet-based
forwarding for HTTP is
advisable only when
you do not anticipate
dropped packets or out-
of-order packets.

RADIUS Use with RADIUS Layer Round Robin RADIUS attribute

servers. 7

RDP Use with Windows Layer Round Robin, Least Source Address, Source
Terminal Service 7 Connections Address Hash, Source
(remote desktop Address-Port Hash, RDP
protocol). Cookie

SIP Use with applications Layer Round Robin, URI Source Address, Source
that use session 7 Hash, Full URI Hash Address Hash, Source
initiation protocol (SIP), Address-Port Hash, SIP
such as VoIP, instant Call ID
messaging, and video.

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Profile Usage VS Type LB Methods Persistence

TCP Use for other TCP Layer Layer 4: Round Robin, Source Address,
protocols. 4, Least Connections, Source Address
Layer Fastest Response Hash
2
Layer 2: Round Robin,
Least Connections,
Fastest Response,
Destination IP Hash

TCPS Use for secured TCP Layer Layer 7: Round Robin, Source Address,
when offloading 7, Least Connections Source Address
TLS/SSL from the Layer Hash, Source
Layer 2: Round Robin,
backend servers. Like 2 Address-Port Hash,
Least Connections,
the HTTPS profile, you SSL Session ID
Destination IP Hash
must import the
backend server
certificates into
FortiADC and select
them in the TCPS
profile.

UDP Use with UDP servers. Layer Layer 4: Round Robin, Source Address,
4, Least Connections, Source Address
Layer Fastest Response, Hash
2 Dynamic Load

Layer 2: Same as
Layer 4, plus
Destination IP Hash

IP Combines with Layer 2 Layer Round Robin only. Source Address,

TCP/UDP/HTTP virtual 2 Source Address
server to balance the Hash
rest of the IP packets
passed through
FortiADC. When
running the IP protocol
0 VS, the traffic always
tries to match none
protocol 0 VS first.

DNS Use with DNS servers. Layer Round Robin, Least Not supported yet.
7 Connections

SMTP Use with SMTP servers. Layer Round Robin, Least Source Address,
7 Connections Source Address
Hash

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Profile Usage VS Type LB Methods Persistence

RTMP A TCP-based protocol Layer Round Robin, Least Source Address,

used for streaming 7 Connection Source Address
audio, video, and data Hash
over the Internet

RTSP A network control Layer Round Robin, Least Source Address,

protocol used for 7 Connection Source Address
establishing and Hash
controlling media
sessions between end
points

MySQL MySQL network Layer Round Robin, Least N/A

protocol stack (i.e., 7 Connection
MySQL-Proxy) which
parses and builds
MySQL protocol
packets

Table 19 shows the default values of the predefined profiles. All values in the predefined profiles are view-only,
and cannot be modified. You can select predefined profiles in the virtual server configuration, or you can create
user-defined profiles, especially to include configuration objects like certificates, caching settings, compression
options, and IP reputation.

 Table 19: Predefined profiles

Profile Defaults

LB_PROF_TCP Timeout TCP Session—100

Timeout TCP Session after FIN—100

IP Reputation—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Geo IP block list—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

LB_PROF_UDP Timeout UDP Session—100

IP Reputation—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Geo IP block list—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

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Profile Defaults

LB_PROF_HTTP Client Timeout—50

Server Timeout—50

Connect Timeout—5

Queue Timeout—5

HTTP Request Timeout—50

HTTP Keepalive Timeout—50

Buffer Pool—Enabled

Source Address—Disabled

X-Forwarded-For—Disabled

X-Forwarded-For Header—Blank

IP Reputation—Disabled

HTTP Mode—Keep Alive

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Compression—None.

Decompression—None

Caching—None

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

Geo IP Redirect URL—http://

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Profile Defaults

LB_PROF_HTTP_SERVERCLOSE Client Timeout—50

Server Timeout—50

Connect Timeout—5

Queue Timeout—5

HTTP Request Timeout—50

HTTP Keepalive Timeout—50

Buffer Pool—Enabled

Source Address—Disabled

X-Forwarded-For—Disabled

X-Forwarded-For Header—None

IP Reputation—Disabled

HTTP Mode—Server Close

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Compression—None

Decompression—None

Caching—None

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

Geo IP Redirect URL—http://

LB_PROF_TURBOHTTP Timeout TCP Session—100

Timeout TCP Session after FIN—100

IP Reputation—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

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Profile Defaults

LB_PROF_FTP Timeout TCP Session—100

Timeout TCP Session after FIN—100

IP Reputation—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

LB_PROF_RADIUS Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Session Timeout—300

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

LB_PROF_SIP SIP Max Size—65535

Server Keepalive Timeout—30

Server Keepalive—Enabled

Client Keepalive—Disabled

Client Protocol—UDP

Server Protocol—None

Failed Client Type—Drop

Failed Server Type—Drop

Insert Client IP—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

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Profile Defaults

LB_PROF_RDP Client Timeout—50

Server Timeout—50

Connect Timeout—5

Queue Timeout—5

Buffer Pool—Enabled

Source Address—Disabled

IP Reputation—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

LB_PROF_IP IP Reputation—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

Timeout IP Session—100

LB_PROF_DNS DNS Cache Flag—Enabled

DNS Cache Ageout Time—3600

DNS Cache Size—10

DNS Cache Entry Size—512

DNS Cache Response Type—All Records

DNS Malform Query Action—Drop

DNA Max Query Length—512

DNS Authentication Flag—Disabled

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Profile Defaults

LB_PROF_TCPS Client Timeout—50

Server Timeout—50

Connect Timeout—5

Queue Timeout—5

Buffer Pool—Enabled

Source Address—Disabled

IP Reputation—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

SSL Cipher—Shows all available SSL Ciphers, with the default

ones selected.

Allow SSL Versions—SSLv3, TLSv1.0, TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2

Client SNI Required—Disabled

Geo IP block list—None

SSL Ciphers—None

Client SNI Required—disabled

Certificate Group—LOCAL_CERT_GROUP

Certificate Verify—None

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Profile Defaults

LB_PROF_HTTPS Client Timeout—50

Server Timeout—50

Connect Timeout—5

Queue Timeout—5

HTTP Request Timeout—50

HTTP Keepalive Timeout—50

Buffer Pool—Enabled

Source Address—Disabled

X-Forwarded-For—Disabled

X-Forwarded-For Header—None

IP Reputation—Disabled

HTTP Mode—Keep Alive

SSL Proxy Mode—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

SSL Cipher—Shows all available SSL ciphers, with the default

ones selected

Allow SSL Versions—SSLv3, TLSv1.0, TLS1.1, TLSv1.2

Client SNI Required—Disabled

Compression—None

Decompression—None

Caching—None

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

Geo IP Redirect URL—http://

Certificate Group—LOCAL_CERT_GROUP

Certificate Verify—None

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Profile Defaults

LB_PROF_HTTPS_SERVERCLOSE Client Timeout—50

Server Timeout—50

Connect Timeout—5

Queue Timeout—5

HTTP Request Timeout—50

HTTP Keepalive Timeout—50

Buffer Pool—Enabled

Source Address—Disabled

X-Forwarded-For—Disabled

X-Forwarded-For Header—None

IP Reputation—Disabled

HTTP Mode—Server Close

SSL Proxy Mode—Disabled

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

SSL Cipher—Shows all available SSL ciphers, with the default

ones selected

Allow SSL Versions—SSLv3, TLSv1.0, TLS1.1, TLSv1.2

Client SNI Required—Disabled

Compression—None

Decompression—None

Caching—None

Geo IP Block List—None

Geo IP Whitelist—None

Geo IP Redirect URL—http://

Certificate Group—LOCAL_CERT_GROUP

Certificate Verify—None

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Profile Defaults

LB_PROF_SMTP Starttls Active Mode—require

Customized SSL Ciphers Flag—Disabled

SSL Ciphers—Shows all available SSL Ciphers, with the

defaults ones selected

Allow SSL Versions —SSLv3, TLSv1.0, TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2

Forbidden Command—expn, turn, vrfy

Local Certificate Group—LOCAL_CERT_GROUP

LB_PROF_RTSP Max Header Size—Default is 4096. Valid values range from

2048 to 65536.

Source Address—Disabled by default. When enabled,

FortiADC will use the client address to connect to the server
pool.

LB_PROF_RTMP Source Address—Disabled by default. When enabled,

FortiADC will use the client address to connect to the server
pool.

Before you begin:

l You must have already created configuration objects for certificates, caching, and compression if you want the
profile to use them.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.

To configure custom profiles:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Application Resources.Click the Application Profile tab.
2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Give the profile a name, select a protocol type; then complete the configuration as described in Table 20.
4. Save the configuration.

You can clone a predefined configuration object to help you get started with a user-
defined configuration.

To clone a configuration object, click the clone icon that appears in the tools column
on the configuration summary page.

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 Table 20: Profile configuration guidelines

Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

TCP

Timeout TCP Session Client-side timeout for connections where the client has not sent a FIN
signal, but the connection has been idle. The default is 100 seconds.
The valid range is 1 to 86,400.

Timeout TCP Session Client-side connection timeout. The default is 100 seconds. The valid
after FIN range is 1 to 86,400.

IP Reputation Enable to apply the FortiGuard IP reputation service. See Managing IP

Reputation policy settings.

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

IP

IP Reputation Enable to apply FortiGuard IP reputation service. IP reputation. See

Managing IP Reputation policy settings.

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

Timeout IP Session Client-side session timeout. The default is 100 seconds. The valid
range is 1 to 86,400.

DNS

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable the Customized SSL Ciphers Flag.

Flag

DNS Cache Flag Enable/Disable DNS cache flag.

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

DNS Cache Flag Enable or disable the DNS Cache Flag.

DNS Cache Ageout Time Enter a value from 0 to 65,535. The default is 3,600.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

DNS Cache Size Enter a value from 1 to 100. The default is 10.

DNS Cache Entry Size Enter a value from 256 to 4,096. The default is 512.

DNS Malform Query Choose either of the following:

Action
l Drop
l Forward

DNS Max Query Length Enter a value from 256 to 4.096. The default is 512.

DNS Authentication Flag Enable or disable DNS authentication flag.

UDP

Timeout UDP Session Client-side session timeout. The default is 100 seconds. The valid
range is 1 to 86,400.

IP Reputation Enable to apply the FortiGuard IP reputation service. See Managing IP

Reputation policy settings.

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable the Customized SSL Ciphers Flag.

Flag

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

HTTP

Client Timeout Client-side TCP connection timeout. The default is 50 seconds. The
valid range is 1 to 3,600.

Server Timeout Server-side IP session timeout. The default is 50 seconds. The valid
range is 1 to 3,600.

Connect Timeout Multiplexed server-side TCP connection timeout. Usually less than the
client-side timeout. The default is 5 seconds. The valid range is 1 to
3,600.

Queue Timeout Specifies how long connection requests to a backend server remain in
a queue if the server has reached its maximum number of connections.
If the timeout period expires before the client can connect, FortiADC
drops the connection and sends a 503 error to the client. The default is
5 seconds. The valid range is 1 to 3,600.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

HTTP Request Timeout Client-side HTTP request timeout. The default is 50 seconds. The
valid range is 1 to 3,600.

HTTP Keepalive Timeout The default is 50 seconds. The valid range is 1 to 3,600.

Buffer Pool Enable or disable buffering.

Source Address Use the original client IP address as the source address when
connecting to the real server.

X-Forwarded-For Append the client IP address found in IP layer packets to the HTTP
header that you have specified in the X-Forwarded-For Header setting.
If there is no existing X-Forwarded-For header, the system creates it.

X-Forwarded-For Header Specify the HTTP header to which to write the client IP address.
Typically, this is the X-Forwarded-For header, but it is customizable
because you might support traffic that uses different headers for this.
Do not include the 'X-' prefix. Examples: Forwarded-For, Real-IP, or
True-IP.

IP Reputation Enable to apply the FortiGuard IP reputation service. See Managing IP

Reputation policy settings.

HTTP Mode l Server Close—Close the connection to the real server after each HTTP
transaction.
l Once Only— An HTTP transaction can consist of multiple HTTP requests
(separate requests for an HTML page and the images contained therein,
for example). To improve performance, the "once only" flag instructs the
FortiADC to evaluate only the first set of headers in a connection.
Subsequent requests belonging to the connection are not load balanced,
but sent to the same server as the first request.
l Keep Alive—Do not close the connection to the real server after each
HTTP transaction. Instead, keep the connection between FortiADC and
the real server open until the client-side connection is closed. This option
is required for applications like Microsoft SharePoint.

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable the Customized SSL Ciphers Flag.

Flag

Compression Select a compression configuration object. See Configuring

compression rules.

Caching Select a caching configuration object. See Using caching features.

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

Geo IP Redirect URL For HTTP, if you have configured a Geo IP redirect action, specify a
redirect URL.

FTP

Timeout TCP Session Client-side timeout for connections where the client has not sent a FIN
signal, but the connection has been idle. The default is 100 seconds.
The valid range is 1 to 86,400.

Timeout TCP Session Client-side connection timeout. The default is 100 seconds. The valid
after FIN range is 1 to 86,400.

IP Reputation Enable to apply the FortiGuard IP reputation service. See Managing IP

Reputation policy settings.

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable the Customized SSL Ciphers Flag.

Flag

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

RADIUS

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable the Customized SSL Ciphers Flag.

Flag

Timeout RADIUS The default is 300 seconds. The valid range is 1 to 3,600.
Session

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

RDP

Client Timeout Client-side TCP connection timeout. The default is 50 seconds. The
valid range is 1 to 3,600.

Server Timeout Server-side IP session timeout. The default is 50 seconds. The valid
range is 1 to 3,600.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Connect Timeout Multiplexed server-side TCP connection timeout. Usually less than the
client-side timeout. The default is 5 seconds. The valid range is 1 to
3,600.

Queue Timeout Specifies how long connection requests to a backend server remain in
a queue if the server has reached its maximum number of connections.
If the timeout period expires before the client can connect, FortiADC
drops the connection and sends a 503 error to the client. The default is
5 seconds. The valid range is 1 to 3,600.

Buffer Pool Enable or disable buffering.

Source Address Use the original client IP address as the source address in the
connection to the real server.

IP Reputation Enable to apply the FortiGuard IP reputation service. See Managing IP

Reputation policy settings.

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable the Customized SSL Ciphers Flag.

Flag

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

TCPS

Client Timeout Client-side TCP connection timeout. The default is 50 seconds. The
valid range is 1 to 3,600.

Server Timeout Server-side IP session timeout. The default is 50 seconds. The valid
range is 1 to 3,600.

Connect Timeout Multiplexed server-side TCP connection timeout. Usually less than the
client-side timeout. The default is 5 seconds. The valid range is 1 to
3,600.

Queue Timeout Specifies how long connection requests to a backend server remain in
a queue if the server has reached its maximum number of connections.
If the timeout period expires before the client can connect, the system
drops the connection and sends a 503 error to the client. The default is
5 seconds. The valid range is 1 to 3,600.

Buffer Pool Enable or disable buffering.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Source Address Use the original client IP address as the source address in the
connection to the real server.

IP Reputation Enable to apply the FortiGuard IP reputation service. See Managing IP

Reputation policy settings.

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable the use of user-specified cipher suites.
Flag

Customized SSL Ciphers If the customize cipher flag is enabled, specify a colon-separated,
ordered list of cipher suites.

An empty string is allowed. If empty, the default cipher suite list is

used.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

SSL Ciphers Ciphers are listed from strongest to weakest:

l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256
l ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA
l ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
l ECDHE-ECDSA-RC4-SHA
l ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
l ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384
l ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
l DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
l DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256
l DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
l AES256-GCM-SHA384
l AES256-SHA256
l AES256-SHA
l ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
l ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256
l ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
l DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
l DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256
l DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
l AES128-GCM-SHA256
l AES128-SHA256
l AES128-SHA
l ECDHE-RSA-RC4-SHA
l RC4-SHA
l RC4-MD5
l ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
l EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
l DES-CBC3-SHA
l EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA
l DES-CBC-SHA
l eNULL
We recommend retaining the default list. If necessary, you can
deselect the SSL ciphers that you do not want to support.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Allow SSL Versions You have the following options:

l SSLv2
l SSLv3
l TLSv1.0
l TLSv1.1
l TLSv1.2
We recommend retaining the default list. If necessary, you can
deselect SSL versions you do not want to support.

Note: FortiADC does not support session reuse for SSLv2 at the client
side. Instead, a new SSL session is started.

Client SNI Required Require clients to use the TLS server name indication (SNI) extension
to include the server hostname in the TLS client hello message. Then,
the FortiADC system can select the appropriate local server certificate
to present to the client.

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

Local Certificate Group A configuration group that includes the certificates this virtual server
presents to SSL/TLS clients. This should be the backend servers’
certificate, NOT the appliance’s GUI web server certificate. See
Manage certificates.

Certificate Verify Select a certificate validation policy. See Manage and validate
certificates.

HTTPS

HTTPS Same as HTTP, plus the certificate settings listed next.

See Chapter 16: SSL Transactions for an overview of HTTPS

features.

SSL Proxy Mode Enable or disable SSL forward proxy.

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable use of user-specified cipher suites.

Flag

Customized SSL Ciphers If the customize cipher flag is enabled, specify a colon-separated,
ordered list of cipher suites.

An empty string is allowed. If empty, the default cipher suite list is

used.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

SSL Ciphers We recommend retaining the default list. If necessary, you can
deselect ciphers you do not want to support.

Allow SSL Versions We recommend retaining the default list. If necessary, you can
deselect SSL versions you do not want to support.

Note: FortiADC does not support session reuse for SSLv2 at the client
side. Instead, a new SSL session is started.

Client SNI Required Require clients to use the TLS server name indication (SNI) extension
to include the server hostname in the TLS client hello message. Then,
the FortiADC system can select the appropriate local server certificate
to present to the client.

Local Certificate Group A configuration group that includes the certificates this virtual server
presents to SSL/TLS clients. This should be the backend servers'
certificate, NOT the appliance's GUI web server certificate. See
Manage certificates.

Certificate Verify Select a certificate validation policy. See Manage and validate
certificates.

TURBO HTTP

Timeout TCP Session Client-side timeout for connections where the client has not sent a FIN
signal, but the connection has been idle. The default is 100 seconds.
The valid range is 1 to 86,400.

Timeout TCP Session Client-side connection timeout. The default is 100 seconds. The valid
after FIN range is from 1 to 86,400.

IP Reputation Enable to apply the FortiGuard IP reputation service.

Customized SSL Ciphers Enable or disable the Customized SSL Ciphers Flag.

Flag

Geo IP Block List Select a Geo IP block list configuration object. See Using the Geo IP
block list.

Geo IP Whitelist Select a whitelist configuration object. See Using the Geo IP whitelist.

SIP

SIP Max Size Maximum message size. The default is 65535 bytes. The valid range
is from 1 to 65,535.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Server Keepalive Maximum wait for a new server-side request to appear. The default is
Timeout 30 seconds. The valid range is 5-300.

Server Keepalive Enable/disable a keepalive period for new server-side requests.

Supports CRLF ping-pong for TCP connections. Enabled by default.

Client Keepalive Enable/disable a keepalive period for new client-side requests.

Supports CRLF ping-pong for TCP connections. Disabled by default.

Client Protocol Client-side transport protocol:

l TCP
l UDP (default)

Server Protocol Server-side transport protocol.

l TCP
l UDP
Default is "unset", so the client-side protocol determines the server-
side protocol.

Failed Client Type Action when the SIP client cannot be reached:

l Drop—Drop the connection.

l Send—Drop the connection and send a message, for example, a status
code and error message.

Failed Server Type Action when the SIP server cannot be reached:

l Drop—Drop the connection.

l Send—Drop the connection and send a message, for example, a status
code and error message.

Insert Client IP Enable/disable option to insert the client source IP address into the X-
Forwarded-For header of the SIP request.

Client-Request-Header-Insert (maximum 4 members)

Type l Insert If Not Exist—Insert before the first header only if the header is not
already present.
l Insert Always—Insert before the first header even if the header is already
present.
l Append If Not Exist—Append only if the header is not present.
l Append Always—Append after the last header.

HeaderName:Value The header:value pair to be inserted.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Client-Request-Header-Erase (maximum 4 members)

Type l All—Parse all headers for a match.

l First—Parse the first header for a match.

HeaderName Header to be erased.

Client-Response-Header-Insert (maximum 4 members)

Type l Insert If Not Exist—Insert before the first header only if the header is not
already present.
l Insert Always—Insert before the first header even if the header is already
present.
l Append If Not Exist—Append only if the header is not present.
l Append Always—Append after the last header.

HeaderName:Value The header:value pair to be inserted.

Client-Response-Header-Erase (maximum 4 members)

Type l All—Parse all headers for a match.

l First—Parse the first header for a match.

HeaderName Header to be erased.

Server-Request-Header-Insert (maximum 4 members)

Type l Insert If Not Exist—Insert before the first header only if the header is not
already present.
l Insert Always—Insert before the first header even if the header is already
present.
l Append If Not Exist—Append only if the header is not present.
l Append Always—Append after the last header.

HeaderName:Value The header:value pair to be inserted.

Server-Request-Header-Erase (maximum 4 members)

Type l All—Parse all headers for a match.

l First—Parse the first header for a match.

HeaderName Header to be erased.

Server-Response-Header-Insert (maximum 4 members)

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Type l Insert If Not Exist—Insert before the first header only if the header is not
already present.
l Insert Always—Insert before the first header even if the header is already
present.
l Append If Not Exist—Append only if the header is not present.
l Append Always—Append after the last header.

HeaderName:Value The header:value pair to be inserted.

Server-Response-Header-Erase (maximum 4 members)

Type l All—Parse all headers for a match.

l First—Parse the first header for a match.

HeaderName Header to be erased.

SMTP

Starttls Active Mode Select one of the following:

l Allow—The client can either use or not use the STARTTLS command.
l Require—The STARTTLS command must be used to encrypt the
connection first.
l None—The STARTTLS command is NOT supported.

Forbidden Command Select any, all, or none of the commands (i.e., expn, turn, vrfy).

If selected, the command or commands will be rejected by FortiADC;

otherwise, the command or commands will be accepted and forwarded
to the back end.

Domain Name Specify the domain name.

Local Certificate Group LOCAL_CERT_GROUP.

Certificate Verify Specify the certificate verify configuration object.

RTMP

Source Address When enabled, specify the client address to be used to connect to the
server pool.

RTSP

Max Header Size Specify the maximum size of the RTSP header.

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Type Profile Configuration Guidelines

Source Address When enabled, specify the client address to be used to connect to the
server pool.

MySQL Note: The system does not provide default MyQSL profiles as it does with
the other protocols.

Single Master If selected, the profile will use the single-master mode. You will then
need to specify and configure the master server and slave servers.

Sharding If selected, the profile will use the sharding mode to load-balance
MySQL traffic.

Configuring error pages

When backend real servers are unavailable, the system can respond to clients attempting HTTP/HTTPS
connections with either an error message or an HTML error page.

You do not have to create an error message configuration object if you want only to send an error message. You
can configure an error message from within the virtual server configuration.

After you have created an error page configuration object, you can select it in the virtual server configuration.

Before you begin:

Copy the error message file to a location you can reach from your browser. The error message file must be
named index.html and must be contained in a zip file.

l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.

To upload an error message file:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Application Resources.

2. Click the Error Page tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Give the configuration object a name, browse and select the error message zip file, and click the upload icon.
5. Save the configuration.

Using source pools

This topic includes a procedure for configuring the source IP address pools used in NAT, and examples of NAT
deployments. It includes the following sections:

l Configuring source pools

l Example: DNAT
l Example: full NAT
l Example: NAT46 (Layer 4 virtual servers)

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l Example: NAT64 (Layer 4 virtual servers)

l Example: NAT46 (Layer 7 virtual servers)
l Example: NAT64 (Layer 7 virtual servers)

Configuring source pools

You use the Source Pool page to create configuration objects for source IP addresses used for NAT in Layer 4
virtual server configurations.

In a Layer 4 virtual server configuration, you select a “packet forwarding method” that includes the following
network address translation (NAT) options:

l Direct Routing—Does not rewrite source or destination IP addresses.

l DNAT—Rewrites the destination IP address for packets before it forwards them.
l Full NAT—Rewrites both the source and destination IP addresses. Use for standard NAT, when client and server IP
addresses are all IPv4 or all IPv6.
l NAT46—Rewrites both the source and destination IP addresses. Use for NAT 46, when client IP addresses are IPv4
and server IP addresses are IPv6.
l NAT64—Rewrites both the source and destination IP addresses. Use for NAT 64, when client IP addresses are IPv6
and server IP addresses are IPv4.
In a Layer 7 virtual server configuration, you do not select a packet forwarding option. Layer 7 virtual servers use
NAT46 and NAT64 to support those traffic flows, but they do not use the Source Pool configuration.

See the examples that follow the procedure for illustrated usage.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of NAT. You must know the address ranges your network has provisioned for
NAT.
l Be sure to configure the backend servers to use the FortiADC address as the default gateway so that server
responses are also rewritten by the NAT module.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a source pool IP address range configuration object, you can select it in the virtual
server configuration. You can assign a virtual server multiple source pools (with the same or different source pool
interface associated with it).

To configure a source pool:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Virtual Server.

2. Click the NAT Source Pool tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 21.
5. Save the configuration.

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 Table 21: Source pool configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the virtual server configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Interface Interface to receive responses from the backend server. The interface used for
the initial client traffic is determined by the virtual server configuration.

Address Type l IPv4

l IPv6

Address The first address in the address pool.

Range

To The last address in the address pool.

Node Member

Name Create a node member list to be used in an HA active-active deployment. In an

active-active deployment, node interfaces are configured with a list of
IP addresses for all nodes in the cluster. You use this configuration to provision
SNAT addresses for each of the nodes.

Name is a configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No
spaces. You reference this name in the virtual server configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Pool Type IPv4 or IPv6.

Minimum IP The first address in the address pool.

Maximum IP The last address in the address pool.

Interface Interface to receive responses from the backend server. The interface used for the ini-
tial client traffic is determined by the virtual server configuration.

HA Node Number Specify the HA cluster node ID.

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Example: DNAT
Figure 31 illustrates destination NAT (DNAT). The NAT module rewrites only the destination IP address.
Therefore, if you configure destination NAT, you do not need to configure a source pool. In this DNAT example,
the destination IP address in the packets it receives from the client request is the IP address of the virtual
server—192.168.1.101. The NAT module translates this address to the address of the real server selected by the
load balancer—in this example, 192.168.2.1. The system maintains this NAT table and performs the inverse
translation when it receives the server-to-client traffic.

Figure  31:  Destination NAT

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Example: full NAT

Figure 32 illustrates full NAT. The source IP / destination IP pair in the packets received is SRC 192.168.1.1 /
DST 192.168.1.101. The NAT module translates the source IP address to the next available address in the
source pool—in this example, 192.168.2.101. It translates the destination IP address to the address of the real
server selected by the load balancer—in this example, 192.168.2.1.

The system maintains this NAT table and performs the inverse translation when it receives the server-to-client
traffic.

Figure  32:  Full NAT

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Example: NAT46 (Layer 4 virtual servers)

Figure 33 illustrates full NAT with NAT46. The IPv6 client connects to the virtual server IPv4 address. The source
IP / destination IP pair in the packets received is SRC 192.168.1.1 / DST 192.168.1.101. The NAT module
translates the source IP address to the next available IPv6 address in the source pool—in this example,
2002::2:1001. It translates the destination IP address to the IPv6 address of the real server selected by the load
balancer—in this example, 2002::2:1.

The system maintains this NAT table and performs the inverse translation when it receives the server-to-client
traffic.

Figure  33:  NAT46 (Layer 4 virtual servers)

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 Table 22: Limitations: NAT46 (Layer 4 virtual servers)

Features Notes

Profile Not Supported: FTP

ICMP ICMP traffic is dropped.

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Example: NAT64 (Layer 4 virtual servers)

Figure 34 illustrates full NAT with NAT64. The IPv6 client connects to the virtual server IPv6 address. The source
IP / destination IP pair in the packets received is SRC 2001::1:1 / DST 2001::1:101. The NAT module translates
the source IP address to the next available IPv4 address in the source pool—in this example, 192.168.2.101. It
translates the destination IP address to the IPv4 address of the real server selected by the load balancer—in this
example, 192.168.2.1.

The system maintains this NAT table and performs the inverse translation when it receives the server-to-client
traffic.

Figure  34:  NAT64 (Layer 4 virtual servers)

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 Table 23: Limitations: NAT64 (Layer 4 virtual servers)

Features Notes

Profiles Not Supported: FTP

ICMP ICMP traffic is dropped.

Security Not Supported: IP Reputation, DoS protection, Security logs and reports

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Example: NAT46 (Layer 7 virtual servers)

Figure 35 illustrates full NAT with NAT46. The IPv4 client connects to the virtual server IPv4 address. The source
IP / destination IP pair in the packets received is SRC 192.168.1.1 / DST 192.168.1.101. The NAT module
translates the source IP address to the IPv6 address of the egress interface that has IPv6 connectivity with the
real server—in this example, 2002::2:1001. It translates the destination IP address to the IPv6 address of the real
server selected by the load balancer—in this example, 2002::2:1.

The system maintains this NAT table and performs the inverse translation when it receives the server-to-client
traffic.

Figure  35:  NAT46 (Layer 7 virtual servers)

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 Table 24: Limitations: NAT46 (Layer 7 virtual servers)

Feature Note

Profiles Not Supported: RADIUS, HTTP Turbo

Profile options Not supported: Source Address (Using the original source IP address for the con-
nection to the real server is contrary to the purpose of NAT.)

Virtual server options Not supported: Connection Rate Limit

Real server pool options Not supported: Connection Rate Limit

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Example: NAT64 (Layer 7 virtual servers)

Figure 36 illustrates full NAT with NAT64. The IPv6 client connects to the virtual server IPv6 address. The source
IP / destination IP pair in the packets received is SRC 2001::1:1 / DST 2001::1:101. The NAT module translates
the source IP address to the IPv4 address of the egress interface that has IPv4 connectivity with the real server—
in this example, 192.168.2.101. It translates the destination IP address to the IPv4 address of the real server
selected by the load balancer—in this example, 192.168.2.1.

The system maintains this NAT table and performs the inverse translation when it receives the server-to-client
traffic.

Figure  36:  NAT64 (Layer 7 virtual servers)

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 Table 25: Limitations: NAT64 (Layer 7 virtual servers)

Feature Note

Profiles Not Supported: RADIUS, HTTP Turbo

Profile options Not supported: Source Address (Using the original source IP address for the con-
nection to the real server is contrary to the purpose of NAT.)

Virtual server options Not supported: Connection Rate Limit

Real server pool options Not supported: Connection Rate Limit

Security Not Supported: IP Reputation, DoS protection, Security logs and reports

Configuring authentication policies

Auth policies set the conditions that mandate authentication and reference the user group that has authorization.
For example, you can define an auth policy that has the following logic: if the Host header matches example.com
and the URI matches /index.html, then the group example-group is authorized. FortiADC supports the Basic
Authentication Scheme described in RFC 2617.

Figure 37 illustrates the client-server communication when authorization is required.

Figure  37: Authorization and authentication

1. The client sends an HTTP request for a URL belonging to a FortiADC virtual server that has an authorization
policy.
2. FortiADC replies with an HTTP 401 to require authorization. On the client computer, the user might be prompted
with a dialog box to provide credentials.

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3. The client reply includes an Authorization header that gives the credentials.
4. FortiADC sends a request to the server (local, LDAP, or RADIUS) to authenticate the user.
5. The authentication server sends its response, which can be cached according to your user group configuration.
6. If authentication is successful, FortiADC continues processing the traffic and forwards the request to the real
server.
7. The real server responds with an HTTP 200 OK.
8. FortiADC processes the traffic and forwards the server response to the client.

Before you begin:

l You must have created the user groups to be authorized with the policy. You also configure users and
authentication servers separately. See Configuring user groups.
l You must have read-write permission for Server Load Balance settings.
After you have configured an auth policy, you can select it in the virtual server configuration. Note the following
requirements:

l Virtual server type must be Layer 2 or Layer 7.

l Profile type must be HTTP or HTTPS.
l The profile option once-only must be disabled.

To configure an authentication policy:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Application Resources.

2. Click the Authentication Policy tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 26.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 26: Authentication policy configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the virtual server configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Member

Host Status If enabled, require authorization only for the specified host. If disabled, ignore
hostname in the HTTP request header and require authorization for requests with
any Host header. Disabled by default.

Host If Host Status is enabled, the policy matches only if the Host header matches this
value. Complete, exact matching is required. For example, www.example.com
matches www.example.com but not www.example.com.hk.

Note: This field becomes available only if Host Status is enabled.

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Settings Guidelines

Type Select either of the following:

l Standard
l SAML

User Realm Realm to which the Path URI belongs. The realm is included in the basic
authentication header in the HTTP 401 message sent to the client. If a request is
authenticated and a realm specified, the same credentials are deemed valid for
other requests within this realm.

Path Require authorization only if the URI of the HTTP request matches this
pathname. If none is specified, requests to any URI require authorization. The
value is parsed as a match string prefix. For example, /abc matches
http://www.example.com/abcd and
http://www.example.com/abc/11.html but not
http://www.example.com/1abcd.

User Group Select the user group that is authorized to access the protected resource.

SAML SSO ID Select a SAML SSO ID.

Note: This field becomes available only when authentication policy type is set to
SAML. See Type above.

Configuring load-balancing (LB) methods

The system includes predefined configuration objects for all supported load balancing methods, and there is no
need to create additional configuration objects. You may choose to do so, however, for various reasons, for
example, to use a naming convention that makes the purpose of the configuration clear to other administrators.

Table 27 describes the predefined methods.

 Table 27: Predefined LB methods

Predefined Description

LB_METHOD_ROUND_ROBIN Client requests are distributed across a pool of servers

sequentially.

LB_METHOD_LEAST_ New client requests are sent to servers with the fewest current
CONNECTION connections to clients.

LB_METHOD_FASTEST_ New requests are forwarded to the server with the fastest
RESPONSE response to health check tests.

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Predefined Description

LB_METHOD_URI Selects the server based on a hash of the URI found in the
HTTP header, excluding hostname.

LB_METHOD_FULL_URI Selects the server based on a hash of the full URI string found
in the HTTP header. The full URI string includes the hostname
and path.

LB_METHOD_HOST Selects the server based on a hash of the hostname in the

HTTP Request header Host field.

LB_METHOD_HOST_DOMAIN Selects the server based on a hash of the domain name in the
HTTP Request header Host field.

LB_METHOD_DEST_IP_HASH Selects the next hop based on a hash of the destination IP

address. This method can be used with Layer-2 virtual servers.

LB_METHOD_DYNAMIC_LOAD Selects the server with the highest weight assigned to it based
on its SNMP health check.

Note: Dynamic load-balancing is a load-balancing method in

which FortiADC (the load-balancer) actively polls server pool
members, and then assigns a weighted value to each member
based on a set of default or user-defined thresholds. The
value ranges from 1 to 256, and determines the amount of
traffic FortiADC directs to a member. The greater the value
that FortiADC assigns to a member, the more client requests
it (the member) receives.

Dynamic load-balancing relies on the status of SNMP health

check to calculate the load on each real server. The health
check covers a real server's CPU, memory, and disk usage.
When a real server has exceeded its health check thresholds,
it will be marked as "down". If that happens, FortiADC will stop
sending client requests to that server.

Before you begin:

l You must have read-write permission for load balance settings.

To configure a load-balancing method configuration object:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Application Resources.

2. Click the LB Method tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Specify a unique a name for the configuration object.
5. Select a load-balancing method from the list menu.
6. Save the configuration.

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Configuring an L2 exception list

In some jurisdictions, SSL interception and decryption is disfavored for some types of websites or disallowed
entirely. You use the L2 Exception List configuration to define such destinations. You can leverage FortiGuard
web filter categories, and you can configure a list of additional destinations.

Before you begin:

l You must have created a Web Filter Profile configuration that includes the web categories to exclude from SSL
decryption.
l You must have hostname or IP address details on additional destinations you want to exclude from SSL decryption.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
After you have created an L2 exception list configuration object, you can select it in a Layer 2 virtual server
configuration.

To configure an exception list:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > SSL-FP Resources.

2. Click the L2 Exception List tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 28.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 28: L2 exception list configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the profile configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Description A string to describe the purpose of the configuration, to help you and other
administrators more easily identify its use.

Web Filter Select a Web Filter Profile configuration.

Profile

Member

Type How you want to define the exception:

l Host
l IP

Host Pattern Specify a wildcard pattern, such as *.example.com.

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Settings Guidelines

IP/Netmask Specify the IP address and CIDR-formatted subnet mask, separated by a forward
slash, such as 192.0.2.0/24.

Note:
l Dotted quad formatted subnet masks are not accepted.
l IPv6 addresses are not supported.

Creating a Web Filter Profile configuration

You use the web filter profile configuration to create groups of FortiGuard categories that you want to include in
the SSL forward proxy "L2 Exception List" configuration. The web filter profile should include categories that
should not be processed by the outbound L2 SSL forward proxy feature. To address privacy concerns, you can
include categories such as "Personal Privacy", "Finance and Banking", "Health and Wellness", and Medicine.

Before you begin:

l Learn about FortiGuard web filter categories. Go to http://fortiguard.com/webfilter.

l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
After you have created a web filter profile configuration object, you can select it in a L2 exception list
configuration.

To create a web filter profile configuration:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > SSL-FP Resources.

2. Click the Web Filter Profile tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 29.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 29: Web Filter Profile configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the profile configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Description A string to describe the purpose of the configuration, to help you and other
administrators more easily identify its use.

Category-Members

Category Select a category or subcategory from the predefined list.

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Using the Web Category tab

The Web Category tab displays the web filter categories imported from FortiGuard. You specify web categories
when you create web filter groups.

For information on FortiGuard web categories, go to the FortiGuard website:

http://fortiguard.com/webfilter
Before you begin:

l You must have read permission for load balancing settings.

To display web categories:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > SSL-FP Resources.

2. Click the Web Category tab.

To manage how long the URL lists from FortiGuard are cached:

1. Go to System > FortiGuard.

2. Under Web Filter Configure, adjust caching settings as desired.

Configuring virtual servers

The virtual server configuration supports three classes of application delivery control:

l Layer 7—Persistence, load-balancing, and routing are based on Layer-7 objects, such as HTTP headers, cookies,
and so on.
l Layer 4—Persistence, load-balancing, and network address translation are based on Layer-4 objects, such as
source and destination IP address.
l Layer 2—This feature is useful when the request’s destination IP is unknown and you need to load-balance
connections between multiple next-hop gateways.
Before you begin, you must:

l Have a deep understanding of the backend servers and your load-balancing objectives.
l Have configured a real server pool (required) and other configuration objects that you can incorporate into the virtual
server configuration, such as persistence rules, user-defined profiles, content routes and rewriting rules, error
messages, authentication policies, and source IP address pools if you are deploying NAT.
l Have read-write permission for load-balance configurations.

Unlike virtual IPs on FortiGate or virtual servers on FortiWeb, virtual servers on

FortiADC are activated as soon as they are configured and their status are set to
Enable. You do not need to apply them by selecting them in a policy.

Two Options for virtual server configuration

FortiADC provides two options for configuring virtual servers—Basic Mode and Advanced Mode.

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In Basic Mode, you are required to specify only the basic parameters needed to configure a virtual server.
FortiADC automatically configures those advanced parameters using the default values when you click the Save
button. The Basic Mode is for less experienced users who may not have the skills required to configure the
advanced features on their own.

The Advanced Mode, on the other hand, is ideal for experienced or "power" users who are knowledgeable and
comfortable enough to configure all the advanced features, in addition to the basic ones, on their own.

All virtual servers you have added, whether they are configured through the Basic Mode or the Advanced Mode,
end up on the Load Balance > Virtual Server page. You can view the configuration details of a virtual server by
clicking the entry.

Basic virtual server configuration

This option is used mostly for beginners who have less experience with ForitADC.

To configure a virtual server using the Basic Mode:

1. From the menu bar, click Server Load Balance >Virtual Server.
2. Click Add >Basic Mode to open the Basic Mode configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 24.
4. Click Save.
 Table 30: Virtual server configuration Basic Mode

Settings Guidelines

Name Specify the virtual server name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No
space is allowed. This name appears in reports and in logs as the SLB “policy”.

Note: Once saved, the name of a virtual server cannot be changed.

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Settings Guidelines

Application Select one of the following applications:

l Microsoft SharePoint Application

l Microsoft Exchange Server Application
l IIS
l Apache
l Windows Remote Desktop
l HTTPS
l TCPS
l HTTP Turbo
l RADIUS
l DNS
l SIP
l TCP
l UDP
l FTP
l IP
l RTSP
l RTMP
l SMTP

Address Specify the IP address provisioned for the virtual server.

Port Accept the default port or specify a port , ports, or a range of ports of your
preference.

Note: The virtual server will use the specified port or ports to listen for client
requests. You can specify up to eight ports or port ranges separated by space.
Valid values are from 0 to 65535. Port 0 applies to Layer-4 virtual servers only,

Interface Select a network interface from the list menu, or specify a new one.

Real Server Select a real server pool (if you have one already configured) or create a new one.
Pool

SSL This field becomes available as an option only when Application is set to HTTPS.
It is disabled by default. You can select the box to enable SSL, which will then
requires you to select a Client SSL Profile. See below.

Client Note: This setting applies to HTTPS, TCPS, and SMTP applications only. In
SSL Profile the case of HTTPS, it becomes available only when SSL is enabled.

Select a client SSL profile from the drop-down menu.

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Protocol Note: This setting becomes available only when Application is set to IP.
Enter up to eight numeric values or value ranges corresponding to the protocols
you'd like to use, separated by space.

Domain Name Note: This field becomes available only when Application is set to SMTP.
Specify the FQDN.

Advanced virtual server configuration

This option is used mostly by advanced users of FortiADC.

To configure a virtual server using the Advanced Mode:

1. From the menu bar, click Server Load Balance > Virtual Server.
2. Click Add > Advanced Mode.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 30.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 31: Virtual server configuration in Advanced Mode

Settings Guidelines

Virtual Server

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No space is
allowed.

Note: Once saved, the name of a virtual server cannot be changed.

Status l Enable—The server can receive new sessions.

l Disable—The server does not receive new sessions and closes any current sessions
as soon as possible.
l Maintain—The server does not receive new sessions but maintains its current
connections.

Type l Layer 7—Persistence, load-balancing, and routing are based on Layer-7 objects,
such as HTTP headers, cookies, and so on.
l Layer 4—Persistence, load-balancing, and network address translation are based on
Layer-4 objects, such as source and destination IP addresses.
l Layer 2—This feature is useful when the request’s destination IP is unknown and
you need to load-balance connections between multiple next-hop gateways.

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Settings Guidelines

Address Type l IPv4

l IPv6
Note: This filed applies to Layer-7 and Layer-4 virtual servers only. Keep in mind
that IPv6 is not supported for FTP, HTTP Turbo, or SIP profile.

Traffic Group Select a pre-configured traffic group or create a new one.

Note: FortiADC will use the default traffic group if you do not specify one of your
own.

Specifics Note: Some of the settings in this part of the GUI apply to both Layer-7 and
Layer-4 virtual servers, and some apply to Layer-7 or Layer-4 virtual servers only,
but none of them applies to Layer-2 virtual servers.

Content Enable to route packets to backend servers based on IP address (Layer-4) or

Routing HTTP headers (Layer-7 content); select content route configuration objects and
put them in order.

Note: Content routing rules override static or policy routes.

Content Available only when Content Routing is enabled. In that case, select the options
Routing List from the list of Available Items, or create new ones.

Note: You can select multiple content routing rules in the virtual server
configuration. Rules that you add are consulted from top to bottom. The first rule
to match is applied. If the traffic does not match any of the content routing rule
conditions specified in the virtual server configuration, the system behaves
unexpectedly. Therefore, it is important that you create a “catch all” rule that has
no match conditions. In the virtual server configuration, this rule should be
ordered last so it can be used to forward traffic to a default pool.

See Configuring content routes.

Note: Not supported for SIP profiles.

Content Enable to rewrite HTTP headers; select content rewriting rules and put them in
Rewriting order.

Note: This option applies to Layer-7 virtual servers only.

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Settings Guidelines

Content Available only when Content Rewriting is enabled. In that case, select the options
Rewriting List from the list of Available Items, or create new ones.

Note: You can select multiple content rewriting rules in the virtual server
configuration. Rules that you add are consulted from top to bottom. The first rule
to match is applied. If the traffic does not match any of the content rewriting rule
conditions, the header is not rewritten.

See Using content rewriting rules.

Note: Not supported for SIP profiles.

Transaction Note: This setting applies to Layer-7 virtual servers only. It is not supported for
Rate Limit HTTP Turbo profiles.

Specify a limit to the number of HTTP requests per second that virtual server can
process. The default is 0 (disabled). The valid range is 1 to 1,048,567
transactions per second.

The system counts each client HTTP request against the limit. When the HTTP
request rate exceeds the limit, the virtual server will send an HTTP 503 error
response to the client.

Packet Note: This option applies to Layer-4 virtual servers only.

Forwarding
Select one of the following packet forwarding methods:
Method
l Direct Routing—Forwards the source and destination IP addresses with no changes.
Note: For FTP profiles, when Direct Routing is selected, you must also
configure a persistence method.

l DNAT—Replaces the destination IP address with the IP address of the backend

server selected by the load balancer.
The destination IP address of the initial request is the IP address of the
virtual server. Be sure to configure FortiADC as the default gateway on
the backend server so that the reply goes through FortiADC and can
also be translated.

l Full NAT—Replaces both the destination and source IP addresses. IPv4 to IPv4 or
IPv6 to IPv6 translation.
l NAT46—Replaces both the destination and source IP addresses, translating IPv4
addresses to IPv6 addresses.
l NAT64—Replaces both the destination and source IP addresses, translating IPv6
addresses to IPv4 addresses.
For Full NAT, NAT46, and NAT64, the source IP address is replaced by an IP
address from the pool you specify. The destination IP address is replaced with the
IP address of the backend server selected by the load-balancer.

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Settings Guidelines

NAT Source Note: This setting applies to Layer-4 virtual server configurations when either Full
Pool List NAT, NAT46, or NAT64 is selected.

Select one or more NAT source pool configuration objects. See Using source
pools.

General

Configuration

Address Enter an IPv4 or IPv6 address for the virtual server.

Note: You do not specify an IP address for a Layer 2 virtual server. A Layer 2
virtual server is not aware of IP addresses. Instead of routing data for a specific
destination, this type of server simply forwards data from the specified network
interface and port.

Port Accept the default port or specify a port, ports, or port ranges of your preference.

Note: The virtual server will use the specified port or ports to listen for client
requests. You can specify up to eight ports or port ranges separated by space.
Valid values are from 0 to 65535. Port 0 applies to Layer-4 virtual servers only,

The port range option is useful in deployments where it is desirable to have a

virtual IP address with a large number of virtual ports, such as data centers or web
hosting companies that use port number to identify their specific customers.

Statistics and configurations are applied to the virtual port range as a whole and
not to the individual ports within the specified port range.

Note: If a Layer 2 virtual server is assigned a network interface that uses port 80
or 443, ensure that the HTTPS and HTTP administrative access options are not
enabled for the interface. Setting a port range is not supported for FTP, HTTP
Turbo, RADIUS, or Layer 2 TCP profiles.

Connection Limit the number of concurrent connections. The default is 0 (disabled). The valid
Limit range is 1 to 1,048,576 concurrent connections.

You can apply a connection limit per real server and per virtual server. Both limits
are enforced. Attempted connections that are dropped by security rules are not
counted.

Note: Not supported for FTP or SIP profiles.

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Settings Guidelines

Connection With Layer 4 profiles, and with the Layer 2 TCP profile, you can limit the number
Rate Limit of new connections per second. The default is 0 (disabled). The valid range is 1 to
86,400 connections per second.

You can apply a connection rate limit per real server and per virtual server. Both
limits are enforced. Attempted connections that are dropped by security rules are
not counted.

Note: Not supported for FTP profiles.

Interface Network interface that receives client traffic for this virtual server.

Resources

Profile Select a predefined or user-defined profile configuration object. See Configuring

Application profiles.

Persistence Select a predefined or user-defined persistence configuration object. See

Configuring persistence rules.

Method Select a predefined or user-defined method configuration object. See .

Real Server Select a real server pool configuration object. See Configuring real server pools.
Pool

Auth Policy Select an auth policy configuration object. HTTP/HTTPS only.

See Configuring authentication policies.

Scripting Select a scripting configuration object. HTTP/HTTPS only.

See Using scripts.

L2 Exception List Select an exception configuration object. Layer 2 HTTPS/TCPS only. See Configuring
an L2 exception list.

Error Page

Error Page Select an error page configuration object. See Configuring error pages.

Note: This setting is not supported for SIP profiles.

Error Message If you do not use an error page, you can enter an error message to be returned to
clients in the event no server is available.

Note: This setting is not supported for SIP profiles.

Security This applies to HTTP and HTTPS only.

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Settings Guidelines

WAF Profile Select a predefined or user-defined WAF profile configuration object.

Note: This setting applies to Layer-7 HTTP/HTTPS profiles only. See Configuring
a WAF Profile.

SSL Traffic This field applies to HTTPS and TCPS only.

Mirror

SSL Traffic Select the box to enable SSL traffic mirroring and then select the ports of interest.
Mirror

Traffic Log

Log Enable to record traffic logs for this virtual server.

Note: Local logging is constrained by available disk space. We recommend that if

you enable traffic logs, you monitor your disk space closely. We also recommend
that you use local logging during evaluation and verification of your initial
deployment, and then configure remote logging to send logs to a log
management repository.

Comments A string to describe the purpose of the configuration, to help you and other
administrators more easily identify its use.

TCP multiplexing

The TCP multiplexing option enables Layer 7 load balancing virtual servers to “reuse” existing TCP connections
between FortiADC and backend real servers. Using this connection pool can reduce TCP overhead and improve
web server and application performance.

Figure  38:  Client requests handled using connections from the connection pool

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Note: The feature is not supported for profiles with the Source Address option enabled.
You can enable and configure this option using the CLI only.

To configure a connection pool and assign it to a virtual server:

Use the following command to configure the connection pool:

config load-balance connection-pool
edit <name>
set age <integer>
set reuse <integer>
set size <integer>
set timeout <integer>
next
end

age Maximum duration of a connection in seconds. The recommended value is 3000.

reuse Maximum number of times that the virtual server can reuse the connection. The recommended value is
2000.

size Maximum number of connections in the connection pool. The recommended value is 0, which spe-
cifies that there is no limit on the connection size.

timeout Maximum number of seconds a connection can be idle before the system deletes it. The recommended
value is 30.

To assign the connection pool configuration to a virtual server, enter the following command:
config load-balance virtual-server
edit <virtual-server_name>
set type l7-load-balance
set connection-pool <pool_name>
end
where:

<pool_name> is the name of the connection pool.

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Using scripts

You can use scripts to perform actions that are not currently supported by the built-in feature set. Scripts enable
you to use predefined script commands and variables to manipulate the HTTP request/response or select a
content route.

Table 32 describes predefined scripts that you can copy and customize.

 Table 32: Predefined Scripts

Predefined Script Usage

HTTP_2_HTTPS_REDIRECTION Redirect requests to the HTTPS site. You can use this script
without changes.

REDIRECTION_by_USER_AGENT Redirect requests based on User Agent (for example, a redirect

to the mobile version of a site). You should not use this script as
is. Instead, copy it and customize the User Agent and URL val-
ues.

REWRITE_HOST_n_PATH Rewrite the host and path in the HTTP request, for example, if
the site is reorganized. You should not use this script as is.
Instead, copy it and customize the "old" and "new" hostnames
and paths.

CONTENT_ROUTING_by_URI Routing to a pool member based on URI string matches. You

should not use this script as is. Instead, copy it and customize
the URI string matches and pool member names.

CONTENT_ROUTING_by_X_ Routing to a pool member based on IP address in the X-For-

FORWARDED_FOR warded-For header. You should not use this script as is.
Instead, copy it and customize the X-Fowarded-For header val-
ues and pool member names.

REDIRECTION_by_STATUS_CODE Redirect requests based on the status code of server HTTP

response (for example, a redirect to the mobile version of a
site). Do NOT use this script "as is". Instead, copy it and cus-
tomize the condition on the server HTTP response status code
and the URL values.

You can type or paste the script content into the configuration page. After you have created a script configuration
object, you can specify it in the virtual server configuration.

Before you begin:

l Create a script. See Appendix C: Scripts.

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.
The following paragraphs shows how to:

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l "Using scripts" on page 169

l "Using scripts" on page 169
l "Using scripts" on page 169
l "Using scripts" on page 169

Create a script object

To create a script configuration object:

1. Go to Server Load Balance > Scripting.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 33.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 33: Script configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Unique group name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Input Type or paste the script.

Import a script
To import a script:
1. Click Import
2. Click Choose File to browse for the script file.
3. Click Save.

Export a script
To export a script:
1. Select the script of interest.
2. Click Export.

Delete a script
To delete a script:
1. Select the script of interest.
2. Click Delete.

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Chapter 5: Link Load Balancing

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Link load balancing basics

l Link load balancing configuration overview
l Configuring gateway links
l Configuring persistence rules
l Configuring proximity route settings
l Configuring a link group
l Configuring a virtual tunnel group
l Configuring link policies

Link load balancing basics

The link load balancing (LLB) features are designed to manage traffic over multiple internet service provider (ISP)
or wide area network (WAN) links. This enables you to subscribe to or provision multiple links, resulting in reduced
risk of outages, additional bandwidth for peak events, and potential cost savings if your ISP uses billing tiers
based on bandwidth rate or peak/off-peak hours.

In most cases, you configure link load balancing for outgoing traffic. Outbound traffic might be user or server
traffic that is routed from your local network through your ISP transit links, leased lines, or other WAN links to
destinations on the Internet or WAN. You configure link policies that select the gateway for outbound traffic.

When the FortiADC system receives outbound traffic that matches a source/destination/service tuple that you
configure, it forwards it to an outbound gateway link according to system logic and policy rules that you specify.

The LLB feature supports load balancing among link groups or among virtual tunnel groups.

Using link groups

The link group option is useful for ISP links. It enables you to configure multiple ISP links that are possible routes
for the traffic. The LLB picks the best route based on health checks, LLB algorithms, bandwidth rate thresholds,
and other factors you specify, including a schedule.

Figure 39 shows an example topology when FortiADC is deployed to support link groups.

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Figure  39:  LLB link groups

Using virtual tunnels

A virtual tunnel is a good choice when you want to load balance traffic from applications that embed the source
address in the packet payload, like VPN and VoIP traffic. Such traffic can be difficult to load balance using
traditional LLB methods. Virtual tunnels enable reliable, site-to-site connectivity using Generic Routing
Encapsulation (GRE). The local FortiADC appliance encapsulates traffic so that it can be routed according to your
link policy rules. The link policy rules use LLB techniques to identify the best available route among a group of
links. If one of the links breaks down, the traffic can be rerouted through another link in the tunnel group. When
traffic egresses the remote FortiADC appliance, it is decapsulated and the original source and destination IP
addresses are restored.

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Figure 40 shows an example of a deployment that does not use LLB. It uses dedicated leased lines for its WAN
links, which are reliable, but expensive.

Figure  40:  WAN connectivity over single leased lines

Figure 41 shows the same network deployed with FortiADC appliances. The LLB link policy load balances traffic
among more affordable ADSL links.

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Figure  41:  LLB virtual tunnels

Depending on your business, you might use the link group option, the virtual tunnel option, or both.

The FortiADC system evaluates traffic to determine the routing rules to apply.
With regard to link load balancing, the system evaluates rules in the following
order and applies the first match:
1. LLB link policy
2. Policy route
3. Static/Dynamic route
4. LLB default link group

Link load balancing configuration overview

The system has a configuration framework that enables granular link load balancing rules.

Figure 42 shows the configuration objects used in the LLB configuration and the order in which you create them.
A link policy specifies the source/destination/service matches to which the policy applies. You apply a link policy
to a link group or a virtual tunnel.

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Figure  42:  LLB configuration summary

The granular configuration of the gateway configuration includes health checks and bandwidth thresholds. The
granular configuration of link groups includes load balancing methods, persistence rules, and proximity routes.

The granular configuration of virtual tunnels includes load balancing methods. In the virtual tunnel configuration,
you can enable health check tests, but you do not use health check configuration objects.

Basic steps

1. Add address, address group, service, service group, and schedule group configuration objects that can be used to
match traffic to link policy rules. This step is recommended. If your policy does not use match criteria, it will not
have granularity.

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2. Configure optional features. If you want to use health check rules, configure them before you configure the
gateway links. If you want to use persistence rules or proximity routes, configure them before you configure a link
group.
3. Configure gateway links.
4. Configure link groups or virtual tunnels.
5. Configure the link policy. When you configure a link policy, you set the source/destination/service matching tuple
for your link groups or virtual tunnels.

Configuring gateway links

The gateway link configuration enables you to specify health checks, bandwidth rate thresholds, and spillover
threshold behavior for the gateway links you add to link groups.

Before you begin:

l You must know the IP addresses of the ISP gateway links used in the network segment where the FortiADC
appliance is deployed.
l You must have added health check configuration objects that you want to use to check the gateway links.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Link Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a gateway link configuration object, you can select it in the link group configuration.

To configure a gateway link:

1. Go to Link Load Balance > Link Group.

2. Click the Gateway tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 34.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 34: LLB gateway configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the link group configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Address IP address of the gateway link.

Health Check Enable health checks.

Health Check l AND—All of the selected health checks must pass for the link to the considered
Relationship available.
l OR—One of the selected health checks must pass for the link to be considered
available.

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Settings Guidelines

Health Check Select one or more health check configuration objects.

List

Inbound Maximum bandwidth rate for inbound traffic through this gateway link.
Bandwidth

Outbound Maximum bandwidth rate for outbound traffic to this gateway link. If traffic
Bandwidth exceeds this threshold, the FortiADC system considers the gateway to be full and
does not dispatch new connections to it.

The default is 2,000,000 Kbps. The valid range is 1 to 2,147,483,647.

We recommend you tune bandwidth thresholds strategically, using the bandwidth

rate and price structure agreement you have with your ISP to your advantage.

Inbound Maximum inbound bandwidth rate for a link in a spillover load balancing pool.
Spillover
Threshold

Outbound Maximum outbound bandwidth rate for a link in a spillover load balancing pool.
Spillover
If you enable spillover load balancing in the link group configuration, the system
Threshold
maintains a spillover list. It dispatches new connections to the link with the
greatest priority until its spillover threshold is exceeded; then dispatches new
connections to the link with the next greatest priority until its threshold is
exceeded, and so on.

The default is 2,000,000 Kbps. The valid range is 1 to 2,147,483,647.

Total Spillover Maximum total bandwidth rate (inbound plus outbound) for a link in a spillover
Threshold load balancing pool.

Configuring persistence rules

Persistence rules identify traffic that should be ignored by load balancing rules and instead be forwarded to the
same gateway each time the traffic traverses the FortiADC appliance.

You should use persistence rules with applications that use a secure connection. Such applications drop
connections when the server detects a change in a client’s source IP address.

Table 35 describes the types of persistence rules you can configure.

 Table 35: Persistence rules used in link load balancing

Persistence Description

Source-Destination Pair Packets with the same source IP address and destination IP address
take same outgoing gateway.

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Persistence Description

Source-Destination Packets with a source IP address and destination IP address that

Address belong to the same subnet take the same outgoing gateway.

Source Address Packets with a source IP address that belongs to the same subnet take
the same outgoing gateway.

Destination Address Packets with a destination IP address that belongs to the same subnet
take same outgoing gateway.

Before you begin:

l You must have an awareness of the types of outbound traffic from your network. Persistence rules are useful for
traffic that requires an established session, such as secure connections (HTTPS and SSH, for example).
l You must have knowledge of the source and/or destination subnets to which the persistence rules should apply.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Link Load Balance settings.

You can use persistence rules in link groups but not virtual tunnels.

To configure a persistence rule:

1. Go to Link Load Balance > Link Group.

2. Click the Persistence tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 36.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 36: Persistence rule configuration

Type Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No
spaces. You reference this name in the link group configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Type Select one of the persistence types, as described below.

Source-Destination Pair

Timeout The default is 300 seconds.

Source-Destination Address

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Type Guidelines

Timeout The default is 300 seconds.

Source IPv4 Number of bits in a subnet mask to specify a network segment that should
Netmask Bits following the persistence rule.

Destination IPv4 Number of bits in a subnet mask to specify a network segment that should
Netmask Bits following the persistence rule.

For example, if you set this to 24, and the system chooses a particular
gateway router for destination IP 192.168.1.100, the system will select that
same gateway for traffic to all destination IPs in subnet 192.168.1.0/24.

Source Address

Timeout The default is 300 seconds.

Source IPv4 Number of bits in a subnet mask to specify a network segment that should
Netmask Bits following the persistence rule. The default is 32, but you can set it to any
value between 1 and 32.

For example, if you set this to 24, and the system chooses a particular
gateway router for client IP 192.168.1.100, the system will select that same
gateway for subsequent client requests when the subsequent client belongs
to subnet 192.168.1.0/24.

Destination Address

Timeout The default is 300 seconds.

Destination IPv4 Number of bits in a subnet mask to specify a network segment that should
Netmask Bits following the persistence rule.

Configuring proximity route settings

The proximity route feature enables you to associate link groups with efficient routes. Proximity routes can
improve user experience over the WAN because traffic is routed over fast routes.

You can use either or both of these methods:

l Static Table—You specify the gateways to use for traffic on destination networks.
l Dynamic Detection—The system polls the network for efficient routes. The algorithm selects a gateway based on
latency.
If you configure both, the system checks the static table first for a matching route and, if any, uses it. If there is no
matching static route, the system uses dynamic detection.

Before you begin:

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l You must have knowledge of IP addresses used in outbound network routes to configure a static route.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Link Load Balance settings.

To configure a proximity route:

1. Go to Link Load Balance > Link Group.

2. Click the Proximity Route tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 37.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 37: Proximity route rule configuration

Type Guidelines

Mode l Static Table First—Consult the static table first. If no match, use dynamic detection.
l Static Table Only—Use the static table; do not use dynamic detection.
l Dynamic Detect Only—Use dynamic detection; do not use the static table.
l Disable—Do not use the proximity route configuration.

Static Table

Type l ISP—Use an ISP address object.

l Subnet—Specify an IP netmask manually.
Routes that are specified manually have priority over ISP address object entries.

ISP Name If you use the ISP configuration type, select an ISP address book configuration
object.

If an address exists in multiple ISP address books, the route entries have priority
as follows:
1. User-defined entries.
2. Entries from an address book that has been imported.
3. Entries from the predefined address book (default for the firmware image).

IP Subnet If you use the Subnet configuration type, specify a destination IP address and
netmask.

Gateway Select a gateway configuration object. The gateway must be able to route
packets to the destination IP address that you have specified.

Dynamic Detect

Protocol l ICMP—Use ICMP to detect routes. Calculate proximity by the smaller RTT.
l ICMP and TCP—Some hosts do not respond to ICMP requests. Specify this option
to use both ICMP and TCP to detect routes and RTT. For TCP detection, port 7
(TCP echo) is used. A connection refused or connection reset by the destination is
treated as successful detection.

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 Chapter 5: Link Load Balancing Configuring a link group

Type Guidelines

Aging Period The default is 86,400 seconds (24 hours).

Retry Number The default is 3.

Retry Interval The default is 3.

Configuring a link group

Link groups include ISP gateways your company uses for outbound traffic. Grouping links reduces the risk of
outages and provisions additional bandwidth to relieve potential traffic congestion. See Using link groups.

The link group configuration specifies the load balancing algorithm and the gateway routers in the load balancing
pool. You can enable LLB options, such as persistence rules and proximity routes.

Before you begin:

l You must have configured gateway links and persistence rules and before you can select them in the link group
configuration.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Link Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a link group configuration object, you can select it in the link policy configuration.

To configure a link group:

1. Go to Link Load Balance > Link Group.

The configuration page displays the Link Group tab.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

3. Complete the configuration and add members as described in Table 38.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 38: Link group configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the LLB policy configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Address Type IPv4

Note: IPv4 is selected by default, and cannot be changed.

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Settings Guidelines

Route Method l Weighted Round Robin—Dispatches new connections to link members using a
weighted round-robin method.
l Least Connections—Dispatches new connections to the link member with the lowest
number of connections.
l Least New Connections per Second—Dispatches new connections to the link
member that has the lowest rate of new connections per second.
l Least Throughput Outbound—Dispatches new connections to the link member with
the least outbound traffic.
l Least Throughput Inbound—Dispatches new connections to the link member with
the least inbound traffic.
l Least Throughput Total—Dispatches new connections to the link member with the
least total traffic (that is, inbound plus outbound).
l Spillover Throughput Outbound—Dispatches new connections according to the
spillover list based on outbound traffic.
l Spillover Throughput Inbound—Spillover list based on inbound traffic.
l Spillover Throughput Total—Spillover list based on total traffic (that is, inbound plus
outbound).
l Source Address Hash—Selects the gateway link based on a hash of the source IP
address.

Persistence Select a persistence configuration. Optional.

Proximity l Enable—The system uses the proximity route logic and configuration when
Route determining routes.
l Disable—The system does not use the proximity route configuration.

Add member

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Gateway Select a gateway configuration object. See Configuring gateway links.

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Settings Guidelines

Weight Assigns relative preference among members—higher values are more preferred
and are assigned connections more frequently. The default is 1. The valid range
is 1 to 255.

All load balancing methods consider weight, except spillover, which uses its own
priority configuration. Servers are dispatched requests proportional to their
weight, relative to the sum of all weights.

The following example shows the effect of weight on WRR:

l Sever A, Weight 2; Server B, Weight 1: Requests are sent AABAAB.

l Sever A, Weight 3; Server B, Weight 2: Requests are sent AABAB.
For other methods, weight functions as a tie-breaker. For example, with the Least
Connection algorithm, requests are sent to the server with the least connections.
If the number of connections is equal, the request is sent to the server with the
greater weight. For example:

l Server A, Weight 1, 1 connection

l Server B, Weight 2, 1 connection
The next request is sent to Server B.

Spillover Assigns a priority to the link when using a spillover load balancing method. Higher
Priority values have greater priority. When a spillover method is enabled, the system
dispatches new connections to the link that has the greatest spillover priority until
its threshold is exceeded; then it dispatches new connections to the link with the
next greatest priority until its threshold is exceeded, and so on.

If multiple links in a link group have the same spillover priority, the system
dispatches new connections among those links according to round robin.

The default is 0. The valid range is 0-9.

Status l Enable—The member is considered available for new traffic.

l Disable—The member is considered unavailable for new traffic.

Backup Enable to designate the link as a backup member of the group. All backup
members are inactive until all main members are down.

Configuring a virtual tunnel group

Virtual tunnels enable reliable, site-to-site connectivity using Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) to tunnel
traffic between pairs of FortiADC appliances. See Using virtual tunnels.

The virtual tunnel group configuration sets the list of tunnel members, as well as load balancing options like
algorithm and weight.

When you add members to a virtual tunnel configuration, you specify a local and remote IP address. These
addresses are IP addresses assigned to a network interface on the local and remote FortiADC appliance.

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Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Link Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a virtual tunnel configuration object, you can select it in the link policy configuration.

To configure a virtual tunnel:

1. Go to Link Load Balance > Virtual Tunnel.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration and add members as described in Table 39.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 39: Virtual tunnel configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the LLB policy configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Method l Weighted Round Robin—Dispatches packets to VT members using a weighted

round-robin method.
l Source-Destination Hash—Dispatches packets by source-destination IP address
tuple.

Add member

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Tunnel Local IP address for the network interface this system uses to form a VPN tunnel with
Address the remote system.

Tunnel IP address that the remote FortiADC system uses to form a VPN tunnel with this
Remote system.
Address

Health Check l Enable—Send probes to test whether the link is available.

l Disable—Do not send probes to test the health of the link.

Weight Assigns relative preference among members—higher values are more preferred
and are assigned connections more frequently.

Status l Enable—The member is considered available for new traffic.

l Disable—The member is considered unavailable for new traffic.

Backup Enable to designate the tunnel as a backup member of the group. All backup
members are inactive until all main members are down.

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 Chapter 5: Link Load Balancing Configuring link policies

Configuring link policies

A link policy matches traffic to rules that select a link group or virtual tunnel.

The policy uses a matching tuple: source, destination, service, and schedule. The policy match is a Boolean
AND—All must match for the rule to be applied.

The elements of the tuple support specification by group objects. This is a Boolean OR—If source IP address
belongs to member 1 OR member 2, then source matches.

The logical combinations enable you to subscribe multiple address spaces or services to a group of links, and
create load balancing rules on that group basis.

The policy table is consulted from top to bottom. The first rule to match is applied.

The FortiADC system evaluates traffic to determine the routing rules to apply.
With regard to link load balancing, the system evaluates rules in the following
order and applies the first match:
1. LLB link policy
2. Policy route
3. Static/Dynamic route
4. LLB default link group

Before you begin:

l You must have configured any address, service, and schedule objects that you want to use as match criteria for your
policy.
l You must have configured a link group or virtual tunnel group.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Link Load Balance settings.

To configure a link policy:

1. Go to Link Load Balance > Link Policy.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 40.
4. Save the configuration.
5. Reorder rules, as necessary.
 Table 40: Link policy configuration

Option Guidelines

Default Link Group Select a link group configuration object that is used as the default when
traffic does not match policy rules.

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No
spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

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Option Guidelines

Ingress Interface Select the network interface to which the policy applies.

Source Type Whether to use address, address group, or ISP address objects for this rule.

Source, Source ISP, Select an address object to match source addresses. If you do not specify a
or Source Group source address, the rule matches any source address. See Configuring IPv4
address groups.

Destination Type Whether to use address, address group, or ISP address objects for this rule.

Destination, Select an address object to match destination addresses. If you do not

Destination ISP, or specify a destination address, the rule matches any destination. See
Destination Group Configuring IPv4 address groups.

Service Type Whether to use service or service group objects for this rule.

Service or Service Select a service object to match destination services. If you do not specify a
Group service, the rule matches any service. See Creating service groups.

Schedule Select the schedule object that determines the times the system uses the
logic of this configuration. The link policy is active when the current time
falls in a time period specified by one or more schedules in the schedule
group. If you do not specify a schedule, the rule applies at all times. See
Creating schedule groups.

Group Type l Link Group—Policy applies to a link group. Select the option, then the link
group. See Configuring a link group.
l Virtual Tunnel—Policy applies to a virtual tunnel. Select the option, then the
virtual tunnel. See Configuring a virtual tunnel group.

Link Gtoup Select a link group.

Reordering

After you have saved a rule, reorder rules as necessary. The rules table is
consulted from top to bottom. The first rule that matches is applied and
subsequent rules are not evaluated.

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 Chapter 6: Global Load Balancing Global load balancing basics

Chapter 6: Global Load Balancing

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Global load balancing basics

l Global load balancing configuration overview
l Configuring data centers
l Configuring servers
l Configuring virtual server pools
l Configuring hosts
l Configuring dynamic proximity
l Configuring persistence
l Configuring an address group
l Configuring remote DNS servers
l Configuring the DSSET list
l Configuring DNS zones
l Configuring DNS64
l Configuring the response rate limit
l Configuring a Global DNS policy
l Configuring general settings
l Configuring the trust anchor key

Global load balancing basics

The global load balancing (GLB) feature is a DNS-based solution that enables you to deploy redundant resources
around the globe that you can leverage to keep your business online when a local area deployment experiences
unexpected spikes or downtime. The FortiADC system implements a hardened BIND 9 DNS server that can be
deployed as the authoritative name server for the DNS zones that you configure. Zone resource records are
generated dynamically based on the global load balancing framework. The DNS response to a client request is an
ordered lists of answers that includes all available virtual servers. A client that receives DNS response with a list of
answers tries the first and only proceeds to the next answers if the first answer is unreachable. The response list
is based on the following priorities:
1. Virtual server health—Availability is determined by real-time connectivity checking. When the DNS server receives
a client request, it checks connectivity for all possible matches and excludes unavailable servers from the
response list.
2. Persistence—You can enable persistence for applications that have transactions across multiple hosts. A match to
the persistence table has priority over proximity algorithms.
3. Geographic proximity—Proximity is determined by matching the source IP address to either the FortiGuard Geo
IP database or the FortiADC predefined ISP address book.
4. Dynamic proximity—Proximity is determined by application response time (RTT probes), least connections, or
byte-per-second.

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5. Weighted round robin—If proximity algorithms are not configured or not applicable, available virtual servers are
listed in order based on a simple load balancing algorithm.
Figure 43 shows an example global load balancing deployment with redundant resources at data centers in
China and the United States.

Figure  43:  Global load balancing deployment

FortiADC-1 is the local SLB for the data center in China. FortiADC-2 is the local SLB for the data center in the
United States. FortiADC-3 is a global SLB. It hosts the DNS server that is authoritative for www.example.com.
When a client clicks a link to www.example.com, the local host DNS resolver commences a DNS query that is
ultimately resolved by the authoritative DNS server on FortiADC-3. The set of possible answers includes the
virtual servers on FortiADC-1 or FortiADC-2. The global load balancing framework uses health status and
proximity algorithms to determine the set of answers that are returned, and the order of the answer list. For
example, you can use the global SLB framework geoproximity feature to direct clients located in China to the
virtual server in China; or if the virtual server in China is unavailable, then to the redundant resources in the
United States.

You configure the global load balancing framework and DNS settings only on the global FortiADC (FortiADC-3 in
the example above). The virtual server IP addresses and ports can be discovered by the FortiADC global SLB
from the FortiADC local SLBs. The GLB DNS server uses the discovered IP addresses in the DNS response. The
framework also supports third-party IP addresses and health checks for them.

The DNS server supports the following security features:

l DNSSEC—Domain Name System Security Extensions. DNSSEC provides authentication by associating

cryptographically generated digital signatures with DNS resource record (RR) sets. The FortiADC system makes it

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easy to manage the keys that must be provided to DNS parent domains and the keys that must be imported from
DNS child domains.
l Response rate limit—Helps mitigate DNS denial-of-service attacks by reducing the rate at which the authoritative
name servers respond to high volumes of malicious queries.
l DNS forwarding—In a typical enterprise local area network, the client configuration has the IP address of an internal
authoritative DNS server so that requests for internal resources can be answered directly from its zone data.
Requests for remote resources are sent to another DNS server known as a forwarder. The internal server caches the
results it learns from the forwarder, which optimizes subsequent lookups. Using forwarders reduces the number of
DNS servers that must be able to communicate with Internet DNS servers.

Further reading:

BIND 9 reference manuals: http://www.bind9.net/manuals

RFC 1035 (DNS): http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035

RFC 4033 (DNSSEC): http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4033

Global load balancing configuration overview

In a global load balancing deployment, you configure DNS server and global load balancing details only on the
global FortiADC instance. The configuration framework enables granular administration and fine tuning of both
the DNS server and the global load balancing framework.

Figure 44 shows the basic configuration elements for global load balancing and the recommended order for
creating the configuration objects. The order is important for initial configurations because complex configuration
elements like policies often include references to simple configuration objects like the remote DNS servers
(forwarders) or DNS64 rules, but the simple elements must be created first.

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Figure  44:   Global load balancing configuration summary

Basic steps (DNS server)

1. Configure address groups to use in your DNS policy matching rules. The system includes the predefined address
groups any and none.
2. Configure remote DNS servers (forwarders) and the DSSET list that you might reference in the zone configuration.

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Chapter 6: Global Load Balancing Configuring servers

3. Complete the zone configuration. The global load balancing framework generates the zone configuration for
zones that include the FortiADC virtual servers.
4. Configure DNS64 or response rate limit configurations that you might reference in the DNS policy.
5. Configure the DNS policy that matches a source/destination tuple to a zone. You can also enable and configure
DNSSEC in the DNS policy.
6. Configure general DNS settings to be applied when DNS requests do not match the DNS policy.

Basic steps (Global load balancing)

1. Create the data center, servers, virtual server pool, and host configurations that are the framework for associating
locations with virtual servers and generating the DNS zone configuration and resource records. You can adjust the
dynamic proximity and persistence settings at any time.
2. Review the generated DNS zone configuration.
3. Create a policy that matches traffic to the generated zone configuration.

Configuring servers

In the context of the global server load balance configuration, servers are the local SLB (FortiADC instances or
third-party servers) that are to be load balanced. For FortiADC instances, the GLB checks status and
synchronizes configuration from the local SLB so that it can learn the set of virtual servers that are possible to
include in the GLB virtual server pool.

Figure 45 illustrates configuration discovery. Placement in this list does not include them in the pool. You also
must name them explicitly in the virtual server pool configuration.

Figure  45: Virtual server discovery

Before you begin:

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l You must have created the data center configuration objects that are associated with the local SLB.
l You must have created virtual server configurations on the local FortiADC SLB. In this procedure, the global SLB
discovers them.
l You must have created gateway configuration objects on the local FortiADC SLB if you want to configure a gateway
health check. In this procedure, the global SLB discovers them.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have created a server configuration object, you can specify it the global load balancing virtual server
pool configuration.

To configure servers:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Global Object.

2. Click the Server tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described inTable 41.
5. Use the Discover utility to populate the Member list configuration with virtual server configuration details from the
local FortiADC SLB.
6. Optional. Edit the populated list to select a discovered gateway configuration object if you want the GSLB to
perform gateway health checks.
7. Save the configuration.
 Table 41: Server configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.
You reference this name in the virtual server pool configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Type l FortiADC-SLB: A FortiADC instance.

l Generic-Host: A third party ADC or server.

Synchronization Enable/disable synchronization of the virtual server status from the local
FortiADC SLB. Disabled by default. If enabled, synchronization occurs whenever
there is a change in virtual server status.

Address Type IPv4 or IPv6.

IP Address Specify the IP address for the FortiADC management interface. This IP address
is used for synchronization and also status checks. If the management interface
is unreachable, the virtual servers for that FortiADC are excluded from DNS
answers.

Data Center Select a data center configuration object. The data center configuration object
properties are used to establish the proximity of the servers and the client
requests.

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Settings Guidelines

Health Check If type is Generic Host, enable/disable health checks for the virtual server list.
Control The health check settings at this configuration level are the parent configuration.
When you configure the list, you can specify whether to inherit or override the
parent configuration.

Note:This option is available only when Generic Host is selected. See Type
above. Health checking is built-in, and you can optionally configure a gateway
health check.

Health Check l AND—All of the specified health checks must pass for the server to be considered
Relationship available.
l OR—One of the specified health checks must pass for the server to be considered
available.

Health Check Select one or more health check configuration objects.

List

Member

Add/Delete Add or delete member virtual servers.

Discover Populate the member list with virtual servers from the local FortiADC
configuration. After the list had been populated, you can edit the configuration to
add a gateway health check.

Override Select this option if you want to update the discovered virtual server
configuration with the latest configuration information whenever you use the
Discover utility (for example, additions or changes to previously discovered
configurations).

Unselect this option if you want to preserve the previously discovered

configuration and not have it overwritten by the Discover operation.

Name Must match the virtual server configuration name on the local FortiADC.

Address Type IPv4 or IPv6.

IP Address Virtual server IP address.

Port Virtual server port.

Protocol TCP or UDP. The default is TCP.

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Settings Guidelines

Gateway Enable an additional health check: is the gateway beyond the FortiADC
reachable?

The list of gateway configuration objects is populated by discovery, but you must
select the appropriate one from the list.

Health Check If type is Generic Host, enable to inherit the health check settings from the
Inherit parent configuration. Disable to specify health check settings in this member
configuration.

Health Check Enable health checking for the virtual server.

Control
Note: This option is available only when Health Check Inherit is disabled. In that
case, you can enable this option and configure the Health Check Relationship
and Health Check List fields below.

Health Check l AND—All of the specified health checks must pass for the server to be considered
Relationship available.
l OR—One of the specified health checks must pass for the server to be considered
available.

Health Check Specify one or more health check configuration objects.

List

Configuring a global load balance link

To configure a global load balance link:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Global Object.

2. Click the Link tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 42.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 42: Global load balance link configuration

Settings Guidelines

Link

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the global load balance servers configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

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 Chapter 6: Global Load Balancing Configuring data centers

Settings Guidelines

Data Center Select a data center from the list.

Note: You must the data center(s) configured ahead of time.

ISP Select an ISP from the list.

ISP Province Select an ISP province from the list.

Gateway

Server Select a server.

Gateway Specify a name for the gateway.

Name

or Select Here Click the down arrow to select a gateway from the drop-down list.

Note: Use this option only when you already have a list of gateways configured on
the system.

Configuring data centers

The data center configuration sets key properties: Location and/or ISP and ISP province. These properties are
used in the global load balancing algorithm that selects the FortiADC in closest proximity to the client.

Before you begin:

l If you want to select a user-defined ISP address book, you must create it before creating the data center
configuration.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have created a data center configuration object, you can specify it in the global load balance servers
configuration.

To configure a data center:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Global Object.

2. Click the Data Center tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 43.
5. Save the configuration.

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 Table 43: Data center configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the global load balance servers configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Location Select a location from the location list.

Description Optional description to help administrators know the purpose or usage of the
configuration.

Configuring hosts

Host settings are used to form the zone configuration and resource records in the generated DNS zone used for
global load balancing.

Figure 46 shows how the host settings are mapped to zone settings and resource records. Domain and
hostname are used in both the configuration and the generated configuration name. The IP address and weight
are derived from the virtual server pool.

Figure  46:  Host configuration and the generated DNS zone

Before you begin:

l You must have created the global virtual server pools you want to use.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have created a host configuration object, it can be used to form the zone and resource records in the
generated DNS zone configuration.

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Chapter 6: Global Load Balancing Configuring hosts

To configure a host:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > FQDN Settings.

2. Click the Host tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 44.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 44: Host configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No
spaces.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Host Name The hostname part of the FQDN, such as www.

Note: You can specify the @ symbol to denote the zone root. The value
substituted for @ is the preceding $ORIGIN directive.

Domain Name The domain name must end with a period. For example: example.com.

Respond Single Enable/disable an option to send a single record in response to a query.

Record Disabled by default. By default, the response is an ordered list of records.

Persistence Enable/disable the persistence table. Disabled by default.

If you enable persistence, the client source address is recorded in the

persistence table, and subsequent requests from the same network or the
same host or domain are sent an answer with the virtual servers listed in
the same order (unless a server becomes unavailable and is therefore
omitted from the answer).

Load Balance l None

Method
l Topology—If selected, virtual servers with the same topology information
as the local DNS address will be responded.
l Global Availability—If selected, virtual servers will be responded by their
global availability: the first virtual server in queue will always be responded if
it is globally available, and the next virtual server in queue will be responded
if the preceding virtual server is unavailable.

Default Feedback Specify an IP address to return in the DNS answer if no virtual servers are
IPv4 available.

Default Feedback Specify an IPv6 address to return in the DNS answer if no virtual servers are
IPv6 available.

Virtual Server Pool

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Settings Guidelines

Name Enter the mkey.

Virtual Server Pool Select a virtual server pool from the list, or create a new one.

Weight Assign a weight. Valid values range from 1 to 255.

Topology Select a topology from the list, or create a new one.

ISP Select an ISP from the list or create a new one.

Configuring virtual server pools

The virtual server pool configuration defines the set of virtual servers that can be matched in DNS resource
records, so it should include, for example, all the virtual servers that can be answers for DNS requests to resolve
www.example.com.

You also specify the key parameters of the global load balancing algorithm, including proximity options, status
checking options, load balancing method, and weight.

The DNS response is an ordered list of answers. Virtual servers that are unavailable are excluded. Available
virtual servers are ordered based on the following priorities:
1. Geographic proximity
2. Dynamic proximity
3. Weighted round robin
A client that receives DNS response with a list of answers tries the first and only proceeds to the next answers if
the first answer is unreachable.

Before you begin:

l You must have created GLB Servers configuration objects.

l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have created a virtual server pool configuration object, you can specify it in the global load balancing
host configuration.

To configure a virtual server pool:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > FQDN Settings.

2. Click the Virtual Server Pool tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 45.
5. Save the configuration.

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 Table 45: Virtual server pool configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Specify a unique name for the virtual server pool configuration. Valid characters are A-
Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You reference this name in the host configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Preferred l None—No preference.

l Geo—If selected, virtual servers with the same GEO information as the local DNS
address will be responded.
l Geo-ISP—If selected, virtual servers with the same ISP information as the local DNS
address will be responded first, and virtual servers with the same GEO information as
the local DNS address will be responded second.
l RTT—Virtual servers with the shortest latency link or closest to the data center will be
responded.
l Least-Connnections—Virtual servers with the least connections will be responded.
l Connection-Limit—Virtual servers will be responded by their connection limit
determined by virtual servers' weight: the greater the weight of a virtual server, the more
responses it will get.
l Bytes-Per-Second—Virtual servers with the lowest traffic will be responded.

Alternate Same as above.

Load Weighted Round Robin

Balance
Method

Check Enable/disable polling of the local FortiADC SLB. If the server is unresponsive, its
Server virtual servers are not selected for DNS answers.
Status

Check Enable/disable checks on whether the status of the virtual servers in the virtual server
Virtual list is known. Virtual servers with unknown status are not selected for DNS answers.
Server
Existence

Member

Server Select a GLB Servers configuration object.

Server Select the name of the virtual server that is in the servers virtual server list
Member configuration.

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Settings Guidelines

Weight Assigns relative preference among members—higher values are more preferred and
are assigned connections more frequently.

The default is 1. The valid range is 1-255.

Backup Enable to designate the member as a backup. Backup members are inactive until all
main members are down.

Configuring Topologies

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.

To configure a topology:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > FQDN Settings.

2. Click the Topology tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 46.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 46: Topology configuration guideline

Settings Guidelines

Name Specify the name of the topology configuration. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-
9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

GEO IP List Select the geo IPs from the Available Items list and add them to the Selected
Items list.

Configuring dynamic proximity

Use this page to configure dynamic proximity. Dynamic proximity is used to order DNS lookup results based on
round-trip time (RTT) for ICMP or TCP probes sent by the local SLB to the DNS resolver that sent the DNS
request.

The system caches the RTT results for the period specified by the timeout. When there are subsequent requests
from clients that have a source IP address within the specified netmask, the RTT is taken from the results table
instead of a new, real-time probe. This reduces DNS response time.

Before you begin:

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l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
The settings you configure are applied if dynamic-proximity is enabled in the virtual server pool configuration.

To configure dynamic proximity settings:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > FQDN Settings.

2. Click the GLB Proximity tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 47.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 47: Dynamic proximity settings

Settings Guidelines

Protocol l ICMP—Use ICMP to detect routes. Calculate proximity by the smaller RTT.
l ICMP and TCP—Some hosts do not respond to ICMP requests. Specify this option
to use both ICMP and TCP to detect routes and RTT. For TCP detection, a SYN
packet is sent to port 53. A connection refused or connection reset by the destination
is treated as successful detection.

Retry Number Retry count if the probe fails. The default is 3. The valid range is 1-10 times.

Retry Interval Interval between retries if the probe fails. The default is 3. The valid range is 1-3600
seconds.

IPv4 Prefix Length Number of IPv4 netmask bits that define network affinity for the RTT table. The
default is 24. For example, if the GLB records an RTT for a client with source IP
address 192.168.1.100, the record is stored and applies to all requests from the
192.168.1.0/24 network.

IPv6 Prefix Length Number of IPv6 netmask bits that define network affinity for the RTT table. The
default is 64.

Aging Timeout RTT results are cached. This setting specifies the length of time in seconds for which
the RTT cache entry is valid. The default is 86400. The valid range is 60-2,592,000
seconds.

Configuring persistence

Use this page to configure source address affinity and a timeout for GSLB persistence. You enable persistence
per host in the GSLB host configuration.

If the DNS query is for a host that has persistence enabled, the DNS server replies with an answer that has the
virtual server IP addresses listed in the order determined by the GSLB proximity algorithms, and the client source
IP address (for example 192.168.1.100) is recorded in the persistence table. If source address affinity is set to 24
bits, subsequent queries for the host from the 192.168.1.0/24 network are sent an answer with the virtual servers
listed in the same order (unless a server becomes unavailable and is therefore omitted from the answer).

Persistence is required for applications that include transactions across multiple hosts, so the persistence table is
also used for queries for other hosts with the same domain. For example, a transaction on a banking application

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might include connections to login.bank.com and transfer.bank.com. To support persistence in these cases, the
GSLB persistence lookup accounts for domain as well. The first query for login.bank.com creates a mapping for
the source address network 192.168.1.0/24 and the domain bank.com. When the DNS server receives
subsequent requests, it consults the persistence table for a source network match, then a domain match and a
hostname match. In this example, as long as you have created host configurations for both login.bank.com and
transfer.bank.com, and persistence is enabled for each, the persistence table can be used to ensure the DNS
answers to queries from the same network list the resource records in the same order.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.

To configure persistence:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > FQDN Settings.

2. Click the Persistence tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 48.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 48: GSLB persistence settings

Settings Guidelines

IPv4 Mask Length Number of IPv4 netmask bits that define network affinity for the persistence table. The
default is 24.

IPv6 Mask Length Number of IPv6 netmask bits that define network affinity for the persistence table. The
default is 64.

Aging Period This setting specifies the length of time in seconds for which the entry is maintained in
the persistence table. The default is 86400. The valid range is 60-2,592,000 seconds.

Configuring an address group

An address group is a configuration object that specifies the source and destination IP addresses that are the
matching criteria for DNS policies.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have configured an address group, you can select it in the DNS policy configuration.

To configure address groups:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Zone Tools.

2. Click the Address Group tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration and add members as described in Table 49

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 Table 49: Address group configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the global DNS policy configuration.

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Member

Address Type l IPv4

l IPv6

IP/Netmask Address/mask notation to match the IP address in the packet header.

Create objects to match source IP address and different objects to match

destination IP address.

Action l Include—The rule logic creates an address object that includes addresses matching
the specified address block.
l Exclude—The rule logic creates an address object that excludes addresses
matching the specified address block.

Configuring remote DNS servers

The remote server configuration is used to create a list of DNS forwarders. DNS forwarders are commonly used
when you do not want the local DNS server to connect to Internet DNS servers. For example, if the local DNS
server is behind a firewall and you do not want to allow DNS through that firewall, you implement DNS forwarding
to a remote server that is deployed in a DMZ or similar network region that can contact Internet DNS servers.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of DNS and knowledge of the remote DNS servers that can be used to
communicate with Internet domain servers.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have configured remote DNS servers, you can select them in DNS zone and DNS policy configurations.

To configure a remote server:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Zone Tools.

2. Click the Remote DNS Server tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration and add members as described in Table 50.

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 Table 50: Remote DNS server configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference this name in the zone configuration (if you use forwarders).

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Member

Address Type l IPv4

l IPv6

Address IP address of the remote DNS server.

Port Port number the remote server uses for DNS. The default is 53.

Configuring the DSSET list

If you enable DNSSEC, secure communication between the FortiADC DNS server and any child DNS servers is
based on keys contained in delegation signer files (DSSET files). In DNSSEC deployments, DSSET files are
generated automatically when the zone is signed by DNSSEC.

You use the DSSET list configuration to paste in the content of the DSSET files provided by child domain servers
or stub domains.

Note: You use the Global DNS zone configuration to generate the DSSET file for this server. The file generated
by the zone configuration editor is the one you give to any parent zone or the registrar of your domain.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of DNSSEC and knowledge of the DNS deployment in your network.
l You must have used DNSSEC to sign the child domain servers and have downloaded the DSset files to a location
you can reach from your management computer.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a DSSET list, you can select it in DNS zone configuration.

To configure the DSSET list:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Zone Tools.

2. Click the DSSET List tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 51.

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 Table 51: DSset list configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference the name in the zone configuration (if you enable DNSSEC).

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Filename Type the filename. The convention is dsset-<domain>, for example, dsset-
example.com.

Content Paste the DSset file content. The content of DSset files is similar to the following:

dns.example.com. IN DS 13447 5 1
A5AD9EFB6840F58CF817F3CC7C24A7ED2DD5559C

Configuring DNS zones

The DNS zone configuration is the key to the global load balancing solution. This configuration contains the key
DNS server settings, including:

l Domain name and name server details.

l Type—Whether the server is the master or a forwarder.
l DNSSEC—Whether to use DNSSEC.
l DNS RR records—The zone configuration contains resource records (RR) used to resolve DNS queries delegated to
the domain by the parent zone.
You can specify different DNS server settings for each zone you create. For example, the DNS server can be a
master for one zone and a forwarder for another zone.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of DNS and knowledge of the DNS deployment in your network.
l You must have authority to create authoritative DNS zone records for your network.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a DNS zone, you can select it in the DNS policy configuration.

To configure the DNS zone:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Zone Tools.

2. Click the Zone tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 52.

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 Table 52: DNS zone configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference the name in the global DNS policy configuration.

Note:
l FortiADC supports third-party domain names.
l After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Type l Master—The configuration contains the “master” copy of data for the zone and is the
authoritative server for it.
l Forward—The configuration allows you to apply DNS forwarding on a per-domain
basis, overriding the forwarding settings in the “general” configuration.
l FQDN Generate—The zone and its resource record is generated from the global
load balancing framework.

Domain Name The domain name must end with a period. For example: example.com.

Forward Options

Forward l First—The DNS server queries the forwarder before doing its own DNS lookup.
l Only—Only query the forwarder. Do not perform a DNS lookup.
l Note: The internal server caches the results it learns from the forwarders, which
optimizes subsequent lookups.

Forwarders Select a remote server configuration object.

Master Options

TTL The $TTL directive at the top of the zone file (before the SOA) gives a default TTL
for every RR without a specific TTL set.

The default is 86,400. The valid range is 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Negative TTL The last field in the SOA—the negative caching TTL. This informs other servers how
long to cache no-such-domain (NXDOMAIN) responses from you. The default is 3600
seconds. The valid range is 0 to 2,147,483,647.

Responsible Username of the person responsible for this zone, such as

Mail hostmaster.example.com..

Note: Format is mailbox-name.domain.com. (remember the trailing dot).

The format uses a dot, not the @ sign used in email addresses because @ has
other uses in the zone file. Email, however, is sent to [email protected].

Primary Server Sets the server name in the SOA record.

Name

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Settings Guidelines

Primary Server The IP address of the primary server.

Address

DNSSEC Enable/disable DNSSEC.

DNSSEC Only RSASHA1 is supported.

Algorithm

KSK Filename It is generated by the system if DNSSEC is enabled for the zone.

To regenerate the KSK, disable DNSSEC and then re-enable DNSSEC.

KSK Type characters for a string key. The file is generated by the system if DNSSEC is
enabled for the zone.

ZSK Filename It is generated by the system if DNSSEC is enabled for the zone.

To regenerate the ZSK, disable DNSSEC and then re-enable DNSSEC.

ZSK Type characters for a string key. The file is generated by the system if DNSSEC is
enabled for the zone.

DSSET The file is generated by the system if DNSSEC is enabled for the zone. The file
Filename generated by the zone configuration editor is the one you give to any parent zone
or the registrar of your domain.

The convention is dsset-<domain>, for example dsset-example.com.

DSSET It is generated by the system if DNSSEC is enabled for the zone.

DSSET List Select a DSSET configuration object. See Configuring the DSSET list.

FQDN Record

FQDN Record Displays a summary of all DNS RR for the zone, including generated and manually
table configured RR.

A/AAAA Record

Hostname The hostname part of the FQDN, such as www.

Note: You can specify the @ symbol to denote the zone root. The value
substituted for @ is the preceding $ORIGIN directive.

Type l IPv4
l IPv6

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Settings Guidelines

Weight Assigns relative preference among members—higher values are more preferred
and are assigned connections more frequently.

The default is 1. The valid range is 1-255.

Address Specify the IP address of the virtual server.

Method Weighted Round Robin is the only method supported.

CNAME Record

Alias An alias name to another true or canonical domain name (the target). For
instance, www.example.com is an alias for example.com.

Target The true or canonical domain name. For instance, example.com.

NS Record

Domain Name The domain for which the name server has authoritative answers, such as
example.com.

Note: FortiADC supports third-party domain names.

Hostname The hostname part of the FQDN, such as ns.

Type l IPv4
l IPv6

Address Specify the IP address of the name server.

MX Record

Hostname The hostname part of the FQDN for a mail exchange server, such as mail.

Priority Preference given to this RR among others at the same owner. Lower values have
greater priority.

Type l IPv4
l IPv6

Address Specify the IP address.

TXT Record

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Settings Guidelines

Name Hostname.

TXT records are name-value pairs that contain human readable information about
a host. The most common use for TXT records is to store SPF records.

Text Comma-separated list of name=value pairs.

An example SPF record has the following form:

v=spf1 +mx a:colo.example.com/28 -all

If you complete the entry from the the Web UI, do not put the string in quotes. (If
you complete the entry from the CLI, you do put the string in quotes.)

SRV Record

Host Name The host name part of the FQDN, e.g., www.

Priority A priority assigned to the target host: the lower the value, the higher the priority.

Weight A relative weight assigned to a record among records of the same priority: the
greater the value, the more weight it carries.

Port The TCP or UDP port on which the service is provided.

Target Name The canonical name of the machine providing the service.

Configuring DNS64

The DNS64 configuration maps IPv4 addresses to AAAA queries when there are no AAAA records. This feature is
optional. It can be used in network segments that use NAT64 to support IPv6 client communication with IPv4
backend servers.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of DNS and knowledge of the DNS deployment in your network.
l You must have configured address objects that specify the network segments for which the DNS64 map applies.
See Configuring an address group.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have created a DNS64 configuration, you can select it a DNS policy configuration.

To configure DNS64:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Zone Tools.

2. Click the DNS64 tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 53.

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 Table 53: DNS64 configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference the name in the global DNS policy configuration.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

IPv6 Prefix IP address and netmask that specify the DNS64 prefix. Compatible IPv6 prefixes
have lengths of 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 and 96 as per RFC 6052.

Each DNS64 configuration has one prefix. Multiple configurations can be

defined.

Source Select an address object. Only clients that match the source IP use the DNS64
Address lookup table.

Mapped Select an address object that specifies the IPv4 addresses that are to be mapped
Address in the corresponding A RR set.

Exclude Select an address object. Allows specification of a list of IPv6 addresses that can
be ignored. Typically, you exclude addresses that do have AAAA records.

Configuring the response rate limit

The response rate limit keeps the FortiADC authoritative DNS server from being used in amplifying reflection
denial of service (DoS) attacks.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of DNS.

l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.
After you have created a response rate limit configuration, you can select it in the DNS policy and DNS general
settings configurations.

To configure the response rate limit:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Zone Tools.

2. Click the Response Rate Limit tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 54.

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 Table 54: Response rate limit configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You
reference the name in the global DNS policy configuration.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Responses per Maximum number of responses per second. The valid range is 1-2040. The
Second default is 1000.

Configuring a Global DNS policy

The Global DNS policy is a rule base that matches traffic to DNS zones. Traffic that matches both source and
destination criteria is served by the policy. Traffic that does not match any policy is served by the DNS “general
settings” configuration.

Before you begin, you must have:

l A good understanding of DNS and knowledge of the DNS deployment in your network.
l Configured address objects, remote servers, DNS zones, and optional configuration objects you want to specify in
your policy.
l Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.

To configure the global DNS policy rule base:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Zone Tools.

2. Click the Global DNS Policy tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 55.
5. Save the configuration.
6. Reorder rules, as necessary.
 Table 55: Global DNS policy configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Source Select an address object to specify the source match criteria. See Configuring an
address group.

Destination Select an address object to specify the destination match criteria. See
Configuring an address group.

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Settings Guidelines

Zone List Select one or more zone configurations to serve DNS requests from matching
traffic. See Configuring DNS zones.

DNS64 List Select one or more DNS64 configurations to use when resolving IPv6 requests.
See Configuring DNS64.

Recursion Enables/disables recursion. If enabled, the DNS server attempts to do all the work
required to answer the query. If not enabled, the server returns a referral response
when it does not already know the answer.

DNSSEC Enables/disables DNSSEC.

DNSSEC Enables/disables DNSSEC validation.

Validation

Forward l First—The DNS server queries the forwarders list before doing its own DNS lookup.
l Only—Only queries the forwarders list. Does not perform its own DNS lookups.
Note: The internal server caches the results it learns from the forwarders, which
optimizes subsequent lookups.

Forwarders If the DNS server zone has been configured as a forwarder, select the remote
DNS server to which it forwards requests. See Configuring remote DNS servers.

Response Select a rate limit configuration object. See Configuring the response rate limit.
Rate Limit

Reordering

After you have saved a rule, reorder rules as necessary. The rules table is
consulted from top to bottom. The first rule that matches is applied and
subsequent rules are not evaluated.

Configuring general settings

The general settings configuration specifies the interfaces that listen for DNS requests. By default, the system
listens on the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of all configured interfaces for DNS requests.

The other settings in the general settings configuration are applied when traffic does not match a Global DNS
policy.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of DNS and knowledge of the DNS deployment in your network.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.

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To configure general settings:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Zone Tools.

2. Click the General Settings tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 56.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 56: General configuration

Settings Guidelines

Global DNS Enables/disables this configuration.

Configuration

Recursion Enables/disables recursion. If enabled, the DNS server attempts to do all the work
required to answer the query. If not enabled, the server returns a referral response
when it does not already know the answer.

DNSSEC Enables/disables DNSSEC.

DNSSEC Enables/disables DNSSEC validation.

Validation

Listen on IPv6 Enables/disables listening for DNS requests on the interface IPv6 address.

Listen on IPv4 Enables/disables listening for DNS requests on the interface IPv4 address.

Traffic Log Enables/disables traffic log.

Listen on All Enables listening on all interfaces.

Interface

Forward l First—The DNS server queries the forwarder before doing its own DNS lookup.
l Only—Only queries the forwarder. Does not perform its own DNS lookups.
Note: The internal server caches the results it learns from forwarders, which
optimizes subsequent lookups.

Use System Forwards DNS requests to the system DNS server instead of the forwarders list.
DNS Server

Response Selects a rate limit configuration object. See Configuring the response rate limit.
Rate Limit

Configuring the trust anchor key

DNSSEC validation requires that a DNS name server know the trust anchor key for the root DNS domain in order
to validate already signed responses. In general, trust anchor keys do not change often, but they do change
occasionally, and might change unexpectedly in the event the keys are compromised.

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The FortiADC DNS server is preconfigured with a trust anchor key for the root DNS domain. If you are informed
that you must update this key, you can use the configuration editor to paste the new content into the DNS server
configuration.

Further reading:

http://data.iana.org/root-anchors/draft-icann-dnssec-trust-anchor.html
Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of DNSSEC and knowledge of the DNS deployment in your network.
l You must have already obtained the key so that you can copy and paste it into the DNS server configuration.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Global Load Balance settings.

To configure the trust anchor key:

1. Go to Global Load Balance > Zone Tools.

2. Click the Trust Anchor Key tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 57.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 57: Trust anchor key configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Value The key value. The key format is a string with the following format:
\"<domainname>\" <num1> <num2> <num3> \"<content>\"

The following is an example:

\".\" 256 3 5
\"AwEAAbDrWmiIReotvZ6FObgKygZwUxSUJW9z5pjiQMLH0JBGXooHrR16
pdKhI9mNkM8bLUMtwYfgeUOYXIvfagee8rk=\"

Description Description for the key.

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Chapter 7: Network Security

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Security features basics

l Managing IP reputation policy settings
l Configuring IP reputation exception
l Using the Geo IP block list
l Enabling denial of service protection
l Configuring a firewall policy
l Configuring firewall connection limit

Security features basics

In most deployment scenarios, we recommend you deploy FortiGate to secure your network. Fortinet includes
security functionality in the FortiADC system to support those cases when deploying FortiGate is impractical.
FortiADC includes the following security features:

l Firewall—Drop traffic that matches a source/destination/service tuple you specify.

l Security connection limit—Drop an abnormally high volume of traffic from a source/destination/service match.
l IP Reputation service—Drop or redirect traffic from source IPs that are on the FortiGuard IP Reputation list.
l Geo IP—Drop or redirect traffic from source IPs that correspond with countries in the FortiGuard Geo IP database.
l Web application firewall—Drop or alert when traffic matches web application firewall attack signatures and
heuristics.
l Denial of service protection—Drop half-open connections to protect the system from a SYN flood attack.

Managing IP Reputation policy settings

The FortiGuard IP Reputation service provides a database of known compromised or malicious client IP
addresses. The database is updated periodically.

The IP Reputation configuration allows you to specify the action the system takes when an SLB virtual server
receives traffic from a client with an IP address on the list. Table 58 lists limitations for IP Reputation actions.

 Table 58: IP Reputation actions

Action Profile Limitations

Pass IPv4 only Not supported for RADIUS.

Deny IPv4 only Not supported for RADIUS.

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Action Profile Limitations

Redirect IPv4 only Not supported for RADIUS, FTP, TCP, UDP.

Send 403 IPv4 only Not supported for RADIUS, FTP, TCP, UDP.
Forbidden

Note: IP Reputation is also not supported for Layer 4 virtual servers when the Packet Forwarding Mode is Direct
Routing.

Basic Steps

1. Configure the connection to FortiGuard so the system can receive periodic IP Reputation Database updates. See
Configuring FortiGuard service settings.
2. Optionally, customize the actions you want to take when the system encounters a request from a source IP
address that matches the list; and add exceptions. If a source IP address appears on the exceptions list, the
system does not look it up on the IP Reputation list. See below.
3. Enable IP Reputation in the profiles you associate with virtual servers. See Configuring Application profiles.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Firewall settings.

To customize IP Reputation policy rules:

1. Go to Network Security > IP Reputation.

2. Make sure to select the IP Reputation tab, which displays all IP reputation policy configuration in FortiADC.
3. Click a policy or the corresponding Edit icon to open the IP Reputation editor.
4. Make the desired changes as described in Table 59.
5. Click Save.
 Table 59: IP Reputation policy configuration

Settings Guidelines

Category Depending the configuration on ForitGuard IP Reputation service, the IP

reputation policy can be one of the following categories:

l Botnet
l Anonymous Proxy
l Phishing
l Spam
l Other

Status Enable or disable the category.

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Settings Guidelines

Action l Pass
l Deny
l Redirect
l Send 403 Forbidden
Note: Layer 4 and TCPS virtual servers do not support Redirect or Send 403
Forbidden. If you apply an IP Reputation configuration that uses these options to
a Layer 4 or TCPS virtual server, FortiADC logs the action as Redirect or Send
403 Forbidden but in fact denies the traffic.

Severity The severity to apply to the event. Severity is useful when you filter and sort logs:

l Low
l Medium
l High

Log Eable or disable logging.

Configure IP reputation exception

To create an IP Reputation exception:

1. Go to Network Security > IP Reputation.

2. Click the IP Reputation Exception tab to add exceptions as described in Table 60.
3. Click Save.
 Table 60: IP Reputation exception

Settings Guidelines

Status Enable or disable the exception. You might have occasion to toggle the exception
off and on.

Type l IP/netmask: Select this option to block a specified IP address.

l IP Range: Select this option to block a specified IP address range.

IP/Netmask If IP/netmask is selected in the Type field above, specify a subnet using the
address/mask notation.

Start IP / End Is IP Range is selected in the Type field above, specify the starting address and
IP ending address of the IP range.

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 Using the Geo IP block list Chapter 7: Network Security

Using the Geo IP block list

The FortiGuard Geo IP service provides a database that maps IP addresses to countries, satellite providers, and
anonymous proxies. The database is updated periodically.

The Geo IP block list is a policy that takes the action you specify when the virtual server receives requests from IP
addresses in the blocked country’s IP address space.

For Layer 4 virtual servers, FortiADC blocks access when the first TCP SYN packet arrives. For Layer 7 virtual
servers, FortiADC blocks access after the handshake, allowing it to redirect the traffic if you have configured it to
do so.

Table 61 lists limitations for Geo IP block list actions.

 Table 61: Geo IP block list actions

Action Profile Limitations

Pass IPv4 only Not supported for HTTP Turbo, RADIUS.

Deny IPv4 only Not supported for HTTP Turbo, RADIUS.

Redirect IPv4 only Not supported for HTTP Turbo, RADIUS, FTP, TCP, TCPS,
UDP.

Send 403 IPv4 only Not supported for HTTP Turbo, RADIUS, FTP, TCP, TCPS,
Forbidden UDP.

Basic Steps

1. Configure the connection to FortiGuard so the system can receive periodic Geo IP Database updates. See
Configuring FortiGuard service settings.
2. Create rules to block traffic from locations.
3. Maintain a whitelist to allow traffic from specified subnets even if they belong to the address space blocked by the
Geo IP block list.
4. Select the Geo IP block list and whitelist in the profiles you associate with virtual servers. See Configuring
Application profiles.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Security settings.

To configure a Geo IP block list:

1. Go to Network Security > Geo IP Protection.

2. Click the Geo IP Protection tab.
3. Click Add to create a block list as described in Table 62.
4. Click Save.

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 Table 62: Geo IP block list configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Log Enable/disable logging.

Action l Pass—Allow the traffic.

l Deny—Drop the traffic.
l Redirect—Send a redirect. You specify the redirect URL on the profile configuration
page.
l Send 403 Forbidden—Send the HTTP Response code 403.
Note: Layer 4 and TCPS virtual servers do not support Redirect or Send 403
Forbidden. If you apply an Geo IP configuration that uses these options to a Layer
4 or TCPS virtual server, FortiADC logs the action as Redirect or Send 403
Forbidden, but in fact denies the traffic.

Severity The severity to apply to the event. Severity is useful when you filter and sort logs:

l Low
l Medium
l High

Status Enable or disable the Geo IP block list configuration.

Member

Country Select a geolocation object. The list includes countries as well as selections for
anonymous proxies and satellite providers.

Using the Geo IP whitelist

To configure a Geo IP whitelist:

1. Go to Network Security > Geo IP Protection.

2. Click the Whitelist tab to create a whitelist as described in Table 63.
3. Click Save.

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 Table 63: Geo IP whitelist configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. The name can be up to 35 characters long. Valid characters
are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No space is allowed.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Description A string to describe the purpose of the configuration, to help you and other
administrators more easily identify its use.

Status Enable/disable the exception. You might have occasion to toggle the exception
off and on.

Member

Type Select and configure either of the following:

IP Subnet—Specify the IP address and CIDR-formatted subnet mask, separated

by a forward slash ( / ), such as 192.0.2.0/24. Dotted quad formatted subnet
masks are not accepted. IPv6 addresses are not supported.

IP Range—Specify the Start IP and the End IP addresses of the IP range.

Description Enter a brief description of the IP subnet or IP range, depending on which Type
you choose. The description can be up to 1023 characters long. Valid characters
are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, -,., and :. No space is allowed.

Enabling denial of service protection

You can enable basic denial of service (DoS) prevention to combat SYN floods. When enabled, FortiADC uses
the SYN cookie method to track half-open connections. The system maintains a DoS mitigation table for each
configured IPv4 virtual server. It times out half-open connections so that they do not deplete system resources.

Note: The DoS feature is supported for traffic to virtual servers only. However, it is not supported for IPv6 traffic
or for Layer 4 virtual servers with the Direct Routing packet forwarding mode.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Firewall settings.

To enable denial of service protection:

1. Go to Security > SYN Flood Prevention.

2. Enable the SYN Cookie feature.
3. Specify a maximum number of half open sockets. The default is 1 (10 connections). The valid range is 1 to
80,000.
4. Save the configuration.

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 Chapter 7: Network Security Configuring a firewall policy

Configuring a firewall policy

A firewall policy is a filter that allows or denies traffic based on a matching tuple: source address, destination
address, and service. By default, firewall policy rules are stateful: if client-to-server traffic is allowed, the session
is maintained in a state table, and the response traffic is allowed.

The FortiADC system evaluates firewall policies before other rules. It matches traffic against the firewall policy
table, beginning with the first rule. If a rule matches, the specified action is taken. If the session is denied by a
firewall policy rule, it is dropped. If the session is accepted, system processing continues.

By default, if firewall rules are not configured, the system does not perform firewall processing; all traffic is
processed as if the system were a router, and traffic is forwarded according to routing and other system rules.

Note: You do not need to create firewall rules for routine management traffic associated with the management
port or HA ports. The interface “allow access” option enables permitted protocols. The system automatically
permits from-self traffic, such as health check traffic, and expected responses.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding and knowledge of firewalls.

l You must have created the address configuration objects and service configuration objects that define the matching
tuple in your firewall policy rules.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Firewall settings.

To configure a firewall:

1. Go to Network Security > Firewall.

2. Select [IPv4 Policy | IPv6 Policy].
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 64.
5. Save the configuration.
6. Reorder rules, as necessary.
 Table 64: Firewall policy configuration

Settings Guidelines

Default Action Action when no rule matches or no rules are configured:

l Deny—Drop the traffic.

l Accept—Allow the traffic to pass the firewall.

Rule

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Ingress Select the interface that receives traffic.

Interface

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Egress Select the interface that forwards traffic.

Interface

Source Select a source address object to use to form the matching tuple.

Destination Select a destination address object to use to form the matching tuple.

Service Select a service object to use to form the matching tuple.

Action l Deny—Drop the traffic.

l Accept—Allow the traffic to pass the firewall.

Reordering

After you have saved a rule, reorder rules as necessary. The rules table is
consulted from top to bottom. The first rule that matches is applied and
subsequent rules are not evaluated.

Configuring the firewall connection limit

The firewall connection limit policy allows or denies traffic based on a matching tuple: source address, destination
address, and service; and connection count. The purpose is to detect anomalous connection requests.

The limit you specify can be based on the following counts:

l Count of concurrent sessions that match the tuple.

l Count of concurrent sessions from a single host that match the tuple.
The FortiADC system evaluates firewall connection limit policy rules before other rules. It matches traffic against
the connection limit table, beginning with the first rule. If no rule matches, the connection is forwarded for further
processing. If a rule matches, and the limit has not been reached, the connection is forwarded for further
processing. If a rule matches and the limit has been reached, the connection is dropped.

By default, if firewall connection limit rules are not configured, the system does not perform connection limit
policy processing. The firewall connection limit can be configured for non-SLB traffic and for Layer 7 SLB traffic,
but not Layer 4 SLB traffic.

Note: The purpose of the firewall connection limit is distinct from the virtual server connection limit. The firewall
connection limit setting is a security setting; the virtual server connection limit is a capacity setting.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding and knowledge of the capacity of your backend servers.
l You must have created the address configuration objects and service configuration objects that define the matching
tuple in your connection limit rules.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Firewall settings.

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To configure a firewall connection limit:

1. Click Network Security > [Firewall Connection Limit | IPv6 Connection Limit].
2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 65.
4. Save the configuration.
5. Reorder rules, as necessary.
 Table 65: Connection limit configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Ingress Select the interface that receives traffic.

Interface

Egress Select the interface that forwards traffic.

Interface

Source Select a source address object to use to form the matching tuple.

Destination Select a destination address object to use to form the matching tuple.

Service Select a service object to use to form the matching tuple.

Type Specify whether the limit is per rule or per host.

Side When the connection limit is per host, specify whether the connection counter
gets incremented when the host IP address appears in:

l Source—Only increment the counter if the host is the source address.

l Destination—Only increment the counter if the host is the destination address.
l Both—Increment the counter if the host is the source or destination address.

Limit Maximum concurrent sessions. The default is 1,048,576.

Reordering

After you have saved a rule, reorder rules as necessary. The rules table is
consulted from top to bottom. The first rule that matches is applied and
subsequent rules are not evaluated.

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 Configuring the firewall connection limit Chapter 8: Web Application Firewall

Chapter 8: Web Application Firewall

You use web application firewall policies to scan HTTP requests and responses against known attack signatures
and methods and filter matching traffic. This section includes the following topics:

l Web application firewall basics

l Web application firewall configuration overview
l Configuring a WAF Profile
l Configuring a Web Attack Signature policy
l Configuring a URL Protection policy
l Configuring a HTTP Protocol Constraint policy
l Configuring an SQL/XSS Injection Detection policy
l Configuring WAF Exception objects
l Configuring a Bot Detection policy

Web application firewall basics

A web application firewall (WAF) is a security policy enforcement point positioned between a client endpoint and
a web application. The primary purpose is to prevent attacks against the web servers. A WAF is deployed
separately from the web application so that the process overhead required to perform security scanning can be
offloaded from the web server, and policies can be administered from one platform to many servers.

A WAF uses methods that complement perimeter security systems, such as the FortiGate next-generation
firewall. The FortiADC WAF module applies a set of policies to HTTP scanpoints, which are parsed contexts of an
HTTP transaction.

Figure 47 illustrates the scanpoints. In the WAF policy configurations, you have options to enable rules to detect
attacks at the request line, query string, filename, URI, request headers, request body, response code, or
response body.

In particular:

l Web Attack Signature policy—The signature database includes signatures that can detect known attacks and
exploits that can be found in 22 scanpoints. In your policy configuration, you choose classes of scanpoints to
process: HTTP Headers, HTTP Request Body, and HTTP Response Body.
l URL Protection policy—This policy enables you to create rules that detect patterns in the URI or the file extension.
l HTTP Protocol Constraint policy—This policy enables you to create rules that restrict URI, header, and body length;
HTTP method, or HTTP response code.
l SQL/XSS Injection Detection policy—This policy includes rules to detect SQL/XSS injection in the HTTP Request
URI, HTTP Referer Header, HTTP Cookie Header, or HTTP Request Body.
l Bot Detection—This policy includes rules to detect Bots. A Bot is an application that runs automated tasks over the
Internet.The WAF supports two methods for detecting bad Bots: signature detection and behavior detection. You
can also also use whitelists to exclude known trusted sources (good Bots) from detection.
Policy rules are enforced (action taken) when scanning is completed at four checkpoints:

l HTTP Request Header

l HTTP Request Body

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l HTTP Response Header

l HTTP Response Body
If the HTTP Request Header violates a rule, and the action is Deny, the attempted session is dropped and
scanning for the transaction stops. If the action is Alert, the event is logged and rules processing continues.

Figure  47:  HTTP scanpoints

Web application firewall configuration overview

Figure 48 shows the relationship between WAF configuration elements. A WAF profile comprises a Web Attack
Signature policy, URL Protection policy, HTTP Protocol Constraint policy, SQL/XSS Injection Detection, and Bot
Detection policy. The profile is applied to a load balancing virtual server, so all traffic routed to the virtual server is
subject to the WAF rules. WAF profiles can be applied to HTTP and HTTPS virtual servers but not HTTP Turbo
virtual servers.

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Figure  48:  WAF configuration overview

Predefined configuration elements

The FortiADC WAF includes many predefined configuration elements to help you get started. It includes
predefined WAF profiles, predefined Web Attack Signature policies, predefined HTTP Protocol Constraint
policies, and predefined SQL/XSS Injection Detection policies.

Severity
The severity ratings for predefined Web Attack Signatures and the default severity rating for feature options like
SQL/XSS Injection Detection are based on the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Risk Rating
Methodology. In order to harmonize the significance of severity levels in logs, we recommend you use this
methodology to assign severity for any custom elements you create.

Exceptions
You can create exceptions so that traffic to specific hosts or URL patterns is not subject to processing by WAF
rules. Exception lists are processed before traffic is inspected. If an exception applies, the traffic bypasses the
WAF module.

Basic Steps
1. Create configuration objects that define the exception.
2. Add the exception to a WAF profile configuration or WAF rule configuration.

Configuring a WAF Profile

A WAF profile references the WAF policies that are to be enforced.

Table 66 describes the predefined profiles. In many cases, you can use predefined profiles to get started.

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 Table 66: Predefined WAF profiles

Predefined Pro-
Description
files

High-Level- l Web Attack Signature policy: High-Level-Security

Security l HTTP Protocol Constraints policy: High-Level-Security
l SQL/XSS Injection Detection policy: High-Level-Security

Medium- l Web Attack Signature policy: Medium-Level-Security

Level-Security l HTTP Protocol Constraints policy: Medium-Level-Security
l SQL/XSS Injection Detection policy: Medium-Level-Security

Alert-Only l Web Attack Signature policy: Alert-Only

l HTTP Protocol Constraints policy: Alert-Only
l SQL/XSS Injection Detection policy: Alert-Only

If desired, you can create user-defined profiles. The maximum number of profiles per VDOM is 255.

Before you begin:

l You can use predefined WAF profiles, create profiles based on predefined feature options, or create profiles based
on user-defined configuration objects. If you want to add user-defined configuration objects, you must create them
before using this procedure to add them to a WAF profile.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Security settings.
After you have created a WAF profile, you can specify it in a virtual server configuration.

To configure a WAF Profile:

1. Go to Security > Web Application Firewall.

2. Click the WAF Profile tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 67.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 67: WAF Profile configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Description A string to describe the purpose of the configuration, to help you and other
administrators more easily identify its use.

Web Attack Select a predefined or user-defined Web Attack Signature configuration object.
Signature

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URL Select a user-defined URL Protection configuration object.

Protection

HTTP Protocol Select a predefined or user-defined HTTP Protocol Constraint configuration

Constraint object.

SQL/XSS Select a predefined or user-defined SQL/XSS Injection Detection configuration

Injection object.
Detection

Exception Select a user-defined exception configuration object. Exceptions identify specific

Name hosts or URL patterns that are not subject to processing by this rule.

Bot Detection Select a user-defined Bot Detection configuration object.

Configuring a Web Attack Signature policy

The FortiGuard Web Attack Signature service provides a database of attack signatures that is updated
periodically to protect against new kinds of attacks. Table 70 summarizes the categories of threats that are
detected by the signatures. The categories are reported in logs.

In the Web Attack Signature policy configuration, you can enable/disable the class of scanpoints and the action
when traffic matches signatures.

There are three classes of scanpoints:

l HTTP Header—Scans traffic against HTTP header signatures. If you enable a policy at all, you are enabling HTTP
header scanning.
l HTTP Request Body—Scans traffic against HTTP request body signatures.
l HTTP Response Body—Scans traffic against HTTP response body signatures.
Header scanning is always a good practice, so enabling a policy always enables header scanning. Body scanning
impacts performance, so you have the option of disabling body scanning if system utilization or latency become
an issue.

You can specify separate actions for three levels of event severity:

l High—We recommend you deny traffic for high severity events.

l Medium—We recommend you deny or alert, according to your preference. To be strict, deny; otherwise, alert.
l Low—We recommend you allow the traffic and log an alert for low severity events.
Table 68 describes the predefined policies. You can select the predefined policies in your WAF profiles, or you
can create policies that enable a different set of scan classes or a different action. In this release, you cannot
exclude individual signatures or create custom signatures. You can enable or disable the scan classes.

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 Table 68: Web Attack Signature predefined policies

Policy Status Action

High-Level- Scan HTTP header—Enabled. High Severity Action—Deny.

Security
Scan HTTP Request Body— Medium Severity Action—Deny.
Enabled.
Low Severity Action—Alert.
Scan HTTP Response Body—
Disabled.

Medium-Level- Scan HTTP header—Enabled. High Severity Action—Deny.

Security
Scan HTTP Request Body— Medium Severity Action—Alert.
Enabled.
Low Severity Action—Alert.
Scan HTTP Response Body—
Disabled.

Alert-Only Scan HTTP header—Enabled. High Severity Action—Alert.

Scan HTTP Request Body— Medium Severity Action—Alert.

Disabled.
Low Severity Action—Alert.
Scan HTTP Response Body—
Disabled.

Basic Steps

1. Configure the connection to FortiGuard so that the system can receive periodic WAF Signature Database
updates. See Configuring FortiGuard service settings.
2. Optionally, if you do not want to use the predefined policies, configure Web Attack Signature policies. See below.
3. When configuring the WAF profile, select a policy that you associate with virtual servers . See Configuring a Web
Attack Signature policy.
Before you begin:

l You must have read-write permission for security settings.

To configure a Web Attack Signature policy:

1. Go to Web Application Firewall.

2. Click the Web Attack Signature tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 69.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 69: Web Attack Signature configuration

Settings Guidelines

Category This dialog provides tools for configuring a Web attack signature policy.

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Settings Guidelines

Name Specify a unique name for the Web attack signature policy and click Save.
Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No space is allowed between
characters.

Note: Once saved, the policy name cannot be changed.

Category This section lists the (main) categories of Web attack signatures within the
system. Do the following to include the desired categories of Web attack
signature in the policy:
1. In the Name column, identify the categories of Web attack signatures of
interest.
2. In the Status column, select (check mark) the categories you like to include
in the policy.
3. In the Action column, select the action you want to apply to the categories
that you select.
4. Double-click the name of a category to view its sub-categories. See Sub-
category below.

Sub-category This section lists the sub-categories of a (main) category of Web attack
signature that you have opened (double-clicked) from above. Do the following
to enable any of the sub-categories of interest:
1. In the Name column, identify the sub-categories of interest.
2. In the Status column, select (check mark) the sub-categories you like to
include in the policy.

Signature This dialog provides tools for searching through and filtering Web attack
signatures available within the system.

Search Use the following options to search for Web attack signatures to display:

l Description—Enter a descriptive text string and click Search.

l ID—Enter a Web attack signature ID and click Search.
l CVE Number—Enter a CVE number related to a Web attack signature and
click Search.
l Clear Search—Click this button to empty all search fields.
Note: Web attack signatures that match your search criterion show up in the
Signature section below the moment you click the corresponding Search
button.

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Settings Guidelines

Filters Use any or a combination of the following filters to filter the Web attack
signatures to be displayed in the Signature section below:

l Category—Click the down arrow and select a (main) category of Web

attack signatures from the drop-down menu.
l Sub-category—Click the down arrow and select a sub-category of the
category of Web attack signatures that you have selected.
l Status —Click the down arrow and select either (Enable or Disable) from
the drop-down menu.
l Severity—Click the down arrow and select High, Medium, or Low from
the drop-down menu.
l With Exception—Click the down arrow and select either (Yes or No) from
the drop-down menu.
l Clear All—Click this button to clear the existing filters. Note: You can also
remove a specific filter by clicking the corresponding x mark.

Signature This section displays all Web attack signatures that match your search and
filter criteria, showing the following information for each Web attack signature:

l ID
l Status
l Name
l Severity
l Target Application
l Exception Name

Signature Detail This section shows detailed information about the Web attack signature that
you've highlighted (clicked) in the Signature section above.

Detail This tab shows the following information about the selected signature:

l Signature ID
l Category
l Sub-category
l Severity
l Target Application
l Description

Edit Signature This tab provides tools for editing a selected Web attack signature. It contains
the following fields:

l Signature ID—(Read only) Shows the ID of the selected signature.

l Status—Click to enable or disable the signature.
l Exception Name—Click the down arrow and select an exception from the
drop-down menu.

Table 70 summarizes the categories of threats that are detected by the signatures.

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 Table 70: Web Attack Signature categories and subcategories

Category (ID) Subcategory (ID)

Cross Site Scripting (1)

SQL Injection (2)

Generic Attacks (3) OS Command Injection (1)

Coldfusion Injection (2)

LDAP Injection (3)

Command Injection (4)

Session Fixation (5)

File Injection (6)

PHP Injection (7)

SSI Injection (8)

UPDF XSS (9)

Email Injection (10)

HTTP Response Splitting (11)

RFI Injection (12)

Trojans (4)

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Category (ID) Subcategory (ID)

Information Disclosure (5) Zope Information Leakage (13)

CF Information Leakage (14)

PHP Information Leakage (15)

ISA Server Existence Revealed (16)

Microsoft Office Document Properties Leakage (17)

CF Source Code Leakage (18)

IIS Information Leakage (19)

Weblogic information leakage (20)

Generic Filename and Directory leakage (21)

ASP/JSP Source Code Leakage (22)

PHP Source Code Leakage (23)

SQL Error leakage (24)

HTTP Header Leakage (25)

WordPress Leakage (26)

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Category (ID) Subcategory (ID)

Known Exploits (6) Oracle 9i (27)

Coppermine Photo Gallery (28)

Netscape Enterprise Server (29)

Cisco IOS HTTP Service (30)

Microsoft SQL Server (31)

HP OpenView Network Node Manager (32)

Best Sofrware SalesLogix (33)

IBM Lotus Domino Web Server (34)

Microsoft IIS (35)

Microsoft Windows Media Services (36)

Dave Carrigan Auth_LDAP (37)

427BB 38)

RaXnet Cacti Graph (39)

CHETCPASSWD (40)

SAP (41)

Credit Card Detection (7)

Bad Robot (8)

Configuring a URL Protection policy

URL protection policies can filter HTTP requests that match specific character strings and file extensions.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Security settings.

After you have configured URL protection policies, you can select them in WAF profiles.

To configure a URL Protection policy:

1. Go to Security > Web Application Firewall.

2. Click the URL Protection tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

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4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 71.

5. Save the configuration.
 Table 71: URL Protection configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

URL Access Rule

Full URL Matching string. Regular expressions are supported.

Pattern

Action l Alert—Allow the traffic and log the event.

l Deny—Drop the traffic, send a 403 Forbidden to the client, and log the event.
The default is alert.

Severity l High—Log as high severity events.

l Medium—Log as a medium severity events.
l Low—Log as low severity events.
The default is low.

Exception Name Select an exception configuration object. Exceptions identify specific hosts or URL pat-
terns that are not subject to processing by this rule.

File Extension Rule

File Extension Matching string. Regular expressions are supported.

Pattern

Action l Alert—Allow the traffic and log the event.

l Deny—Drop the traffic, send a 403 Forbidden to the client, and log the event.
The default is alert.

Severity l High—Log as high severity events.

l Medium—Log as a medium severity events.
l Low—Log as low severity events.
The default is low.

Exception Name Select an exception configuration object. Exceptions identify specific hosts or URL pat-
terns that are not subject to processing by this rule.

Configuring an HTTP Protocol Constraint policy

The HTTP Protocol Constraint policy includes the following rules:

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l HTTP request parameters—Limit the length of URIs, headers, and body to prevent several types of attacks, such
as buffer overflow and denial of service.
l HTTP request methods—Restrict HTTP methods allowed in HTTP requests. For example, do not allow the PUT
method in HTTP requests to prevent attackers from uploading malicious files.
l HTTP response codes—Drop response traffic containing HTTP response codes that might contain information
attackers can use to craft attacks. For example, some HTTP response codes include fingerprint data like web server
version, database version, OS, and so on.
Table 72 describes the predefined policies.
 Table 72: Predefined HTTP protocol constraint policies

Predefined Rules Description

High-Level- Protocol constraints enabled with default values. Action is set to deny. Severity is
Security set to high.

Medium- Protocol constraints enabled with default values. Action is set to alert. Severity is
Level-Security set to medium.

Alert-Only Protocol constraints enabled with default values. Action is set to alert. Severity is
set to low.

If desired, you can create user-defined rules to filter traffic with invalid HTTP request methods or drop packets
with the specified server response codes.

Before you begin:

l You should have a sense of legitimate URI lengths and HTTP request methods for the destination resources.
l You should know whether your servers include application fingerprint information in HTTP response codes.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Security settings.

To configure an HTTP Protocol Constraint policy:

1. Go to Security > Web Application Firewall.

2. Click the HTTP Protocol Constraint tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 73.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 73: HTTP Protocol Constraint configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Enter a unique HTTP protocol constraint policy name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-
z, 0-9, _, and -. No space is allowed.

Note: Once saved, the name of an HTTP protocol constraint policy cannot be
changed.

Request Parameters

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Settings Guidelines

Maximum Maximum characters in an HTTP request URI. The default is 2048. The valid
URI Length range is 1-8192.

Illegal Host Name Enable/disable hostname checks. A domain name must consist of only the ASCII
alphabetic and numeric characters, plus the hyphen. The hostname is checked against
the set of characters allowed by the RFC 2616. Disallowed characters, such as non-
printable ASCII characters or other special characters (for example, '<', '>', and the
like), are a symptom of an attack.

Illegal HTTP Ver- Enable/disable the HTTP version check. Well-formed requests include the version of
sion the protocol used by the client, in the form of HTTP/v where v is replaced by the actual
version number (one of 0.9, 1.0, 1.1). Malformed requests are a sign of traffic that was
not sent from a normal browser and are a symptom of an attack.

Illegal HTTP Mul- Enable/Disable the HTTP body multipart check. If the content-type is multipart media
tipart type, the HTTP body must contain one or more body parts, each preceded by a bound-
ary delimiter line and the last one followed by a closing boundary delimiter line. After
its boundary delimiter line, each body part then consists of a header area, a blank line,
and a body area. Malformed HTTP requests are a sign of traffic that was not sent from
a normal browser and are a symptom of an attack.

Maximum Cookie Maximum number of cookie headers in an HTTP request. The default is 16. The valid
Number In Request range is 1-32.

Maximum Header Maximum number of headers in an HTTP request. The default is 50. Requests with
Number In Request more headers are a symptom of a buffer overflow attack or an attempt to evade detec-
tion mechanisms. The valid configuration range is 1-100.

Maximum Request Maximum characters in an HTTP request header name. The default is 1024. The valid
Header Name range is 1-8192.
Length

Maximum Request Maximum characters in an HTTP request header value. The default is 4096. Longer
Header Value headers might be a symptom of a buffer overflow attack. The valid configuration range
Length is 1-8192.

Maximum URL Maximum characters in a URL parameter name. The default is 1024. The valid range
Parameter Name is 1-2048.
Length

Maximum URL Maximum characters in a URL parameter value. The default is 4096. The valid range
Parameter Value is 1-8192.
Length

Maximum Request Maximum length of the HTTP request header. The default is 8192. The valid range is
Header Length 1-16384.

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Settings Guidelines

Maximum Request Maximum length of the HTTP body. The default is 67108864. The valid range is 1-
Body Length 67108864.

Request Method Rule

Method Select one or more methods to match in the HTTP request line:

l CONNECT
l DELETE
l GET
l HEAD
l OPTIONS
l POST
l PUT
l TRACE
l Others
Note: The first 8 methods are described in RFC 2616. The group Others contains
not commonly used HTTP methods defined by Web Distributed Authoring and
Version (WebDAV) extensions.

Action l Alert—Allow the traffic and log the event.

l Deny—Drop the traffic, send a 403 Forbidden to the client, and log the event.
The default is alert.

Severity l High—Log as high severity events.

l Medium—Log as a medium severity events.
l Low—Log as low severity events.
The default is low.

Exception Select an exception configuration object. Exceptions identify specific hosts or URL pat-
terns that are not subject to processing by this rule.

Response Code Rule

Minimum Start/end of a range of status codes to match. You can specify codes 400 to 599.
Status Code /
Maximum
Status Code

Action l Alert—Allow the traffic and log the event.

l Deny—Drop the traffic, send a 403 Forbidden to the client, and log the event.
The default is alert.

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Settings Guidelines

Severity l High—Log as high severity events.

l Medium—Log as a medium severity events.
l Low—Log as low severity events.
The default is low.

Exception Select an exception configuration object. Exceptions identify specific hosts or URL pat-
terns that are not subject to processing by this rule.

Configuring an SQL/XSS Injection Detection policy

SQL/XSS Injection Detection policies detect SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. Injection
occurs when user-supplied data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. In an SQL injection
attack, attackers craft HTTP requests that cause SQL queries to be executed directly against the web
application’s database. XSS injection attacks cause a web browser to execute a client-side script.

In contrast to signature-based detection, the WAF SQL and XSS injection detector module detects SQL and XSS
injection through lexical analysis, which is a complementary method and is faster.

The policy enables/disables scanpoints, the action when traffic matches signatures, and the event severity.

You can enable detection in the following scanpoints:

l SQL Injection: URI—Analyzes content in the URI.

l SQL Injection: Referer—Analyzes content in the HTTP Referer header.
l SQL Injection: Cookie—Analyzes content in the HTTP Cookie header.
l SQL Injection: Body—Analyzes content in the HTTP request body.
l XSS Injection: URI—Analyzes content in the URI.
l XSS Detection: Referer—Analyzes content in the HTTP Referer header.
l XSS Detection: Cookie—Analyzes content in the HTTP Cookie header.
l XSS Detection: Body—Analyzes content in the HTTP request body.
Header scanning is recommended. Body scanning impacts performance, so you have the option of disabling body
scanning if system utilization or latency become an issue.

Table 74 describes the predefined policies.

 Table 74: Predefined SQL injection and XSS detection policies

SQL Injection XSS

Predefined
Detection Action Severity Detection Action Severity
Rules

High-Level- All except Deny High All except Deny High

Security Body SQL Body XSS
Injection Injection
Detection Detection

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SQL Injection XSS

Predefined
Detection Action Severity Detection Action Severity
Rules

Medium- Only SQL Deny High None Alert Low

Level- URI SQL
Security Injection
Detection

Alert-Only Only SQL Alert High None Alert Low

URI SQL
Injection
Detection

If desired, you can create user-defined policies.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Security settings.

After you have created an SQL injection/XSS policy, you can specify it in a WAF profile configuration.

To configure an SQL/XSS Injection Detection policy:

1. Go to Security > Web Application Firewall.

2. Click the SQL/XSS Injection Detection tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 75.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 75: SQL/XSS Injection Detection configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

SQL

SQL Injection Enable/disable SQL injection detection.

Detection

URI Detection Enable/disable detection in the HTTP request.

Referer Enable/disable detection in the Referer header.

Detection

Cookie Enable/disable detection in the Cookie header.

Detection

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Settings Guidelines

Body Enable/disable detection in the HTTP Body message.

Detection

Action l Alert—Allow the traffic and log the event.

l Deny—Drop the traffic, send a 403 Forbidden to the client, and log the event.
The default is alert, but we recommend you deny SQL Injection.

Severity l High—Log as high severity events.

l Medium—Log as a medium severity events.
l Low—Log as low severity events.
The default is low, but we recommend you rate this high or medium.

SQL Exception Select an exception configuration object. Exceptions identify specific hosts or URL pat-
Name terns that are not subject to processing by this rule.

XSS

XSS Injection Enable/disable XSS injection detection.

Detection

URI Detection Enable/disable detection in the HTTP request.

Referer Enable/disable detection in the Referer header.

Detection

Cookie Enable/disable detection in the Cookie header.

Detection

Body Enable/disable detection in the HTTP Body message.

Detection

Action l Alert—Allow the traffic and log the event.

l Deny—Drop the traffic, send a 403 Forbidden to the client, and log the event.
The default is alert, but we recommend you deny XSS Injection.

Severity l High—Log matches as high severity events.

l Medium—Log matches as a medium severity events.
l Low—Log matches as low severity events.
The default is low, but we recommend you rate this high or medium.

XSS Exception Select an exception configuration object. Exceptions identify specific hosts or URL pat-
Name terns that are not subject to processing by this rule.

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Configuring WAF Exception objects

Exceptions identify specific hosts or URL patterns that are not subject to processing by WAF rules.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Security settings.

After you have created an exception object, you can specify it in WAF profiles and individual WAF feature rules.

To configure an exception object:

1. Go to Security > Web Application Firewall.

2. Click the Exceptions tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 76.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 76: WAF Exception objects

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Exception Enable/disable setting exceptions by host pattern.

Host Status

Exception Host Matching string. Regular expressions are supported. For example, you can specify
www.example.com, *.example.com, or www.example.* to match a literal host
pattern or a wildcard host pattern.

Exception URL Matching string. Must begin with a URL path separator (/). Regular expressions
are supported. For example, you can specify pathnames and files with
expressions like \/admin, .*\/data\/1.html, or \/data.*.

Configuring a Bot Detection policy

Bot detection policies use signatures and source behavior tracking to detect client traffic likely to be generated by
robots instead of genuine clients. Some bots, such as search engine crawlers, are "good bots" that perform
search indexing tasks that can result in more legitimate users being directed to your site. You enable a whitelist to
permit those. "Bad bots" are known to send traffic that has an negative impact on site availability and integrity,
such as DDoS attacks or content scrapping. You want to block these.

To get started, you can use predefined whitelists (known good bots) and blacklists (known bad bots). You can also
specify a rate limit threshold of HTTP requests/second for sources not matched to either whitelist or blacklist. The
rate limit threshold can be useful in detecting "unknown bots".

In the event of false positives, you can use the user-specified whitelist table to fine-tune detection.

Before you begin:

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l You must configure the connection to FortiGuard so the system can receive periodic WAF Signature Database
updates, including "good bot" and "bad bot" signatures and lists. See Configuring FortiGuard service settings.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Security settings.
After you have configured Bot Detection policies, you can select them in WAF profiles.

To configure a Bot Detection policy:

1. Go to Security > Web Application Firewall.

2. Click the Bot Detection tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 77.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 77: Bot Detection configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Status Enable/disable Bot detection.

Search Engine Enable/disable the predefined search engine spider whitelist. The list is included in
Status WAF signature updates from FortiGuard.

Bad Robot Status Enable/disable the predefined bad robot blacklist. The list is included in WAF sig-
nature updates from FortiGuard.

HTTP Request Specify a threshold (HTTP requests/second/source) to trigger the action. Bots
Rate send HTTP request traffic at extraordinarily high rates. The source is tracked by
source IP address and User-Agent.

The default is 0 (off). The valid range is 0-100,000,000 requests per second.

Action l Alert—Allow the traffic and log the event.

l Deny—Drop the traffic, send a 403 Forbidden to the client, and log the event.
The default is alert.

Severity l High—Log as high severity events.

l Medium—Log as a medium severity events.
l Low—Log as low severity events.
The default is low.

Block Period The default is 3600 seconds. The valid range is 1-3600.

The maximum size of the block IP address table is 100,000 entries. If the table is
full, the earliest entry will be deleted.

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Settings Guidelines

Whitelist

IPv4/Netmask Matching subnet (CIDR format).

URL Pattern Matching string. Regular expressions are supported.

URL Parameter Matching string. Regular expressions are supported.

Name

Cookie Name Matching string. Regular expressions are supported.

User Agent Matching string. Regular expressions are supported.

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Chapter 9: Authentication Management Configuring user groups

Chapter 9: Authentication Management

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Managing administrator users

l Using the local authentication server
l Using a RADIUS authentication server
l Using an LDAP authentication server
l Using Kerberos authentication relay
l "Using HTTP Basic SSO" on page 254
l Configure SAML authentication
l Configuring user groups

Configuring user groups

User groups are authorized by the virtual server authentication policy. The user group configuration references
the authentication servers that contain valid user credentials.

Suggested steps:
1. Configure LDAP and RADIUS servers, if applicable.
2. Configure local users.
3. Configure user groups (reference servers and local users).
4. Configure an authentication policy (reference the user group).
5. Configure the virtual server (reference the authentication policy).
Before you begin:

l You must have created configuration objects for any LDAP and RADIUS servers you want to use, and you must
have created user accounts for local users.
l You must have read-write permission for System settings.
After you have created user groups, you can specify them in the server load balancing authentication policy
configuration.

To configure a user group:

1. Go to Authentication Management > User Group.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 78.
4. Save the configuration.

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 Table 78: User group configuration

Settings Guidelines

User Group Use this page to configure a user group.

Name Specify a unique name for the user group. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-
9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

User Cache Enable to cache the credentials for the remote users (LDAP, RADIUS) once
they are authorized.

Cache Timeout Timeout for cached user credentials. The default is 300 seconds. The valid
range is 1-86,400 seconds.

Authentication Timeout for query sent from FortiADC to a remote authentication server.
Timeout The default is 2,000 milliseconds. The valid range is 1-60,000 milliseconds.

Authentication Log Specify one of the following logging options for authentication events:

l No logging
l Log failed attempts
l Log successful attempts
l Log all (both failed and successful attempts)

Client l HTML Form
Authentication l HTTP
Method

Group Type l Normal—Default. No action is needed.

l SSO—Select to enable single sign-on (SSO) and then populate the fields
below.

Authentication Select an authentication relay profile.

Relay

Authentication Specify the authentication session timeout. Valid values range from 1 to 180
Session Timeout (minutes). The default is 3 (minutes).

SSO Support Disabled by default. When enabled, you must specify the SSO domain. See
below.

SSO Domain Specify the SSO domain.

Note: This field becomes available only when SSO Support is enabled. See
above.

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Settings Guidelines

Log-off URL Specify the log-off URL.

Member Use this page to add members to a user group,

Type Select one of the following:

l Local
l LDAP
l RADIUS

Local User If Type is set to be Local (see above), select a local user (account name).

LDAP Server If Type is set to be LDAP Server (see above), select an LDAP server.

RADIUS Server If Type is set to be RADIUS Server (see above), select a RADIUS server.

Using the local authentication server

You can use a local authentication server to authenticate destination server user logins.

Note: The local authentication server does not have user-initiated password management features, so it does not
easily scale to large groups of users. For large deployments, we recommend using RADIUS or LDAP and
providing instructions for users on how to reset, recover, or change their passwords.

Basic steps:

1. Add user accounts to the local authentication server.

2. Select the local authentication server configuration and username when you create user groups.
Before you begin:

l You must have read-write permission for system settings.

To use a local authentication server:

1. Go to Authentication Management > Local User.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 79.
4. Save the configuration.

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 Table 79: Local authentication server configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Specify a unique name for the user account, such as user1 or
[email protected].

Note: A user name can contain up to 35 characters. Use no space or special

characters except the ‘at’ symbol ( @) or dot (.). Once saved, the user name
cannot be changed.

Password Create a password. The stored password will be encrypted.

Using an LDAP authentication server

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed
directory information services over a network. When using LDAP, authentication clients may send “Bind”
messages to servers for authentication. Depending on the circumstances, clients may send different kinds of
“Bind” messages.

LDAP bind messages

In a server load-balancing client authentication or admin authentication scenario, FortiADC sends a binding
request to the LDAP server for client authentication. Once a client is successfully authenticated, he or she can
then access the LDAP server based on his or her privileges. There are three bind types: simple, anonymous, and
regular.

Simple bind
Simple bind means binding with a client's full name. All clients must be located in the same branch specified with
the DN.

Anonymous bind
Anonymous bind should be used only if the LDAP server allows it. The LDAP server searches for the client in the
entire sub-branches, starting from the specified DN. This bind has two steps: First, FortiADC sends the binding

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request to specify the search entry point. Then, it sends a search request with the specified scope and filter to the
LDAP server to find the given client.

Regular bind
Regular bind can be used when anonymous binding is not allowed on the LDAP server. Regular bind is similar to
anonymous bind. The difference is in the initial step. Unlike anonymous bind, regular bind requires that FortiADC
get the access privileges on the LDAP server with the specified user DN in the first step. After it has obtained the
authorization, FortiADC can then move on to the second step as it does in anonymous bind.

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LDAP over SSL (LDAPS) and StartTLS

LDAP over SSL (LDAPS) and StartTLS are used to encrypt LDAP messages in the authentication process.

LDAPS is a mechanism for establishing an encrypted SSL/TLS connection for LDAP. It requires the use of a
separate port, normally Port 636. StartTLS extended operation is an LDAPv3 standard mechanism for enabling
TLS (SSL) data confidentiality protection. The mechanism uses an LDAPv3 extended operation to establish an
encrypted SSL/TLS connection within an already established LDAP connection.

Configuring LDAP binding
You can use an LDAP authentication server to authenticate administrator or destination server user log-ins.

Basic steps:

1. Configure a connection to an LDAP server that can authenticate administrator or user log-ins.
2. Select the LDAP server configuration when you add administrator users or create user groups.
Before you begin:

l You must know the IP address and port used to access the LDAP server. You must know the CN and DN where user
credentials are stored on the LDAP server.
l You must have read-write permission for system settings.

To select an LDAP server:

1. Go to Authentication Management > Remote Server.

2. Select the LDAP Server tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

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4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 80.

5. Save the configuration.
 Table 80: LDAP server configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Enter the name of LDAP authentication configuration. Valid characters are A-Z, a-
z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Server Enter the IP address of the LDAP server.

Port Enter the port number of the LDAP server. The commonly used port for LDAP is
389.

Common Enter the Common Name (CN) attribute for the LDAP record. For example: cn
Name
Identifier

Distinguished If you know the Distinguished Name (DN) of the LDAP server, enter it now.
Name Otherwise, click the Fetch DN button, which enables FortiADC to search for the
DN based on the IP address of the LDAP server you've entered above. It
automatically populates this field with the DN when it is found.

Note: The DN uniquely identifies the device in the LDAP directory. For example:
cn=John%20Doe,dc=example,dc=com

Fetch DN Click this button to let FortiADC to fetch the LDAP server's DN. See above.

Bind Type l Simple—bind without user search. It can be used only if all the users belong to the
same “branch”.
l Anonymous—bind with user search. It can be used when users are in different
“branches” and only if the server allows “anonymous search”.
l Regular—bind with user search. It can be used when users are in different
“branches” and the server does not allow “anonymous search”.

User DN Available only when Bind Type is "Regular". In that case, enter the user DN.

Password Available only when Bind Type is "Regular". In that case, enter the user password.

Secure l Disable
Connection
l LDAPS
l STARTTLS

CA Profile This field becomes available only when Secure Connection is set to LDAPS or
STARTTLS, regardless of the Bind type being selected. In that case, you can either
select a CA that has already been provisioned to secure the connection. You may
also leave the field blank if you do not want to secure the connection.

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Using a RADIUS authentication server

You can use a RADIUS authentication server to authenticate administrator or destination server user log-ins.

Basic steps:

1. Configure a connection to a RADIUS server that can authenticate administrator or user log-ins.
2. Select the RADIUS server configuration when you add administrator users or user groups.
Before you begin:

l You must know the IP address, port, authentication protocol, and shared secret used to access the RADIUS server.
l You must have read-write permission for system settings.

To create a RADIUS server configuration:

1. Go to Authentication Management > Remote Server.

2. Select the RADIUS Server tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 81.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 81: RADIUS server configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Server IP address for the server.

Port Port number for the server. The commonly used port for RADIUS is 1812.

Shared Secret Shared secret string used when connecting to the server.

Authentication l PAP—Password authentication protocol.

Type l CHAP—Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol.
l MS-CHAP—Microsoft version of CHAP.
l MS-CHAPv2—Microsoft version of CHAP, version 2.

Using Kerberos Authentication Relay

Kerberos authentication is a computer authentication protocol that works on the basis of tickets (i.e., credentials).
It provides several authentication choices, allowing nodes to communicate over a non-secure network to verify
each others' identity securely via a Key Distribution Center (KDC) and Service Tickets (STs). It is primarily used for
the client-server authentication model and provides mutual authentication by which both the client and the server
verify each others' identity.

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Kerberos authentication is built upon symmetric key cryptography and requires a trusted third party, and may also
resort to the use of public-key cryptography in certain phases of the authentication process. By default, Kerberos
Authentication Relay uses UDP port 88.

The Kerberos authentication consists of the following logical components:

l Client
l Authentication Server (AS)
l Ticket Granting Server (TGS)
l Service Server (SS)
Often, the AS and TGS are located on the same physical server, i.e., the KDC.

Authentication Workflow
The following paragraphs highlights the workflow of Kerberos authentication configuration.

Step 1: Client authentication

The client sends a cleartext message of the user ID to the Authentication Server (AS ) requesting services on
behalf of the user. Note that neither the secret key nor the password is sent to the AS. The AS generates the
secret key by hashing the password of the user found at the database, e.g., Active Directory in Windows Server.
The AS then checks to see if the client is in its database. If it is, the AS sends back the following two messages to
the client:

l Message A: Client/TGS Session Key encrypted using the secret key of the client/user.
l Message B: Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) which includes the client ID, client network address, ticket validity period,
and the client/TGS session key encrypted using the secret key of the TGS.
Once the client receives Messages A and B, it attempts to decrypt Message A with the secret key generated from
the password entered by the user. If the user entered password does not match the password in the AS database,
the client's secret key will be different and thus unable to decrypt Message A. With a valid password and secret
key, the client decrypts Message A to obtain the Client/TGS Session Key. This session key is used for further
communications with the TGS. Note that the client cannot decrypt Message B, as it is encrypted using TGS's
secret key. At this point, the client has enough information to authenticate itself to the TGS.

Step 2: Client service authorization

When requesting services, the client sends the following messages to the TGS:

l Message C: Composed of the TGT from Message B and the ID of the requested service.
l Message D: Authenticator, which is composed of the client ID and the time-stamp, encrypted using the Client/TGS
Session Key.
Upon receiving Messages C and D, the TGS retrieves Message B out of Message C. It decrypts Message B using
the TGS secret key. This gives the TGS the "client/TGS session key". Using this key, the TGS decrypts Message
D (Authenticator) and sends the following two messages to the client:

l Message E: Client-to-server ticket, which includes the client ID, client network address, validity period, and
Client/Server Session Key, encrypted using the service's secret key.
l Message F: Client/Server Session Key encrypted with the Client/TGS Session Key.

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Step 3: Client service request

Upon receiving Messages E and F from the TGS, the client has enough information to authenticate itself to the
SS. The client connects to the SS and sends the following two messages:

l Message E: From the previous step (the client-to-server ticket, encrypted using the service's secret key).
l Message G: A new Authenticator, which includes the client ID and time-stamp encrypted using the Client/Server
Session Key.
The SS decrypts the ticket using its own secret key to retrieve the Client/Server Session Key. Using the sessions
key, the SS decrypts the Authenticator and sends the following message to the client to confirm its true identity
and willingness to serve the client:

l Message H: The time-stamp found in client's Authenticator, plus 1 in version 4, (but not necessary in version 5[2]
[3]), encrypted using the Client/Server Session Key.
The client decrypts the confirmation using the Client/Server Session Key and checks whether the time-stamp is
correct. If it is correct, then the client can trust the server and start issuing service requests to the server.

The server provides the requested services to the client.

FortiADC Kerberos authentication implementation

Implementation of Kerberos authentication involves the following configurations in FortiADC:

l Authentication Relay. See the following pragraph.

l User Group. See "Configuring user groups" on page 244.
l Authentication Policy. See "Configuring authentication policies" on page 152
l Virtual Server. See "Configuring virtual servers" on page 158

Configure Authentication Relay (Kerberos)

Use the following steps to configure Kerberos authentication:
1. Click Authentication Management > Authentication Relay.
2. Click Add to open the configuration editor dialog.
3. Make the desired entries or selections as described in the table below.
4. Click Save when done.
 Table 82: Kerberos authentication configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Specify the name of the authentication relay configuration.

Delegation Type Select Kerberos.

KDC IP Enter the IP address of the KDC.

KDC Port 88

Realm Specify the realm in all upper-case characters.

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Settings Guidelines

Delegator Account Specify the delegator account. Required.

Delegator Pass- Specify the delegator password. Required.

word

Authorization Select either of the following:

l HTTP Error 401—If selected, FortiADC relays the authentication credentials

only when it encounters an HTTP Error 401 (Unauthorized) from the back-end
server.
l Always—If selected, FortiADC relays the authentication credentials all the
time.

Delegated SPN Specify the delegated SPN. Required.

Domain Prefix Sup- Disabled by default. When selected, specify the domain prefix below.
port

Domain Prefix Enter the domain prefix only when Domain Prefix Support is enabled. See above.

Using HTTP Basic SSO

When an application uses a Credentials Management API to prompt for user credentials, you must enter the
required information that can be validated either by the operating system or by the web application. You can
specify your domain credentials information in either of the following formats:

l User Principal Name (UPN)

l Down-Level Logon Name
The UPN format is used to specify an Internet-style name, such as [email protected]. The
following table presents an anatomy of a UPN:

 Table 83: Anatomy of a UPN

Component Comment Example

User name The name of an account JohnDoeII

Separator The at sign (@) @

UPN suffix Also known as the domain name Example.Fortinet.com

The down-level logon name format specifies a domain and a user account in that domain, for example,
DOMAIN\UserName. The following table highlights the components of a down-level logon name:

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 Table 84: Anatomy of a down-level logon name

Component Description Example

NetBIOS domain Domain name Domain

name

Separator The backslash (\) \

User account name Also known as the login name User name

FortiADC supports HTTP basic SSO when Client Authentication Method is set to be either HTML Form
Authentication or HTML Basic Authentication.

For HTTP basic SSO, FortiADC forwards the client’s credentials to the web application via the HTTP
“Authorization” header. For example, username/password "user1/fortinet" from a client is added to
the HTTP header in the format "Authorization: Basic dXNlcjE6Zm9ydGluZXQ=", and then
forwarded to the back-end web application.

You can use either UPN or down-level logon name to log into a web application, and FortiADC adds the domain
offload of your logon name for your convenience. Automatically adding the default domain prefix enables you to
log in using your user name alone in environments where both user name and domain name are required for the
same purpose. This feature comes in handy when you forget your domain name while trying to log into a web
application..

Configure HTTP Basic SSO

Use the following steps to configure Kerberos authentication:
1. Click Authentication Management > Authentication Relay.
2. Click Add to open the configuration editor dialog.
3. Make the desired entries or selections as described in the table below.
4. Click Save when done.
 Table 85: Kerberos authentication configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Specify the name of the authentication relay configuration.

Delegation Type Select HTTP Basic

Authorization Select either of the following:

l HTTP Error 401—If selected, FortiADC relays the authentication credentials

only when it encounters an HTTP 401 error from the back-end server.
l Always—If selected, FortiADC relays the authentication credentials all the
time.

Domain Prefix Sup- Disabled by default. When selected, you must specify the domain prefix, as
port described below.

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Settings Guidelines

Domain Prefix Enter the domain prefix only when you've enabled Domain Prefix Support. See
above.

SAML and SSO

Web Single Sign-on (SSO) is an approach that allows single sign-on (SSO) for multiple web applications that have
established a common agreement on how to exchange user information. End users provide their credentials only
once and are recognized by all of the Web applications, even if they are deployed in different domains and use
different identity stores. Web SSO also allows the use of a single identity store by all of the Web apps.

Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) defines an XML-based framework for describing and exchanging
security information among online business entities. It is the most popular protocol for implementing Web SSO.

The SAML protocol has two components—the Service Provider (SP) and the Identify Provider (IDP). They use
SAML-defined formatted XML to talk to each other and deliver the identity information called Authentication
Assertion.

FortiADC support SAML 2.0, which offers the following benefits:

l Provides support for service provider (SP) and Identity Provider (IDP) Metadata
l Provides single sign-on (SSO) experience for all virtual server resources linked with the user log-in
Functioning as an SP, FortiADC supports the following IDPs:

l FortiAuthenticator (Factory default)

l Shibboleth
l OpenAM/OpenSSO

Configure a SAML service provider

You must configure your SPs in order to use SAML authentication. To configure an SP, you mus have the
required IDP metadata file imported into FortiADC ahead of time. See "Import IDP Metadata" on page 258 for
more information.

Once you have imported the needed IDP metadata file into FortiADC, you can use the following steps to
configure a SAML service provider:
1. Click Authentication Management > SAML.
2. Select the SAML Service Providers tab, if it is not selected.
3. Click Add to open the SAML Service Providers configuration editor.
4. Make the desired entries or selections, as described in the table below.
5. Click Save when done.

 Table 86: Configure a SAML service provider

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Parameter Description

SAML Service Pro- Use this page to configure an SAML service provider.

viders

Name Specify a unique name for the SAML service provider.

Entity ID Specify the SAML service provider's entity ID, which is the SAML service
provider's URL.

Local Certification Select an option. The default is Factory.

Service URL /SSO

Assertion Con- Post.

suming Service Bind-
ing Type

Assertion Con- /SAML2/Post

suming Service Path

Single Logout Bind- Post

ing Type

Single Logout Path /SLO/Logout

IDP Metadata Select an IDP metadata file.

Note: You must have the IDP metadata file imported into FortiADC ahead of
time.

Metadata Export Ser- /Metadata

vice Location

Authentication Ses- 28800

sion Lifetime

Authentication Ses- 3600

sion Timeout

SSO Status Enable(d) by default, which allows FortiADC to forward SSO information to the
real server, which in turn gets the authentication information and implements
the SSO function.

Export Assertion Enabled by default, which allows FortiADC to send authentication assertions
Status (.i.e., identity information) to the real server that requests the information.

Export Assertion /GetAssertion

Path

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Parameter Description

Export Cookie Status Enable(d) by default, which allows FortiADC to send to the real server the cookie
of a site that the user last visited.

Export Assertion
ACL

IP Netmask Enter the IP address of the real server (or the IP Netmask if the real server is one
of a group of real servers) that requests authentication assertions.

Import IDP Metadata

A SAML metadata file provides the information of a client, such as its entity ID, credential, and so on. It also
contains a of couple of URLs so that the server knows where to send different requests, e.g., log-in requests,
attribute query requests, etc. You need to import this metadata to your SAML component so that it knows which
client it should talk to.

Another purpose is to establish a trust relationship between the Service Provider (SP) and Identity Provider (IdP).
In this case, SAML metadata is used to exchange configuration information between the SP and the IdP, and vice
verse. The metadata can be signed and encrypted so that the data is transferred securely. The other side may
need the corresponding public key to validate and decrypt it and then can be used to understand and establish the
connection with the SP or IdP

To import a SAML IDP metadata file:

1. Click Authentication Management > SAML.
2. Select the IDP Metadata tab.
3. Click Import.
4. Follow the instructions onscreen to import the IDP metadata file.

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Chapter 10: Shared Resources Configuring health checks

Chapter 10: Shared Resources

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Configuring health checks

l Creating schedule groups
l Creating IPv4 address objects
l Configuring IPv4 address groups
l Configuring IPv6 address objects
l Configuring IPv6 address groups
l Managing the ISP address books
l Creating service objects
l Creating service groups

Configuring health checks

In server load balancing deployments, the system uses health checks to poll the members of the real server pool
to test whether an application is available. You can also configure additional health checks to poll related servers,
and you can include results for both in the health check rule. For example, you can configure an HTTP health
check test and a RADIUS health check test. In a web application that requires user authentication, the web server
is deemed available only if the web server and the related RADIUS server pass the health check.

In link load balancing deployments, the health check can poll either the ISP link group member itself or a “beacon”
server that is deployed on the other side of the ISP link. A beacon is an IP address that must be reachable in order
for the link to be deemed available. A beacon can be any IP address, such as a main office, core router, or virtual
server at another data center.

If you expect a backend server is going to be unavailable for a long period, such as
when it is undergoing hardware repair, it is experiencing extended down time, or when
you have removed it from the server farm, you can improve the performance of the
FortiADC system by setting the status of the pool member to Disabled, rather than
allowing the system to continue to attempt health checks.

Table 87 describes the predefined health checks. You can get started with these or create custom objects.
 Table 87: Predefined health check configuration objects

Predefined Description

LB_HLTHCK_HTTP Sends a HEAD request to the server port 80. Expects the server to
return an HTTP 200.

LB_HLTHCK_HTTPS Sends a HEAD request to the server port 443. Expects the server to
return an HTTP 200.

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Predefined Description

LB_HLTHCK_ICMP Pings the server.

LB_HLTHCK_TCP_ Sends a TCP echo to server port 7. Expects the server to respond with
ECHO the corresponding TCP echo.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of TCP/IP and knowledge of the services running on your backend servers.
l You must know the IP address, port, and configuration details for the applications running on backend servers. For
some application protocol checks, you must specify user credentials.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Load Balance settings.
After you have configured a health check, you can select it in the SLB server pool, LLB link group, or GLB server
configuration.

To configure a health check:

1. Go to Shared Resources > Health Check.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Select one of the following options:

l ICMP l FTP
l TCP Echo l TCP Half Open
l TCP Connection
l HTTP l TCP SSL
l HTTPS l SNMP
l DNS l SSH
l RADIUS l L2 Detection
l SMTP l UDP
l POP3 l SIP
l IMAP4 l SIP-TCP
l RADIUS Accounting l SNMP-Custom
l RSTP
l MySQL

4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 88.

5. Save the configuration.

You can clone a predefined configuration object to help you get started with a
user-defined configuration.

To clone a configuration object, click the clone icon that appears in the tools
column on the configuration summary page.

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 Table 88: Health check configuration

Settings Guidelines

General

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Type Select a type of health check.

Destination l IPv4
Address Type l IPv6

Destination IP address to send health check traffic.

Address
In server load balancing deployments, if you do not specify an IP address, the real
server IP address is used. You might configure IP address for a health check if you
are configuring a combination of health checks to poll related servers.

In link load balancing deployments, if you do not specify an IP address, the

destination IP address is the address of the gateway. You can configure IP
address if you want to test connectivity to a beacon on the other side of the
gateway, or if you want to test whether service traffic is allowed to pass through
the link.

Hostname For HTTP or HTTPS health checks, you can specify the hostname (FQDN)
instead of the destination IP address. This is useful in VM environments where
multiple applications have the same IP address.

Interval Seconds between each health check. Should be more than the timeout to prevent
overlapping health checks. The default is 10.

Timeout Seconds to wait for a reply before assuming that the health check has failed. The
default is 5.

Up Retry Attempts to retry the health check to confirm server availability. The default is 1.

Down Retry Attempts to retry the health check to see if a down server has become available.
The default is 1.

Specifics

ICMP

No specific Simple ping to test connectivity.

options

TCP Echo

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Settings Guidelines

No specific Simple ping to test connectivity.

options

TCP / TCP Half Open Connection / UDP

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually HTTP is 80, FTP is 21, DNS
is 53, POP3 is 110, IMAP4 is 143, RADIUS is 1812, and SNMP is 161.

TCP SSL

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually HTTP is 80, FTP is 21, DNS
is 53, POP3 is 110, IMAP4 is 143, RADIUS is 1812, and SNMP is 161.

SSL Ciphers Default selections are recommended.

Local Cert For TCP SSL only. Click the down arrow and select a local SSL Health Check
Client certificate from the list menu. The certificate titled "Factory" is the default
certificate shipped with your FortiADC. The rest, if any, are the custom
certificates that you have created.

HTTP/HTTPS

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually HTTP is 80. If testing an
HTTP proxy server, specify the proxy port.

SSL Ciphers For HTTPS only. Default selections are recommended.

Local Cert For HTTPS only. See TCP / TCP Half Open Connection / TCP SSL / UDP above.

HTTP If the real server pool members are HTTP proxy servers, specify an HTTP
CONNECT CONNECT option:

l Local CONNECT—Use HTTP CONNECT to test the tunnel connection through the
proxy to the remote server. The member is deemed available if the request returns
status code 200 (OK).
l Remote CONNECT—Use HTTP CONNECT to test both the proxy server response
and remote server application availability. If you select this option, you can configure
an HTTP request within the tunnel. For example, you can configure an HTTP
GET/HEAD request to the specified URL and the expected response.
l No CONNECT—Do not use the HTTP CONNECT method. This option is the
default. The HTTP CONNECT option is useful to test the availability of proxy servers
only.
See the FortiADC Deployment Guide for FortiCache for an example that uses
this health check.

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Settings Guidelines

Remote Host If you use HTTP CONNECT to test proxy servers, specify the remote server IP
address.

Remote Port If you use HTTP CONNECT to test proxy servers, specify the remote server port.

Method Type HTTP method for the test traffic:

l HTTP GET—Send an HTTP GET request to the server. A response to an HTTP GET
request includes HTTP headers and HTTP body.
l HTTP HEAD—Send an HTTP HEAD request. A response to an HTTP HEAD request
includes HTTP headers only.

Send String The request URL, such as /contact.php.

Receive String A string expected in return when the HTTP GET request is successful.

Status Code The health check sends an HTTP request to the server. Specify the HTTP status
code in the server reply that indicates a successful test. Typically, you use status
code 200 (OK). Other status codes indicate errors.

Match Type What determines a failed health check?

l Match String
l Match Status
l Match All (match both string and status)
Not applicable when using HTTP HEAD. HTTP HEAD requests test status code
only.

DNS

Domain Name The FQDN, such as www.example.com, to use in the DNS A/AAAA record health
check.

Address Type l IPv4

l IPv6

Host Address IP address that matches the FQDN, indicating a successful health check.

RADIUS / RADIUS Accounting

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually RADIUS is 1812 and
RADIUS accounting is 1813.

Username User name of an account on the backend server.

Password The corresponding password.

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Settings Guidelines

Password l User—If the backend server does not use CHAP, select this option.
Type l CHAP—If the backend server uses CHAP and does not require a secret key, select
this option.

Secret Key The secret set on the backend server.

NAS IP NAS IP address RADIUS attribute (if the RADIUS server requires this attribute to
Address make a connection).

SIP / SIP-TCP

Port Specify the port number. Valid values range from 0 to 65535.

SIP Request Specify the SIP request type to be used for health checks:
Type
l SIP Options
l SIP Register

Status Code The expected response code. If not set, response code 200 is expected. Specify 0 if
any reply should indicate the server is available.

SMTP

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually SMTP is 25.

Domain Name The FQDN, such as www.example.com, to use in the SMTP HELO request used
for health checks.

If the response is OK (250), the server is considered as up. If there is error

response (501) or no response at all, the server is considered down.

POP3

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually POP3 is 110.

Username User name of an account on the backend server.

Password The corresponding password.

IMAP4

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually IMAP4 is 143.

Username User name of an account on the backend server.

Password The corresponding password.

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Settings Guidelines

Folder Select an email mailbox to use in the health check. If the mailbox does not exist
or is not accessible, the health check fails. The default is INBOX.

FTP

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually FTP is 21.

User name User name of an account on the backend server.

Password The corresponding password.

File Specify a file that exists on the backend server. Path is relative to the initial login
path. If the file does not exist or is not accessible, the health check fails.

Passive Select this option if the backend server uses passive FTP.

SNMP

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually SNMP is 161 or 162.

CPU Maximum normal CPU usage. If overburdened, the health check fails.

Memory Maximum normal RAM usage. If overburdened, the health check fails.

Disk Maximum normal disk usage. If the disk is too full, the health check fails.

Agent type l UCD

l Windows 2000

Community Must match the SNMP community string set on the backend server. If this does
not match, all SNMP health checks fail.

Version SNMP v1 or v2c.

CPU Weight 100

Memory 100
Weight

Disk Weight 100

SNMP-Custom

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually SNMP is 161 or 162.

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Settings Guidelines

Community Must match the SNMP community string set on the backend server. If this does
not match, all SNMP health checks fail.

Version SNMP v1 or v2c.

OID String specifying the OID to query

Value Type Abstract syntax notation (ASN) value type:

l ASN_INTEGER
l ASN_OCTET_STR
l ASN_OBJECT_ID
l ASN_COUNTER
l ASN_UINTEGER

Compare Type l Equal

l Less
l Greater

Counter Value Specify the value for the evaluation.

SSH

Port Listening port number of the backend server. Usually SSH is 22.

Username Username for test login.

Password Corresponding password.

L2 Detection

No specific Link Layer health checker. Sends ARP (IPv4) or NDP (IPv6) packets to test
options whether a physically connected system is available.

RTSP

Port Specify the listening port number. Valid values range from 0 to 65535.

RTSP Method RTSP Options

Type

Status Code 200

MySQL

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Settings Guidelines

Port Specify the listening port number of the MySQL server. Valid values range from 0
to 65535.

Username Specify the database user name. (Optional)

Password Specify the database password, if applicable.

MySQL Server Select either of the following:

Type
l Master (Default)
l Slave

In SLB deployments, a health check port configuration specifying port 0 acts as a

wildcard.The port for health check traffic is imputed from the real server pool
member.

In LLB and GLB deployments, specifying port 0 is invalid because there is no

associated configuration to impute a proper port. If your health check port
configuration specifies port 0, you will not be able to use it in an LLB or GLB
configuration.

Monitoring health check status

FortiADC enables you to monitor the health of server in real time directly from your desktop, as described below.
1. Click Shared Resources > Health Check.
2. Click the Health Check Monitor tab.
3. Configure the health check monitor as described in the table below.
4. Click Start to perform the health check. The result will show in the Monitor Information.
 Table 89: Checking server health

Parameter Description

IP Address Enter the IP address of the remote server.

Health Check Select the health check configuration.

Port Enter the port number, if applicable. Note: This field is available only
for health check configurations that require port numbers.

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Creating schedule groups Chapter 10: Shared Resources

Creating schedule groups

You create schedule objects to use in link load balancing policies. A policy rule can be time-bound: one time,
daily, weekly, or monthly.

Basic Steps

1. Create a schedule object.

2. Select the schedule when you configure the link policy.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To create schedule objects:

1. Go to Shared Resources > Schedule Group.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Give the schedule a name, save it, and add schedule members as described in Table 90.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 90: Schedule member configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Unique group name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Member

Name Unique member name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Type l One Time

l Daily
l Weekly
l Monthly

Start Date YYYY/MM/DD.

End Date YYYY/MM/DD.

Start Time HH:MM.

End Time HH:MM.

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 Chapter 10: Shared Resources Creating IPv4 address objects

Creating IPv4 address objects

You create address objects to specify matching source and destination addresses in policies.

The following policies use address objects:

l Firewall policies
l QoS policies
l Connection limit policies
l Link load balancing policies
Note: For link load balancing, you can also add address objects to address groups, which can then be used in link
load balance policies.

Basic Steps

1. Create address objects.

2. Select them when you configure address groups or policies.
Note: Before you begin, you must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To create an address object:

1. Click Shared Resources > Address.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 91.
4. Click Save.
 Table 91: Address object configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Type l IPv4/Netmask
l Address Range

IPv4/Netmask Specify a subnet using the IP address/mask notation.

(or
IPv6/Netmask)

Address Specify the start and end of an address range.

Range

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Configuring IPv4 address groups

You configure address group objects when you have more than one address object you want to specify in rules
that match source or destination addresses. For example, if you subscribe customer 1 and customer 2 to a group
of links, then you can create rules that match the customer 1 OR customer 2 address space and load balance the
set of gateways assigned to them.

The following policies use address groups:

l Link load balancing policies

Basic Steps

1. Create address objects.

2. Configure address group objects. You can add up to 256 members in a group.
3. Select the address groups when you configure your policies.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure an address group:

1. Click Shared Resources > Address.

2. Click the Address Group tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 92.
5. Click Save.
 Table 92: Address Group configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Member List

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Address Select an address object.

Creating IPv6 address objects

You create address objects to specify matching source and destination addresses in policies.

The following policies use address objects:

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Chapter 10: Shared Resources Configuring IPv6 address groups

l Firewall policies
l QoS policies
l Connection limit policies
l Link load balancing policies
Note: For link load balancing, you can also add address objects to address groups, which can then be used in link
load balance policies.

Basic Steps

1. Create address objects.

2. Select them when you configure address groups or policies.
Note: Before you begin, you must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To create an address object:

1. Click Shared Resources > IPv6 Address.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 93.
4. Click Save.
 Table 93: IPv6 Address object configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Type l IPv6/Netmask
l Address Range

IPv4/Netmask Specify a subnet using the IP address/mask notation.

(or
IPv6/Netmask)

Address Specify the start and end of an address range.

Range

Configuring IPv6 address groups

You configure address group objects when you have more than one address object you want to specify in rules
that match source or destination addresses. For example, if you subscribe customer 1 and customer 2 to a group
of links, then you can create rules that match the customer 1 OR customer 2 address space and load balance the
set of gateways assigned to them.

The following policies use address groups:

l Link load balancing policies

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Managing ISP address books Chapter 10: Shared Resources

Basic Steps

1. Create address objects.

2. Configure address group objects. You can add up to 256 members in a group.
3. Select the address groups when you configure your policies.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure an address group:

1. Click Shared Resources > Address.

2. Click the IPv6 Address Group tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 94.
5. Click Save.
 Table 94: Address Group configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Member List

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Address Select an address object.

Managing ISP address books

ISP address books contain IP subnet addresses and associated province location settings for ISP links.

The following policies use the ISP address book objects:

l ISP routes
l LLB proximity routes
l LLB policies
l GLB data center configuration
The province setting is used in GLB deployments in China to enable location awareness that is province-specific.
For example, a user can be directed to a data center in specific location inside the country, such as Beijing or
Guangdong, rather than simply China.

Figure 49 shows the three types of address book entries:

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l Predefined—Addresses and associated province location settings for China Mobile, China Telecom, and China
Unicom. The IP subnet addresses in the predefined address books are not exposed in the user interface. The
predefined package is provided to make it easier for you to configure a route when all you know and all you need to
know is the name of the ISP that hosts the link.
l Restored—Addresses imported from a text file. The IP subnet addresses in the restored address books are not
exposed in the user interface. “Restored” addresses can help you rapidly build an ISP address book configuration.
“Restored” addresses can help you rapidly build an ISP address book configuration.
l User-defined—In the ISP address configuration, you can modify the predefined and restored address books by
specifying subnets to add or exclude from them. This gives you flexibility in case you encounter address conflicts or
the ISP instructs you to add a subnet address manually.
You can also create new user-defined entries for other ISPs.

Note: In systems with multiple VDOMs, these commands apply to the current VDOM only. In other words, if you
configure an exclusion, it is applicable to the current VDOM only; it does not change the predefined address book.

You can use the Inquire utility to see whether an IP address belongs to any of the address books. If an address
can be found in more than one address book, the results are returned in the following priority:
1. User-defined
2. Restored
3. Predefined
Figure  49: ISP address book types

The text file for the Restored entries has the following format:
#this is a comment line
ISP name:ABC
Province:Beijing

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1.1.1.0/24
Province:Unknown
2.2.0.0 255.255.0.0
#this is a comment line too
3.3.3.3/32
ISP name:DEF
Province:Shanghai
4.4.4.0 255.255.255.0
5.5.0.0/16

You use the Restore utility to import the file and the Back Up utility to export it.

You use the Clean utility to erase entries that were imported from the text file. The clean operation does not
affect the predefined addresses or user-configured entries. If a restored entry has user-configured elements (for
example, an exclude list), the clean operation clears the addresses but preserves the configuration and converts it
to a user-defined type.

Basic Steps

1. Create ISP address objects.

2. Select them when you configure your policies.
Note: Before you begin, you must have read-write permission for System settings.

Create an ISP address book object

To create an ISP address book object:

1. Click Shared Resource > Address.

2. Click the ISP Address tab.
3. Click Add. The ISP Address dialog opens.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 95.
5. Click Save.
 Table 95: ISP address object configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Address Address/mask notation specifying a subnet to add it to the address book

entry.

Excluded Address Address/mask notation specifying a subnet to be excluded from the address
book entry. Create exclusions to predefined and restored address books only.

Note: This field applies to predefined and restored address books only; it is
not applicable or available for user-defined address books.

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Settings Guidelines

Province Select the associated province location. The configuration supports the
following selections:

Anhui Henan Shanxi

(Taiyuan)
Beijing Hubei
Shanxi
Chongqing Hunan
(Xian)
Fujian Jiangsu
Sichuan
Gansu Jiangxi
Tianjin
Guangdong Jilin Liaoning
Xianggang
Guangxi Neimenggu
Xinjiang
Guizhou Ningxia
Xizang
Hainan Qinghai
Yunnan
Hebei Shandong
Zhejiang
Heilongjiang Shanghai
Unknown

Creating service objects

FortiADC provides more than two dozen predefined services, as shown on the Shared Resources > Service >
Service page. In addition, it allows you to create your service objects as well. Service objects are an important
part of the following policy configurations:

l Firewall policies
l QoS policies
l Connection limit policies
l Link load balancing policies
Note: For link load-balancing, you can also add service objects to service groups; then use service groups in LLB
policies.

Basic Steps

1. Create service objects.

2. Select them when you configure service groups or policies.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To create a service object:

1. Go to Shared Resources > Service.

2. Select the Service tab.

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3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 96.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 96: Service object configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

Note: Once created, the name cannot be changed.

Protocol Type Select one of the following:

l ip (default)
l icmp
l tcp
l udp
l tcp-and-udp
l sctp

Protocol 1

Note: This applies only when Protocol Type is to set to IP. In that case, it displays
the protocol number without port.

Specify Source This option becomes available when TCP, UDP, SCTP, or TCP-AND-UDP is
Port selected as the protocol type. When selected, you also need to specify the
Minimum Source Port and Maximum Source Port below.

Minimum 1
Source Port

Maximum 65535
Source Port

Minimum 1
Destination
Port

Maximum -65535
Destination
Port

Creating service groups

You configure service group objects when you have more than one service you want to specify in a rule that
matches service. You can group all Web services and group all mail services, for example, if you want to have

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rules that treat those as groups.

The following policies use service groups:

l Link load balancing policies

Basic Steps

1. Create service objects.

2. Configure service group objects. You can add up to 256 members in a group.
3. Select the service groups when you configure your policies.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure a service group:

1. Go to Shared Resources > Service.

2. Click Service Group.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 97.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 97: Service Group configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Specify a unique name for the service group configuration. Valid characters are A-
Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Member List

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Service Select a service object.

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 Chapter 11: Basic Networking Configuring network interfaces

Chapter 11: Basic Networking

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Configuring network interfaces

l Configuring static routes
l Configuring policy routes
See Chapter 17: Advanced Networking for advanced topics.

Configuring network interfaces

This topic includes the following information:

l Using physical interfaces

l Using VLAN interfaces
l Using aggregate interfaces
l Configuring network interfaces

Using physical interfaces

Each physical network port (or, on FortiADC-VM, a vNIC) has a network interface that directly corresponds to it—
that is, a “physical network interface.”

Physical ports have three uses:

l Management—The network interface named port1 is typically used as the management interface.
l HA—If you plan to deploy HA, you must reserve a physical port for HA heartbeat and synchronization traffic. Do not
configure the network interface that will be used for HA; instead, leave it unconfigured or “reserved” for HA.
l Traffic—The remaining physical ports can be used for your target traffic—these are your “traffic interfaces.”
Traffic interfaces can be associated with logical interfaces. The system supports two types of logical interfaces:
VLAN and aggregate. Figure 50 illustrates how physical ports are associated with physical and logic interfaces.

Figure  50:  Physical and logical interfaces

With VLANs, multiple VLAN logical interfaces are associated with a single physical port. With link aggregation, it
is the reverse: multiple physical interfaces are associated with a single aggregate logical interface.

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Table 98 lists factory default IP addresses for physical network interfaces.

 Table 98: Physical network interfaces

Network Interface* IPv4 Address/Netmask IPv6 Address/Netmask

port1 192.168.1.99/24 ::/0

port2 0.0.0.0/0 ::/0

port3 0.0.0.0/0 ::/0

port4 0.0.0.0/0 ::/0

...

* The number of physical network interfaces varies by model.

Using VLAN interfaces

You can use IEEE 802.1q VLAN to reduce the size of a broadcast domain, thereby reducing the amount of
broadcast traffic received by network hosts, improving network performance.

Unlike physical LANs, VLANs do not require you to install separate hardware switches and routers to achieve this
effect. Instead, VLAN-compliant switches restrict broadcast traffic based upon whether its VLAN ID matches that
of the destination network. As such, VLAN trunks can be used to join physically distant broadcast domains as if
they were close.

The VLAN ID is part of the tag that is inserted into each Ethernet frame in order to identify traffic for a specific
VLAN. FortiADC appliances handle VLAN header addition automatically, so you do not need to adjust the
maximum transmission unit (MTU). Depending on whether the device receiving a packet operates at Layer 2 or
Layer 3 of the network, a VLAN tag might be added, removed, or rewritten before forwarding to other nodes on
the network. For example, a Layer 2 switch typically adds or removes a tag when forwarding traffic among
members of the VLAN, but does not route tagged traffic to a different VLAN ID. In contrast, a FortiADC content-
based routing policy might forward traffic between different VLAN IDs (also known as inter-VLAN routing).

Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is supported for VLANs.

Note: VLANs are not designed to be a security measure, and should not be used where untrusted devices and/or
individuals outside of your organization have access to the equipment. VLAN tags are not authenticated, and can
be ignored or modified by attackers. VLAN tags rely on the voluntary compliance of the receiving host or switch.

Using aggregate interfaces

Link aggregation (also called NIC teaming/bonding or link bundling) forms a network interface that queues and
transmits over multiple wires (also called a port channel), instead of only a single wire (as FortiADC would
normally do with a single network interface per physical port). This multiplies the bandwidth that is available to
the network interface, and therefore is useful if FortiADC is deployed inline with your network backbone.

Link aggregation on FortiADC complies with IEEE 802.1ax and IEEE 802.3ad and distributes Ethernet frames
using a modified round-robin behavior. If a port in the aggregation fails, traffic is redistributed automatically to the
remaining ports with the only noticeable effect being a reduced bandwidth. When broadcast or multicast traffic is
received on a port in the aggregation, reverse traffic will return on the same port.

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When link aggregation uses a round-robin that considers only Layer 2, Ethernet frames that belong to an HTTP
request can sometimes arrive out of order. Because network protocols at higher layers often do not gracefully
handle this (especially TCP, which may decrease network performance by requesting retransmission when the
expected segment does not arrive), FortiADC’s frame distribution algorithm is configurable. For example, if you
notice that performance with link aggregation is not as high as you expect, you could try configuring FortiADC to
queue related frames consistently to the same port by considering the IP session (Layer 3) and TCP connection
(Layer 4), not simply the MAC address (Layer 2).

You must also configure the router, switch, or other link aggregation control protocol (LACP)-compatible device to
which FortiADC is connected with the same speed/duplex settings, and it must have ports that can be
aggregated. In a deployment like this, the two devices use the cables between the ports to form a trunk, not an
accidental Layer 2 (link) network loop. FortiADC uses LACP to detect the following conditions:

l Suitable links between itself and the other device, and form a single logical link.
l Individual port failure so that the aggregate can redistribute queuing to avoid a failed port.

Configuring network interfaces

You can edit the physical interface configuration. You cannot create or delete a physical interface configuration.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure a network interface:

1. Go to Networking > Interface.

2. Double-click the row for a physical interface to edit its configuration or click Add if you want to configure an
aggregate or VLAN interface.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 99.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 99: Network interface configuration

Settings Guidelines

Common Settings

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. After you initially
save the configuration, you cannot edit the name

Status The Status column is not the detected physical link status; it is the administrative status
(Up/Down) that indicates whether you permit the network interface to receive and/or transmit
packets.

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Settings Guidelines

Allow Access Allow inbound service traffic. Select from the following options:

l HTTP—Enables connections to the web UI. We recommend this option only for network
interfaces connected to a trusted private network, or directly to your management
computer.
l HTTPS—Enables secure connections to the web UI. We recommend this option instead of
HTTP.
l Ping—Enables ping and traceroute to be received on this network interface. When it
receives an ECHO_REQUEST (“ping”), FortiADC will reply with ICMP type 0 (ECHO_
RESPONSE or “pong”).
l SNMP—Enables SNMP queries to this network interface.
l SSH—Enables SSH connections to the CLI. We recommend this option instead of Telnet.
l Telnet—Enables Telnet connections to the CLI. We recommend this option only for
network interfaces connected to a trusted private network, or directly to your management
computer.

Dedicated If selected, the interface will be reserved as an HA management interface. Once this
HA management management interface is reserved, you can configure a different IP address,
IP administrative access and other settings for this interface for each cluster unit. Then by
connecting this interface of each cluster unit to your network, you can manage each
cluster unit separately from a different IP address.

Virtual Domain If applicable, select the virtual domain to which the configuration applies.

Mode l Static—Specify a static IP address. The IP address must be on the same subnet as the
network to which the interface connects. Two network interfaces cannot have IP addresses
on the same subnet (i.e. overlapping subnets).
l PPPoE—Use PPPoE to retrieve a configuration for the IP address, gateway, and DNS server.
For example, if this interface uses a DSL connection to the Internet, your ISP may require
this option.

Static

Traffic Group Select either of the following:

l Default
l Create New

Floating Enable/Disable floating IP.

Floating IP Enter the floating IP.

IPv4/Netmask Specify the IP address and CIDR-formatted subnet mask, separated by a forward slash ( / ),
such as 192.0.2.5/24. Dotted quad formatted subnet masks are not accepted.

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Settings Guidelines

IPv6/Netmask Specify the IP address and CIDR-formatted subnet mask, separated by a forward slash ( / ),
such as 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334/64. Dotted quad formatted subnet masks are not
accepted.

Secondary IP Secondary IP addresses can be used when you deploy the system so that it belongs to multiple
Address logical subnets. If you assign multiple IP addresses to an interface, you must assign them
static addresses.

To add secondary IP addresses, enable the feature and save the configuration. After you have
saved it the first time, you can edit it to add secondary IP addresses and enable inbound traffic
to that address.

PPPoE

Username PPPoE account user name.

Password PPPoE account password.

Discovery Retry Seconds the system waits before it retries to discover the PPPoE server. The default is 5
Timeout seconds. The valid range is 1-255.

DNS Server Over- Use the DNS addresses retrieved from the PPPoE server instead of the one configured in the
ride FortiADC system settings.

Retrieve Default Use the default gateway retrieved from the PPPoE server instead of the one configured in the
Gateway FortiADC system settings.

Type If you are editing the configuration for a physical interface, you cannot set the type. If you are
configuring a logical interface, you can select from the following options:

l Aggregate—A logical interface you create to support the aggregation of multiple physical
interfaces.
l VLAN—A logical interface you create to VLAN subinterfaces on a single physical interface.

Aggregate

Member Select the physical interfaces that are included in the aggregation.

Aggregate Mode Link aggregation type:

l 802.3ad
l Balance-alb
l Balance-rr
l Balance-tlb
l Balance-xor
l Broadcast

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Settings Guidelines

Aggregate Connectivity layers that will be considered when distributing frames among the aggregated
Algorithm physical ports:

l Layer 2
l Layer 2-3
l Layer 3-4

VLAN

VLAN ID VLAN ID of packets that belong to this VLAN.

If one physical network port (that is, a VLAN trunk) will handle multiple VLANs, create multiple
VLAN subinterfaces on that port, one for each VLAN ID that will be received.

If multiple different physical network ports will handle the same VLANs, on each of the ports,
create VLAN subinterfaces that have the same VLAN IDs.

The valid range is between 1 and 4094. The value you specify must match the VLAN ID added
by the IEEE 802.1q-compliant router or switch connected to the VLAN subinterface.

Interface Physical interface associated with the VLAN; for example, port2.

Secondary IP List

IP Address Secondary IP addresses can be used when you deploy the system so that it belongs to multiple
logical subnets. If you assign multiple IP addresses to an interface, you must assign them
static addresses.

To add secondary IP addresses, enable the feature and save the configuration. After you have
saved it the first time, you can edit it to add secondary IP addresses and enable inbound traffic
to that address.For each address, specify an IP address using the CIDR-formatted subnet
mask, separated by a forward slash ( / ), such as 192.0.2.5/24.

Allow Access Select the services that are allowed to send inbound traffic.

HA Node IP List

IP Address You use the HA node IP list configuration in an HA active-active deployment. On each HA
cluster node, add an HA node IP list that includes an entry for each cluster node. When the
appliance is in standalone mode, it uses the physical port IP address; when it is in HA mode, it
uses the HA node IP list address.

For each address, specify an IP address using the CIDR-formatted subnet mask, separated by
a forward slash ( / ), such as 192.0.2.5/24.

Node ID ID of the corresponding node.

Allow Access Select the services that are allowed to send inbound traffic.

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In an HA active-active deployment, if an interface uses secondary IP addresses,

you must use the CLI to enable the HA node secondary IP address list, and then
configure the list:
FADC # config system interface
FADC (interface) # edit port3
FADC (port3) # set ha-node-secondary-ip enable
FADC (port3) # config ha-node-secondary-ip-list
FADC (ha-node-second~r) # edit 1
Add new entry '1' for node 2221
FADC (1) # set ip 192.168.1.100
FADC (1) # set allowaccess https http ping snmp ssh
FADC (1) # end
FADC (port3) # end

To configure a physical interface using the CLI:

config system interface
edit <port_name>
set ip <ip&netmask>
set allowaccess {http https ping snmp ssh
telnet}
end

To configure an aggregate interface using the CLI:

config system interface
edit <specified_name>
set type agg
set aggregate-mode {802.3ad | balance-alb | balance-
rr | balance-tlb | balance-xor | broadcast}
set aggregate-algorithm {layer2 | layer2_3 | layer3_
4}
set member <port_name> <port_name>
set ip <ip&netmask>
end

To configure a VLAN interface using the CLI:

config system interface
edit <specified_name>
set type vlan
set vlanid <number>
set interface <port_name >
set ip <ip&netmask>
end

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 Configuring static routes Chapter 11: Basic Networking

Configuring static routes

Network systems maintain route tables to determine where to forward TCP/IP packets. Routes for outbound
traffic are chosen according to the following priorities:

l Link local routes—Self-traffic uses link local routes.

l LLB Link Policy route—Configured policy routes have priority over default routes.
l Policy route—Configured policy routes have priority over default routes.
l Static route / ISP route / OSPF route—Priority is based on the distance metric. By default, distance for static routes
is 10, for ISP is 20, for OSPF is 110, for EBGP is 20, and IBGP is 200. The distance metric is configurable for static
routes and OSPF routes, but not ISP routes.
l Default LLB Link Policy route—Default routes have lower priority than configured routes.
l Default static route / OSPF route—Default routes have lower priority than configured routes.
The system evaluates content route rules first, then policy routes, then static routes. The packets are routed to
the first route that matches. The static route table, therefore, is the one that must include a “default route” to be
used when no more specific route has been determined.

Static routes specify the IP address of a next-hop router that is reachable from that network interface. Routers are
aware of which IP addresses are reachable through various network pathways, and can forward those packets
along pathways capable of reaching the packets’ ultimate destinations. The FortiADC system itself does not need
to know the full route, as long as the routers can pass along the packet.

You must configure at least one static route that points to a router, often a router that is the gateway to the
Internet. You might nOften classified as a path-vector protocol and sometimes as a distance-vector touting
protocol, BGP exchanges routing and reachability information among autonomous systems over the Internet.eed
to configure multiple static routes if you have multiple gateway routers, redundant ISP links, or other special
routing cases.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure a static route:

1. Go to Networking > Routing.

The configuration page displays the Static tab.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 100.
4. Save the configuration.

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 Table 100: Static route configuration

Settings Guidelines

Destination Address/mask notation to match the destination IP in the packet header.

It is a best practice to include a default route. If there is no other, more specific static route
defined for a packet’s destination IP address, a default route will match the packet, and pass it
to a gateway router so that any packet can reach its destination. If you do not define a default
route, and if there is a gap in your routes where no route matches a packet’s destination IP
address, packets passing through the FortiADC towards those IP addresses will, in effect, be
null routed. While this can help to ensure that unintentional traffic cannot leave your FortiADC
and therefore can be a type of security measure, the result is that you must modify your routes
every time that a new valid destination is added to your network. Otherwise, it will be unreach-
able. A default route ensures that this kind of locally-caused “destination unreachable” problem
does not occur. Specify 0.0.0.0/0 or ::/0 to set a default route for all packets.

Gateway Specify the IP address of the next-hop router where the FortiADC system will forward packets
for this static route. This router must know how to route packets to the destination IP addresses
that you have specified, or forward packets to another router with this information. For a direct
Internet connection, this will be the router that forwards traffic towards the Internet, and could
belong to your ISP. The gateway must be in the same subnet as the interface used to reach it.

Distance The default administrative distance is 10, which makes it preferred to OSPF routes that have a
default of 110. We recommend you do not change these settings unless your deployment has
exceptional requirements.

To configure a static route using the CLI:

config router static
edit 1
set destination <ip address/netmask>
set gateway <ip address>
set distance <value>
end

Configuring policy routes

Network systems maintain route tables to determine where to forward TCP/IP packets. Policy routes set the
gateway for traffic with a source and destination that match the policy.

Routes for outbound traffic are chosen according to the following priorities:
1. Link local routes—Self-traffic uses link local routes.
2. LLB Link Policy route—Configured policy routes have priority over default routes.
3. Policy route—Configured policy routes have priority over default routes.
4. Static route / ISP route / OSPF route—Priority is based on the distance metric. By default, distance for static
routes is 10, for ISP routes is 20, and for OSPF routes is 110. The distance metric is configurable for static routes
and OSPF routes, but not ISP routes.

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5. Default LLB Link Policy route—Default routes have lower priority than configured routes.
6. Default static route / OSPF route—Default routes have lower priority than configured routes.
The system evaluates policy routes, then static routes. The packets are routed to the first route that matches.
The policy route table, therefore, need not include a “default route” for packets that do not match your policy
because those packets can be forwarded to the default route set in the static route table.

Most policy route settings are optional, so a matching route might not provide enough information to forward the
packet. In that case, the FortiADC appliance may refer to the routing table in an attempt to match the information
in the packet header with a route in the routing table. For example, if the destination address is the only match
criteria in the policy route, the FortiADC appliance looks up the IP address of the next-hop router in its routing
table. This situation could occur when interfaces are dynamic (such as DHCP or PPPoE) and you do not want or
are unable to specify a static IP address of the next-hop router.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure a policy route:

1. Go to Networking > Routing.

2. Click the Policy tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 101.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 101: Policy route configuration

Settings Guidelines

Source Address/mask notation to match the source IP in the packet header. To match any value,
either leave it blank or enter 0.0.0.0/32.

Destination Address/mask notation to match the destination IP in the packet header. To match any value,
leave it blank or enter 0.0.0.0/32.

Gateway IP address of the next-hop router where the FortiADC system will forward packets for this
policy route. This router must know how to route packets to the destination subnet, or forward
packets to another router with this information.

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 Chapter 12: System Management Configuring basic system settings

Chapter 12: System Management

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Configuring basic system settings

l Configuring system time
l Backing up and restoring the configuration
l Updating firmware
l Configuring an SMTP mail server
l Configuring FortiGuard service settings
l Pushing/pulling configurations
l Configuring SNMP
l Manage and validate certificates
l HSM Integration
l Rebooting, resetting, and shutting down the system

Configuring basic system settings

The basic system settings page includes configuration options for the following settings and features:

l Hostname
l Web UI language
l Management service ports
l DNS
l Virtual domain
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure basic system settings:

1. Click System > Settings.

The configuration page displays the Basic tab.

2. Complete the configuration as described in Table 102.

3. Save the configuration.

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 Table 102: Basic settings configuration

Settings Guidelines

Hostname You can configure a hostname to facilitate system management. If you use SNMP, for
example, the SNMP system name is derived from the configured hostname.The hostname can
be up to 35 characters in length. It can include US-ASCII letters, numbers, hyphens, and under-
scores, but not spaces and special characters.

The System Information widget and the get system status CLI command display the full
hostname. If the hostname is longer than 16 characters, the name is truncated and ends with a
tilde ( ~ ) to indicate that additional characters exist, but are not displayed.

Language English or Simplified Chinese.

Idle Timeout Log out an idle administrator session. The default is 30 minutes.

HTTP Port Specify the port for the HTTP service. Usually, HTTP uses port 80.

HTTPS Port Specify the port for the HTTPS service. Usually, HTTPS uses port 443.

Telnet Port Specify the port for the Telnet service. Usually, Telnet uses port 25.

SSH Port Specify the port for the SSH service. Usually, SSH uses port 22.

Primary DNS The system must be able to contact DNS servers to resolve IP addresses and fully qualified
domain names. Your Internet service provider (ISP) might supply IP addresses of DNS servers,
or you might want to use the IP addresses of your own DNS servers. You must provide unicast,
non-local addresses for your DNS servers. Localhost and broadcast addresses are not accep-
ted.

Incorrect DNS settings or unreliable DNS connectivity can cause issues with other features,
such as FortiGuard services and NTP system time.

Secondary DNS IPv4/IPv6 address of the secondary DNS server for your local network.

Virtual Domain Enables the virtual domain feature. Before you enable it, make sure you understand how the
system implements virtual domains. See Chapter 15: Virtual Domains.

Config Sync Enable/disable the configuration synchronization feature. This feature is related to Push-
Enable ing/pulling configurations, not HA synchronization. Disabled by default.

Configuring system time

The system time must be accurate for many features to work, including scheduling, logging, and SSL/TLS-related
features.

We recommend that you use Network Time Protocol (NTP) to maintain the system time. As an alternative when
NTP is not available or is impractical, you can set the system time manually.

You can change the system time with the web UI or the CLI.

Before you begin:

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l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure the system time:

1. Go to System > Settings.

2. Click the Maintenance tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 103.
4. Save your changes.
 Table 103: System time configuration

Setting Guidelines

System Time Displays the system time. You can use NTP to set the system time, or use the controls to set
the system time manually. Specify time in HH:MM:SS format.

Daylight Saving Enable if you want the system to adjust its own clock when its time zone changes between day-
Time light saving time (DST) and standard time.

Time Zone Select the time zone where the appliance is located.

NTP

NTP Select to use NTP.

NTP Server Specify a space-separated list of IP addresses or FQDNs for an NTP server or pool, such as
pool.ntp.org.

To find an NTP server, go to http://www.ntp.org.

Synchronizing Specify how often the system synchronizes its time with the NTP server. The default is 60
Interval minutes. The valid range is 1-1440.

To configure NTP using the CLI:

config system time ntp
set ntpsync enable
set ntpserver {<server_fqdn> | <server_ipv4>}
set syncinterval <minutes_int>
end

To configure the system time manually:

config system time ntp
set ntpsync disable
end
config system time manual
set zone <timezone_index>
set daylight-saving-time {enable|disable}
end
execute date <MM/DD/YY> <HH:MM:SS>

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Configuring an SMTP mail server

You can configure an SMTP email server if you want to send alerts by email. See Configuring alert email settings
for information on alerts.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure SMTP:

1. Go to System > Settings.

2. Click the Services tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 104.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 104: SMTP configuration

Settings Guidelines

Address IP address or FQDN of an SMTP server (such as FortiMail) or email server that the appliance
can connect to in order to send alerts and/or generated reports.

Port Listening port number of the server. Usually, SMTP is 25.

Authentication Enable if the SMTP server requires authentication.

Security STARTTLS is an extension to plain text communication protocols. It enables a plain text con-
nection to be upgraded to an encrypted (TLS or SSL) connection instead of using a separate
port for encrypted communication. Specify this option if you have implemented STARTTLS for
your mailserver; otherwise, select none.

Username Username for authentication to the SMTP server.

Password Password for authentication to the SMTP server.

Configuring FortiGuard service settings

FortiGuard periodically updates the WAF Signature Database, IP Reputation Database, and Geo IP Database.
You can go to the FortiGuard website to download the update packages that you can upload to FortiADC, or you
can schedule automatic updates.

Before you begin:

l If you want to perform a manual update, you must download the update file from the FortiGuard website.
You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

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To configure FortiGuard service settings:

1. Go to System > Settings.

2. Click the FortiGuard tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 105.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 105: FortiGuard service configuration

Settings Guidelines

Support Contract

Registration and license Review your registration and license information. If you need to change
registration or if your license is about to expire, click Login Now to open the
login page for the Fortinet Service & Support website in a new browser window.

Note: If your license is invalid, FortiGuard does not send updates to the
FortiADC. The functionality on FortiADC remains intact and useful, but it is out-
of-date.

FortiGuard Services

WAF Signature Database Review the version information. To perform a manual update, click Update to display
controls that enable you to select and upload the update file.

IP Reputation Database Review the version information. To perform a manual update, click Update to display
controls that enable you to select and upload the update file.

Geo IP Database Review the version information. To perform a manual update, click Update to display
controls that enable you to select and upload the update file.

Configuration

Scheduled Update Status Enable updates.

Scheduled Update Fre- l Every—Schedule periodic updates. Specify the time interval to perform updates.
quency l Daily—Schedule daily updates. Specify the time of day to perform the update.
l Weekly—Schedule weekly updates. Specify the day and time to perform the
update.

Scheduled Update Day Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.

Scheduled Update Time HH:MM.HH is 0-23. MM is 0, 15, 30, or 45.

Override Server If you are unable to make connections to the standard FortiGuard server, enable con-
nection to the override server address given to you by Fortinet Service & Support.

Override Server Address Override server IP address.

Web Filter Configure

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Settings Guidelines

Cache Status Enable/disable caching of the categorical lists of websites.

FortiGuard maintains massive lists of web sites classified into categories so that
you can enforce categorical decisions in your rules, like "do not do SSL forward
proxy for sites belonging to the Personal Privacy category."

Cache TTL Specify cache expiration. The default is 3600. The valid range is 10 to 86,400. When
the cache expires, FortiADC initiates an update from FortiGuard.

FDS Port Specify the port to receive updates. The default is 53. An alternative is 8888.

Pushing/pulling configurations

You can use the sync list configuration page to push or pull sets of configuration objects to or from a target
FortiADC appliance. The push/pull operation is a manual operation. It is not repeated automatically.

Before you begin:

l Configuration synchronization must be enabled on the appliances. Go to System > Settings > Basic.
l You must plan for the impact the configuration push/pull has on the target deployment.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To push or pull a configuration:

1. Click System > Settings.

2. Click the Sync List tab.
3. Click Add and complete the configuration as described in Table 106.
After you have saved the configuration, it is added to the configuration table.

4. To execute the push/pull operation, select the configuration from the table, select From or To, and click Sync.
5. Check the Status column in the table to see the result of the push/pull operation.
6. Log into the target appliance and check the configuration logs (Log & Report > Log Browsing > Event Log >
Configuration. Notice the log entries for each configuration change resulting from the push/pull operation.
 Table 106: Sync List configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Server IP IP address of the remote appliance.

Password Password for the admin account on the remote appliance.

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Settings Guidelines

Type l System—Includes config config, config system (except config system

mailserver), config user, and config vdom commands.
l Route—Includes config router commands.
l LB—Includes config load-balance commands.
l FW—Includes config firewall commands.
l Log—Includes config log commands and config system mailserver.
l LLB—Includes config link-load-balance commands.
l GDS—Includes config global-load-balance and config global-dns-
server commands.
l Security—Includes config security waf commands.

Comment A string to describe the purpose of the configuration, to help you and other administrators
more easily identify its use. Put phrases in quotes. For example: “SLB and GLB settings to
Data Center East”.

Backing up and restoring the configuration

You use the backup procedure to save a copy of the configuration. A simple backup file is a text file. A full backup
is a tar file.

The backup feature has a few basic uses:

l Saving the configuration as CLI commands that a co-worker or Fortinet support can use to help you resolve issues
with misconfiguration.
l Restoring the system to a known functional configuration.
l Creating a template configuration you can edit and then load into another system using the restore procedure.
A complete configuration backups is a tar file that includes the complete configuration files, plus any files you
have imported, including error page files, script files, and ISP address book files.

In the event that FortiADC experiences hardware failure, being able to restore the entire backup configuration
minimizes the time to reconfigure a replacement.

Configuration backups do not include data such as logs and reports.

Back up files can include sensitive information, such as HTTPS certificate private keys.
We strongly recommend that you password-encrypt backup files and store them in a
secure location.

Before you begin:

l If you are restoring a configuration, you must know its management interface configuration in order to access the
web UI after the restore procedure is completed. Open the configuration file and make note of the IP address and

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network requirements for the management interface (port1). You also must know the administrator username and
password.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To backup or restore the system configuration:

1. Click System > Settings.

2. Click the Backup & Restore tab.
3. Complete the actions described in Table 107.
 Table 107: Backup and restore configuration

Actions Guidelines

Backup

Back Up Select this option to back up the configuration. This backup is a text file.

Local PC Back up to the local PC.

ADC Back up directly to the FortiADC device.

Entire Con- Select this option to include error page files, script files, and ISP address book files. This
figuration backup is a tar file.

Restore

Restore (option) Select this option to restore a previous configuration. This restore file must be a text file.

Local PC Restore from the local PC.

ADC Restore directly from your FortiADC device

File Click Choose File to browse for the file to restore. Note: The option applies to restore oper-
ations from the local PC only.

Restore (button) Click the Restore button to start the restore procedure. Your web browser uploads the con-
figuration file and the system restarts with the new configuration.

Time required to restore varies by the size of the file and the speed of your network connection.
Your web UI session is terminated when the system restarts. To continue using the web UI,
refresh the web page and log in again.

If the restored system has a different management interface configuration than the previous
configuration, you must access the web UI using the new management interface IP address.

Updating firmware

This topic includes the following information:

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l Upgrade considerations
l Updating firmware using the web UI
l Updating firmware using the CLI

Upgrade considerations
The following considerations help you determine whether to follow a standard or non-standard upgrade
procedure:

l HA—Updating firmware on an HA cluster requires some additions to the usual steps for a standalone appliance. For
details, see Updating firmware for an HA cluster.
l Re-imaging—If you are installing a firmware version that requires a different size of system partition, you might be
required to re-image the boot device. Consult the release notes. In that case, do not install the firmware using this
procedure. Instead, see Restoring firmware (“clean install”).
l Downgrades—If you are downgrading the firmware to a previous version, and the settings are not fully backwards
compatible, the system might remove incompatible settings or use the default values for that version of the
firmware. You might need to reconfigure some settings.
Important: Read the release notes for release-specific upgrade considerations.

Updating firmware using the web UI

Figure 51 shows the user interface for managing firmware (either upgrades or downgrades). Firmware can be
loaded on two disk partitions: the active partition and the alternate partition. The upgrade procedure:

l Updates the firmware on the inactive partition and then makes it the active partition.
l Copies the firmware on the active partition, upgrades it, and installs it in place of the configuration on the inactive
partition.
For example, if partition 1 is active, and you perform the upgrade procedure:

l Partition 2 is upgraded and becomes the active partition; partition 1 becomes the alternate partition.
l The configuration on partition 1 remains in place; it is copied, upgraded, and installed in place of the configuration
on partition 2.
The reason for this is to preserve the working system state in the event upgrade fails or is aborted.

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Figure  51: User interface for managing firmware updates

Before you begin:

l Download the firmware file from the Fortinet Customer Service & Support website: https://support.fortinet.com/
l Read the release notes for the version you plan to install.
l Back up your configuration before beginning this procedure. Reverting to an earlier firmware version could reset
settings that are not compatible with the new firmware.
l You must have super user permission (user admin) to upgrade firmware.

To boot the firmware on the alternate partition:

n Click Boot Alternate Firmware.

The system reboots, the alternate becomes the active firmware, and the active becomes the alternate firmware.

To update firmware:

1. Go to System > Settings.

2. Click the Maintenance tab.
3. Scroll to the Upgrade section.
4. Click Choose File to locate and select the file.
5. Click to upload the firmware and reboot.
The system replaces the firmware on the alternate partition and reboots. The alternate (upgraded) partition
becomes the active, and the active becomes the alternate.

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When you update software, you are also updating the web UI. To ensure the web
UI displays the updated pages correctly:

l Clear your browser cache.

l Refresh the page.
In most environments, press Ctrl-F5 to force the browser to get a new copy of the
content from the web application. See the Wikipedia article on browser caching
issues for a summary of tips for many environments:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bypass_your_cache.

Updating firmware using the CLI

The CLI upgrade procedure replaces the firmware on the alternate partition and reboots. The alternate
(upgraded) partition becomes the active, and the active becomes the alternate.

Note: The CLI does not have an equivalent of the web UI Boot Alternative Firmware command.
Before you begin:

l Read the release notes for the version you plan to install. If information in the release notes is different from this
documentation, follow the instructions in the release notes.
l You must be able to use TFTP to transfer the firmware file to the FortiADC. Download and install a TFTP server,
like tftpd (Windows, Mac OS X, or Linux), on a server on the same subnet as the FortiADC.
l Download the firmware file from the Fortinet Customer Service & Support website: https://support.fortinet.com/
l Copy the firmware image file to the root directory of the TFTP server.
l Back up your configuration before beginning this procedure.
l You must have super user permission (user admin) to upgrade firmware.

TFTP is not secure, and it does not support authentication. You should run it only on
trusted administrator-only networks, and never on computers directly connected to the
Internet. Turn off tftpd off immediately after completing this procedure.

To install firmware via the CLI:

1. Connect your management computer to the FortiADC console port using an RJ-45-to-DB-9 serial cable or a null-
modem cable.
2. Initiate a connection to the CLI and log in as the user admin.
3. Use an Ethernet cable to connect FortiADC port1 to the TFTP server directly, or connect it to the same subnet as
the TFTP server.
4. If necessary, start the TFTP server.
5. Use the following command to transfer the firmware image to the FortiADC system:
execute restore image tftp <filename> <tftp_ipv4>
The following example shows an upgrade:
FortiADC-VM # execute restore image tftp FAD_VM-v400-build0308-FORTINET.out 192.0.2.1
This operation will replace the current firmware version!
Do you want to continue? (y/n)y

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Connect to tftp server 192.0.2.1 ...

Please wait...
##############################################################
Get image from tftp server OK.
Check image trailer OK.
Check image OK.
FortiADC-VM #
The following example shows a downgrade:
FortiADC-VM # execute restore image tftp FAD_VM-v400-build0307-FORTINET.out 192.0.2.1
This operation will replace the current firmware version!
Do you want to continue? (y/n)y
Connect to tftp server 192.0.2.1 ...
Please wait...
#############################################################
Get image from tftp server OK.
Check image trailer OK.
This operation will downgrade the current firmware version!
Do you want to continue? (y/n)y
FortiADC-VM #
6. To verify the upgrade, display the system version number:
FortiADC-VM # get system status
Version: FortiADC-VM v4.2.0,build0307,150209
VM Registration: Valid: License has been successfully authenticated with registration
servers.
VM License File: License file and resources are valid.
VM Resources: 1 CPU/1 allowed, 1620 MB RAM/2048 MB allowed, 23 GB Disk/1024 GB allowed
...

If the download fails after the integrity check with the error message invalid com-
pressed format (err=1, but the firmware matches the integrity checksum on
the Fortinet Customer Service & Support website, try a different TFTP server.

Rebooting, resetting, and shutting down the system

The following items have the indicated usage:

l Reboot—Reboots the operating system.

l Reset—Resets the configuration to the default factory values.
l Shut Down—Shuts down the system. When the system is shut down, it is unavailable to forward traffic.

Do not unplug or switch off the FortiADC appliance without first shutting down the
operating system. The shutdown process enables the system to finish writing any buf-
fered data, and to correctly spin down and park the hard disks. Failure to do so could
cause data loss and hardware problems.

To reboot the system:

Do one of the following:

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l Go to the dashboard, and in the System Information widget, click Reboot.

l From the CLI console, enter the following command:
execute reboot

To perform a factory reset:

Do one of the following:

l Go to the dashboard, and in the System Information widget, click Reset.

l From the CLI console, enter the following command:
execute factoryreset

To power off the system:

To shut down the system:

l Go to the dashboard, and in the System Information widget, click Shut Down.
l From the CLI console, enter the following command:
execute shutdown
The system does not emit disk activity noise when shutdown is complete.

To completely power off:

l For hardware appliances, press the power button if there is one. Power supplies and switches vary by hardware
model. On some, you press the power button; on others, you flip the switch to either the off (O) or on (I) position.
l For FortiADC-VM, power off the virtual machine.

Create a traffic group

A traffic group is a set of VRIDs. Each VRID keeps talking with its peers using 'hello' packets via its heartbeat
interface so that each VRID can be aware of its peers (master or slave) operating state and perform a VRRP fail-
over in case the master node fails. The different VRIDs have no relationship with each other.

In the example below, both VRID1 and VRID2 use Device1 as the master. When Port2 on Device1 fails, all traffic
between the client and the server can't pass through the device

Figure  52: Traffic group

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To solve this problem, you can create a traffic group and add both VRID1 and VRID2 as its members, and set the
rule that the whole traffic group to fail over to the success device when either VRID fails. In this case, if Device1’s
Port2 fails, the whole traffic group will fail over to Device2.

Using the VRID concept, FortiADC allows you to add objects with floating IP address, such as interface, virtual
server, IP pool, and SNA T pool, etc. to a traffic-group. With this configuration, it will trigger the whole traffic
group to switch over when a resource fails.

Normally, the number of traffic groups should be same as the number of devices in an HA group for HA active-
active configurations. FortiADC comes with a predefined traffic group named ‘default’. You can use this default
traffic group if you only need an HA active-passive deployment. Otherwise, you must configure your own traffic
groups before making HA active-active configurations, using the instructions discussed in the following
paragraphs.

Create a traffic group via the command line interface

Use the following commands to create a new traffic group:
config system traffic-group
edit traffic-group-1
set preempt enable
set network-failover enable
set failover-order 1 3 5
next
end
Note: The failover sequence must be configured according to the order of node IDs. This means that if a node is
dead, the next node in queue will take over handling the traffic. If you want to decide when a node should retake
the traffic over from power-down to start-up, you MUST enable the Preempt option.

Create a traffic group from the Web GUI

Use the following steps to configure a traffic group from FortiADC's web interface:
1. Click System > Traffic Group.
2. Click Add to open the Traffic Group dialog.
3. Make the desired entries or selections as described in the table below.
4. Click Save when done.

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 Table 108: Traffic-group parameters

Parameter Description

Traffic Group Specify a unique name for the traffic group.

Name

Preempt Disabled by default. If enabled, the node will retake control of traffic from power-down
to start-up.

Network Failover Disabled by default. If enabled, the node will perform failover when the node's remote
IP monitor detects failure of the node itself.

Failover Order Follow the hint onscreen to set the failover sequence among the ports.

Create administrator users

We recommend that only network administrators—and if possible, only a single person—use the admin account.
You can configure accounts that provision different scopes of access. For example, you can create an account for
a security auditor who must only be able to view the configuration and logs, but not change them.

Before you begin:

l If you want to use RADIUS or LDAP authentication, you must have already have created the RADIUS server or
LDAP server configuration.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To create an administrator user account:

1. Go to System > Administrator.

2. Make sure the Admin tab is selected.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 109.
5. Click Save.
 Table 109: Administrator user configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Name of the administrator account, such as admin1 or [email protected].

Do not use spaces or special characters except the ‘at’ symbol ( @ ). The
maximum length is 35 characters.

If you use LDAP or RADIUS, specify the LDAP or RADIUS username. This is the
user name that the administrator must provide when logging in to the CLI or web
UI. The users are authenticated against the associated LDAP or RADIUS server.

After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

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Settings Guidelines

Trusted Hosts Source IP address and netmask from which the administrator is allowed to log in.
For multiple addresses, separate each entry with a space. You can specify up to
three trusted areas. They can be single hosts, subnets, or a mixture.

Configuring trusted hosts hardens the security of the system. In addition to

knowing the password, an administrator must connect only from the computer or
subnets you specify.

Trusted host definitions apply both to the web UI and to the CLI when accessed
through Telnet, SSH, or the CLI console widget. Local console access is not
affected by trusted hosts, as the local console is by definition not remote, and
does not occur through the network.

If ping is enabled, the address you specify here is also a source IP address to
which the system will respond when it receives a ping or traceroute signal.

To allow logins only from one computer, enter only its IP address and 32- or 128-
bit netmask:

192.0.2.1/32

2001:0db8:85a3:::8a2e:0370:7334/128

To allow login attempts from any IP address (not recommended), enter:

0.0.0.0/0

Caution: If you restrict trusted hosts, do so for all administrator accounts. Failure
to do so means that all accounts are still exposed to the risk of brute force login
attacks. This is because if you leave even one administrator account unrestricted
(i.e. 0.0.0.0/0), the system must allow login attempts on all network interfaces
where remote administrative protocols are enabled, and wait until after a login
attempt has been received in order to check that user name’s trusted hosts list.

Tip: If you allow login from the Internet, set a longer and more complex New
Password, and enable only secure administrative access protocols. We also
recommend that you restrict trusted hosts to IPs in your administrator’s
geographical area.

Tip: For improved security, restrict all trusted host addresses to single IP
addresses of computer(s) from which only this administrator will log in.

Global Admin l No —Default. If selected. the account can access the virtual domain specified
in this configuration only.
l Yes—If selected, the account can access all virtual domains.

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Settings Guidelines

Profile Select a user-defined or predefined profile. The predefined profile named super_
admin_prof is a special access profile used by the admin account. However,
selecting this access profile will not confer all permissions of the admin account.
For example, the new administrator would not be able to reset lost administrator
passwords.

Note: This option does not appear for the admin administrator account, which by
definition always uses the super_admin_prof access profile.

Scope Select a user-defined or predefined scope.

Authentication l Local—Use the local administrator authentication server.

Server l RADIUS—Use a RADIUS authentication server. Select the RADIUS server
configuration.
l LDAP—Use an LDAP authentication server. Select the LDAP server
configuration.

Password Set a strong password for all administrator accounts. The password should be at
least eight characters long, be sufficiently complex, and be changed regularly. To
check the strength of your password, you can use a utility such as Microsoft’s
password strength meter.

Virtual Domain Optional. If you have enabled the virtual domain feature, select the virtual
domain that this administrator can view and manage.

Configure access profiles

Access profiles provision permissions to roles. The following permissions can be assigned:

l Read (view access)

l Read-Write (view, change, and execute access)
l No access
When an administrator has only read access to a feature, the administrator can access the web UI page for that
feature, and can use the get and show CLI command for that feature, but cannot make changes to the
configuration.

In larger companies where multiple administrators divide the share of work, access profiles often reflect the
specific job that each administrator does (“role”), such as account creation or log auditing. Access profiles can
limit each administrator account to their assigned role. This is sometimes called role-based access control
(RBAC).

Table 110 lists the administrative areas that can be provisioned. If you provision read access, the role can view
the web UI menu (or issue a CLI get command). If you provision read-write access, the role can save
configuration changes (or issue a CLI set command).

For complete access to all commands and abilities, you must log in with the administrator account named
admin.

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 Table 110: Areas of control in access profiles

Web UI Menus CLI Commands

System config system

diagnose hardware
diagnose sniffer
diagnose system
execute date
execute ping
execute ping-options
execute traceroute

Router config router

Server Load Balance config load-balance

Link Load Balance config link-load-balance

Global Load Balance config global-dns-server

config global-load-balance

Security config firewall

config security waf

Log & Report config log

config report
execute rebuild-db

* For each config command, there is an equivalent get/show command. The

config commands require write permission. The get/show commands require
read permission.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure administrator profiles:

1. Click System > Administrator.

2. Click the Access Profile tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 111.
5. Click Save.
 Table 111: Access profile configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.

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Settings Guidelines

System Select one of the following:

l None—Do not provision access for the menu.
l Read Only—Provision ready-only access.
l Read-Write—Enable the role to make changes to the configuration.

Networking Select one of the following:

l None—Do not provision access for the menu.
l Read Only—Provision ready-only access.
l Read-Write—Enable the role to make changes to the configuration.

User Select one of the following:

l None—Do not provision access for the menu.
l Read Only—Provision ready-only access.
l Read-Write—Enable the role to make changes to the configuration.

Server Load Select one of the following:

Balance
l None—Do not provision access for the menu.
l Read Only—Provision ready-only access.
l Read-Write—Enable the role to make changes to the configuration.

Link Load Select one of the following:

Balance
l None—Do not provision access for the menu.
l Read Only—Provision ready-only access.
l Read-Write—Enable the role to make changes to the configuration.

Global Load Select one of the following:

Balance
l None—Do not provision access for the menu.
l Read Only—Provision ready-only access.
l Read-Write—Enable the role to make changes to the configuration.

Security Select one of the following:

l None—Do not provision access for the menu.
l Read Only—Provision ready-only access.
l Read-Write—Enable the role to make changes to the configuration.

Log & Report Select one of the following:

l None—Do not provision access for the menu.
l Read Only—Provision ready-only access.
l Read-Write—Enable the role to make changes to the configuration.

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Settings Guidelines

Shared For each category, set the permission:

Resource
l None—Do not provision access for the menu.
l Read Only—Provision ready-only access.
l Read-Write—Enable the role to make changes to the configuration.

The super_admin_prof access profile, a special access profile assigned to the

admin account and required by it, appears in the list of access profiles. It exists
by default and cannot be changed or deleted. The profile has permissions similar
to the UNIX root account.

Enable password policies

A password policy is a set of rules designed to enhance computer security. A good password policy encourages
users to create strong passwords and use them properly. For your network and data security and integrity, we
strongly recommend the enforcement of strong password policies when using FortiADC.

To enable password policy:

1. Go to System > Administrator.

2. Select the Password Policy tab.
3. Check the Enable check box next to Password Policy..
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 112.
5. Click Save.
 Table 112: Password policy configuration

Settings Guidelines

Minimum Specify the minimum length of password, which can contain 8 (default) to 32
Length characters in length.

Must Contain Select the options you want to apply:

l Upper Case Letter—If selected, passwords must contain upper-case letters.

l Lower Case Letter—If selected, passwords must contain lower-case letters.
l Number—If selected, passwords must contain numbers.
l Non Alphanumeric —If selected, passwords must contain non-alphanumeric
characters.

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Chapter 12: System Management Configuring SNMP

Configuring SNMP

Many organizations use SNMP (simple network management protocol) to track the health of their systems.
FortiADC supports SNMP v1, v2c, and v3.

SNMP depends on network devices that maintain standard management information bases (MIBs). MIBs
describe the structure of the management data maintained on the device. Some MIB definitions are standard for
all network devices, and some are vendor and product-family specific.

The FortiADC system runs an SNMP agent to communicate with the SNMP manager. The agent enables the
system to respond to SNMP queries for system information and to send SNMP traps (alarms or event
messages) to the SNMP manager.

Figure 53 illustrates the basic communication.

Figure  53: SNMP communication

With SNMP v1 and v2c managers, you configure SNMP communities to connect FortiADC and the SNMP
manager. The SNMP Manager sends the community string along with all SNMP requests. If the community string
is correct, the device responds with the requested information. If the community string is incorrect, the device
simply discards the request and does not respond.

Fortinet strongly recommends that you do not add FortiADC to the community named
public. This default name is well-known, and attackers that attempt to gain access
to your network often try this name first.

With SNMPv3 managers, you configure SNMP users to connect FortiADC and the SNMP manager. Queries and
traps include username/password authentication, along with an encryption key. FortiADC implements the user
security model described in RFC 3414.

Before you begin:

l On the SNMP manager, you must verify that the SNMP manager is a member of the community to which the
FortiADC system belongs, and you must compile the necessary Fortinet-proprietary management information
blocks (MIBs) and Fortinet-supported standard MIBs. For information on Fortinet MIBs, see Appendix A: Fortinet
MIBs.

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l In the FortiADC interface settings, you must enable SNMP access on the network interface through which the
SNMP manager connects.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure SNMP system information:

1. Go to System > SNMP.

2. Click the System Information tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 113.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 113: SNMP settings

Settings Guidelines

SNMP Agent Enable to activate the SNMP agent, so that the system can send traps and receive queries.

Description A description or comment about the system, such as dont-reboot. The description can be
up to 35 characters long, and can contain only letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers, hyphens ( - ) and
underscores ( _ ).

Contact Contact information for the administrator or other person responsible for this system, such as a
phone number (555-5555) or name (jdoe). The contact information can be up to 35 char-
acters long, and can contain only letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers, hyphens ( - ) and underscores ( _
 ).

Location Physical location of the appliance, such as floor2. The location can be up to 35 characters
long, and can contain only letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers, hyphens ( - ) and underscores ( _ ).

Download SNMP MIBs

FortiADC allows you to download full FortiADC and Fortinet Core MIB files, which provides more options for
server load balance, global serer load balance, link load balance, and firewall with SNMP traps.

To download an SNMP MIB file:

1. Click System > SNMP.
2. Click the System Information tab.
3. In the FortiADC SNMP MIB section, click Download FortiADC MIB File or Download Fortinet Core
MIB File.
4. Follow the instructions onscreen to complete the download.

Configure SNMP threshold

To configure SNMP threshold:

1. Go to System > SNMP.

2. Click the Threshold tab.

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3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 114.

4. Save the configuration.
 Table 114: SNMP threshold

Settings Guidelines

CPU l Trigger—The default is 80% utilization.

l Threshold—The default is 3, meaning the event is reported when the condition has been
triggered 3 times in a short period.
l Sample Period—The default is 600 seconds.
l Sample Frequency—The default is 30 seconds.

Memory l Trigger—The default is 80% utilization.

l Threshold—The default is 3, meaning the event is reported when the condition has been
triggered 3 times in a short period.
l Sample Period—The default is 600 seconds.
l Sample Frequency—The default is 30 seconds.

Disk l Trigger—The default is 90% utilization.

l Threshold—The default is 1, meaning the event is reported each time the condition is
triggered.
l Sample Period—The default is 7200 seconds.
l Sample Frequency—The default is 3600 seconds.

Configure SNMP v1/v2

To configure SNMP v1/v2:

1. Go to System > SNMP.

2. Click the SNMPv1/v2 tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 115.
4. Save the configuration.

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 Table 115: SNMP settings

Settings Guidelines

Name Name of the SNMP community to which the FortiADC system and at least one SNMP manager
belongs, such as management.

You must configure the FortiADC system to belong to at least one SNMP community so that
community’s SNMP managers can query system information and receive SNMP traps.

You can add up to three SNMP communities. Each community can have a different con-
figuration for queries and traps, and the set of events that trigger a trap.

You can also add the IP addresses of up to eight SNMP managers to each community to des-
ignate the destination of traps and which IP addresses are permitted to query the FortiADC sys-
tem.

Status Select to enable the configuration.

Queries Port number on which the system listens for SNMP queries from the SNMP managers in this
community. The default is 161.

Enable queries for SNMP v1, SNMP v2c, or both.

Traps Source (Local) port number and destination (Remote) port number for trap packets sent to
SNMP managers in this community. The default is 162.

Enable traps for SNMP v1, SNMP v2c, or both.

Events Select to enable SNMP event reporting for the following thresholds:

l CPU—CPU usage has exceeded 80%.

l Memory—Memory (RAM) usage has exceeded 80%.
l Log disk usage—Disk space usage for the log partition or disk has exceeded 90%.

Host l IP Address—Subnet address for the SNMP manager to receive traps and be permitted to
query the FortiADC system. SNMP managers have read-only access. You can add up to 8
SNMP managers to each community. To allow any IP address using this SNMP community
name to query the FortiADC system, enter 0.0.0.0/0. For security best practice reasons,
however, this is not recommended.
l Host Type—Whether the host can send queries, receive traps, or any (both).

Caution: The system sends security-sensitive traps, which should be sent only over a
trusted network, and only to administrative equipment.

Note: If there are no other host IP entries, entering only 0.0.0.0/0 effectively disables
traps because there is no specific destination for trap packets. If you do not want to disable
traps, you must add at least one other entry that specifies the IP address of an SNMP
manager.

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Chapter 12: System Management Configure SNMP v3

Test both traps and queries (assuming you have enabled both). Traps and queries typ-
ically occur on different port numbers, and therefore verifying one does not necessarily
verify that the other is also functional.

To test queries, from your SNMP manager, query the FortiADC appliance.

To test traps, cause one of the events that should trigger a trap.

Configure SNMP v3

To configure SNMP v3:

1. Go to System > SNMP.

2. Click the SNMPv3 tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 116.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 116: SNMP v3

Settings Guidelines

Name User name that the SNMP Manager uses to communicate with the SNMP Agent. After you ini-
tially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Status Enable/disable the configuration.

Security Level l No Auth And No Privacy—Do not require authentication or encryption.

l Auth But No Privacy—Authentication based on MD5 or SHA algorithms. Select an algorithm
and specify a password.
l Auth And Privacy—Authentication based on MD5 or SHA algorithms, and encryption based
on AES or DES algorithms. Select an Auth Algorithm and specify an Auth Password; and
select a Private Algorithm and specify a Private Password.

Queries Port number on which the system listens for SNMP queries from the SNMP managers for this
user. The default is 161.

Enable queries for SNMP v3.

Traps Source (Local) port number and destination (Remote) port number for trap packets sent to
SNMP managers for this user. The default is 162.

Enable traps for SNMP v3.

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Settings Guidelines

Events Select to enable SNMP event reporting for the following thresholds:

l CPU—CPU usage has exceeded 80%.

l Memory—Memory (RAM) usage has exceeded 80%.
l Log disk usage—Disk space usage for the log partition or disk has exceeded 90%.
l System—Reserved for future use.
l RAID—Reserved for future use.
l HA—Reserved for future use.
l Remote Storage—Reserved for future use.
l IP Change—Reserved for future use.

Host l Host Type—Whether the host can send queries, receive traps, or any (both).
l IP Address—Subnet address for the SNMP manager to receive traps and be permitted to
query the FortiADC system. SNMP managers have read-only access. You can add up to 8
SNMP managers to each community. To allow any IP address using this SNMP community
name to query the FortiADC system, enter 0.0.0.0/0. For security best practice reasons,
however, this is not recommended.

Caution: The system sends security-sensitive traps, which should be sent only over a trusted
network, and only to administrative equipment.

Note: If there are no other host IP entries, entering only 0.0.0.0/0 effectively disables
traps because there is no specific destination for trap packets. If you do not want to disable
traps, you must add at least one other entry that specifies the IP address of an SNMP
manager.

Test both traps and queries (assuming you have enabled both). Traps and queries typ-
ically occur on different port numbers, and therefore verifying one does not necessarily
verify that the other is also functional.

To test queries, from your SNMP manager, query the FortiADC appliance.

To test traps, cause one of the events that should trigger a trap.

Manage and validate certificates

This section includes the following topics:

l Overview
l Prerequisite tasks
l Manage certificates
l Validate certificates

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Overview
The FortiADC system is able to process the following two types of TLS/SSL traffic:

l System administration—Administrators connect to the web UI (HTTPS connections only). When you connect to the
web UI, the system presents its own default “Factory” certificate. This certificate is used only for connections to the
web UI. It cannot be removed. Do not use this certificate for server load balancing traffic.
l Server load balancing—Clients use SSL or TLS to connect to a virtual server. When you use FortiADC as a proxy for
SSL operations normally performed on the backend real servers, you must import the X.509 v3 server certificates
and private keys that the backend servers would ordinarily use, as well as any certificate authority (CA) or
intermediate CA certificates that are used to complete the chain of trust between your clients and your servers.
The FortiADC system supports all of the TLS/SSL administration methods commonly used by HTTPS servers,
including:

l Server name indication (SNI)—You can require clients to use the TLS extension to include the server hostname in
the TLS client hello message. Then, the FortiADC system can select the appropriate local server certificate to
present to the client.
l Local certificate store—A certificate store for the X.509 v3 server certificates and private keys that the backend
servers would ordinarily use.
l Intermediate CAs store—A store for Intermediate CAs that the backend servers would ordinarily use to complete
the chain of server certificates. HTTPS transactions use intermediate CAs when the server certificate is signed by
an intermediate certificate authority (CA) rather than a root CA.
l Certificate Authorities (CAs) store—A store for CA certificates that the back-end servers would ordinarily use to
verify the CA signature in client certificates or the signature of an OCSP Responder.
l OCSP—Use Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to obtain the revocation status of certificates.
l CRL—Use a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) to obtain the revocation status of certificates.
l Certificate validation policy—You can configure certificate validation policies that use OCSP or CRL. These policies
can be associated with load balancing profiles.
l All digital certificates of RSA and ECDSA key types—whether they are local, remote, intermediate, or CA root
certificates.
l Multiple CA, CRL, and OCSP configurations.
l Client certificate forwarding
l SNI forward ing
l Email alert of certificate expiration

Certificates and their domains

You can generate or import certificates in the global domain (i.e., FortiADC appliance) and individual VDOM
domains (i.e., virtual machines). The visibility and use of certificates or certificate groups may vary, depending
where (the domain) they are created. Below are the general guidelines regarding the availability and use of
certificates or certificate groups.

l Local Certificates/intermediate Certificates—If generated or imported in a specific VDOM domain, they can be
viewed and deleted in that VDOM only, but not visible in any other VDOM or the global domain; if generated or
imported in the global domain, they can be viewed and downloaded by all VDOMS, but can be deleted only in the
global domain.

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l Local Certificate Groups/Intermediate CA Groups—If added in a specific VDOM domain, they can be viewed,
edited, or referenced in that VDOM domain only, but not visible in any other VDOMs or the global domain; if added
in the global domain, they can be visible to all VDOM domains, but can be edited only in the global domain.
l CA/CRL/OCSP Signing Certificates—If imported in a specific VDOM domain, they can be viewed or deleted
only in that VDOM, but not visible in any other VDOM domain or the global domain; if imported in the global
domain, they can be viewed or downloaded in all VDOM domains, but can be deleted only in the global domain.
l Verify/CA Group/OCSP—If added in a specific VDOM domain, they can be viewed or edited or referenced to in
that VDOM domain only, but not visible in any other VDOM domain or the global domain; if added in the global
domain, they can be viewed or referenced to in all VDOMs, but can be edited only in the global domain.

Prerequisite tasks
You must download the certificates from your backend servers so that you can import them into the FortiADC
system.

This example shows how to download a CA certificate from Microsoft Windows 2003.

To download a CA certificate from Microsoft Windows 2003 Server:

1. Go to https://<ca-server_ipv4>/certsrv/.
where <ca-server_ipv4> is the IP address of your CA server.
2. Log in as Administrator. Other accounts may not have sufficient privileges.
The Microsoft Certificate Services home page appears. Figure 54 is an example of this page.

Figure  54:  Welcome page

3. Click the Download CA certificate, certificate chain, or CRL link to display the Download a CA Certificate,
Certificate Chain, or CRL page. Figure 55 is an example of this page.
4. From Encoding Method, select Base64.
5. Click Download CA certificate.

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Figure  55:  Download a CA Certificate, Certificate Chain, or CRL page

Manage certificates
This section discusses the following tasks you can perform on the System > Certificate > Manage Certificates
page:

l Generating a certificate signing request

l Importing local CAs
l Importing intermediate CAs
l Creating an intermediate CA group
l Creating a local CA group

Generating a certificate signing request

Many commercial certificate authorities (CAs) provide websites where you can generate your own certificate
signing request (CSR). A CSR is an unsigned certificate file that the CA will sign. When a CSR is generated, the
associated private key that the appliance will use to sign and/or encrypt connections with clients is also
generated.

If your CA does not provide this service, or if you have your own private CA such as a Linux server with OpenSSL,
you can use FortiADC to generate a CSR and private key. This CSR can then be submitted for verification and
signing by the CA.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To generate a certificate signing request:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Manage Certificates.

2. Click the Local Certificate tab.

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3. Click Generate to display the configuration editor.

4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 117.
5. Click Save when done.
The system creates a private and public key pair. The generated request includes the public key of the
FortiADC appliance and information such as the IP address, domain name, or email address. The FortiADC
appliance private key remains confidential on the FortiADC appliance. The Status column of the new CSR
entry is Pending.
6. Select the row that corresponds to the certificate request.
7. Click Download.
Standard dialogs appear with buttons to save the file at a location you select. Your web browser downloads
the certificate request (.csr) file.
8. Upload the certificate request to your CA.
After you submit the request to a CA, the CA will verify the information in the certificate, give it a serial
number, an expiration date, and sign it with the public key of the CA.
9. If you are not using a commercial CA whose root certificate is already installed by default on web browsers,
download your CA’s root certificate, and then install it on all computers that will be connecting to your FortiADC
appliance. Otherwise, those computers might not trust your new certificate.
10. After you've received the signed certificate from the CA, import the certificate into the FortiADC system.
 Table 117: CSR configuration

Settings Guidelines

Generate Certificate Signing Request

Certification Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. The
maximum length is 35 characters.

Note: This is the name of the CSR file, not the host name/IP contained in the
certificate’s Subject: line.

Subject Information

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Settings Guidelines

ID Type Select the type of identifier to use in the certificate to identify the virtual server:

l Host IP—The static public IP address of the FortiADC virtual server in the IP Address
field. If the FortiADC appliance does not have a static public IP address, use the email or
domain name options instead.
Note: Do NOT use this option if your network has a dynamic public IP address. Your web
browser will display the “Unable to verify certificate” or similar error message when your
public IP address changes.
l Domain Name—The fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the FortiADC virtual server,
such as www.example.com. This does not require that the IP address be static, and may
be useful if, for example, your network has a dynamic public IP address and therefore
clients connect to it via dynamic DNS. Do not include the protocol specification (http://) or
any port number or path names.
l E-Mail—The email address of the owner of the FortiADC virtual server. Use this if the
virtual server does not require either a static IP address or a domain name.
Depending on your choice for ID Type, related options appear.

IP Address Enter the static IP address of the FortiADC appliance, such as 10.0.0.1.The IP
address should be the one that is visible to clients. Usually, this should be its public IP
address on the Internet, or a virtual IP that you use NAT to map to the appliance’s IP
address on your private network.

This option appears only if ID Type is Host IP.

Domain Name Enter the FQDN of the FortiADC appliance, such as www.example.com. The domain
name must resolve to the IP address of the FortiADC appliance or backend server
according to the DNS server used by clients. (If it does not, the clients’ browsers will
display a Host name mismatch or similar error message.)

This option appears only if ID Type is Domain Name.

Email Enter the email address of the owner of the FortiADC appliance, such as [email protected]
com. This option appears only if ID Type is E-Mail.

Distinguished Information

Organization Unit Name of organizational unit (OU), such as the name of your department. This is optional. To
enter more than one OU name, click the + icon, and enter each OU separately in each field.

Organization Legal name of your organization.

Locality (City) City or town where the FortiADC appliance is located.

State/Province State or province where the FortiADC appliance is located.

Country/Region Country where the FortiADC appliance is located.

Email E-mail address that may be used for contact purposes, such as [email protected].

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Settings Guidelines

Key Information

Key Type Select either of the following:

l RSA
l ECDSA

Key Size/ Curve For RSA key, select one of the following key sizes:
Name
l 512 Bit
l 1024 Bit
l 1536 Bit
l 2048 Bit
l 4096 Bit.
Note: Larger keys use more computing resources, but provide better security.
For ECDSA, select one of the following curve names:

l prime256v1
l secp384r1
l secp521r1

Enrollment Information

Enrollment Method l File-Based—You must manually download and submit the resulting certificate request file
to a CA for signing. Once signed, upload the local certificate.
Online SCEP—The FortiADC appliance automatically uses HTTP to submit the request
to the simple certificate enrollment protocol (SCEP) server of a CA, which will validate
and sign the certificate. For this selection, two options appear. Enter the CA Server
URL and the Challenge Password.

Importing local certificates

You can import (upload) the following types of X.509 server certificates and private keys into the FortiADC
system:

l Base64-encoded
l PKCS #12 RSA-encrypted
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l You must have downloaded the certificate and key files and be able to browse to them
l so that you can upload them.

To import a local certificate:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Manage Certificates.

2. Click the Local Certificate tab.

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3. Click Import to display the configuration editor.

4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 118.
5. Click Save when done.
 Table 118: Local certificate import configuration

Settings Guidelines

Type Click the down arrow and select one of the following options from the drop-down menu:

l Local Certificate—Use this option only if you have a CA-signed certificate that was originated
from a CSR generated in FortiADC . See Generating a certificate signing request on page
316. Note: It is important to make sure that the load-balancer (FortiADC appliance) you use
to import a local certificate is the same appliance where the CSR was generated because it is
where the key matching the certificate resides. The import operation will fail without the
matching key on the same hardware system.
l PKCS12 Certificate—Use this option only if you have a PKCS #12 password-encrypted
certificate with its key in the same file.
l Certificate—Use this option only if you have a certificate and its key in separate files.
Note: Additional fields are displayed depending on your selection.

Local Certificate

Certificate File Browse for and upload the certificate file that you want to use.

PKCS12 Certificate

Certificate Name Specify the certificate name that can be referenced by other parts of the configuration, such as
www_example_com. The maximum length is 35 characters. Do not use spaces or special
characters.

Certificate File Browse for and upload the certificate file that you want to use.

Password Specify the password to encrypt the file in local storage.

Certificate

Certificate Name Specify the name that can be referenced by other parts of the configuration, such as www_
example_com. The maximum length is 35 characters. Do not use spaces or special char-
acters.

Certificate File Browse for and upload the certificate file that you want to use.

Key File Browse for and upload the corresponding key file.

Password Specify the password to encrypt the files in local storage.

Creating a local certificate group

Local certificate groups are used to facilitate the configuration of profiles that are associated with a virtual server.

Before you begin, you must:

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l Have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l Have already added the certificates to the local certificate store and intermediate CAs to the intermediate certificate
store, and created an intermediate CA group.

To create a local certificate group:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Manage Certificates.

The configuration page displays the Local Certificate Group tab.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 119.
4. Click Save when done.
 Table 119: Local certificate group configuration

Settings Guidelines

Group Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. The maximum
length is 35 characters. After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Group Member

Local Certificate Select the certificate to add to the group.

Intermediate CA Select the Intermediate CA group to add to the local group. (Optional)
group

Default Check this check box only if you want to make this local certificate the default for the group.
Note: Only one local certificate can be set as the default in a group. If one local certificate has
already been set as the default, you must disable (uncheck) it in order to set another one as the
default. By default, the first local certificate in the group becomes the default if no local cer-
tificate is set as the default,

Importing intermediate CAs

An intermediate CA store is for the intermediate CA certificates that the backend servers would ordinarily use to
complete the chain of server certificates, if any. HTTPS transactions use intermediate CAs when the server
certificate is signed by an intermediate certificate authority (CA) rather than a root CA.

Before you begin, you must:

l Have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l Know the URL of an SCEP server or have downloaded the certificate and key files and be able to browse to them so
that you can upload them.

To import an intermediate CA:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Manage Certificates.

2. Click the Intermediate CA tab.
3. Click Import to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 120.

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5. Click Save when done.

6. Repeat Steps 3 through 5 to import as many intermediate CAs as needed.
 Table 120: Intermediate CA import configuration

Settings Guidelines

Certificate Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces.The maximum
length is 35 characters. After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Import Method l SCEP—Use Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol. SCEP allows routers and other
intermediary network devices to obtain certificates.
l File—Upload a file.

SCEP

SCEP URL Specify the URL of the SCEP Server.

CA Identifier Enter the identifier of the CA on the SCEP server, if applicable.

File

Certificate File Browse for and upload the the certificate file on the local machine.

Key File Browse for the corresponding PEM key file that you want to upload.

Note: Both a certificate file and key file are required for the intermediate CA used in SSL
decryption by the forward proxy.

Password Password to encrypt the files in local storage.

Creating an intermediate CA group

You select an intermediate CA group configuration object in the local certificate group, so you should configure in
the group all the Intermediate CAs that would be needed by the backend servers that belong to a single virtual
server.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l You must have already added the Intermediate CAs to the Intermediate CA certificate store.

To create an Intermediate CA group:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Manage Certificates.

2. Click the Intermediate CA Group tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 121.
5. Save the configuration.

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 Table 121: Intermediate CA group configuration

Settings Guidelines

Group Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. The maximum
length is 35 characters. After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Group Member

Intermediate CA Select the Intermediate CA to add to the group,

Default Check this check box only if you want to make this intermediate CA the default for the group.
Note: Only one intermediate CA can be set as the default in an intermediate CA group. If one
intermediate CA has already been set as the default, you must disable (uncheck) it in order to
set another one as the default. By default, the first intermediate CA in a group becomes the
default if no intermediate CA is set as the default,

Validating certificates
This section discusses the ways to validate client certificates and real server certificates from within the FortiADC
system. It covers the following topics:

l Importing CAs
l Creating a CA group
l Importing remote certificates
l Importing CRLs
l Adding OCSPs
l Validating certificates

Configure a certificate verification object

To be valid, a client certificate must meet the following criteria:

l Must not be expired or not yet valid

l Must not be revoked by either certificate revocation list (CRL) or, if enabled, online certificate status protocol
(OCSP)
l Must be signed by a certificate authority (CA) whose certificate you have imported into the FortiADC appliance
Certificate verification rules specify the CA certificates to use when validating client certificates, and they specify
a CRL and/or OCSP server, if any, to use for certificate revocation checking.

You select a certificate verification configuration object in the profile configuration for a virtual server or in a real-
server-SSL profile. If the client presents an invalid certificate during the authentication phase of a SSL/TLS
session initiation, the FortiADC system will not allow the connection.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l You must have already created CA, OCSP or CRL configuration.
After you have configured a certificate verification object, you can include it in a virtual server profile or a Real
Server SSL Profile, and it will be used to validate certificates presented to FortiADC.

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To configure a certificate verification object:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Verify.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 122.
4. Click Save when done. The newly certificate verification object appears on the Verify page.
5. Click the Edit icon in the far-right column (or double-click the entry) to open the configuration editor.
6. In the Group Member panel, select the CA, OCSP, or CRL of interest.
7. Click Save when done.
 Table 122: Certificate verify configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Enter a unique name for the certificate verification object that you are creating. Valid
characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. The maximum length is 35 characters. No space is
allowed.

verify-depth Note: CLI only.

The default value is 1, but you may select any value from 0 to 255.

customize- Note: This option is available from the CLI only.

error-ignore
Enable or disable customize-error-ignore. The option is disabled by default. If it's
enabled, you are required to select the ca-ignore-errors and cert-ignore-
errors, as described below.

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Settings Guidelines

ca-ignore- Note: CLI only. When customize-error-ignore is enabled, the following options

errors become available for you to choose from:
l UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT
l UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL
l CERT_NOT_YET_VALID
l CERT_HAS_EXPIRED
l CRL_NOT_YET_VALID
l CRL_HAS_EXPIRED
l DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT
l SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN
l UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY
l UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE
l CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG
l INVALID_CA
l INVALID_PURPOSE
l CERT_UNTRUSTED
l CERT_REJECTED
Note: If customize-error-ignore is disabled (by default), the CLI shows the
following:
ca-ignore-errors: UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL
CERT_UNTRUSTED

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Settings Guidelines

cert-ignore- Note: CLI only. When customize-error-ignore is enabled, the following options

errors become available for you to choose from:
l UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT
l UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL
l CERT_NOT_YET_VALID
l CERT_HAS_EXPIRED
l CRL_NOT_YET_VALID
l CRL_HAS_EXPIRED
l DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT
l SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN
l UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY
l UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE
l CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG
l INVALID_CA
l INVALID_PURPOSE
l CERT_UNTRUSTED
l CERT_REJECTED
Note: If customize-error-ignore is disabled (by default), the CLI shows the
following:
cert-ignore-errors: UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL

Group Member

CA Select a CA (Required).

OCSP Select an OCSP (Optional).

CRL Select a CRL (Optional).

Importing CRLs
A certificate revocation list (CRL) is a file that contains a list of revoked certificates with their serial numbers and
their revocation dates. The file also contains the name of the issuer of the CRL, the effective date, and the next
update date. By default, the shortest validity period of a CRL is one hour.

Some potential reasons for certificates to be revoked include:

l A CA server was hacked and its certificates are no longer trustworthy.

l A single certificate was compromised and is no longer trustworthy.
l A certificates has expired and is not supposed to be used past its lifetime.
You can either upload a CRL file from your local machine or specify the URL of the CRL file

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Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) is an alternative to CRL. OCSP is useful

when you do not want to deploy CRL files, for example, or want to avoid the public
exposure of your PKI structure. For more information, see Adding OCSPs.

Before you begin, you must:

l Have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l Know the URL of a CRL server or have the CRL files downloaded onto your local machine.

To import a CRL file:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Verify.

2. Click the CRL tab.
3. Click Import to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 123.
5. Click Save when done.
6. Repeat Steps 3 through 5 to import as many CRLs as needed.
 Table 123: CRL configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. The maximum
length is 35 characters. After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Import Method

HTTP If selected, FortiADC will download the CRL file from an HTTP server. You must specify the
HTTP URL.

SCEP If selected, FortiADC will download the CRL file from an SCEP server. You must specify the
SCEP URL.

File If selected, you will need to browse for the CRL file on your local machine and upload it into
FortiADC.

Adding OCSPs
FortiADC supports the validation of client digital certificates using Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP). In
such a configuration, FortiADC contacts the OCSP Responder (i.e., the certificate management system), which
maintains the current revocation status information of client certificates or backend server certificates, to
determine the current status of digital certificate presented to it. It can then decide whether to allow or block the
TLS/SSL connections, based on the status of the client certificates provided by the OCSP Responder.

OCSP enables you to validate certificate status by real-time online query, rather than by importing certificate
revocation list (CRL) files. Since distributing and installing CRL files can be a considerable burden in large
organizations, and because delay between the release and install of the CRL represents a vulnerability window,
this can often be preferable.

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During the process of TLS/SSL handshake, FortiADC will send an OCSP status request for the client certificate or
backend server certificate to the OCSP Responder. The OCSP Responder then verifies whether the status
request contains the information required to identify the certificate and returns a signed response with the status
of the inquired certificate, which could be one of the following:

l Good = The certificate has not yet been revoked.

l Revoked = The certificate has been revoked.
l Unknown = The OCSP Responder has no information about the requested certificate, and therefore is able to
determine its status.
Note: FortiADC only accepts client certificates in"Good" status as determined by the OCSP Responder as valid.
To use OCSP queries, you must first install the certificates of trusted OCSP servers.

Before you begin, you must:

l Have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l Know the URL of an OCSP server
l Have downloaded the certificate and key files and be able to browse to them so that you can upload them.
l Have already imported the OCSP signing certificates into FortiADC. See Importing remote certificates and
Creating a CA group.

To add an OCSP:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Verify.

2. Click the OCSP tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 124.
5. Click Save when done.
6. Repeat Steps 3 through 5 to add as many OCSPs as needed.
 Table 124: OCSP certificate configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Enter a unique name for the client certificate validation object that uses OCSP. Valid char-
acters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. The maximum length is 35 characters. No space is allowed.

OCSP URL Specify the URL of the OCSP Responder.

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Settings Guidelines

Verify Others Upon receiving the OCSP response from the OCSP server, FortiADC first performs OCSP
basic verify to validate the OCSP responder's signature.

Enable (default)—When Verify Others is enabled, you must select a remote certificate
(see Remote Certificates below). The OCSP basic verify succeeds when the selected
remote certificate matches the OCSP response signature, otherwise, the OCSP basic
verify will fail and the TLS/SSL connection will be terminated.

Disable—When Verify Others is disabled, you must select a CA Group. the OCSP basic
verify will be carried out in the following sequence:
1. The OCSP response signing certificate must be one of the certificates in the CA group
or a certificate issued by one of the certificates in the CA group. Also, the certificates
must form a chain from the OCSP signing certificate all the way to a self-signed root
CA. Otherwise, the OCSP basic verify will fail.
2. If Step 1 (above) is successful, the validation will proceed like this: If the Criteria Check
field is selected (enabled), then the OCSP signing certificate can be either the issuing
CA of the certificate whose status FortiADC must validate, or a dedicated OCSP
signing certificate issued by this issuing CA. The validation succeeds if this criterion is
met. Otherwise, the validation process will move onto Step 3 (below).
3. If the OCSP signing certificate is issued by one of the certificates in the CA group, but
is not a dedicated OCSP signing certificate, then the validation will proceed like this: If
the root CA of this OCSP signing certificate is a trusted self-signed root CA and the
"Accept Trusted Root CA" field is selected (enabled), then the validation will
succeed. Otherwise, the validation will fail.

Remote Cer- Select the client certificate of which you'd like to verify the signature of the OCSP Responder
tificates that signs it. Note: This option is applicable only when Verify Others is enabled. You MUST
select a remote certificate which must have been imported into FortiADC ahead of time. See
Importingremote certificates.

CA Chain Click the down arrow and select a CA group from the list menu. Note: This becomes available
only when Verify Others is disabled. In that case, you must select a CA chain (i.e., CA
group). It's highly recommended that you have CA groups configured in advance to use this
option. See Creating a CA group.

Criteria Check Enable/Disable issuer-criteria check. Note: This option comes in hand in hand with CA Chain,
and is only available when Verify Others is disabled (see Verify Others above). It is enabled by
default, but you can uncheck it if you do not want to validate the certificate issuer's identity.

Accept Trusted Enalbe/Disable accept trusted root CA. Note: This option becomes available only when Criteria
Root CA Check is enabled (see Criteria Check above). It is enabled by default, in which case FortiADC
will accept trusted root CA in the validation process. Uncheck it if you do not want to use this
feature.

Importing OCSP signing certificates

OCSP signing certificates are certificates with no private keys. For dynamic certification revocation, you must
verify them through an OCSP server. This option allows you to import remote (OCSP) certificates into FortiADC

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and use them to verify the OCSP response signature.

Before you begin, you must:

l Have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l Have the remote certificates downloaded onto you local machine so that you can upload it to FortiADC.

To import an OCSP-signing certificate:

1. Go to System > Certificate > verify.

2. Click the OCSP Signing Certificatestab.
3. Click Import to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 125.
5. Click Save when done.
6. Repeat Steps 3 through 5 to import as many remote certificates as needed.
 Table 125: Importing an OCSP signing certificate

Settings Guidelines

Name Enter a unique name for the remote certificate you want to import. Valid characters are A-Z, a-
z, 0-9, _, and -. The maximum length is 35 characters. No space is allowed.

OCSP Signing Cer- Browse for and upload the remote certificate file of interest.
tificates

Once an OCSP signing certificate has been uploaded into FortiADC, the name of the certificate file shows up
under the Remote tab. You can view or remove the certificate from this page using the corresponding icons in the
far-right column of the page.

Importing CAs
The certificate authority (CA) store is used to authenticate the certificates of other devices. When the FortiADC
system is presented with a certificate, it examines the CA’s signature, comparing it with the copy of the CA’s
certificate already imported into the CA store. If the public key matches the private key, the client's or device’s
certificate is considered legitimate.

In web browsers, the CA store includes trusted root CAs that can be used to establish trust with servers that have
certificates signed by the issuing CAs. In an SSL forward proxy deployment, FortiADC acts as a proxy for the
client, so you might want to import client browser CAs, create a CA group, and create a certficate verification
policy to verify server certificates against this group. You can examine the CA store in common web browsers to
come up with a good list of CAs to download and then import. The following list has links for some common web
browsers:

l Apple iOS: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204132

l Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox: https://wiki.mozilla.org/CA:IncludedCAs
l Microsoft Internet Explorer: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn265983.aspx
You must do one of the following:

l Import the certificates of the signing CA and all intermediate CAs to FortiADC’s store of CA certificates.
l In all personal certificates, include the full signing chain up to a CA that FortiADC knows in order to prove that the
clients’ certificates should be trusted.

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l If the signing CA is not known, that CA’s own certificate must likewise be signed by one or more other intermediary
CAs, until both the FortiADC appliance and the client or device can demonstrate a signing chain that ultimately
leads to a mutually trusted (shared “root”) CA that they have in common. Like a direct signature by a known CA, this
proves that the certificate can be trusted.
Before you begin, you must:

l Have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l Know the URL of an SCEP server or have downloaded the certificate and key files and be able to browse to them so
that you can upload them.

To import a CA:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Verify.

2. Click the CA tab.
3. Click Import to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 126.
5. Click Save when done.
6. Repeat Steps 3 through 5 to import as many CAs as needed.
 Table 126: CA import configuration

Settings Guidelines

Certificate Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. The maximum length is 35
characters. No space is allowed.

Import Method l SCEP—Use Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol. SCEP allows routers and other
intermediary network devices to obtain certificates.
l File—Upload a file.

SCEP

SCEP URL Enter the URL of the SCEP server.

CA Identifier Enter the identifier for a specific CA on the SCEP server.

File

Local PC Browse for the certificate file on the local machine and upload it to FortiADC.

Creating a CA group
CA groups are only used to verify the signature of the OCSP Responder.

Include in the CA group all of the CAs for the pool of backend servers to be associated with a single virtual server.

Before you begin, you must:

l Have Read-Write permission for System settings.

l Have already added the CAs to the CA certificate store.

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To create a CA group:

1. Go to System > Certificate > Verify.

2. Click the CA Group tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Name the CA group and click Save when done. The new CA group appears on the CA Group page.
5. Click the Edit icon in the far-right column (or double-click the CA group) to bring up the configuration editor.
6. Click Add.
7. Complete the configuration as described in Table 127.
8. Click Save when done.
9. Repeat Steps 6 through 8 to add as many CAs to the group as needed.
 Table 127: CA group configuration

Settings Guidelines

Group Name Specify a unique name for the CA group that you are creating. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-
9, _, and -. The maximum length is 35 characters. No space is allowed.

Group Member

CA Click the down arrow and select the desired CA from the list menu to add to the group.

HSM Integration

A hardware security module (HSM) is a dedicated device for managing digital keys and performing cryptographic
operations. It can be a plug-in card or an external device directly connected to a computer or network server.
Purposefully designed to protect the crypto-key life cycle, HSMs have been used by some of the world's most
security-conscious entities to protect their cryptographic infrastructure by securely managing, processing, and
storing cryptographic keys inside a hardened, tamper-resistant device.

Enterprises use HSMs to safeguard their online transactions, identities, and applications because of their
strengths in securing cryptographic keys and provisioning encryption, decryption, authentication, and digital
signing services for a wide range of applications.

Integrating FortiADC with SafeNet Network HSM

Starting from Version 4.7.2, FortiADC has integrated with SafeNet Network HSM. It enables you to retrieve a per-
connection, SSL session key from the HSM server instead of loading the private key and certificate stored on
FortiADC.

Integration of FortiADC with SafeNet Network HSM requires specific configuration steps on both appliances:

On the HSM appliance:

l Create one or more HSM partitions for FortiADC

l Send the FortiADC client certificate to the HSM
l Register the FortiADC HSM client to the partition(s)
l Retrieve the HSM server certificate
On the FortiADC appliance:

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l Configure communication with the HSM server, including using the server and client certificates to register
FortiADC as a client of the HSM
l Generate a certificate-signing request (CSR) that includes the HSM's configuration information
l Upload the signed certificate to FortiADC
It must be noted that

l HSM support is disabled on FortiADC by default. You must enable it via the CLI for the feature to become available
on FortiADC GUI. Use the following CLI commands to enable HSM support:
config system global
set hsm enable
l You must also have the HSM server certificate available on your local PC or a network drive.
l With the 4.7.2 release, HSM integration only supports active-passive HA configuration.
l In Version 4.7.2, HSM partition is a global configuration that can be used from individual VDOMs.
The following instructions assume that you have (1) HSM support enabled on FortiADC and (2) access to the
HSM server certificate from your PC.

Preparing the HSM appliance

FortiADC 4.7.2 only supports SafeNet Network HSM. Before starting to configure the FortiADC-HSM integration,
you must configure the SafeNet Network HSM first using the following steps:
1. On the SafeNet Network HSM, use the partition create command to create and initialize a new HSM
partition that uses password authentication.
Note: This is the partition FortiADC uses on the HSM server. You can create more than one partition, but all the
partitions are assigned to the same client. For more information, see the HSM-related documentation.
2. Use the SCP utility and the following command to send the FortiADC client certificate to the HSM:
scp <fortiadc_ip>.pem admin@<hsm_ip>:
3. Using SSH, connect to the HSM server using the admin account. Then, use the following command to register a
client for FortiADC on the HSM server:
lunash:> client register -c <client_name> -ip <fortiadc_ip>, where <client_name> is
the name you specify that identifies the client.
4. Use the following command to assign the client you registered to the partition you created earlier:lunash:>
client assignPartition -client <client_name> -partition <partition_name>
You can verify the assignment using the following command:
lunash:> client show -client <client_name>
5. Repeat the client assignment process for any additional partitions your created for FortiADC.
6. Use the SCP utility and the following command to retrieve the server certificate file from the HSM server:
scp <hsm_username>@<hsm_ip>:server.pem /usr/lunasa/bin/server_<hsm_ip>.pem
7. On the FortiADC GUI, navigate to System>HSM to bring up the HSM configuration page.
8. Complete the HSM configuration as described in the table below. Then move on to " HSM Integration" on page
335.
 Table 128: HSM Configuration Parameters

Parameter Description

Configuration Complete the following entries or selections to configure the FortiADC-HSM integ-
ration.

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Parameter Description

IP Enter the IP address of the HSM server.

Port Specify the port via which FortiADC establishes an NTLS connection with the
HSM server. The default value is 1792.

Timeout Specify a timeout value for the connection between FortiADC and the HSM server.
The default is 20000. Valid values range from 5000 to 20000 milliseconds.

Interface Select an outgoing interface (port) on FortiADC.

Note: FortiADC uses this interface (port) to generate a local certificate based on
the IP address of the interface (e.g., port1).

Upload Server Certificate Click Browse to browse for the server certificate file that you retrieved earlier.
File

Download Client Certificate Click Download to retrieve the client certificate file that you sent to the HSM
File server earlier to make it available for the registration process.

Note: The certificate's common name is the main IP address of the outgoing

interface. The client and sever certificates are used in SSL connection between
FolritADC and the HSM server.

Register Click this button to register FortiADC as a client of the HSM sever using the
specified server and client certificates.

Note: This action generates a config file, e.g., /example.conf

Unregister Click this button to clear all HSM-related configurations on the back-end.

Partition Click Add to create partition or Delete to remove a selected partition.

Note: FortiADC 4.7.2 can accept only one partition. Once a partition is added,
the Register and Unregister buttons become dimmed out, meaning you cannot
make any change to the HSM configuration. To eidt the HSM configuration, you
must delete the partition first.

Partition Name Specify the name of a partition to which the FortiADC HSM client is assigned.

Password Specify the password for the partition.

Note: When configure your CSR to work with an HSM, the CSR generation process creates a private key on both
the HSM and the FortiADC. The private key on the HSM is the "real" key that secures communication when
FortiADC uses the signed certificate. The key found on the FortiADC is used when you upload the certificate to
FortiADC.

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Generating a certificate-signing request on FortiADC

Once you have completed configuring the HSM server, you must generate a certificate-signing request which
references the HSM connection and partition from inside FortiADC.

To generate a certificate-signing request:

1. On the FortiADC GUI, navigate to System > Manage Certificates > Local Certificate.
2. Click Generate to bring up the Local Certificate configuration page.
3. Configure the certificate-signing request as described in the table below. Then move on to " HSM Integration" on
page 337.
 Table 129: Generating a certificate-signing request

Parameter Description

Generate Certificate Sign- Complete the following entries or selections to configure the FortiADC-HSM integ-
ing Request ration.

Certificate Name Specify a name for the certificate request, e.g., www.example.com. This can be the
name of your web site.

Subject Information Specify the information that the certificate is required to contain in order to uniquely
identify the FortiADC appliance. This area varies depending on the ID Type you
select.

ID Type Select the type of identifier to use in the certificate to identify the FortiADC
appliance:

l Host IP — Select this option if the FortiADC appliance has a static IP

address, and then enter the public IP address of the FortiADC appliance in
the IP field. If the FortiADC appliance does not have a public IP address, use
Domain Name or Email instead. See below.
l Domain Name — Select this option if the FortiADC appliance has a static IP
address and subscribes to a dynamic DNS service. Enter the FQDN of the
FortiADC appliance, such as www.example.com, in the Domain Name field,
but do NOT include the protocol specification (http://) or any port number or
path names.
l Email — Select this option if the FortiADC appliance does not require either a
static IP address or a domain name. Enter the email address of the owner of
the FortiADC appliance in the Email field.
The ID type you can select varies by whether or not your FortiADC appliance has
a static IP address, a fully-qualified domain name (FQDN), and by the primarily
intended use of the certificate. For example, if your FortiADC appliance has both
a static IP address and a domain name, but you will primarily use the local
certificate for HTTPS connections to the web UI by the domain name of the
FortiADC appliance, you might prefer to generate a certificate based upon the
domain name of the FortiADC appliance rather than its IP address. Depending
on your choice for ID Type, the other options may vary.

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Parameter Description

IP Note: This option appears only if the ID Type is Host IP.

Enter the static IP address of the FortiADC appliance, such as 10.0.0.1. The IP
address must be the one visible to clients. Usually, this should be its public IP
address on the Internet, or a virtual IP that you use NAT to map to the
appliance’s IP address on your private network.

Domain Name Note: This option appears only if the ID Type is Domain Name.
Enter the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the FortiADC appliance, such
as www.example.com. The domain name must resolve to the static IP address of
the FortiADC appliance or a protected server.

Email Note: This option appears only if the ID Type is Email.

Enter the email address of the owner/user of the FortiADC appliance, such as
[email protected].

Distinguished Inform- The following information is OPTIONAL in the certificate; it is NOT required.
ation

Organization unit Enter the name of your organizational unit (OU), such as the name of your
department.

To enter more than one OU name, click the + icon, and enter each OU in each
separate field.

Organization Enter the legal name of your organization.

Locality(City) Enter the name of the city or town where the FortiADC appliance is deployed.

State/Province Enter the name of the state or province where the FortiADC appliance is deployed.

Country/Region Select the name of the country where the FortiADC appliance is deployed.

Email Enter an email address that may be used for contact purposes, such as
[email protected].

Key Information Enter the information pertinent to the key.

Key Type This field shows the type of algorithm used to generate the key.

Note: It's read-only and cannot be changed. FortiADC 4.7.2 supports RSA key
type only.

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Parameter Description

Key Size Select one of the following key sizes:

l 512 bit
l 1024 bit
l 1536 bit
l 2048 bit
l 4096 bit
Note: Larger keys may take longer to generate, but provide better security.

HSM Select this option if the private key for the connections is provided by an HSM
appliance instead of FortiADC.

Note: This option is available only if you have enabled HSM via the CLI using the
config system global command. For more information, see " HSM
Integration" on page 332.

Partition Name Enter the name of the partition where the private key for this certificate is located
on the HSM server.

Note: This option becomes available only when HSM is selected. See above.

Enrollment Information

Enrollment Method Select either of the following:

l File Based —If selected, you must manually download and submit the
resulting certificate signing request (.csr) file to a certificate authority (CA) for
signing. Once signed, you need to upload the local certificate. This is the
only enrollment method if HSM is selected.
l Online SCEP — If selected, the FortiADC appliance will automatically use
HTTP to submit the certificate-signing request to the simple certificate
enrollment protocol (SCEP) server of a CA, which will validate and sign the
certificate.
Note: For this selection, two more options appear: CA Server URL and
Challenge Password. This option is not available if HSM is selected.

Downloading and uploading the certificate request (.csr) file

Normally, when generating a certificate-signing request, the FortiADC appliance creates a private and public key
pair. The generated request includes the public key of the FortiADC appliance and information such as the
FortiADC appliance’s IP address, domain name, or email address. The FortiADC appliance’s private key remains
confidential on the FortiADC appliance. The Status column of the entry is PENDING.

If you configured your CSR to work with the FortiADC-HSM integration, the CSR generation process creates a
private key both on the HSM and on FortiADC appliances. The private key on the HSM is used to secure
communication when FortiADC uses the certificate. The FortiADC private key is used when you upload the
certificate to FortiADC.

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After you have submitted a certificate-signing request from inside FortiADC as discussed above, you must go
back to the System > Management Certificates > Local Certificate page to download the certificate request
(.csr) file, and then upload that file to your certificate authority (CA) by taking the following steps:

1. On the System > Manage Certificates > Local Certificate page, locate the entry of the certificate request.
2. Click the Download icon.
Note: The time it takes to download the certificate request (.csr) file varies, depending on the size of the file and
the speed of your network connection. After the file is downloaded, save it at a location on your machine.
3. Upload the certificate request (.csr) file to your CA.
Note: Upon receiving the certificate request file, the CA will verify the information in the certificate, give it a serial
number and an expiration date, and sign it with the public key of the CA.
4. If you are not using a commercial CA whose root certificate is already installed by default on web browsers,
download your CA’s root certificate, and then install it on all computers that will be connecting to your FortiADC
appliance.
Note: You must have the certificate installed on the computers. Otherwise, they may not trust your new
certificate. After you have received the signed certificate from the CA, upload it to FortiADC, as discussed below.

Uploading the server certificate to FortiADC

You must have the Read and Write permission to upload server certificates to the FortiADC appliance.

To upload the server certificate to FortiADC:

1. On the FortiADC GUI, navigate to the System > Manage Certificates > Local Certificate page.
2. Click Import.
3. Make the selections as described in the table below, and click Save.
 Table 130: Uploading a server certificate-

Parameter Description

Type Click the down arrow and select one of the following options from the drop-down
menu:

l Local Certificate—Use this option only if you have a CA-signed certificate that was
originated from a CSR generated in FortiADC . See HSM Integration on page 332.
Note: It is important to make sure that the load-balancer (FortiADC appliance) you
use to import a local certificate is the same appliance where the CSR was
generated because it is where the key matching the certificate resides. The import
operation will fail without the matching key on the same hardware system.
l PKCS12 Certificate—Use this option only if you have a PKCS #12 password-
encrypted certificate with its key in the same file.
l Certificate—Use this option only if you have a certificate and its key in separate
files.
Note: Additional fields are displayed depending on your selection.

Certificate File Click Browse to locate the certificate file that you want to upload.

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Parameter Description

Certificate Name The name of the certificate.

Note: This field applies when Type is Certificate or PKCS12.

Key File Click Browse to locate the key file that you want to upload with the certificate.

Note: This option is available only if Type is Certificate.

Password Enter the password used to encrypt the server certificate file.

Note: This enables FortiADC to decrypt and install the certificate. This option is
available only if Type is Certificate or PKCS12 Certificate.

Once a certificate is uploaded to FortiADC, you can use in a policy or server pool configuration. For more
information, see

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Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Using the event log

l Using the aggregate log
l Using the traffic log
l Configuring local log settings
l Configuring syslog settings
l Enabling real-time statistics
l Configuring high speed logging
l Configuring alert email settings
l Configuring reports
l Configuring Report Queries
l Configuring fast reports
l Viewing reports

Using the event log

The Event Log table displays logs related to system-wide status and administrator activity.

Figure 56 shows the Event log table. By default, the log is filtered to display configuration changes, and the table
lists the most recent records first.

You can use the following category filters to review logs of interest:

l Configuration—Configuration changes.
l System—System operations, warnings, and errors.
l Admin—Administrator actions.
l User—Authentication results logs.
l Health Check—Health check results and client certificate validation check results.
l SLB—Notifications, such as connection limit reached.
l LLB—Notifications, such as bandwidth thresholds reached.
l GLB—Notifications, such as the status of associated local SLB and virtual servers.
l Firewall—Notifications, such as SNAT source IP pool is using all of its addresses.
Figure  56: Event log

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Within each category, you can use Filter Setting controls to filter the table based on the values of matching data.

You can use the Download link to download the logs. Filters are applied to the set that is collected for download.

 Table 131: Filter settings

Category Filters Data Filters

Configuration l Date
l Time
l Priority (Log Level)
l User
l Action

System l Date
l Time
l Priority (Log Level)
l Submod
l User
l Action
l Status

Admin l Date
l Time
l Priority (Log Level)
l User
l Action
l Status

User l Date
l Time
l Log Level
l User
l Action
l Status

Health Check l Date

l Time
l Priority (Log Level)
l Module
l Policy
l Group
l Member
l Status

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Category Filters Data Filters

SLB, LLB, GLB, Fire- l Date

wall l Time
l Priority (Log Level)
l Module
l Policy
l Group
l Member
l Status
l Action

The last column in each table includes a link to log details.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To view and filter the log:

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Browsing.

The log page displays the Event Logs tab.
2. Select the category of interest.
3. Click Filter Setting to display the filter tools.
4. Use the tools to filter on key columns and values.
5. Click OK to apply the filter and redisplay the log.
Table 132 to Table 137 list the log columns for the event log types in the order in which they appear in the log.
 Table 132: Event log — Config

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-01 Log date.

time time=15:50:37 Log time.

log_id log_id=0000000085 Log ID.

type type=event Log type.

subtype subtype=config Log subtype.

pri pri=information Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=522000 Message ID.

user user=admin User that performed the operation.

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Column Example Description

ui ui=GUI(172.30.144.8) User interface from which the operation was performed.

action action=add Administrator action: add, edit, delete.

cfgpath cfgpath=firewall qos-queue Configuration that was changed.

cfgobj cfgobj=name Configuration setting changed.

cfgattr cfgattr=queue Configuration value changed.

logdesc logdesc=Change the configuration A column added for compatibility with FortiAnalyzer.

msg msg=added a new entry 'queue' for Log message.

"firewall qos-queue" on domain
"root"

 Table 133: Event log — System

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-01 Log date.

time time=16:00:09 Log time.

log_id log_id=0003000011 Log ID.

type type=event Log type.

subtype subtype=system Log subtype.

pri pri=error Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=522008 Message ID.

submod submod=update System submodule.

user user=none None.

ui ui=none None.

action action=update System action, such as (firmware) update, HA join and leave, and the
like.

status status=failure Status message: success or failure.

logdesc logdesc=Update A column added for compatibility with FortiAnalyzer.

FortiGuard

msg msg=Update firmware Log message (if any).

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 Table 134: Event log — Admin

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-01 Log date.

time time=15:44:38 Log time.

log_id log_id=0001016834 Log ID.

type type=event Log type.

subtype subtype=admin Log subtype.

pri pri=information Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=521996 Message ID.

user user=admin User that performed the operation.

ui ui=GUI(172.30.144.8) User interface from which the operation was performed.

action action=logout System action.

status statue=success Status message: success or failure.

reason reason=none Reason string (if any).

logdesc logdesc=Admin login A column added for compatibility with FortiAnalyzer.

msg msg=User admin logout Log message.

from GUI(172.30.144.8).

 Table 135: Event log — User

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-01 Log date.

time time=15:44:38 Log time.

log_id log_id=0001016834 Log ID.

type type=event Log type.

subtype subtype=user Log subtype.

pri pri=information Log level.

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Column Example Description

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=521996 Message ID.

user user=user1 User name.

usergrp usergrp=customerABC User group.

policy policy=membersOnly Authentication policy.

action action=login System action.

status statue=success Status message: success or failure.

reason reason=none Reason string (if any).

logdesc logdesc=user auth A column added for compatibility with FortiAnalyzer.

msg msg=User admin logout Log message.

from GUI(172.30.144.8).

 Table 136: Event log — Health Check

Column Example Description

date date=2015-12-30 Log date.

time time=12:07:47 Log time.

log_id log_id=2002502 Log ID.

type type=event Log type.

subtype subtype=health Log subtype.

pri pri=alert Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=35661161 Message ID.

module smodule=slb System module: slb, llb.

policy policy=HTTPS_VIP Virtual server configuration to which the event applies.

group group=test2 Real server pool group or link group.

member member=1 Real server member ID or gateway ID.

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Column Example Description

attrtype attrtype=none Attribute type (if any).

attrname attrname=none Attribute type (if any).

action action=health_check Type of message: health check.

status status=failure Health check result: success or failure.

logdesc logdesc=SLB Virtual server A column added for compatibility with FortiAnalyzer.
change state

msg msg=Virtual server Log message.

HTTPS_VIP, status is
down

 Table 137: Event log — SLB, LLB, GLB, Firewall

Column Example Description

date date=2016-01-13 Log date.

time time=08:30:12 Log time.

log_id log_id=0005001704 Log ID.

type type=event Log type.

subtype subtype=slb Log subtype: dns (glb), slb, llb, fw.

pri pri=alert Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=115208 Message ID.

policy policy=L7vs_tcps Policy to which the event applies—the virtual server configuration
name, for example.

group group=none Real server pool group or link group.

member member=none Real server member ID or gateway ID.

attrtype attrtype=none Additional configuration attributes, if applicable.

attrname attrname=none Additional configuration values, if applicable.

action action=ssl Module that took action.

status status=failure Status of action.

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Column Example Description

logdesc logdesc=SLB SSL Hand- A column added for compatibility with FortiAnalyzer.
shake

msg msg=Client 31.1.1.103 Log message.

failed to establish SSL con-
nection with VS 41.1.1.123

The value "none" appears in logs when the value is irrelevant to the status or action.
For example, a health check log for a virtual server shows "none" in the Group and
Member columns even though its real server pool and members are known—these
details are just not relevant. Likewise, a health check log for a real server pool member
shows "none" in the Policy column even though its virtual server is known.

Using the security log

The Security Log table displays logs related to security features.

Figure 57 shows the security log table. By default, the log is filtered to display IP Reputation logs, and the table
lists the most recent records first.

You can use the following category filters to review logs of interest:

l IP Reputation—Traffic logged by the IP Reputation feature

l DoS—Traffic logged by the SYN Flood feature
l WAF—Traffic logged by the WAF feature
l Geo—Traffic logged by the Geo IP block list feature
Figure  57: Security log

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Within each category, you can use Filter Setting controls to filter the table based on the values of matching data:

l Date
l Time
l Proto
l Service
l Src
l Src_port
l Dst
l Dst_port
l Vs Name
l Action
The last column in each table includes a link to log details.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To view and filter the log:

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Browsing.

2. Click the Security Logs tab to display the attack log.
3. Click Filter Settings to display the filter tools.
4. Use the tools to filter on key columns and values.
5. Click OK to apply the filter and redisplay the log.
Table 138 to Table 141 list the log columns in the order in which they appear in the log.
 Table 138: IP Reputation log

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-02 Log date.

time time=10:27:01 Log time.

log_id log_id=0200004230 Log ID.

type type=attack Log type: attack.

subtype subtype=ip_reputation Log subtype: ip_reputation.

pri pri=warning Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=13065998 Message ID.

count count=1 For IP reputation, count=1.

severity severity=high Rule severity.

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Column Example Description

proto proto=6 Protocol.

service service=http Service.

src src=4.4.4.4 Source IP address.

src_port src_port=49301 Source port.

dst dst=2.2.2.2 Destination IP address.

dst_port dst_port=80 Destination port.

policy policy=vs1 Virtual server name.

action action=deny Policy action.

srccountry srccountry=cn Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=us Location of the destination IP address.

msg msg=msg Security rule name, category, subcategory, and description of the
attack.

 Table 139: DoS log

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-02 Log date.

time time=10:27:01 Log time.

log_id log_id=0200004230 Log ID.

type type=attack Log type: attack.

subtype subtype=synflood Log subtype: synflood.

pri pri=warning Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=13065998 Message ID.

count count=1 For DoS, number of timeouts sent per destination.

severity severity=high Always “high” for DoS.

proto proto=0 Protocol.

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Column Example Description

service service=http Service.

src src=173.177.99.94 Source IP address.

src_port src_port=49301 Source port.

dst dst=10.61.2.100 Destination IP address.

dst_port dst_port=80 Destination port.

policy policy=unknown For DoS, policy=unknown.

action action=deny Policy action.

srccountry srccountry=cn Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=us Location of the destination IP address.

msg msg=msg Security rule name, category, subcategory, and description of the
attack.

 Table 140: WAF log

Column Example Description

date date=2015-07-22 Log date.

time time=10:27:01 Log time.

log_id log_id=0202008074 Log ID.

type type=attack Log type: attack.

subtype subtype=waf Log subtype: waf.

pri pri=alert Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=1512 Message ID.

count count=1 Rule match count.

severity severity=low Rule severity.

proto proto=6 Protocol.

service service=http Service.

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Column Example Description

src src=1.1.1.1 Source IP address.

src_port src_port=34352 Source port.

dst dst=2.2.2.2 Destination IP address.

dst_port dst_port=80 Destination port.

policy policy=vs1 Virtual server name.

action action=pass Policy action.

sigid sigid=1 Attack signature ID.

subcat subcat=waf_subtype WAF module: waf_web_attack_signature, waf_url_access, waf_

http_protocol_cont and waf_sql_xss_injection_detect.

http_host http_host- HTTP Host header in HTTP request. Maximum length is 64.
t=192.168.1.140:8080 Longer URIs are truncated and appended with ....

http_url http_url=/bigdata URI in HTTP request. Maximum length is 128. Longer URIs are
truncated and appended with ....

pkt_hdr pkt_hdr=header Contents of the packet header that matched the attack signature.

srccountry srccountry=Australia Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=France Location of the destination IP address.

msg msg="Find Attack ID: Security rule name, category, subcategory, and description of the
1010010001 NAME: "HTTP attack.
Method Violation"
CATEGORY: "HTTP Protocol
Constraint" SUB_
CATEGORY: "Request
Method Rule""

 Table 141: Geo IP log

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-02 Log date.

time time=10:27:01 Log time.

log_id log_id=0200004230 Log ID.

type type=attack Log type: attack.

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Column Example Description

subtype subtype=geo Log subtype: geo.

pri pri=warning Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=13065998 Message ID.

count count=1 Rule match count.

severity severity=high Rule severity.

proto proto=0 Protocol.

service service=http Service.

src src=173.177.99.94 Source IP address.

src_port src_port=49301 Source port.

dst dst=10.61.2.100 Destination IP address.

dst_port dst_port=80 Destination port.

policy policy=vs1 Virtual server name.

action action=deny Policy action.

srccountry srccountry=cn Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=us Location of the destination IP address.

msg msg=msg Security rule name, category, subcategory, and description of the
attack.

Using the traffic log

The Traffic Log table displays logs related to traffic served by the FortiADC deployment.

shows the Traffic log table. By default, the log is filtered to display Server Load Balancing - Layer 4 traffic logs,
and the table lists the most recent records first.

You can use the following category filters to review logs of interest:

l SLB Layer 4—Traffic served by Layer-4 virtual servers

l SLB HTTP—Traffic served by virtual servers with HTTP profiles
l SLB TCPS—Traffic served by virtual servers with TCPS profiles
l SLB RADIUS—Traffic served by virtual servers with RADIUS profiles
l GLB—Traffic served by global load balancing policies

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l SLB SIP—Traffic served by virtual servers with SIP profiles

l SLB RDP—Traffic served by virtual servers with RDP profiles
l SLB DNS —Traffic served by virtual servers with DNS profiles
l SLB RTSP —Traffic served by virtual servers with RTSP profiles
l SLB SMTP —Traffic served by virtual servers with SMTP profiles
Within each category, you can use Filter Setting controls to filter the table based on the values of matching data:

l Date
l Time
l Proto
l Service
l Src
l Src_port
l Dst
l Dst_port
l Policy
l Action
The last column in each table includes a link to log details.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To view and filter the log:

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Access > Traffic Logs to display the traffic log.
2. Click Filter Settings to display the filter tools.
3. Use the tools to filter on key columns and values.
4. Click Apply to apply the filter and redisplay the log.
Table 142 to Table 147 list the log columns in the order in which they appear in the log.
 Table 142: SLB Layer 4 and SLB TCPS logs

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-01 Log date.

time time=07:50:36 Log time.

log_id log_id=0102007810 Log ID.

type type=traffic Log type.

subtype subtype=slb_tcps Log subtype: slb_layer4, slb_tcps.

pri pri=information Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

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Column Example Description

msg_id msg_id=522030 Message ID.

duration duration=55 Session duration.

ibytes ibytes=138 Bytes in.

obytes obytes=303 Bytes out.

proto proto=6 Protocol.

service service=tcps Service.

src src=31.1.1.103 Source IP address in traffic received by FortiADC.

src_port src_port=5534 Source port.

dst dst=21.1.1.101 Destination IP address in traffic received by FortiADC (IP

address of the virtual server).

dst_port dst_port=443 Destination port.

trans_src trans_src=31.1.1.103 Source IP address in packet sent from FortiADC. Address

might have been translated.

trans_src_port trans_src_port=5534 Source port in packet sent from FortiADC.

trans_dst trans_dst=21.1.1.101 Destination IP address in packet sent from FortiADC (IP

address of the real server).

trans_dst_port trans_dst_port=443 Destination port in packet sent from FortiADC.

policy policy=L7vs Virtual server name.

action action=none For most logs, action=none.

srccountry srccountry=Reserved Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=Reserved Location of the destination IP address.

real_server real_server=2_2_2_10 Real server configured name.

 Table 143: SLB HTTP logs

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-01 Log date.

time time=07:50:36 Log time.

log_id log_id=0102007810 Log ID.

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Column Example Description

type type=traffic Log type.

subtype subtype=slb_http Log subtype: slb_http.

pri pri=information Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=522030 Message ID.

duration duration=55 Session duration.

ibytes ibytes=138 Bytes in.

obytes obytes=303 Bytes out.

proto proto=6 Protocol.

service service=http Service.

src src=31.1.1.103 Source IP address in traffic received by FortiADC.

src_port src_port=5534 Source port.

dst dst=21.1.1.101 Destination IP address in traffic received by FortiADC (IP

address of the virtual server).

dst_port dst_port=443 Destination port.

trans_src trans_src=31.1.1.103 Source IP address in packet sent from FortiADC. Address

might have been translated.

trans_src_port trans_src_port=5534 Source port in packet sent from FortiADC.

trans_dst trans_dst=21.1.1.101 Destination IP address in packet sent from FortiADC (IP

address of the real server).

trans_dst_port trans_dst_port=443 Destination port in packet sent from FortiADC.

policy policy=L7vs Virtual server name.

action action=none For most logs, action=none.

http_method http_method=get HTTP method.

http_host http_host=10.61.2.100 Host IP address.

http_agent http_agent=curl/7.29.0 HTTP agent.

http_url= http_url=/ip.php Base URL.

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Column Example Description

http_qry http_qry=unknown URL parameters after the base URL.

http_cookie http_cookie=unknown Cookie name.

http_retcode http_retcode=200 HTTP return code.

user user=user1 User name.

usergrp usergrp=companyABC User group.

auth_status auth_status=success Authentication success/failure.

srccountry srccountry=Reserved Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=Reserved Location of the destination IP address.

real_server real_server=2_2_2_10 Real server configured name.

 Table 144: SLB RADIUS log

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-01 Log date.

time time=07:50:36 Log time.

log_id log_id=0102007810 Log ID.

type type=traffic Log type.

subtype subtype=slb_radius. Log subtype: slb_radius.

pri pri=information Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=522030 Message ID.

duration duration=55 Session duration.

ibytes ibytes=138 Bytes in.

obytes obytes=303 Bytes out.

proto proto=6 Protocol.

service service=radius Service.

src src=31.1.1.103 Source IP address in traffic received by FortiADC.

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Column Example Description

src_port src_port=5534 Source port.

dst dst=21.1.1.101 Destination IP address in traffic received by FortiADC (IP

address of the virtual server).

dst_port dst_port=443 Destination port.

trans_src trans_src=31.1.1.103 Source IP address in packet sent from FortiADC. Address

might have been translated.

trans_src_port trans_src_port=5534 Source port in packet sent from FortiADC.

trans_dst trans_dst=21.1.1.101 Destination IP address in packet sent from FortiADC (IP

address of the real server).

trans_dst_port trans_dst_port=443 Destination port in packet sent from FortiADC.

policy policy=L7vs Virtual server name.

action action=none For RADIUS, action=auth or acct.

user user=user1 RADIUS accounting username.

srccountry srccountry=Reserved Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=Reserved Location of the destination IP address.

real_server real_server=2_2_2_10 Real server configured name.

 Table 145: SLB RDP logs

Column Example Description

date date=2016-03-18 Log date.

time time=11:48:29 Log time.

log_id log_id=107005800 Log ID.

type type=traffic Log type.

subtype subtype=slb_rdp Log subtype: slb_rdp.

pri pri=information Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=1321705 Message ID.

duration duration=2 Session duration.

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Column Example Description

ibytes ibytes=92 Bytes in.

obytes obytes=400 Bytes out.

proto proto=6 Protocol.

service service=http Service.

src src=192.168.1.1 Source IP address in traffic received by FortiADC.

src_port src_port=37869 Source port.

dst dst=192.168.1.142 Destination IP address in traffic received by FortiADC (IP

address of the virtual server).

dst_port dst_port=8080 Destination port.

trans_src trans_src=2.2.2.2 Source IP address in packet sent from FortiADC. Address

might have been translated.

trans_src_port trans_src_port=58661 Source port in packet sent from FortiADC.

trans_dst trans_dst=2.2.2.10 Destination IP address in packet sent from FortiADC (IP

address of the real server).

trans_dst_port trans_dst_port=80 Destination port in packet sent from FortiADC.

policy policy=vs-l7 Virtual server name.

action action=none For most logs, action=none.

srccountry srccountry=Reserved Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=Reserved Location of the destination IP address.

real_server real_server=r_22210 Real server configured name.

 Table 146: SLB SIP logs

Column Example Description

date date=2016-01-29 Log date.

time time=18:06:48 Log time.

log_id log_id=0106001134 Log ID.

type type=traffic Log type.

subtype subtype=slb_sip Log subtype: slb_sip.

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Column Example Description

pri pri=information Log level.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=154799 Message ID.

duration duration=1 Session duration.

ibytes ibytes=44346 Bytes in.

obytes obytes=2.2.2.10 Bytes out.

proto proto=6 Protocol.

service service=http Service.

src src=N/A Source IP address in traffic received by FortiADC.

src_port src_port=43672 Source port.

dst dst=192.168.1.142 Destination IP address in traffic received by FortiADC (IP

address of the virtual server).

dst_port dst_port=8080 Destination port.

trans_src trans_src=2.2.2.2 Source IP address in packet sent from FortiADC. Address

might have been translated.

trans_src_port trans_src_port=80 Source port in packet sent from FortiADC.

trans_dst trans_dst=N/A Destination IP address in packet sent from FortiADC (IP

address of the real server).

trans_dst_port trans_dst_port=none Destination port in packet sent from FortiADC.

policy policy=invite Virtual server name.

action action=sip: [email protected] v2.0 Invite sent to.

sip_method sip_method=from: Invite sent from.

[email protected]

sip_uri sip_uri=to: [email protected] SIP server IP address.

sip_from sip_from=callid:1111111 SIP call ID.

sip_to sip_to=200

sip_callid sip_callid=Reserved Reserved.

sip_retcode sip_retcode=Reserved Reserved.

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Column Example Description

srccountry srccountry=Reserved Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=Reserved Location of the destination IP address.

real_server real_server=2_2_2_10 Real server configured name.

 Table 147: GLB log

Column Example Description

date date=2014-12-01 Log date.

time time=07:50:36 Log time.

log_id log_id=0102007810 Log ID.

type type=traffic Log type.

subtype subtype=dns Log subtype: dns.

pri pri=information Log severity.

vd vd=root Virtual domain.

msg_id msg_id=522030 Message ID.

proto proto=6 Protocol.

src src=31.1.1.103 Source IP address.

src_port src_port=5534 Source port.

dst dst=21.1.1.101 Destination IP address.

dst_port dst_port=443 Destination port.

policy policy=policy Global load balancing policy name.

action action=none For most logs, action=none.

fqdn fqdn=pool.ntp.org FQDN from client request.

resip resip=4.53.160.75 DNS response IP address.

srccountry srccountry=Reserved Location of the source IP address.

dstcountry dstcountry=Reserved Location of the destination IP address.

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 Using the script log Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting

Using the script log

The Script Log table shows all the scripts used in the system.

Note: This feature is available for the SLB (server load balance) module only.

Using the aggregate log

The Aggregate Log provides an aggregated view of security logs within a selected time frame.

There are four types of aggregated security logs:

l Synflood—Traffic logged by the SYN Flood feature

l IP Reputation—Traffic logged by the IP Reputation feature
l WAF—Traffic logged by the WAF feature
l Geo—Traffic logged by the Geo IP block list feature
Each log page has two parts: left and right. The left-hand side shows the aggregated log data. Click a log entry on
the left, and you'll see its details on the right.

To view an aggregated log:

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Browsing.

2. Click theAggregate Log tab to display the attack log.
3. Click log type.
4. Select a time frame.
5. Click Refresh to apply the filter and redisplay the log.
shows the detailed information of an aggregated GEO log. The other aggregated logs show the same details.

 Table 148: Details of an aggregated GEO log

Column Example Description

Date 2016-12-02 Log date

Time 10:27:01 Log time

Count 1 For DoS, number of timeouts sent per destination

Severity high Always “high” for DoS

Source 173.177.99.94 Source IP address

Destination 10.61.2.100 Destination IP address

Action deny Policy action

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 Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting Configuring local log settings

Configuring local log settings

The local log is a datastore hosted on the FortiADC system.

Typically, you use the local log to capture information about system health and system administration activities.
We recommend that you use local logging during evaluation and verification of your initial deployment, and then
configure remote logging to send logs to a log management repository where they can be stored long term and
analyzed using preferred analytic tools.

Local log disk settings are configurable. You can select a subset of system events, traffic, and security logs.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To configure local log settings:

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Setting.

The configuration page displays the Local Log tab.

2. Complete the configuration as described in Table 149.

3. Save the configuration.
 Table 149: Local logging configuration

Settings Guidelines

Status Select to enable local logging.

File Size Maximum disk space for a local log file. The default is 200 MB. When the current log file
reaches this size, a new file is created.

Log Level Select the lowest severity to log from the following choices:

l Emergency—The system has become unstable.

l Alert—Immediate action is required.
l Critical—Functionality is affected.
l Error—An error condition exists and functionality could be affected.
l Warning—Functionality might be affected.
l Notification—Information about normal events.
l Information—General information about system operations.
l Debug—Detailed information about the system that can be used to troubleshoot unexpected
behavior.

For example, if you select Error, the system collects logs with level Error, Critical, Alert, and
Emergency. If you select Alert, the system collects logs with level Alert and Emergency.

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Settings Guidelines

Disk Full Select log behavior when the maximum disk space for local logs (30% of total disk space) is
reached:

l Overwrite—Continue logging. Overwrite the earliest logs.

l No Log—Stop logging.

Event Select to enable logging for events.

Event Category
This option becomes available only when the Event check box is selected. In that case, select
the types of events to collect in the local log:

l Configuration—Configuration changes.
l Admin—Administrator actions.
l System—System operations, warnings, and errors.
l User—Authentication results logs.
l Health Check—Health check results and client certificate validation check results.
l SLB—Notifications, such as connection limit reached.
l LLB—Notifications, such as bandwidth thresholds reached.
l GLB—Notifications, such as the status of associated local SLB and virtual servers.
l Firewall—Notifications for the "firewall" module, such as SNAT source IP pool is using all of
its addresses.

Traffic Select to enable logging for traffic processed by the load balancing modules.

Traffic Category The following options become available only when the Traffic check-box is selected. See
above.

l SLB—Server Load Balancing traffic logs related to sessions and throughput.

l GLB—Global Load Balancing traffic logs related to DNS requests.

Security Select to enable logging for traffic processed by the security modules.

Security Category l DoS—SYN flood protection logs.

l IP Reputation—IP Reputation logs.
l WAF—WAF logs.
l GEO—Geo IP blocking logs.

Script Select to enable scripting.

Script Category SLB is selected by default and required.

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 Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting Configuring syslog settings

Configuring syslog settings

A remote syslog server is a system provisioned specifically to collect logs for long term storage and analysis with
preferred analytic tools.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To configure syslog settings:

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Setting.

2. Click the Syslog Server tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 150.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 150: Syslog configuration

Settings Guidelines

Status Select to enable the configuration.

Address IP address of the syslog server.

Port Listening port number of the syslog server. Usually this is UDP port 514.

Log Level Select the lowest severity to log from the following choices:
l Emergency—The system has become unstable.
l Alert—Immediate action is required.
l Critical—Functionality is affected.
l Error—An error condition exists and functionality could be affected.
l Warning—Functionality might be affected.
l Notification—Information about normal events.
l Information—General information about system operations.
l Debug—Detailed information about the system that can be used to troubleshoot
unexpected behavior.

For example, if you select Error, the system sends the syslog server logs with level
Error, Critical, Alert, and Emergency. If you select Alert, the system collects logs with
level Alert and Emergency.

CSV Send logs in CSV format. Do not use with FortiAnalyzer.

Facility Identifier that is not used by any other device on your network when sending logs to
FortiAnalyzer/syslog.

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Settings Guidelines

Event Select to enable logging for events.

Event Category Select the types of events to send to the syslog server:

l Configuration—Configuration changes.
l Admin—Administrator actions.
l System—System operations, warnings, and errors.
l User—Authentication results logs.
l Health Check—Health check results and client certificate validation check results.
l SLB—Notifications, such as connection limit reached.
l LLB—Notifications, such as bandwidth thresholds reached.
l GLB—Notifications, such as the status of associated local SLB and virtual servers.
l Firewall—Notifications for the "firewall" module, such as SNAT source IP pool is
using all of its addresses.

Traffic Select to enable logging for traffic processed by the load balancing modules.

Traffic Category l SLB—Server Load Balancing traffic logs related to sessions and throughput.
l GLB—Global Load Balancing traffic logs related to DNS requests.

Security Select to enable logging for traffic processed by the security modules.

Security Category l DoS—SYN flood protection logs.

l IP Reputation—IP Reputation logs.
l WAF—WAF logs.
l GEO—Geo IP blocking logs.

Script Select to enable scripting.

Script Category SLB is elected by default.

Configuring high speed logging

The high speed log feature is intended for deployments that require a high volume of logging activity. The logs
are sent in binary format so they can be sent at a high speed. See Appendix E: High Speed Logging Binary
Format for details on the structure.
The feature supports traffic logs. Event logs and security logs are not supported.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To configure high speed log settings:

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Setting.

2. Click the High Speed Server tab to display the configuration editor.

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 Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting Enabling real-time statistics

3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 151.

4. Save the configuration.
 Table 151: High speed logging configuration

Settings Guidelines

Status Select to enable the configuration.

Address IP address of the syslog server.

UDP Port Listening port number of the syslog server. Usually this is UDP port 514.

Traffic Select to enable logging for traffic processed by the load balancing modules.

Traffic Category The following options become available only when the Traffic check-box is selected. See
above.

l SLB—Send Server Load Balancing logs.

l GLB—Send Global Load Balancing logs.

Script Enable/disable script.

Script Category Enable/disable server load balance log scripting.

Enabling real-time statistics

The fast statistics feature enables real-time statistics collection for fast reports. Enabled by default. You can
disable fast statistics if you encounter issues.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To enable/disable real-time statistics:

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Setting.

2. Click the Fast Stats tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 152.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 152: Fast Statistics configuration

Settings Guidelines

Status Enable/disable fast statistics. Enabled by default.

Traffic Enable/disable fast statistics for traffic logs. Enabled by default.

Traffic Category Enable/disable fast statistics for traffic categories. SLB is enabled by default.

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 Configuring alert email settings Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting

Configuring alert email settings

You can configure alerts to be sent based on either event categories or event level (severity). See Configuring an
SMTP mail server for information on how to set up the connection to the mail server.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To configure alert email settings:

1. Click Log & Report > Alert Mail.

2. Click the Setting tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 153.
4. Click Save.
 Table 153: Alert mail configuration

Settings Guidelines

By Category Select this option to send alerts that match the specified categories. If you do not select this
option, alerts are sent based on event level (severity). See Log level below.

Category Select the events for which alerts are sent:

l HA

l Admin
l Configuration
l Disk
l Health Check
l SSL Certificates Expire

Log Level This option becomes available when By Category is Not enabled. Select the minimum level of
severity for which alerts are sent:

l Emergency—The system has become unstable.

l Alert—Immediate action is required.
l Critical—Functionality is affected.
l Error—An error condition exists and functionality could be affected.
l Warning—Functionality might be affected.
l Notification—Information about normal events.
l Information—General information about system operations.
l Debug—Detailed information about the system that can be used to troubleshoot unexpected
behavior.

For example, if you select Error, the system sends alerts with level Error, Critical, Alert, and
Emergency. If you select Alert, the system sends alerts with level Alert and Emergency.

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 Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting Configuring an alert email recipient

Settings Guidelines

Interval If identical alerts are occurring continuously, select the interval at which email alerts will be
sent while the event continues.

From Sender email address used in alert email.

Configuring an alert email recipient

You can configure alerts to be sent based on either event categories or event level (severity). See Configuring an
SMTP mail server for information on how to set up the connection to the mail server.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To configure an alert email recipient:

1. Click Log & Report > Alert Mail.

2. Click the Recipient tab.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 154.
4. Click Save.
 Table 154: Alert mail recipient configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Recipient name to appear in alert email.

Mail To Recipient email address.

Test Connectivity Click this button to test the connectivity to the email address.

Configuring reports

You can configure on-demand or scheduled reports.

Before you begin:

l If you want reports to include user-defined queries, you must configure the queries before you configure the report.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To configure a report:

1. Go to Log & Report > Report Config.

The Report tab is displayed.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 155.
4. Save the configuration.

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To run an on-demand report:

n In the report table, the final column for has a "run report" icon ( ). Click it.

To view a generated report:

n Go to Log & Report > Report > Overall.

 Table 155: Report configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No
spaces. You reference this name in the zone configuration (if you use
forwarders).

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

On Schedule Enable/disable reporting on schedule.

Period Select a report period. If you select absolute or last N-hours, last N-days, or last
N-weeks, additional controls are displayed for you to set these variables.

Schedule Type Daily or on specified days.

Schedule Weekdays If you do not schedule the report daily, specify the days on which to run it.

Schedule Hour 0-23.

Email Format Attachment format. Only PDF is supported. If you schedule reports and set this
option, the report is sent on schedule to all addresses in the Log & Report > Alert
Email > Recipient list.

Email Subject Message subject.

Email Body Message body.

Email Attachname Filename for attachment.

Email Compress Enable/disable compression of the attachment.

Query List Select queries to include in the report.

Configuring Report Queries

The predefined list of queries covers the most common administrator and stakeholder interests. It includes the
following:

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l SLB-Top-Policy-By-Bytes
l SLB-Top-Source-By-Bytes
l SLB-Top-Source-Country-By-Bytes
l SLB-History-Flow-By-Bytes (total traffic over time)
l LLB-Top-Link-by-Bytes
l LLB-History-Flow-By-Bytes (total traffic over time)
l DNS-Top-Policy-by-Count
l DNS-Top-Source-by-Count
l Attack-Top-Destination-For-IPReputation-By-Count
l Attack-Top-Source-For-IPReputation-By-Count
l Attack-Top-Source-Country-For-IPReputation-By-Count
l Attack-Top-Destination-For-Synflood-By-Count
l Attack-Top-Destination-For-GEO-By-Count
l Attack-Top-Source-For-GEO-By-Count
l Attack-Top-Source-Country-For-GEO-By-Count
l Attack-Top-Destination-For-WAF-By-Count
l Attack-Top-Source-For-WAF-By-Count
l Attack-Top-Source-Country-For-WAF-By-Count
l Event-Top-Admin-Login-By-Count
l Event-Top-Failed-Admin-Login-By-Count
l Event-Top-Admin-Config-By-Count
If necessary, you can create your own query configuration objects.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.
After you have created a query configuration object, you can select it in the report configuration.

To configure report queries:

1. Go to Log & Report > Report Config.

The Report tab is displayed.

2. Click the Query Set tab.

3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 156.
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 156: Query configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No
spaces. You reference this name in the zone configuration (if you use
forwarders).

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

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Settings Guidelines

Module l SLB
l LLB
l DNS
l Attack
l Event

SLB

Traffic Sort Type l sessions

l bytes

SLB Subtype l top_policy (virtual server)

l top_source
l top_source_country
l slb_history_flow (total traffic over time)

LLB

Traffic Sort Type l sessions

l bytes

LLB Subtype l top_link

l slb_history_flow (total traffic over time)

DNS

DNS Sort Type Only count is applicable.

DNS Subtype l Top_Policy

l top_source

Attack

Attack Sort Type Only count is applicable.

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 Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting Configuring fast reports

Settings Guidelines

Attack Subtype l top_destip_for_geo

l top_destip_for_ipreputation
l top_destip_for_sysflood
l top_destip_for_waf
l top_source_country_for_geo
l top_source_country_for_ipreputation
l top_source_country_for_waf
l top_source_for_geo
l top_source_for_ipreputation
l top_source_for_waf

Event

Event Sort Type Only count is applicable.

Event Subtype l top_admin_login

l top_failed_admin_login
l top_admin_config

Configuring fast reports

Fast reports are real time statistics displayed on the Dashboard > Data Analytics page.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.
After you have created a query configuration object, you can select it in the report configuration.

To configure a fast report:

1. Go to Dashboard > Data Analytics.

2. Click Add Widget to display the configuration editor.
3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 157.
4. Save the configuration.
 Table 157: Fast report configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No
spaces. You reference this name in the zone configuration (if you use
forwarders).

Note: After you initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

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Settings Guidelines

Module SLB.

Note: For the current release, SLB is the only option and is selected by
default.

SLB SubType Select an option from the list menu:

l Top Src
l Top Dest
l Top Browser
l Top OS
l Top Dev
l Top Domain
l Top URL
l Top Referrer
l Top Source Country
l Top Session

History Chart Enable/Disable.

Time Range Select an option from the list menu:

l 10MINS
l 1HOUR
l 1DAY
l 1WEEK
l 1MONTH

Data Type Select either of the following:

l Bandwidth
l Session

Viewing reports

FortiADC provides the following reports:

l Overall
l Server Load Balance
l Link Load Balance
l Global Load Balance
l Security

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 Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting Viewing reports

Viewing the Overall report

The Overall tab has a table that lists generated reports. The last column in the table has icon links you can use to
delete the generated report, preview it, or download it.

Before you begin:

l You must have generated reports from the Log & Report > Report Config > Report page.
l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.
To navigate to the report table, go to Log & Report > Report > Overall.

Figure  58: Overall tab: Table of reports

Figure  59:   Overall tab: View PDF

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Viewing the Server Load Balance report

The Server Load Balance report is a graph of throughput for the SLB virtual servers with the top throughput.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To generate a report:

1. Go to Log & Report > Report.

2. Click the Server Load Balance tab.
3. Specify a time range for the report.
4. Select the number of virtual servers to include in the graph.
5. Select whether to use inbound traffic, outbound traffic, or number of sessions as the measure of throughput.
6. Click Search to generate the query.
A summary table is displayed. See Figure 60.
7. Drill into the details for a virtual server by clicking the query links:

 Table 158: Icons on Server Load Balance report page

Generate a report that shows the trend in throughput over time. See Figure 61.

Generate a report with the top client data. You can query by Source IP address, OS Type, or
Browser Type. See Figure 62.

Note: OS Type and Browser Type queries apply to HTTP servers only.

Generate a report with the top destination URLs. See Figure 63.

Note: Top URLs applies to HTTP servers only.

Drill into queries for the real servers or content routes that belong to this virtual server. See
Figure 64.

Figure  60: Server Load Balance summary list

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Figure  61: Virtual Server throughput (Run Chart)

Figure  62: Virtual Server client reports

Figure  63:  Virtual server URL report

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Figure  64:  Real Server throughput (Run Chart)

Viewing the Link Load Balance report

The Link Load Balance report is a graph of throughput for the LLB gateways with the top throughput.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To generate a report:

1. Go to Log & Report > Report.

2. Click the Link Load Balance tab.
3. Specify a time range for the report.
4. Select whether to use inbound traffic, outbound traffic, or number of sessions as the measure of throughput.
5. Select the number of gateways to include in the graph.
6. Click Search to generate the query.
A summary table is displayed.

7. Click Details to display the report graph.

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 Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting Viewing reports

Figure  65:  Link Load Balance report

Viewing the Global Load Balance report

The Global Load Balance report is a graph of traffic matching global load balancing policies.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To generate a report:

1. Go to Log & Report > Report.

2. Click the Global Load Balance tab.
3. Specify a time range for the report.
4. Select the number of policies to include in the graph.
The report is added to the report table.

5. Click Search to generate the query.

A summary table is displayed.

6. Click Details to display the report graph.

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Figure  66: Global load balance report

Viewing the Security report

The Security report is a count of traffic matching security policies.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To generate a report:

1. Go to Log & Report > Report.

2. Click the Security tab.
3. Specify a time range for the report.
4. Select the number of destination IP addresses to include in the graph.
5. Click Search to generate the query.
A summary table is displayed.

6. Click Details to display the report graph.

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 Chapter 13: Logging and Reporting Display logs via CLI

Figure  67: Security report

Display logs via CLI

FortiADC allows you to display logs using the CLI, with filtering functions.

Where:
l type <event|traffic|attack>
l subtype <subtype_value> ex:slb_http
l field <field_name> <field_value_list>

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Chapter 14: High Availability Deployments

This chapter includes the following topics:

l HA feature overview
l HA system requirements
l HA configuration synchronization
l Configuring HA settings
l Monitoring an HA cluster
l Updating firmware for an HA cluster
l Deploying an active-passive cluster
l Deploying an active-active cluster
l Deploying an active-active-VRRP cluster

HA feature overview

FortiADC appliances can be deployed as standalone units or as high availability (HA) clusters.

A cluster is two or more nodes. A node is an instance of the appliance/system. In a cluster, one node is the
primary node, also called the master node. The other members of the cluster are secondary nodes, also called
slave nodes.
The primary node has a special role. It has a one-to-many relationship with member nodes. Both configuration
updates and software updates are initiated by the primary node and pushed to member nodes.

The system selects the primary node based on the following criteria:

l Link health (if monitor ports links are down, the node is considered down)
l Remote IP monitor health check results
l Override setting (prefers priority to uptime)
l Most available ports
l Highest uptime value
l Lowest device priority number (1 has greater priority than 2)
l Highest-sorting serial number—Serial numbers are sorted by comparing each character from left to right, where 9
and z are the greatest values. The system gives preference to higher values over lower values.
HA solutions depend on two types of communication among cluster members:

l Synchronization—During initialization, the primary node pushes its configuration (with noted exceptions) to
member nodes. After initialization has completed, the nodes synchronize their session tables.
l Heartbeats—A cluster node indicates to other nodes in the cluster that it is up and available. The absence of
heartbeat traffic indicates the node is not up and is unavailable.
There are three types of HA clusters:

l Active-Passive—Only the primary node is active, so it is the only node that receives traffic from adjacent routers.
Typically, there is one other node that is in standby mode. It assumes active status if the primary node undergoes

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maintenance or otherwise becomes unavailable.

l Active-Active—All nodes receive traffic. Active-Active deployments support load balancing and failover among up to
eight cluster members.
l Active-Active-VRRP —FortiADC's Active-Active-VRRP mode uses a VRRP-like protocol, and can function in both
HA Active-Passive mode and HA Active-Active mode, depending on the number of traffic groups used in the
configuration. When only one traffic group is used, it actually functions in Active-Passive mode; when two or more
traffic groups are used, it works in Active-Active mode.
In an Active-Passive cluster, only the management IP address for the primary node is active. In an active-passive
cluster, you can log into a node only when it has primary node status and its IP address is active. To access the
user interface of an appliance in standby status (the active-passive slave), you must use a console port
connection.

In an Active-Active cluster, the IP addresses for all interfaces are unique, including the management interface.
When the appliance is in standalone mode, the physical port IP address is active; when it is in HA mode, the
address assigned to it in the HA node IP list address is active. You can log into any node using the active IP
address for its management port.

In an Active-Active-VRRP cluster, FortiADC uses hbdev for members status communication. It also allows you to
configure sync+session, persistence sync, and image sync functions via hbdev and dataport, which is essentially
the same as the HA-AA/AP mode. Note that FortiADC is unable to communicate with third-party VRRP devices
because it actually doesn't use the VRRP protocol at all.

Tip: You can use the execute ha manage command to log into the console of a member node. See the CLI
reference.

Figure 68 shows an active-passive cluster in a single network path. In an active-passive cluster, the primary
node is the active node that handles all traffic. In the event that the primary node experiences hardware failure or
system maintenance, failover takes place. In failover, the standby node becomes the primary node and
processes the traffic that is forwarded along the network path. The new primary node sends gratuitous ARP to
notify the network to direct traffic for the virtual MAC addresses (vMAC) to its network interfaces. It takes the IP
addresses of the unresponsive node.

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Figure  68: Basic active-passive cluster

Figure 69 shows an active-passive cluster in a redundant path. A topology like this is a best practice because it is
fully redundant, with no single point of failure. If the gateway, load balancer, or switch were to fail, the failover
path is chosen.

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Figure  69: Redundant path active-passive cluster

Figure 70 shows an active-active cluster. An active-active cluster supports load-balancing and failover among up
to eight member nodes. The routers on either side of the cluster must be configured to use equal cost multipath
(ECMP) to distribute traffic to the FortiADC cluster nodes. All nodes actively receive and forward traffic.

The primary node has a special role. It handles all FTP and firewall traffic, and it acts as the failover node for all of
the other nodes in the cluster.

The failover mechanism is the same as an active-passive deployment, with the primary node acting as the
standby node for all other cluster members. If a member node fails, the primary node takes the IP addresses of
the unresponsive node and notifies the network via ARP to redirect traffic for that vMAC to its own network
interfaces. For example, in Figure 70, node1 is the primary node. If node2 were to fail, its traffic would failover to
node1. If node3 were to fail, its traffic would also failover to node1. If the primary node were to fail, a new primary
node would be elected, and it would function as the master in all respects, including its role as the new standby
node for failover from all other cluster members.

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Figure  70: Basic active-active cluster

HA system requirements

l Appliances must have the same hardware model and same firmware version.
l Redundant network topology: if an active node fails, physical network cabling and routes must be able to redirect
traffic to the other member nodes.
l At least one physical port on both HA appliances to be used for heartbeat and data traffic between cluster
members. For active-passive failover pairs, you can connect the ports directly via a crossover cable. For active-
active clusters with more than two members, you can connect the nodes via the same Layer 2 switch.
l Heartbeat and synchronization traffic between cluster nodes occur over the physical network ports that you
designate. If switches are used to connect the nodes, the interfaces must be reachable by Layer 2 multicast.
l Each appliance must be licensed. If using FortiADC-VM, the license must be paid; trial licenses will not function.

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FortiADC-VM supports HA. However, if you do not want to use the native HA, you can
use your hypervisor or VM environment manager to install your virtual appliances over
a hardware cluster to improve availability. For example, VMware clusters can use vMo-
tion or VMware HA.

HA configuration synchronization

Normally in an HA configuration, the master node pushes most of its configuration to the other member nodes.
This is known as HA configuration synchronization. If automatic synchronization is enabled, synchronization
occurs automatically when an appliance joins the cluster, and it repeats every 30 seconds thereafter. If
synchronization is not enabled, you must initiate synchronization manually.

HA configuration synchronization includes:

l Core CLI-style configuration file (fadc_system.conf)

l X.509 certificates, certificate signing request files (CSR), and private keys
l Layer-7 virtual server error message files
l Layer-4 TCP connection state, Layer-4 persistence table, and Layer-7 persistence table (Source Address
Persistence table only)
l Health check status (active-passive deployments only)
For most settings, you configure only the primary node, and its settings are pushed to other members.

Table 159 summarizes the configuration settings that are not synchronized. All other settings are synchronized.
 Table 159: HA settings that are not synchronized

Setting Explanation

Hostname The hostnames are not synchronized to enable you to use unique names.

SNMP system Each member node has its own SNMP system information so that you can maintain accurate,
information separate data in SNMP collections. However, the network interfaces of a standby node are
not active, so they cannot be actively monitored with SNMP.

RAID level RAID settings are hardware-dependent and determined at boot time by looking at the drives
(for software RAID) or the controller (hardware RAID), and are not stored in the system con-
figuration. Therefore, they are not synchronized.

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Setting Explanation

HA settings Most of the HA configuration is not synchronized in order to support HA system operations. In
particular:

l Priority and Override settings—These settings are used to elect a primary node, so they are
not synchronized to enable differentiation.
l Group ID—Nodes with the same Group ID join a cluster. The setting precedes and
determines group membership, so it is set manually.
l HA mode—Many administrators prefer to be able to switch the primary node from an HA
mode to standalone mode without the other nodes following suit, or to switch a secondary
node to standalone mode and have that setting not overwritten by periodic synchronization,
so the HA mode setting is not pushed from the primary node to the member nodes.
l Node list and Local Node ID—These settings are for active-active mode only. They identify
a node uniquely within an active-active load balancing group, so they are not synchronized
to enable differentiation.

In addition to HA settings, the following data is not synchronized either:

l Log messages—These describe events that happened on a specific appliance. After a fail-over, you might notice
that there is a gap in the original active appliance’s log files that corresponds to the period of its down time. Log
messages created during the time when the standby was acting as the active appliance (if you have configured local
log storage) are stored there, on the original standby appliance.
l Generated reports—Like the log messages that they are based upon, reports also describe events that happened
on that specific appliance. As such, report settings are synchronized, but report output is not.
You can view the status of cluster members from the dashboard of the primary node. You might need to log into
the system for a non-primary member node in the following situations:

l To configure settings that are not synchronized.

l To view log messages recorded about the member node itself on its own hard disk.
l To view traffic reports for traffic processed by the member node.

Configuring HA settings

Note: Currently, FortiADC only supports HA configurations for IPv4 address mode; HA is not supported on IPv6.
Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission to items in the System category.

To configure HA settings:

1. Go to System > High Availability.

2. Complete the configuration as described in Table 160.
3. Save the configuration.
After you have saved the configuration, cluster members begin to send heartbeat traffic to each other. Members
with the same Group ID join the cluster. They send synchronization traffic through their data links.

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 Table 160: High availability configuration

Settings Guidelines

Operation Mode l Standalone

l Cluster

Cluster Mode l Active-Passive

l Active-Active
l Active-Active-VRRP

Group Name Name to identify the HA cluster if you have more than one. This setting is optional, and
does not affect HA function. The maximum length is 63 characters.

Group ID Number that identifies the HA cluster. Nodes with the same group ID join the cluster. If
you have more than one HA cluster on the same network, each cluster must have a dif-
ferent group ID. The group ID is used in the virtual MAC address that is sent in broad-
cast ARP messages. The valid range is 0 to 31. The default value is 0.

Priority Number indicating priority of the member node when electing the cluster primary node.
This setting is optional. The smaller the number, the higher the priority. The default is 5.
The valid range is 0 to 9.

Note: By default, uptime is more important than this setting unless Override is
enabled.

Config Priority The default value is 100, but you can specify any numeric value ranging from 0 to
255.

Note: FortiADC 4.7.x has introduced a new parameter called config-priotity for HA
configuration. It allows you to determine which configuration the system uses when
synchronizing the configuration between the HA nodes. Therefore, upon upgrading
to FortiADC 4.7.x, it is highly recommended that you use this option to manually
set different HA configuration priority values on the nodes. Otherwise, you'll have
no control over the system's master-slave configuration sync behavior. When the
configuration priority values are identical on both nodes (whether by default or by
configuration), the system uses the configuration of the appliance with the larger
serial number to override that of the appliance with the smaller serial number.
When the configuration priority values on the nodes are different, the configuration
of the appliance with the lower configuration priority will prevail.

Override Enable to make Device Priority a more important factor than uptime when selecting the
primary node.

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Settings Guidelines

Heartbeat Interval Number of 100-millisecond intervals at which heartbeat packets are sent. This is
also the interval at which a node expects to receive heartbeat packets. This part of
the configuration is pushed from the primary node to member nodes. The default is
2. The valid range is 1 to 20 (that is, between 100 and 2,000 milliseconds).

Note: Although this setting is pushed from the primary node to member nodes, you
should initially configure all nodes with the same Detection Interval to prevent
inadvertent failover from occurring before the initial synchronization.

Lost Heartbeat Threshold Number of times a node retries the heartbeat and waits to receive HA heartbeat
packets from the other nodes before concluding the other node is down. This part
of the configuration is pushed from the primary node to member nodes. Normally,
you do not need to change this setting. Exceptions include:

l Increase the failure detection threshold if a failure is detected when none has actually
occurred. For example, in an active-passive deployment, if the primary node is very
busy during peak traffic times, it might not respond to heartbeat packets in time, and a
standby node might assume that the primary node has failed.
l Decrease the failure detection threshold or detection interval if administrators and
HTTP clients have to wait too long before being able to connect through the primary
node, resulting in noticeable down time.

The valid range is from 1 to 60.

Note: Although this setting is pushed from the primary node to member nodes, you
should initially configure all nodes with the same HB Lost Threshold to prevent
inadvertent failover from occurring before the initial synchronization.

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Settings Guidelines

ARP Times Number of times that the cluster member broadcasts extra address resolution protocol
(ARP) packets when it takes on the primary role. (Even though a new NIC has not actu-
ally been connected to the network, the member does this to notify the network that a
new physical port has become associated with the IP address and virtual MAC of the HA
cluster.) This is sometimes called “using gratuitous ARP packets to train the network,”
and can occur when the primary node is starting up, or during a failover. Also configure
ARP Packet Interval.

Normally, you do not need to change this setting. Exceptions include:

l Increase the number of times the primary node sends gratuitous ARP packets if an
active-passive cluster takes a long time to fail over or to train the network. Sending
more gratuitous ARP packets may help the failover to happen faster.
l Decrease the number of times the primary node sends gratuitous ARP packets if the
cluster has a large number of VLAN interfaces and virtual domains. Because
gratuitous ARP packets are broadcast, sending them might generate a large amount
of network traffic. As long as the active-passive cluster fails over successfully, you can
reduce the number of times gratuitous ARP packets are sent to reduce the amount of
traffic produced by a failover.

The valid range is 1 to 60. The default is 5.

ARP Interval Number of seconds to wait between each broadcast of ARP packets. Normally, you do
not need to change this setting. Exceptions include:
l Decrease the interval if an active-passive cluster takes a long time to fail over or to

train the network. Sending ARP packets more frequently may help the failover to
happen faster.
l Increase the interval if the cluster has a large number of VLAN interfaces and virtual
domains. Because gratuitous ARP packets are broadcast, sending them might
generate a large amount of network traffic. As long as the active-passive cluster fails
over successfully, you can increase the interval between when gratuitous ARP packets
are sent to reduce the rate of traffic produced by a failover.

The valid range is from 1 to 20. The default is 6 seconds.

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Settings Guidelines

Layer 7 Persistence Syn- Enable to synchronize Layer 7 session data used for persistence to backend
chronization servers.

When enabled, the Source Address Persistence table is synchronized between HA

members.

When not enabled, a node that receives traffic due to failover would not know that a
session had been created already, so it will be treated as a new session.

Synchronization of the persistence table is not required for cookie-based or hash-

based persistence methods to get the desired result. Client traffic will be routed to
the same backend server.

Synchronization of the persistence table is not possible for SSL session ID. When
the session via the first node is terminated, the client must re-establish an SSL
connection via the second node. When a client requests a new SSL connection with
an SSL server, the initial TCP connection has an SSL Session ID of 0. This zero
value tells the server that it needs to set up a new SSL session and to generate an
SSL Session ID. The server sends the new SSL Session ID in its response to the
client as part of the SSL handshake.

Layer 4 Persistence Syn- Enable to synchronize Layer 4 session data used for persistence to backend
chronization servers.

When enabled, the Source Address Persistence table is synchronized between HA

members. When not enabled, a node that receives traffic because of load
balancing or failover would not know that a session had been created already, so it
will be treated as a new session.

Synchronization of the persistence table is not required for hash-based persistence

methods to get the desired result. Client traffic will be routed to the same backend
server.

Layer 4 Connection Syn- Enable to synchronize Layer 4 connection state data.

chronization
When enabled, the TCP session table is synchronized. If subsequent traffic for the
connection is distributed through a different cluster node because of failover, the
TCP sessions can resume without interruption.

When not enabled, a node that receives traffic because of failover would not know
that a session had been created already, and the client will be required to re-
initialize the connection.

Auto Config Sync Enable/disable automatic configuration synchronization. When enabled, syn-
chronization occurs immediately when an appliance joins the cluster, and thereafter
every 30 seconds. Disable if you prefer to manage synchronization manually.

Active-Active Settings

Node List Select the node IDs for the nodes in the cluster. An active-active cluster can have up to
eight members.

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Settings Guidelines

Local Node A number that uniquely identifies the member within the cluster. The valid range is 0-7.
In an active-active deployment, this number is used in the virtual MAC address that is
sent in ARP responses. In an active-passive deployment, this number is not used.

Port Monitor

Monitor One or more network interfaces that correlate with a physical link. These ports will be
monitored for link failure. Port monitoring (also called interface monitoring) monitors
physical network ports to verify that they are functioning properly and linked to their net-
works. You can monitor physical interfaces and 802.3ad aggregated interfaces.

Note: To prevent an unintentional failover, do not configure port monitoring until you
configure HA on all appliances and have plugged in the cables to link the physical net-
work ports that will be monitored.

Heartbeat Set the network interface to be used for heartbeat packets. You can configure one
or two heartbeat ports.

Use the same port number for all cluster members. For example, if you select port3
on the primary node, select port3 as the heartbeat interface on the other member
nodes.

Note: If a switch is used to connect the heartbeat interfaces, the heartbeat

interfaces must be reachable by Layer 2 multicast

Note: In order for the HA feature to work properly on VMware VMs, you MUST
ensure that the vSphere vSwitch VLAN used for the heartbeat interface is able to
accept MAC Address Changes and Forced Transmits..For more information, refer
to FortiADC-VM™ Install Guide — D-Series.

Data Set the network interface to be used for data synchronization among cluster nodes. You
can configure up to two data ports. If one data port fails, its traffic fails over to the next
data port. If all data ports fail, data synchronization traffic fails over to the heartbeat
port. If you do not configure a data port, the heartbeat port is used for syn-
chronization.Use the same port numbers for all cluster members. For example, if you
select port3 on the primary node, select port3 as the data port interface on the other
member nodes.

Remote IP Monitor

Monitor Enable Enable/disable active monitoring of remote beacon IP addresses to determine if the net-
work path is available.

Failover Threshold Number of consecutive times that the remote IP address is unreachable that indicates
failure. The default is 5. The valid range is 1-300.

Failover Hold Time If failover occurs due to a remote IP monitor test, and this node's role changes (to mas-
ter or slave), it cannot change again until the holdtime elapses. Holdtime can be used to
prevent looping.The default holdtime is 120 seconds. The valid range is 60-86400.

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Settings Guidelines

Remote IP Monitor List

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. You ref-
erence this name in the virtual server configuration. Note: After you initially save the con-
figuration, you cannot edit the name.

Remote Address Remote address to ping.

Source Port Interface to send the health check ping.

Health Check Interval Seconds between each health check. Should be more than the timeout to prevent over-
lapping health checks. The default is 10.

Health Check Timeout Seconds to wait for a reply before assuming that the health check has failed. The
default is 5.

Health Check Retry Number of retries to confirm up or down. The default is 3 retries. The valid range is 1-10.

Monitoring an HA cluster

You can view HA status from the system dashboard. Go to System > Dashboard and click the HA Status tab.

Figure  71: HA Status page

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You can use also use log messages, alert emails, and SNMP to monitor HA events, such as when failover has
occurred. The system logs HA node status changes as follows:

l When HA is initialized: HA device Init

l When a member joins a group: Member (FAD2HD3A12000003) join to the HA group
l When the HA configuration is changed from standalone to an active-passive or active-active cluster mode: HA
device into Slave mode
The following figure shows FortiADC HA event objects in an SNMP manager.

Figure  72: FortiADC HA event objects in an SNMP manager

Updating firmware for an HA cluster

You can upgrade firmware on all nodes in a cluster from the primary node.

The following process occurs when you perform the HA upgrade procedure:
1. The primary node pushes the firmware image to the member nodes.
2. The primary node notifies the member nodes of the upgrade, and it takes their user traffic during the upgrade.
3. The upgrade command is run on the member nodes, the systems are rebooted, and the member nodes send the
primary node an acknowledgment that upgrade has been completed.
4. The upgrade command is run on the primary node, and it reboots. When the system is rebooting, a member node
assumes primary status, and the traffic fails over from the former primary node to the new primary node.
After the upgrade process is completed, the system determines whether the original node becomes the primary
node, according to the HA Override setting:

l If Override is enabled, the cluster considers the Device Priority setting. Both nodes usually make a second failover
in order to resume their original roles.
l If Override is disabled, the cluster considers uptime first. The original primary node will have a smaller uptime due
to the order of reboots during the firmware upgrade. Therefore it will not resume its active role; instead, the node
with the greatest uptime will remain the new primary node. A second failover will not occur.
Reboot times vary by the appliance model, and also by differences between the original firmware version and the
firmware version you are installing.

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 Chapter 14: High Availability Deployments Deploying an active-passive cluster

The administrator procedure for an HA cluster is similar to the procedure for installing firmware on a standalone
appliance. To ensure minimal interruption of service to clients, use the following steps. The same procedure
applies to both active-active and active-passive clusters.

If downgrading to a previous version, do not use this procedure. The HA daemon on a

member node might detect that the primary node has older firmware, and attempt to
upgrade it to bring it into sync, undoing your downgrade.

Instead, switch out of HA, downgrade each node individually, then switch them back
into HA mode.

Before you begin:

l Download the firmware file from the Fortinet Customer Service & Support website: https://support.fortinet.com/
l Read the release notes for the version you plan to install.
l Back up your configuration before beginning this procedure. Reverting to an earlier firmware version could reset
settings that are not compatible with the new firmware.
l You must have super user permission (user admin) to upgrade firmware.
l Verify that the cluster node members are powered on and available on all of the network interfaces that you have
configured. If required ports are not available, HA port monitoring could inadvertently trigger an additional failover,
resulting in traffic interruption during the firmware update.

To update the firmware for an HA cluster:

1. Log into the web UI of the primary node as the admin administrator.
2. Go to System > Settings.
3. Click the Maintenance tab.
4. Scroll to the Upgrade section.
5. Click Choose File to locate and select the file.
6. Enable the HA Sync.

7. Click to upload the firmware and start the upgrade process.

After the new firmware has been installed, the system reboots.

When you update software, you are also updating the web UI. To ensure the web
UI displays the updated pages correctly:

l Clear your browser cache.

l Refresh the page.
In most environments, press Ctrl-F5 to force the browser to get a new copy of the
content from the web application. See the Wikipedia article on browser caching
issues for a summary of tips for many environments:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bypass_your_cache.

Deploying an active-passive cluster

This topic includes the following information:

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l Overview
l Basic steps
l Best practice tips

Overview
In an active-passive cluster, one node is the active appliance; it processes traffic. The other node is passive; it is
ready to assume the role of the active appliance if the primary node is unavailable.

You configure the system to send heartbeat packets between the pair to monitor availability. The system
continually polls the activity of the heartbeat packets. If the active appliance becomes unresponsive, failover
occurs: the standby becomes active. Figure 73 illustrates the process: (1) the standby node sends gratuitous
ARP to notify adjacent routers to direct traffic for the virtual MAC addresses (vMAC) to its network interfaces; (2)
It takes the IP addresses of the unresponsive node.

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Figure  73:  An active-passive cluster at failover—IP address transfer to the new active member

When the former active appliance comes back online, it might or might not assume its former active role. The
system selects the active member based on the following criteria:

l Link health (if monitor ports links are down, the node is considered down)
l Remote IP monitor health check results
l Override setting (prefers priority to uptime)
l Most available ports
l Highest uptime value
l Lowest device priority number (1 has greater priority than 2)
l Highest-sorting serial number—Serial numbers are sorted by comparing each character from left to right, where 9
and z are the greatest values. The system gives preference to higher values over lower values.

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Basic steps

To deploy an active-passive cluster:

1. License all FortiADC appliances in the HA cluster, and register them, including FortiGuard services, with the
Fortinet Customer Service & Support website:
https://support.fortinet.com/
2. Physically link the FortiADC appliances that make up the HA cluster.
You must link at least one of their ports (for example, port4 to port4) for heartbeat and
synchronization traffic between members of the cluster. You can do either of the following:

l Connect the two appliances directly with a crossover cable.

l Link the appliances through a switch. If connected through a switch, the heartbeat interfaces must be
reachable by Layer 2 multicast.
3. Configure the secondary node:
a. Log into the secondary appliance as the admin user.
b. Complete the HA settings as described in Configuring HA settings.
Important: Set the Device Priority to a higher number than the preferred primary node; for
example, set it to 2.
4. Configure the primary node:
a. Log into the primary appliance as the admin user.
b. Complete the configuration for all features, as well as the HA configuration.
Important: Set the Device Priority to a lower number than the secondary node; for example, set it
to 1.

Note: After you have saved the HA configuration changes, cluster members join or rejoin the cluster. After you
have saved configuration changes on the primary node, it automatically pushes its configuration to the secondary
node.

Best practice tips

The following tips are best practices:

l Be careful to maintain the heartbeat link(s). If the heartbeat is accidentally interrupted, such as when a network
cable is temporarily disconnected, the other nodes assume that the primary node has failed. In an active-passive
deployment, failover occurs. If no failure has actually occurred, both nodes can be operating as the active node
simultaneously.
l If you link HA appliances through switches, to improve fault tolerance and reliability, link the ports through two
separate switches. Also, do not connect these switches to your overall network, which could introduce a potential
attack point, and could also allow network load to cause latency in the heartbeat, which could cause an
unintentional failover.

Deploying an active-active cluster

This topic includes the following information:

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l Configuration overview
l Basic steps
l Expected behavior
l Best practice tips

Configuration overview
Figure 74 shows an example of an active-active cluster. In an active-active cluster, traffic from the upstream
router can be load-balanced among up to eight member nodes.

Load balancing depends on the equal cost multipath (ECMP) configuration on adjacent routers.The routers on
either side of the cluster must be configured to use ECMP to distribute traffic to the FortiADC cluster nodes. In
the example, assume that the FortiADC configuration includes virtual servers belonging to subnet 10.61.0.0./24.
On Router A, you configure equal cost routes as follows:

destination: 10.61.0.0/24 gateway: 10.61.51.1

destination: 10.61.0.0/24 gateway: 10.61.51.2
destination: 10.61.0.0/24 gateway: 10.61.51.3

Likewise, on Router B, you configure equal cost routes for server-to-client traffic:

destination: 0.0.0.0/0 gateway: 10.65.51.1

destination: 0.0.0.0/0 gateway: 10.65.51.2
destination: 0.0.0.0/0 gateway: 10.65.51.3

Active-active clusters also support failover. The primary node is the backup node for each of the other nodes in
the cluster. If a member node fails, the primary node takes its IP address and sends gratuitous ARP to adjacent
routers to direct traffic for that virtual MAC address (vMAC) to its own network interfaces.

The FortiADC configuration involves the following components:

l Primary node system and feature configuration

l Interface configuration (HA node IP list)
l HA configuration
In an active-active cluster, one of the nodes is selected as the primary node, and the others are member nodes.
In this example, node1 is the primary node and node2 and node3 are member nodes. When the cluster is formed,
the configuration for node1 is pushed to node2 and node3.

When you configure the network interfaces for nodes in an active-active cluster, in addition to the interface
primary IP address, you configure an HA node IP list that specifies special HA IP addresses of each node in the
cluster. The HA node IP list for port2 in the example has the following values:

10.61.51.1/16 node1
10.61.51.2/16 node2
10.61.51.3/16 node3

Likewise, the HA node IP list for port3 has the following values:

10.65.51.1/16 node1
10.65.51.2/16 node2
10.65.51.3/16 node3

Finally, you log into each node when it is in standalone mode to configure its HA settings. When you are ready to
form the cluster, change the setting to HA active-active. The system state changes when a node joins a cluster.

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Figure  74: HA active-active deployment

Note: The example shows routers on both sides of the FortiADC cluster. Your deployment might not have a
router between the FortiADC cluster and the real server pool. In this case, if your real servers support load
balancing methods like ECMP, the expected behavior is the same as what is described here. If not, it is expected
that the real servers route reply traffic to the cluster node that sent them the client traffic.

Basic steps

To deploy an active-active cluster:

1. License all FortiADC appliances in the HA cluster, and register them, including FortiGuard services, with the
Fortinet Customer Service & Support website: https://support.fortinet.com/.
2. Physically link the FortiADC appliances that make up the HA cluster.
You must link at least one of their ports (for example, port4 to port4) for heartbeat and
synchronization traffic between members of the cluster. You can do either of the following:

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l If only two nodes, connect the two appliances directly with a crossover cable.
l If more than two nodes, link the appliances through a switch. If connected through a switch, the interfaces
must be reachable by Layer 2 multicast.
3. Configure member nodes:
a. Log into the member nodes as the admin user.
b. Complete the HA configuration as described in Configuring HA settings.
Important: Set the Device Priority to a higher number than the preferred primary node; for
example, set it to 2.
4. Configure the preferred primary node:
a. Log into the primary node as the admin user.
b. Configure network interfaces so that each traffic interface has an HA node IP address list in addition to
its physical port IP address. See Configuring network interfaces.
When HA is set to standalone, the system uses the physical port IP address. When HA is set to
active-active, the system uses the HA node IP address.
c. Complete the configuration for all features, as well as the HA configuration.
Important: Set Device Priority to a lower number than the member nodes; for example, set it to 1.
Note: After you have saved the HA configuration changes, cluster members join or rejoin the cluster. After you
have saved configuration changes on the primary node, it automatically pushes its configuration to the member
nodes.

Expected behavior
In active-active deployments, be sure to enable data synchronization. In particular, enable the following settings:

l Layer 4 Connection Synchronization—Sychronizes TCP connection state data.

l Layer 4 Session Synchronization—Synchronizes the source IP address table used for persistence to backend
servers.
l Layer 7 Session Synchronization—Synchronizes the source IP address table used for persistence to backend
servers.
The sections that follow describe how the cluster uses synchronized data.

Traffic to TCP virtual servers

When Layer 4 synchronization is enabled, the cluster nodes share TCP connection state and Layer 4 source IP
address data for traffic to Layer 4 virtual servers (and Layer 2 TCP and Turbo HTTP virtual servers, which are
packet-based). The node that receives the first SYN packet forwards the traffic to the real server, and, at the
same time, multicasts the session data to the other nodes in the cluster.

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Figure 75 illustrates the sequence of the traffic flow when client-to-server and server-to-client session traffic are
routed through the same node.

Figure  75:   TCP traffic flow when ECMP results in forwarding through same node

1. Router A uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward a client connection request—in this case, node1.
2. The cluster node forwards the traffic to a real server and multicasts the session data to the cluster via the data
port.
3. Router B uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward the server response traffic—also node1.
4. The cluster node forwards the traffic to the client and multicasts the session data to the cluster.

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Figure 76 illustrates the sequence of the traffic flow when client-to-server and server-to-client session traffic are
routed through different nodes and synchronization has occurred before the second node receives the response
traffic.

Figure  76:  TCP traffic flow when synchronization has occurred

1. Router A uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward a client connection request—in this case, node1.
2. The cluster node forwards the traffic to a real server and multicasts the session data to the cluster via the data
port.
3. Router B uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward the server response traffic. In this case, it selects
node2.
4. If the session has already been synchronized between node1 and node2, node2 forwards the traffic to the client
and multicasts the session data to the cluster.

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Figure 77 illustrates the sequence of the traffic flow when client-to-server and server-to-client session traffic are
routed through different nodes and synchronization has not yet occurred when the second node receives the
response traffic.

Figure  77: TCP traffic flow when synchronization has not yet occurred

1. Router A uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward a client connection request—in this case, node1.
2. The cluster node forwards the traffic to a real server and multicasts the session data.
3. Router B uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward the server response traffic. In this case, it selects
node2.
4. Because the session has not yet been synchronized between node1 and node2, node2 multicasts the traffic to the
cluster.
5. When node1 receives traffic from node2, it forwards the traffic to the client and multicasts the session data.

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Traffic to HTTP virtual servers

When Layer 7 synchronization is enabled, the cluster nodes share source IP data for traffic to HTTP virtual
servers differently when the virtual server profile Source option is enabled. When the Source option is enabled,
the traffic FortiADC forwards to the real server has the client source IP address; when disabled, it has the
FortiADC HA cluster node IP address.

Figure 78 illustrates the sequence of the traffic flow when the Source option is not enabled.
Figure  78:  HTTP traffic flow when the Source profile option is not enabled

1. Router A uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward a client connection request—in this case, node1.
2. The cluster node forwards the traffic to a real server. Because the Source option was not enabled, the source IP
address in the FortiADC-to-real-server traffic is the node1 HA cluster node IP address, and this becomes the
destination IP address for the response traffic.
3. Router B does not use ECMP; instead, it forwards the traffic to the node1 HA cluster IP address.
4. The cluster node finds the real client IP address in its session table and forwards the traffic to the client.

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Figure 79 illustrates the sequence of the traffic flow when the Source option is enabled.
Figure  79:  HTTP traffic flow when the Source profile option is enabled

1. Router A uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward a client connection request—in this case, node1.
2. The cluster node forwards the traffic to a real server. Because the Source option is enabled, the source IP address
in the FortiADC-to-real-server traffic is the true client IP address, and this becomes the destination IP address for
the server-to-client traffic.
3. Router B uses ECMP and might forward the traffic to any node in the cluster. In this example, it forwards the traffic
to node2.
4. Because the server-to-client response was not expected by node2, it multicasts the traffic to the cluster.
5. When node1 receives the server-to-client response data from node2, it forwards the response to the client.
Note: In an active-active deployment, the virtual server profile Source option adds latency to the transaction. To
reduce latency, use an alternative to the Source option, such as the X-Forwarded-For option, if you have a
requirement that the original client IP be logged by the real server.

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FTP traffic and traffic processed by firewall rules

In an active-active deployment, FTP traffic and firewall traffic are always forwarded through the primary node
only.

FTP has both a control connection and a data connection associated with client-server communication. The two
“channels” make it difficult to support asymmetric routes in an active-active cluster.

In addition, traffic processed by the stateful firewall rules is also not load-balanced.

Figure 80 illustrates the sequence of the traffic flow when ECMP results in traffic being forwarded through the
primary node.

Figure  80: FTP or firewall traffic flow when ECMP selects the primary node

1. Router A uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward a client connection request. In this case, it
selects the primary node, node1.
2. The primary node forwards the traffic to a real server.

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3. Router B uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward the server response traffic—also node1.
4. The primary node forwards the traffic to the client.
Figure 81 illustrates the sequence of the traffic flow when ECMP results in an asymmetric route.
Figure  81: FTP or firewall traffic flow when ECMP results in an asymmetric route

1. Router A uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward a client connection request. In this case, it
selects the primary node, node1.
2. The cluster node forwards the traffic to a real server.
3. Router B uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward the server response traffic—in this case, node2.
4. Because the server-to-client response was not expected by node2, it forwards traffic to the cluster.
5. When the primary node receives traffic from node2, it forwards it to the client.

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Figure 82 illustrates the sequence of the traffic flow when ECMP results in client-to-server traffic sent to a non-
primary node.

Figure  82: FTP or firewall traffic flow when ECMP results in traffic sent to a non-primary node

1. Router A uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward a client connection request to a real server
destination IP address. In this case, it selects a member node, node3.
2. Firewall traffic is forwarded by the primary node only, so node3 multicasts the session data to the cluster.
3. The primary node forwards the traffic to a real server.
4. Router B uses ECMP to select a cluster node to which to forward the server response traffic—in this case, node2.
5. Because the server-to-client response was not expected by node2, it forwards traffic to the cluster.
6. When the primary node receives traffic from node2, it forwards it to the client.

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Best practice tips

The following tips are best practices:

l Be careful to maintain the heartbeat link(s). If the heartbeat is accidentally interrupted, such as when a network
cable is temporarily disconnected, the other nodes assume that the primary node has failed. In an active-active
deployment, a new primary node is elected among member nodes. If no failure has actually occurred, both nodes
can be operating as primary nodes simultaneously.
l If you link HA appliances through switches, to improve fault tolerance and reliability, link the ports through two
separate switches. Also, do not connect these switches to your overall network, which could introduce a potential
attack point, and could also allow network load to cause latency in the heartbeat, which could cause an
unintentional failover.

Advantages of HA Active-Active-VRRP

Compared with HA Active-Passive or Active-Active clusters, an HA Active-Active-VRRP cluster offers the following
advantages:

l The HA Active-Active mode is an device-based HA mode, in which the HA fail over will switch over the whole failed
device even in cases where only one monitor port fails.
l In FortiADC HA Active-Active-VRRP mode, you can manually assign a virtual server to a traffic group, enabling you
to do traffic load design based on virtual servers.
l In HA Active-Active-VRRP mode, FortiADC only synchronizes the session table/persistence table to the next
available device in the same traffic group using the “failover-order “ command. In cases where you have more than
two devices in the cluster, this synchronization mechanism can turn out to be more efficient than HA Active-Passive
or Active-Active mode because the session/persistence table will be synced to the whole HA group. In this sense,
FortiADC actually supports the N+M hot-backup function.
l HA Active-Active mode must work together with an external router with the ECMP route configured to distribute
traffic to different Active-Active nodes; HA Active-Active-VRRP mode does not need this external router to do ECMP
traffic distribution — Both sides can simply point their respective gateway to the VRRP floating IP.
l In HA Active-Active-VRRP mode, different devices in the same traffic group have the same HA status. Once you
have pointed both the client and the server side gateways to the floating IP in the same traffic, the
incoming/outgoing traffic will going to the same device. As a result, HA Active-Active-VRRP mode doesn't need to
multicast the traffic itself to the HA group, which should offer the best network performance and efficiency.
l In HA Active-Active mode, the AA-Master will take over all AA-NotWorking nodes' traffic. If multiple AA devices have
failed, the AA-Master will have to process much more traffic than the AA-Slave nodes, which may exhibit some
unexpected behavior under abnormal high traffic stress.
l In terms of sync session, you are unable to access the real server’s IP address from the client directly in HA Active-
Active mode, but you don’t have this limitation in HA Active-Active-VRRP mode.

Deploying an active-active-VRRP cluster

This topic includes the following information:

l Configuration overview
l Basic steps

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l Best practice tips

Configuration overview

The Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) is designed to eliminate the single point of failure inherent in the
static default routed environment. VRRP specifies an election protocol that dynamically assigns responsibility for
a virtual router to one of the VRRP routers on a LAN. The VRRP router controlling the IP address(es) associated
with a virtual router is called the Master, and forwards packets sent to these IP addresses. The election process
provides dynamic fail-over in the forwarding responsibility should the Master become unavailable. Any of the
virtual router's IP addresses on a LAN can then be used as the default first hop router by end-hosts. The
advantage of VRRP is a higher availability default path without requiring configuration of dynamic routing or
router discovery protocols on every end-host.

A virtual router is defined by its virtual router identifier (VRID) and a set of IP addresses. A VRRP router may
associate a virtual router with its real address on an interface, and may also be configured with additional virtual
router mappings and priority that the virtual router can back up. The mapping between VRID and addresses must
be coordinated among all VRRP routers on a LAN.

FortiADC only adopts the VRRP concept, but not the exact VRRP protocol itself. For this reason, its HA Active-
Active VRRP mode cab only be called a VRRP-like HA mode

VRRP configurations can be used as a high availability (HA) solution to ensure that your network maintains
connectivity with the Internet (or with other networks) even if the default router for your network fails. Using
VRRP, you can assign VRRP routers as master or backup routers. The master router processes traffic, while the
backup routers monitor the master router and start forwarding traffic the moment the master router fails.

VRRP is described in RFC 3768.

FortiADC units can function as master or backup Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) routers and can be
quickly and easily integrated into a network that has already deployed VRRP. In a VRRP configuration, when a
FortiADC unit operating as the master unit fails, a backup unit automatically takes its place and continues
processing network traffic. In such a situation, all traffic to the failed unit transparently fails over to the backup
unit that takes over the role of the failed master FortiADC unit. When the failed FortiADC unit is restored, it will
once again take over processing traffic for the network.

Figure  83: An active-active-VRRP cluster configuration using two FortiADC units

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In an active-active-VRRP cluster, one of the nodes is selected as the primary node of a traffic group, and the rest
of the nodes are member nodes of the traffic group. Traffic from the upstream can be load-balanced among up to
eight member nodes. Active-active-VRRP clusters also support failover. If the primary node fails, the traffic group
work on this node will fail over to one of the backup nodes which will send gratuitous ARP to adjacent devices to
redirect traffic for its own MAC address to all network interfaces within the traffic group.

The FortiADC VRRP configuration involves the following:

l Traffic group and their features

l Interface and virtual server (pertinent floating IP and traffic group )
l HA
Note:It is important to note that FortiADC only supports VRRP configuration between two or more FortiADC
units. It can NOT be integrated into a VRRP group formed with any third-party VRRP devices.

Basic steps

To deploy an active-active-VRRP cluster:

1. Configure the HA active-active--VRRP cluster.

https://support.fortinet.com/
For example:
config system ha
set mode active-active-vrrp
set hbdev port2

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set group-id 14
set local-node-id 1
end
2. Configure the traffic group.
Configure the traffic group and set its parameters. The failover sequence must be configured according
to the order of node IDs. This means that if a node is dead, the next node in queue will take over
handling the traffic. If you want to decide when a node should retake the traffic over from power-down to
start-up, you can enable the preempt.

If only two nodes, connect the two appliances directly with a crossover cable.

If more than two nodes, link the appliances through a switch. If connected through a switch, the
interfaces must be reachable by Layer 2 multicast.
config system traffic-group
edit "traffic-group-1"
set failover-order 1 2
next
end
3. Configure applications and relate them with the traffic group
Relate applications with the traffic group in the virtual server configuration and interface + IP
configuration. If no traffic group is related, the “default” traffic group will be used.

For example (Relate a virtual server to a traffic group):

config load-balance virtual-server
edit "vs1"
set packet-forwarding-method FullNAT
set interface port1
set ip 10.128.3.4
set load-balance-profile LB_PROF_HTTP
set load-balance-method LB_METHOD_DEST_IP_HASH
set load-balance-pool rs1
set ippool-list vs1-pool vs1-pool-1
set traffic-group traffic-group-1
next
For example (Relate an interface and IP address with a traffic group):
edit "port1"
set vdom root
set ip 10.128.3.1/16
set allowaccess https ping ssh snmp http telnet
set traffic-group traffic-group-1
set floating enable
set floating-ip 10.128.3.3
next
end

Best practice tips

The following tips are best practices:

Note: After youhave saved the HA configuration changes, cluster members join or rejoin the cluster. After
you have saved configuration changes on the primary node, it automatically pushes its configuration to the

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member nodes.

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 Chapter 15: Virtual Domains Virtual domain basics

Chapter 15: Virtual Domains

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Virtual domain basics

l Enabling the virtual domain feature
l Creating virtual domains
l Assigning network interfaces and admin users to VDOMs
l Virtual domain policies
l Disabling virtual domains

Virtual domain basics

A virtual domain (VDOM) is a complete FortiADC instance that runs on the FortiADC platform. The VDOM
feature supports multitennant deployments. To do this, you create a virtual domain configuration object that
contains all of the system and feature configuration options of a full FortiADC instance, and you provision an
administrator account with privileges to access and manage only that VDOM.

Note: The super user admin can access all VDOMs that have been created on the system, but the administrator
accounts that are provisioned for a VDOM can access only that particular VDOM.

To use the VDOM feature, complete the following steps:

1. Enable the virtual domain feature.
2. Create a virtual domain configuration object.
3. Assign network interfaces and administrators to the virtual domain.

Enabling the virtual domain feature

You can use the web UI to enable the virtual domain feature. By default, the virtual domain feature is not
enabled, and the GUI for virtual domain configuration is hidden.

Before you begin:

l You must have super user permission (user admin) to enable the virtual domain feature.
To enable the virtual domain feature:
1. Go to System > Settings.
The configuration page displays the Basic tab.

2. Enable Virtual Domain.

3. Save the configuration.
Note: You can also enable the virtual domain feature from the System Information panel under Dashboard >
Status.

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Figure 84 shows the landing page after the admin administrator logs into the system when the virtual domain
feature is enabled. From here, the admin administrator can create virtual domains, assign network interfaces to
virtual domains, create admin users for virtual domains, and navigate to the system and feature configuration
pages for the virtual domains, including the root (default) domain.

When a user with a delegated administrator account logs in, the landing page is the standard landing page.
These users cannot perform the tasks related to virtual domain administration that the admin administrator
performs.

Figure  84:  Super admin login with virtual domain

Creating virtual domains

By default, FortiADC has a predefined virtual domain named root that you cannot delete or modify. The admin
user can add, delete, enable, and disable virtual domains.

Before you begin:

l You must have super user permission (user admin) to create virtual domains.
l You must have super user permission (user admin) to assign network interfaces to virtual domains.
To create a virtual domain:
1. Go to Virtual Domain.
2. Click Add, enter a unique name for the virtual domain.
3. Save the configuration.

Assigning network interfaces and admin users to VDOMs

By default, all network interfaces are assigned to the root virtual domain. After you have created the virtual
domain, you can assign network interfaces to it.

To assign a network interface to a virtual domain:

1. Go to Networking > Interface.
2. Double-click an interface configuration or click Add to create one.
3. Configure interface settings and select the virtual domain.
4. Save the configuration.
When virtual domain administrators log into the FortiADC system, they only see configuration settings and data
for the virtual domain that you assigned them to. They do not see the Virtual Domains menu in the navigation
pane.

To create an administrator for a virtual domain:

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1. Go to System > Administrator.

2. Click Add to create an administrator.
3. Configure administrator settings and select the virtual domain.
4. Save the configuration.

Virtual domain policies

FortiADC allows you to create and impose custom policies or restrictions on each virtual domain you have added.
For each virtual domain, you can configure the maximum range for its Dynamic Resources and Static Resources.
Dynamic Resources are related to a virtual domain's performance, while Static Resources are related to its
configuration. The Vdom configuration dialog (Figure 85) also shows a virtual domain's current configuration and
workload settings, which serve as good reference points for you to fine-tune the virtual domain.

Figure  85: Vdom configuration

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Disabling virtual domains

To disable the virtual domain feature:

1. Assign all network interfaces and administrators to the root virtual domain.
2. Delete all virtual domains.
3. Clear the Virtual Domain option.

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Chapter 16: SSL Transactions SSL offloading

Chapter 16: SSL Transactions

This chapter covers the following topics:

l SSL offloading
l SSL decryption by forward proxy
l Profile configurations
l Certificate guidelines
l SSL/TLS versions and cipher suites
l Exceptions list
l SSL/HTTP mirror traffic

SSL offloading

You can use FortiADC in a Layer-7 load-balancing topology to offload SSL decryption from the real server farm. In
such a deployment, the FortiADC unit uses a copy of the real server certificate and its private key to negotiate the
SSL connection. It acts as an SSL proxy for the real servers, using the certificates and their private keys to:

l authenticate itself to clients

l decrypt requests
l encrypt responses
When session data has been decrypted, you can use the FortiADC content rewriting, content routing, and web
application firewall features.

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Figure  86: SSL offloading

FortiADC forwards data unencrypted to the servers, and the servers can maximize performance because they are
processing HTTP and not HTTPS transactions.

To realize the benefits of SSL offloading and maintain security, you must deploy the FortiADC appliance in a
trusted network with a direct path to the real servers so that the connection between the FortiADC and the real
server does not have to be re-encrypted. For example, you connect FortiADC and the real servers through the
same switch, and all are physically located on the same locked rack.

In cases where traffic is forwarded along untrusted paths toward the real servers, you can use a real server SSL
profile to re-encrypt the data before forwarding it to the real servers.

Basic steps:

1. Import the X.509 v3 server certificates and their private keys that ordinarily belong to the backend servers, as well
as any certificate authority (CA) or intermediate CA certificates that are used to complete the chain of trust
between your clients and servers.
2. Configure a local certificate group that includes the server's local certificate and the Intermediate CA group that
contains the Intermediate CAs.
3. Configure an application profile and a client SSL profile (if needed) that reference the local certificate group and
specify the allowed SSL/TLS versions and list of SSL ciphers that can be used for the SSL connection between the
client and the FortiADC unit. Select this profile when you configure the virtual server.

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4. Configure a real server SSL profile that enables or disables SSL for the connection between the FortiADC unit and
the real server. If enabled, specify the SSL/TLS versions and the list of SSL ciphers that can be used. Select this
profile when you configure the real server pool.

SSL decryption by forward proxy

You can use SSL decryption by forward proxy in cases where you cannot copy the server certificate and private
key to the FortiADC unit because it is either impractical or impossible (in the case of outbound traffic to unknown
Internet servers).

When SSL forward proxy is enabled, FortiADC becomes a proxy to both sides of the connection. The server
certificate and its private key used to negotiate the SSL connection with the client are dynamically derived from
the certificate presented by the real server and optionally chained with an Intermediate CA trusted by the client.

Basic steps:

1. Import a special Intermediate CA and its private key to the local certificate store that you have provisioned for SSL
forward proxy operations.
2. Configure an Intermediate CA group. (Optional)
3. Configure a certificate caching object (or use the pre-defined one).
4. Configure a client SSL profile that enables SSL proxy, references the local certificate, and specifies the allowed
SSL/TLS versions and list of SSL ciphers that can be used for the SSL connection between the client and the
FortiADC unit. Select this profile when you configure the virtual server.
5. Configure all settings required for backend SSL.

Layer 7 deployments
Figure 87 illustrates a Layer 7 SSL forward proxy deployment similar to the SSL offloading example—inbound
traffic to your server farm. When the FortiADC virtual server receives the ClientHello message, it selects a real
server and sends its own ClientHello to the server to set up its own SSL session with it (represented by the dashed
line in the figure). FortiADC uses the certificate presented by the server to derive the certificate to present to the
client. This derived certificate is signed by an Intermediate CA that is trusted by the client, so the client completes
its handshake with the FortiADC, and FortiADC can decrypt the traffic.

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Figure  87: Layer 7 SSL decryption by forward proxy

Table 161 summarizes the pros and cons of Layer 7 SSL decryption methods.

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 Table 161: Layer 7 SSL decryption methods

Method Pros Cons

SSL offloading Better performance. You must be able to copy the local cer-
tificates and private keys from the real serv-
No feature limitations. ers.
In most cases, you do not need to
maintain SSL functionality (certificates
and keys, SSL ports) on the real
servers.

SSL forward You do not need to copy the local cer- Performance cost associate with SSL
proxy tificates and keys from the real servers. proxy operations and certificate re-
Instead, you add only one Intermediate CA signing.
and private key to be used for all the HTTPS
servers. You need to maintain SSL functionality
on the real servers.

Incompatible with some features

because the server must be selected
before the client request is decrypted:
Incompatible features include:

l Some load balancing methods (only

Round Robin and Least Connection are
supported)
l Some persistence methods (only Source
Address, Source Address Hash, Source
Address-Port Hash, and SSL Session
ID are supported)
l Client SNI Required option
l Content routing

Layer 2 deployments
You can use FortiADC in a Layer 2 sandwich toplogy to offload SSL decryption tasks from FortiGate.

Figure 88 shows the topology. To decrypt traffic to and from external HTTPS destinations, you must use SSL
forward proxy.

When the FortiADC virtual server receives the ClientHello message, it sends its own ClientHello to the
destination server in order to fetch the server certificate so that it can be manipulated. The FortiGate and second
FortiADC in the network path must be configured to pass-through this HTTPS traffic. FortiADC uses the server
certificate to derive a certificate to present to the client. This derived certificate is signed by an Intermediate CA
that is trusted by the client, so the client completes its handshake with the first FortiADC, and FortiADC decrypts
the traffic.

In a sandwich deployment like this one, you do not want to re-encrypt the traffic until it egresses the second
FortiADC. You control server-side SSL with the real server SSL profile configuration, discussed next.

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Figure  88: Layer 2 SSL decryption by forward proxy

Profile configurations

The application profile and client SSL profile determine the settings for the client-FortiADC connection; the real
server SSL profile determines settings for the FortiADC-real server connection. This granularity gives you
flexibility in how you leverage FortiADC's SSL transaction capabilities. For example, in the case of SSL

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offloading, your goal is to eliminate SSL transactions on the real servers so that you can configure a server-side
SSL profile that does not use SSL. Or it could be the case that the back-end real servers support only SSLv2, but
you want to use the more secure TLSv1.2 for the client-FortiADC segment.

Figure 89 illustrates the basic idea of client-side and server-side profiles.

Figure  89: SSL profiles

The call-outs in Figure 90 have guidance for the two types of profiles used in a Layer 2 sandwich deployment.

In this deployment, the FortiADC 1 virtual server is of a Layer-2 HTTPS server configuration. Its client SSL profile
supports SSL forward proxy, including the special local signing CA. For Layer-2 virtual servers, the "real server"
target is the next hop. In this case, the real server target is the FortiGate pool. Because SSL is not enabled in the
real server SSL profile, FortiADC 1 does not re-encrypt the SSL connection.(However, you can configure allowed

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SSL versions and ciphers in the client SSL profile, and you can also configure an SSL certificate verification policy
to enforce rules and checks on the destination server certificate.) The client SSL profile settings are used when re-
encrypting the server response traffic in the return segment to the client.

The FortiADC 2 virtual server is a Layer 2 HTTP virtual server configuration. It receives unencrypted traffic from
FortiGate. Its server pool is the next hop gateway. On its server side, FortiADC uses the real server SSL profile
settings when it encrypts the outbound SSL connection and decrypts the inbound response traffic.

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Figure  90: Layer 2 sandwich profiles

For information on virtual server profile configuration objects, see Configuring Application profiles.

For information on real server SSL configuration objects, see Configuring real server SSL profiles.

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Certificate guidelines

When a client browser requests an HTTPS connection to a web server, the server presents a server certificate to
the client for verification. The client checks the content of the certificate against a local browser database of
Certificate Authorities, and if it finds a match, the connection is made. If no match is found, the browser displays
a warning that asks if you want to continue with the connection.

To avoid this warning, you must upload an Intermediate CA signed by one of the CA vendors that has its root
certificates preinstalled in the web browsers. When the vendor issues you a local server certificate for your
website, it typically includes the Intermediate CAs in your package.

For SSL offloading deployments, you create a local certificate group that references the local certificate for the
server and its Intermediate CA group (a group that references all Intermediate CAs the vendor provided with your
certificate package).

For SSL decryption by forward proxy deployments, you create a local certificate group that references any local
certificate and an Intermediate CA group that includes the Intermediate CA and private key configuration you
have provisioned for the SSL forward proxy operations.

You are not required to obtain SSL certificates from SSL vendors. You can use an
enterprise certificate server (like Microsoft CertSrv) or open-source tools like OpenSSL
or to generate them. Note, however, that a web browser will not trust the certificate
unless it is associated with a certificate installed in the browser. If you use your own
tools to generate the Intermediate CA, you must distribute that certificate to client
browsers in whatever manner you typically do that—automatic update package from
IT, manual distribution, and so on.

For information on importing certificates and configuring certificate configuration objects, see Manage and
validate certificates.

SSL/TLS versions and cipher suites

An SSL cipher is an algorithm that performs encryption and decryption. It transforms plain text into a coded set of
data (cipher text) that is not reversible without a key. During the SSL handshake phase of the connection, the
client sends a list of the ciphers it supports. FortiADC examines the client cipher list in the order it is specified,
chooses the first cipher that matches a cipher specified in the virtual server configuration, and responds to the
client. If none of the ciphers offered by the client are in the cipher suite list for the virtual server, the SSL
handshake fails.

To see the list of ciphers supported by the browser you are using, go to a link maintained by the Leibniz University
of Hannover Distributed Computing & Security (DCSec) Research Group:

https://cc.dcsec.uni-hannover.de/
FortiADC SLB profiles support a specific list of RSA ciphers, PFS ciphers, ECDHE ciphers, ECDSA ciphers,
and eNull ciphers.

Table 162 lists supported RSA ciphers.

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 Table 162: Cipher suites with RSA key exchange

Abbreviation Cipher Suite Protocol Kx Au Enc MAC

AES256-GCM- TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_ TLS 1.2 RSA RSA AESGCM AEAD

SHA384 GCM_SHA384 (256)

AES256-SHA256 TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_ TLS 1.2 RSA RSA AES(256) SHA

CBC_SHA256

AES256-SHA TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_ SSL 3.0 RSA RSA AES(256) SHA

CBC_SHA TLS 1.2,
1.1, 1.0

AES128-GCM- TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_ TLS 1.2 RSA RSA AESGCM AEAD

SHA256 GCM_SHA256 (128)

AES128-SHA256 TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_ TLS 1.2 RSA RSA AES(128) SHA

CBC_SHA256

AES128-SHA TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_ SSL 3.0 RSA RSA AES(128) SHA

CBC_SHA TLS 1.2,
1.1, 1.0

RC4-SHA SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA SSL 3.0 RSA RSA RC4 SHA

TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA TLS 1.2, RSA RSA RC4 SHA

1.1, 1.0

RC4-MD5 SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_ SSL 3.0 RSA RSA RC4 MD5

MD5

TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_ TLS 1.2, RSA RSA RC4 MD5

MD5 1.1, 1.0

DES-CBC3-SHA SSL_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_ SSL 3.0 RSA RSA DES- SHA

CBC_SHA CBC3

TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_ TLS 1.2, RSA RSA DES- SHA

CBC_SHA 1.1, 1.0 CBC3

DES-CBC-SHA SSL_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_ SSL 3.0 RSA RSA DES- SHA

SHA CBC

TLS_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_ TLS 1.2, RSA RSA DES- SHA

SHA 1.1, 1.0 CBC

With RSA ciphers, the server's public RSA key is part of the server certificate and is typically very long lived. It is
not uncommon for the same public key to be used for months or years. This creates a potential problem: if an
SSL server's private key were to be leaked or stolen, all connections made in the past using that key would be
vulnerable. If someone has recorded your SSL connections, they can use the stolen private key to decrypt them.

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Table 163 lists supported Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) ciphers with DHE/EDH key exchange. With PFS, a fresh
public key is created for every single connection.That means that an adversary would need to break the key for
each connection individually to read the communication.

 Table 163: Cipher suites with DHE/EDH key exchange

Abbreviation Cipher Suite Protocol Kx Au Enc MAC

DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM- TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_ TLS 1.2 DH RSA AES256 SHA384

SHA384 256_GCM_SHA384

DHE-RSA-AES256- TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_ TLS 1.2 DH RSA AES256 SHA256

SHA256 256_CBC_SHA256

DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_ SSL 3.0 DH RSA AES256 SHA256

256_CBC_SHA TLS 1.2,
1.1, 1.0

DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM- TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_ TLS 1.2 DH RSA AES128 SHA256

SHA256 128_GCM_SHA256

DHE-RSA-AES128- TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_ TLS 1.2 DH RSA AES128 SHA256

SHA256 128_CBC_SHA256

DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_ SSL 3.0 DH RSA AES128 SHA

128_CBC_SHA TLS 1.2,
1.1, 1.0

EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3- TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_ SSL 3.0 DH RSA 3DES SHA

SHA EDE_CBC_SHA TLS 1.2,
1.1, 1.0

EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_ SSL 3.0 DH RSA DES SHA

CBC_SHA TLS 1.2,
1.1, 1.0

Table 164 lists supported PFS ciphers with Elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman Ephemeral key (ECDHE) key exchange.
ECDHE is significantly faster than DHE. The supported suites include both the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
Algorithm (ECDSA) and RSA key authentication (Au) algorithms.

 Table 164: Cipher suites with EDCHE key exchange

Abbreviation Cipher Suite Protocol Kx Au Enc MAC

ECDHE-ECDSA- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_ TLS 1.2 ECDH ECDSA AESGCM256 AEAD

AES256-GCM- WITH_AES_256_GCM_
SHA384 SHA384

ECDHE-ECDSA- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_ TLSv1.2 ECDH ECDSA AES256 SHA384

AES256-SHA384 WITH_AES_256_CBC_
SHA384

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Abbreviation Cipher Suite Protocol Kx Au Enc MAC

ECDHE-ECDSA- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_ SSL 3.0 ECDH ECDSA AES256 SHA

AES256-SHA WITH_AES_256_CBC_ TLS 1.2,
SHA 1.1, 1.0

ECDHE-ECDSA- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_ TLSv1.2 ECDH ECDSA AESGCM128 AEAD

AES128-GCM- WITH_AES_128_GCM_
SHA256 SHA256

ECDHE-ECDSA- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_ TLSv1.2 ECDH ECDSA AES128 SHA256

AES128-SHA256 WITH_AES_128_CBC_
SHA256

ECDHE-ECDSA- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_ SSL 3.0 ECDH ECDSA AES128 SHA

AES128-SHA WITH_AES_128_CBC_ TLS 1.2,
SHA 1.1, 1.0

ECDHE-ECDSA- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_ SSL 3.0 ECDH ECDSA RC4 SHA

RC4-SHA WITH_RC4_128_SHA TLS 1.2,
1.1, 1.0

ECDHE-ECDSA- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_ SSL 3.0 ECDH ECDSA 3DES SHA

DES-CBC3-SHA WITH_3DES_EDE_ TLS 1.2,
CBC_SHA 1.1, 1.0

ECDHE-RSA- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_ TLS 1.2 ECDH RSA AESGCM256 AEAD

AES256-GCM- WITH_AES_256_GCM_
SHA384 SHA384

ECDHE-RSA- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_ TLS 1.2 ECDH RSA AES256 SHA384

AES256-SHA384 WITH_AES_256_CBC_
SHA384

ECDHE-RSA- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_ TLS 1.2 ECDH RSA AES256 SHA

AES256-SHA WITH_AES_256_CBC_
SHA

ECDHE-RSA- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_ TLS 1.2 ECDH RSA AESGCM128 AEAD

AES128-GCM- WITH_AES_128_GCM_
SHA256 SHA256

ECDHE-RSA- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_ TLS 1.2 ECDH RSA AES128 SHA256

AES128-SHA256 WITH_AES_128_CBC_
SHA256

ECDHE-RSA- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_ SSL 3.0 ECDH RSA AES128 SHA

AES128-SHA WITH_AES_128_CBC_
SHA

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Abbreviation Cipher Suite Protocol Kx Au Enc MAC

ECDHE-RSA-RC4- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_ SSL 3.0 ECDH RSA RC4 SHA

SHA WITH_RC4_128_SHA

ECDHE-RSA-DES- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_ SSL 3.0 ECDH RSA 3DES SHA

CBC3-SHA WITH_3DES_EDE_
CBC_SHA

In addition, profiles support an eNull cipher option. This option represents all cipher suites that do not apply
encryption to the application data (integrity check is still applied). The exact cipher suite used depends on the
SSL/TLS version used. As an example, in SSL v3.0, eNULL includes NULL-MD5, NULL-SHA, ECDH-RSA-NULL-
SHA, ECDH-ECDSA-NULL-SHA, and some other non-encryption cipher suites.

Finally, profiles support a user-specified cipher list. You can specify a colon-separated list of OpenSSL cipher
suite short names. The names are validated against the form of the cipher suite short names published on the
OpenSSL website:

https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/apps/ciphers.html

Exceptions list

In some jurisdictions, SSL interception and decryption by forward proxy is disfavored for some types of websites
or disallowed entirely. If necessary, you can use the L2 Exception List configuration to define destinations that
should not have its sessions decrypted. You can leverage FortiGuard web filter categories, and you can configure
a list of additional destinations.

You associate the L2 Exception List configuration with virtual servers that are in the path of outbound traffic. The
virtual server evaluates whether an exception applies before processing the initial SSL client hello. If an exception
applies, that connection is passed through, and it is not decrypted.

For information on creating the configuration, see Configuring an L2 exception list.

SSL traffic mirroring

FortiADC supports mirroring packets (HTTPS/TCPS) to specified network interfaces. When the feature is
enabled, SSL traffic will be mirrored to the specified ports by the virtual server after it has been decrypted.

The feature supports both IPv4 and IPv6. FortiADC can send traffic to up to four outgoing interfaces, including
aggregated and VLAN interfaces. Mirrored traffic is transmitted as a single packet stream, using the original
client-side source and destination IP address and port numbers. The source and destination MAC addresses are
0 (zero) in mirrored traffic. The feature requires a virtual server set to Layer 7 or Layer 2, with a profile configured
for HTTPS or TCPS. It is supported on all FortiADC platforms.

Figure  91: SSL traffic mirroring

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Note that this feature is available via the CLI only, and has not yet been implemented on the GUI.

To enable this feature in a policy, execute the following command:

config load-balance virtual-server
edit vs-name
set ssl-mirror enable
set ssl-mirror-intf port1 port2
next
end

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Chapter 17: Advanced Networking

This chapter includes the following topics:

l NAT
l "Configure source NAT" on page 434
l "Configure 1-to-1 NAT" on page 437
l Configuring the QoS filter
l ISP routes
l BGP
l OSPF
l IPv4 access list
l IPv6 access list
l IPv4 prefix list
l IPv6 prefix list
l TCP multiplexing
l Reverse path route caching

NAT

A number of network address translation (NAT) methods map packet IP address information for the packets that
are received at the ingress network interface into the IP address space you configure. Packets with the new IP
address are forwarded through the egress interface.

You can configure NAT per virtual server within the virtual server configuration.

This section describes the system-wide, policy-based NAT feature. The system-wide feature supports:

l SNAT—Translates the packet header source IP address to the configured address. See Configure source NAT.
l 1-to-1 NAT—Maps the public IP address for an interface to an IP address on a private network. See Configure 1-to-
1 NAT.
l Port forwarding—Maps an external published protocol port to the actual port. Configuration for port forwarding is
included in the configuration for 1-to-1 NAT.

Configure source NAT

You use source NAT (SNAT) when clients have IP addresses from private networks. This ensures you do not have
multiple sessions from different clients with source IP 192.168.1.1, for example. Or, you can map all client traffic
to a single source IP address because a source address from a private network is not meaningful to the FortiADC
system or backend servers.

Figure 92 illustrates SNAT. The SNAT rule matches the source and destination IP addresses in incoming traffic
to the ranges specified in the policy. If the client request matches, the system translates the source IP address to
an address from the SNAT pool. In this example, a client with private address 192.168.1.1 requests a resource
from the virtual server address at 192.0.2.1 (not the real server address 10.0.0.1; the real server address is not

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published). The two rule conditions match, so the system translates the source IP to the next address in the
SNAT pool—10.1.0.1. SNAT rules do not affect destination addresses, so the destination address in the request
packet is preserved.

The system maintains this NAT table and performs the inverse translation when it receives the server-to-client
traffic. Be sure to configure the backend servers to use the FortiADC address as the default gateway so that
server responses are also rewritten by the NAT module.

Note: This SNAT feature is not supported for traffic to virtual servers. Use the virtual server SNAT feature
instead.

Figure  92:  SNAT

Before you begin:

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l You must know the IP addresses your organization has provisioned for your NAT design.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure source NAT:

1. Go to Networking > NAT.

The configuration page displays the Source tab.

2. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

3. Complete the configuration as described in Table 165.
4. Save the configuration.
5. Reorder rules, as necessary.

 Table 165: Source NAT configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. After you initially
save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Source Address/mask notation to match the source IP address in the packet header. For example,
192.0.2.0/24.

Destination Address/mask notation to match the destination IP address in the packet header. For example,
10.0.2.0/24.

Egress Interface Interface that forwards traffic.

Translation Type l IP Address—Select to translate the source IP to a single specified address.

l Pool—Select to translate the source IP to the next address in a pool.

Translation to IP Note: This option applies only when the Translation Type is set to IP address.
Address
Specify an IPv4 address. The source IP address in the packet header will be translated to
this address.

Pool Address Note: This option applies only when Translation Type is set to Pool.
Range
Specify the first IP address in the SNAT pool.

To Specify the last IP address in the SNAT pool.

Traffic Group Select a traffic group. Otherwise, the system will use the default traffic group.

Reordering

After you have saved a rule, reorder rules as necessary. The rules table is consulted from top to
bottom. The first rule that matches is applied and subsequent rules are not evaluated.

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Configure 1-to-1 NAT

You can use 1-to-1 NAT when you want to publish public or “external” IP addresses for FortiADC resources but
want the communication among servers on the internal network to be on a private or “internal” IP address range.

Figure 93 illustrates 1-to-1 NAT. The NAT configuration assigns both external and internal (or “mapped”) IP
addresses to Interface 1. Traffic from the external side of the connection (such as client traffic) uses the external
IP address and port. Traffic on the internal side (such as the virtual server communication with real servers) uses
the mapped IP address and port.

1-to-1 NAT is supported for traffic to virtual servers. The address translation occurs before the ADC has processed
its rules, so FortiADC server load balancing policies that match source address (such as content routing and
content rewriting rules) should be based on the mapped address space.

The system maintains this NAT table and performs the inverse mapping when it sends traffic from the internal
side to the external side.

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Figure  93:  One-to-One NAT

Before you begin:

l You must know the IP addresses your organization has provisioned for your NAT design.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure one-to-one NAT:

1. Go to Networking > NAT.

2. Click the 1-to-1 NAT tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 166.

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5. Save the configuration.

6. Reorder rules, as necessary.
 Table 166: 1-to-1 NAT configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. After you initially
save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

External Interface Interface that receives traffic.

External Address Specify the first address in the range. The last address is calculated after you enter the
Range mapped IP range.

Mapped Address Specify the first and last addresses in the range.
Range

Port Forwarding

Port Forwarding Select to enable.

Protocol l TCP
l UDP

External Port Specify the first port number in the range. The last port number is calculated after you enter the
Range mapped port range.

Mapped Port Specify the first and last port numbers in the range.
Range

Traffic Group Select a traffic group. Otherwise, the system will use the default.

Reordering

After you have saved a rule, reorder rules as necessary. The rules table is consulted from top to
bottom. The first rule that matches is applied and subsequent rules are not evaluated.

QoS

You can use quality-of-service (QoS) policies to provision bandwidth for any traffic that matches the rule. You
might consider QoS policies for latency- or bandwidth-sensitive services, such as VoIP and ICMP.

The FortiADC system does not provision bandwidth based on the TOS bits (also called differentiated services) in
the IP header to control packet queueing. Instead, the system provisions bandwidth based on a
source/destination/service matching tuple that you specify.

Note: The QoS policy feature is not supported for traffic to virtual servers.

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Basic steps

1. Configure a QoS queue.

2. Configure a QoS filter or QoS IPv6 filter.

Configuring a QoS queue

You must configure a queue before you configure a filter.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure a QoS queue:

1. Go to Networking > QoS.

2. Click the QoS Queue tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 167
5. Save the configuration.
 Table 167: QoS queue configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. After you initially
save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Bandwidth Maximum bandwidth rate. Specify a number and a unit abbreviation. For example, specify
100K for 100 Kbps, 10M for 10 Mbps, and 1G for 1Gbps.

Configuring the QoS filter

A QoS filter is the policy that assigns traffic to the QoS queue.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding and knowledge of traffic in your network that requires QoS provisioning.
l You must have created the address configuration objects and service configuration objects that define the matching
tuple for QoS rules. Use the Shared Resources menu firewall address and service object configuration editor.
l You must have created a QoS queue configuration object.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure QoS filter:

1. Go to Networking > QoS.

2. Click the QoS Filter tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 168.
5. Save the configuration.
6. Reorder rules, as necessary.

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 Table 168: QoS filter configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. After you initially
save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Status Enable/disable the filter.

Queue Select the queue that will be used for packets that match the filter criteria.

Service Select a service object to use to form the matching tuple.

Source Select a source address object to use to form the matching tuple.

Destination Select a destination address object to use to form the matching tuple.

Ingress Interface Select the interface that receives traffic.

Egress Interface Select the interface that forwards traffic.

After you have saved a rule, reorder rules as necessary. The rules table is consulted from top to
bottom. The first rule that matches is applied and subsequent rules are not evaluated.

Configuring the QoS IPv6 filter

A QoS filter is the policy that assigns traffic to the QoS queue.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding and knowledge of traffic in your network that requires QoS provisioning.
l You must have created the address configuration objects and service configuration objects that define the matching
tuple for QoS rules. Use the Shared Resources menu firewall address and service object configuration editor.
l You must have created a QoS queue configuration object.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure QoS filter:

1. Go to Networking > QoS.

2. Click the QoS IPv6 Filter tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 169.
5. Save the configuration.
6. Reorder rules, as necessary.

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 Table 169: QoS IPv6 filter configuration

Settings Guidelines

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. After you initially
save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Status Enable/disable the filter.

Queue Select the queue that will be used for packets that match the filter criteria.

Service Select a service object to use to form the matching tuple.

Source Select a source address object to use to form the matching tuple.

Destination Select a destination address object to use to form the matching tuple.

Ingress Interface Select the interface that receives traffic.

Egress Interface Select the interface that forwards traffic.

After you have saved a rule, reorder rules as necessary. The rules table is consulted from top to
bottom. The first rule that matches is applied and subsequent rules are not evaluated.

ISP routes

ISP routes can be used for outbound traffic and link load balancing traffic.

Routes for outbound traffic are chosen according to the following priorities:
1. Link local routes—Self-traffic uses link local routes.
2. LLB Link Policy route—Configured policy routes have priority over default routes.
3. Policy route—Configured policy routes have priority over default routes.
4. Static route / ISP route / OSPF route—Priority is based on the distance metric. By default, distance for static
routes is 10, for ISP routes is 20, and for OSPF routes is 110. The distance metric is configurable for static routes
and OSPF routes, but not ISP routes.
5. Default LLB Link Policy route—Default routes have lower priority than configured routes.
6. Default static route / OSPF route—Default routes have lower priority than configured routes.
Before you begin:

l You must have read-write permission for system settings.

Note: Adding a new ISP route does not affect existing sessions. Deleting or editing an ISP route causes the
related sessions to be re-created.

To configure ISP Routes:

1. Go to Networking > Routing.

2. Click the ISP tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.

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4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 170.

5. Save the configuration.
 Table 170: ISP Route configuration

Settings Guidelines

Destination Select an ISP address book configuration object.

Note: Two ISP routes cannot reference the same ISP address book. The ISP routing feature
does not support multipath routing.

Gateway IP address of the gateway router that can route packets to the destination IP address that you
have specified.

BGP

BGP stands for Border Gateway Protocol, which was first used in 1989. The current version, BGP-4, was released
in 1995 and is defined in RFC 1771. That RFC has since been replaced by the more recent RFC 4271. The main
benefits of BGP-4 are classless inter-domain routing and aggregate routes. Often classified as a path-vector
protocol and sometimes as a distance-vector touting protocol, BGP exchanges routing and reachability
information among autonomous systems over the Internet.

BGP makes routing decisions based on path, network policies and rulesets instead of the hop-count metric as RIP
does, or cost-factor metrics as OSPF does.

BGP-4+ supports IPv6. It was introduced in RFC 2858 and RFC 2545.

BGP is the routing protocol used on the Internet. It was designed to replace the old Exterior Gateway Protocol
(EGP) which had been around since 1982, and was very limited. In doing so, BGP enabled more networks to take
part in the Internet backbone to effectively decentralize it and make the Internet more robust, and less dependent
on a single ISP or backbone network.

How BGP works
A BGP router receives information from its peer routers that have been defined as neighbors. BGP routers listen
for updates from these configured neighboring routers on TCP port 179.

A BGP router is a finite state machine with six various states for each connection. As two BGP routers discover
each other, and establish a connection they go from the idle state, through the various states until they reach the
established state. An error can cause the connection to be dropped and the state of the router to be reset to either
active or idle. These errors can be caused by: TCP port 179 not being open, a random TCP port above port 1023
not being open, the peer address being incorrect, or the AS number being incorrect.

When BGP routers start a connection, they negotiate which (if any) optional features will be used such as
multiprotocol extensions that can include IPv6 and VPNs.

IBGP vs. EBGP

When you read about BGP, often you see EBGP or IBGP mentioned. These are both BGP routing, but BGP used
in different roles. Exterior BGP (EBGP) involves packets crossing multiple autonomous systems (ASes) where

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interior BGP (IBGP) involves packets that stay within a single AS. For example the AS_PATH attribute is only
useful for EBGP where routes pass through multiple ASes.

These two modes are important because some features of BGP are only used for one of EBGP or IBGP. For
example confederations are used in EBGP, and route reflectors are only used in IBGP. Also routes learned from
IBGP have priority over EBGP learned routes.

For more information on BGP routing, see "Chapter 3 - Advanced Routing" of the FortiOS Handbook for
FortiOS 5.4.1.
Before you begin, you must:

l Know how BGP has been implemented in your network, i.e., the configuration details of the implementation.
l Have Read-Write permission for System settings.
l Have configured all the needed access (IPv6) lists and prefix (IPv6) lists. See Access list vs. prefix list.

To configure BGP:

1. Click Networking > Routing.

2. Click the BGP tab.
3. Make the desired entries and/or seldctions as described in the table below.
4. Click Save when done.
 Table 171: BGP configuration

Settings Guidelines

AS Enter the AS (Autonomous System) number of the BGP router. Valid values are from 0 to
4294967295.

Note: Per RFC 6996, the first and last ASNs of the original 16-bit integers, namely 0 and
65535, and the last ASN of the 32-bit numbers, namely 4,294,967,295, are reserved and
should not be used by operators; ASNs 64,512 to 65,534 of the original 16-bit AS range,
and 4,200,000,000 to 4,294,967,294 of the 32-bit range are reserved for private use,
which means that they can be used internally but should not be announced to the global
Internet.

Router ID Enter the 32-bit number that sets the router-ID of the BGP process. The router ID uses
dotted decimal notation. The router-ID must be the IP address of the router, and it must
be unique within the entire BGP domain to the BGP speaker.

Redistribute OSPF Enable/Disable (default) the redistribution of OSPF routes to the BGP process.

Redistribute Con- Enable/Disable (default) the redistribution of connected routes to the BGP process.
nected

Redistribute Static Enable/Disable (default) the redistribution of static routes to the BGP process.

Redistribute IPv6 Enable/Disable (default) the redistribution of connected IPv6 routes to the BGP process.
Connected

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Settings Guidelines

Redistribute IPv6 Enable/Disable (default) the redistribution of static IPv6 routes to the BGP process.
Static

Always Compare Enable/Disable (default) the comparison of Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED) for paths from
MED neighbors in different ASs (Autonomous Systems).

Deterministic MED Enable/Disable (default) the deterministic comparison of Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED)
values among all paths received from the same AS (Autonomous System).

Bestpath Compare Enable/Disable (default) the BGP routing process to compare identical routes received
Router ID from different external peers during the best-path selection process and to select the route
with the lowest router ID as the best path.

Network

Type Select either of the following (IP address) types:

l IPv4
l IPv6

IPv4 Prefix If IPv4 is selected (above), specify the IPv4 prefix in the format of 0.0.0.0/0.

IPv6 Prefix If IPv6 is selected (above), specify the IPv6 prefix in the format of ::/0.

Save Be sure to click Save after you are done with configuring the network.

Neighbor

Remote AS Specify the remote AS (Autonomous System) number of the BGP neighbor you are
creating. Valid values are from 1 to 4294967295.

Type Select either of the following:

l IPv4
l IPv6

IP/IPv6 Specify the IPv4 address or IPv6 address for the BGP neighbor.

Interface Click to select the interface for the BGP neighbor.

Port Specify the port of the BGP neighbor.

Keep Alive Specify the frequency (in seconds) at which the BGP neighbor sends out keepalive
message to its peer.

Valid values are from 0 to 65535, with 60 seconds being the default.

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Settings Guidelines

Hold Time Specify the "wait time" or pause (in seconds) the BGP neighbor declares a peer dead after
failing to receive a keepalive message from it.

Valid values are from 0 to 65535, with 180 (seconds) being the default.

When the minimum acceptable hold time is configured on a BGP router, a remote

BGP peer session can be established only when the latter is advertising a hold time equal
to, or greater than, the minimum acceptable hold time configured on the former. If the
minimum acceptable hold time is greater than the configured hold time, then the next
time the remote BGP peer tries to establish a session with the local BGP router, it will fail
and the local BGP router will notify the remote BGP peer saying "unacceptable hold time".

Distribute List Click to select an Access list or Access IPv6 List.

In/Distribute IPv6
List In The BGP router will apply the selected prefix list to inbound advertisements to the BGP
neighbor when distributing BGP neighbor information.

Note: It is highly recommended that you have the IPv4 Prefix List or the IPv6 Prefix List
configured before configuring BGP Routing.

Distribute List Click to select an Access List or Access IPv6 List.

Out/Distribute IPv6
List Out The BGP router will apply the selected prefix list to outbound advertisements to the
neighbor when distributing BGP neighbor information.

Note: It is highly recommended that you have the IPv4 Prefix List or the IPv6 Prefix List
configured before configuring BGP Routing.

Prefix List In/Prefix Click to select an Prefix List (for IPv4) or Prefix IPv6 List (for IPv6).
IPv6 List In
The BGP router will apply the selected prefix list to inbound advertisements to the
neighbor when distributing BGP neighbor information.

Note: It is highly recommended that you have the Prefix List or the Prefix IPv6 List
configured before configuring BGP Routing.

Prefix List Out/Pre- Click to select an IPv4 Prefix List or IPv6 Prefix List.
fix IPv6 List Out
The BGP router will apply the selected prefix list to outbound advertisements to the
neighbor when distributing BGP neighbor information.

Note: It is highly recommended that you have the IPv4 Prefix List or the IPv6 Prefix List
configured before configuring BGP Routing.

Weight Assign a weight to a neighbor connection. Valid values are from 0 to 65535.

By default, routes learned through another BGP peer carries a weight value of 0, whereas
routes sourced by the local router carry a default weight value of 32768.

Initially, all routes learned from a neighbor will have an assigned weight. The route with
the greatest weight is chosen as the preferred route when multiple routes are available to
a network.

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Settings Guidelines

Save Be sure to click Save after you are done with configuring the Neighbor.

HA Router ID List

Router ID Use the HA Router list configuration in an HA active-active deployment. On each HA

cluster node, add an HA Router configuration that includes an entry for each cluster node.
When the appliance is in standalone mode, it uses the primary BGP Router ID; when it is
in HA mode, it uses the HA Router list ID.

Specify a 32-bit number that sets the router-ID of the BGP process. The router ID uses
dotted decimal notation. The router-ID must be an IP address of the router, and it must be
unique within the entire BGP domain to the BGP speaker.

Node Specify the HA Node ID (0-7).

Save Be sure to click Save after you are done with configuring the HA Router ID List.

Note:The access list and prefix list features are mutually exclusive. Therefore, do NOT try to apply both to any
neighbor in any direction (inbound or outbound) when configuring BGP routing.

Access list vs. prefix list

Access lists and prefix lists are different mechanisms that you can use to control traffic into and out of a network.

Access lists

Access lists allow you to filter packets so that you can permit or deny them from crossing specified network
interfaces. You can control whether packets are forwarded or blocked at the routers' interfaces based on the
criteria set in the access lists.

Access lists fall into two categories: standard and extended. A standard access list (1-99) only checks the source
addresses of all IP packets, whereas an extended access list (100-199) checks both source and destination
addresses, specific UDP/TCP/IP protocols, and destination ports.

Table 172 below provides a comparison between standard access lists and extended access lists in terms of
range.

 Table 172: Range comparison between standard access list and extended access list

Access List Type Range

Standard 1-99, 1300-1999

Extended 100-199, 2000-2699

Note: For this release, FortiADC only supports user-defined access lists. It does NOT support either standard or
extended access lists. Access lists are NOT required for BGP routing configuration. However, if you wan to

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include access lists in BGP routing configuration, we highly recommend that you have them configured ahead of
time.

Prefix list

Prefix lists are used to configure filter IP routes. They are configured with the permit or deny keywords to either
allow or block the prefix based on the matching conditions. A prefix list is made up of an IP address and a bit
mask. The IP address can be a classful network, a subnet, or a single host route, whereas the bit mask can be a
numeric value ranging from 1 to 32. An implicit deny is applied to the route that matches any entry in the prefix
list.

A prefix list contains one or multiple sequential entries which are evaluated sequentially, starting with the entry
with the lowest sequence number. Evaluation of a prefix against a prefix list comes to an end when a match is
found and the permit or deny statement is applied to that network.

Although extended access lists, and, to some extent, standard access lists, can be utilized to match prefix
announcements, prefix lists are considered more graceful.

Note: Prefix lists are NOT required for BGP routing configuration. However, if you want to include prefix lists in
BGP routing configuration, we highly recommend that you have them configured ahead of time.

Configuring an Access List

FortiADC D-Series units support IPv4 access lists over BGP routing. If you are configuring BGP routing using
IPv4, you must configure access lists using the IPv4 protocol.

To configure an Access List:

1. Click Networking > Routing.
2. Click the Access List tab.
3. Click Add.
4. Enter a unique name for the new access list. Note: The name can be up to 35 alphanumeric characters long,
including . (period) , : (colon), _ (underscore), and - (hyphen). No space is allowed.
5. Enter a brief description of the access list. Note: The description can be up to 1023 alphanumeric characters long,
with no restriction on use of special characters. Space between characters is allowed.
6. Click Save.The newly created access list entry appears in the access list table.
7. Click the Edit button to open the Access List dialog.
8. In the Rule pane, click Add. The Access List > Edit Rule tab pens.
9. For Action, select the Permit or Deny radio button.
10. For IPv4 Prefix, enter the IPv4 address/subnet mask in the format of 0.0.0.0./0.
11. Click Save when done.
12. Repeat Steps 8 through 11 above to add as many rules to the access list as needed.
13. Click X to close the Access List dialog when done.

Configuring an Access IPv6 List

FortiADC D-Series units support IPv6 access lists over BGP routing. If you are configuring BGP routing using
IPv6, you must configure access lists using the IPv6 protocol.

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To configure an Access IPv6 List:

1. Go to Network > Routing.
2. Click the Access IPv6 List tab.
3. Click Add.
4. Enter a unique name for the new access list. Note: The name can be up to 35 alphanumeric characters long,
including . (period) , : (colon), _ (underscore), and - (hyphen). No space is allowed.
5. Enter a brief description of the access list. Note: The description can be up to 1023 alphanumeric characters long,
with no restriction on use of special characters. Space between characters is allowed.
6. Click Save.The newly created access list entry appears in the access list table.
7. Click the Edit button to open the Access IPv6 List dialog.
8. In the Rule pane, click Add. The Access IPv6 List > Edit Rule tab pens.
9. For Action, select the Permit or Deny radio button.
10. For IPv6 Prefix, enter the IPv6 address/subnet mask in the format of ::/0.
11. Click Save when done.
12. Repeat Steps 8 through 11 above to add as many rules to the access list as needed.
13. Click X to close the Access IPv6 List dialog when done.

Configuring a Prefix List

FortiADC D-Series units support IPv4 prefix lists over BGP routing. If you are configuring BGP routing using IPv4,
you must configure access lists using the IPv4 protocol.

To configure a Prefix List:

1. Go to Network > Routing.
2. Click the Prefix List tab.
3. Click Add.
4. Enter a unique name for the new access list. Note: The name can be up to 35 alphanumeric characters long,
including . (period) , : (colon), _ (underscore), and - (hyphen). No space is allowed.
5. Enter a brief description of the access list. Note: The description can be up to 1023 alphanumeric characters long,
with no restriction on use of special characters. Space between characters is allowed.
6. Click Save.The newly created access list entry appears in the access list table.
7. Click the Edit button to open the Prefix List dialog.
8. In the Rule pane, click Add. The Prefix List > Edit Rule tab pens.
9. For Action, select the Permit or Deny radio button.
10. For IPv4 Prefix, enter the IPv4 address/subnet mask in the format of 0.0.0.0/0.
11. For GE, set the GE (greater than and equal to) values.
12. For LE, set the LE (less than and equal to) values
13. Click Save when done.
14. Repeat Steps 8 through 13 above to add as many rules to the access list as needed.
15. Click X to close the Prefix List dialog when done.

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Configuring an IPv6 prefix list

FortiADC D-Series units support IPv6 prefix lists over BGP routing. If you are configuring BGP routing using IPv6,
you must configure access lists using the IPv6 protocol.

To configure a Prefix IPv6 List:

1. Go to Network > Routing.
2. Click the Prefix IPv6 List tab.
3. Click Add.
4. Enter a unique name for the new access list. Note: The name can be up to 35 alphanumeric characters long,
including . (period) , : (colon), _ (underscore), and - (hyphen). No space is allowed.
5. Enter a brief description of the access list. Note: The description can be up to 1023 alphanumeric characters long,
with no restriction on use of special characters. Space between characters is allowed.
6. Click Save.The newly created access list entry appears in the access list table.
7. Click the Edit button to open the Prefix IPv6 List dialog.
8. In the Rule pane, click Add. The Prefix IPv6 List > Edit Rule tab pens.
9. For Action, select the Permit or Deny radio button.
10. For IPv6 Prefix, enter the IPv6 address/subnet mask in the format of ::/0.
11. For GE, set the GE (greater than and equal to) values.
12. For LE, set the LE (less than and equal to) values
13. Click Save when done.
14. Repeat Steps 8 through 13 above to add as many rules to the access list as needed.
15. Click X to close the Prefix IPv6 List dialog when done.

OSPF

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is described in RFC2328, OSPF Version 2. It is a link-state interior routing
protocol. Compared with RIP, OSPF can provide scalable network support and faster convergence times. OSPF
is widely used in large networks such as ISP backbone and enterprise networks. FortiADC supports OSPF version
2.

Before you begin:

l You must know how OSPF has been implemented in your network, and you must know the configuration details of
the implementation.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To configure OSPF:

1. Go to Networking > Routing.

2. Click the OSPF tab.
3. Click Add to display the configuration editor.
4. Complete the configuration as described in Table 173.
5. Save the configuration.

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 Table 173: OSPF configuration

Settings Guidelines

Router A 32-bit number that sets the router-ID of the OSPF process. The router ID uses dotted
decimal notation. The router-ID must be an IP address of the router, and it must be
unique within the entire OSPF domain to the OSPF speaker.

Default Metric The default is 10.

Distance The default is 110.

Default Information l Disable—Default.

Originate l Enable—Originate an AS-External (type-5) LSA describing a default route into all external
routing capable areas of the specified metric and metric type.
l Always—The default is always advertised even when there is no default route present in
the routing table.

Default Information The default is -1, which equals to the Default Metric.
Metric

Default Information Select either of the following:

Metric Type
l 1—If selected, the metric equals to the Default Information Metric, plus the Default Metric.
l 2—(Default) If selected, the metric equals to the Default Information Metric.

Redistribute Con- Enable/disable to redistribute connected routes to OSPF, with the metric type and
nected metric set if specified. Redistributed routes are distributed to OSPF as Type-5 External
LSAs into links to areas.

Redistribute Con- The default is -1, which equals to the Default Metric.
nected Metric

Redistribute Con- Select either of the following:

nected Metric Type
l 1—If selected, the metric equals to the Redistribute Connected Metric, plus the Default
Metric.
l 2—(Default) If selected, the metric equals to the Redistribute Connected Metric.

Redistribute Static Enable/disable to redistribute static routes into OSPF, with the metric type and metric
set if specified. Redistributed routes are distributed into OSPF as Type-5 External LSAs
into links to areas.

Redistribute Static The default is -1, which equals to the Default Metric.
Metric

Redistribute Static l 1—If selected, the metric equals to the Redistribute Static Metric, plus the Default Metric.
Metric Type l 2—(Default) If selected, the metric equals to the Redistribute Static Metric.

Area Authentication

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Settings Guidelines

Area A 32-bit number that identifies the OSPF area. An OSPF area is a smaller part of the
larger OSPF network. Areas are used to limit the link-state updates that are sent out.
The flooding used for these updates would overwhelm a large network, so it is divided
into these smaller areas for manageability.

Authentication Specify an authentication type: 

l None—Also called null authentication. No authentication is used. In this case the 16-byte
Authentication field is not checked, and can be any value. However checksumming is still
used to locate errors.
l Text—A simple password is used. The password is a plain text string of characters. The
same password is used for all transactions on a network. The main use of this type of
authentication is to prevent routers from accidently joining the network. Simple password
authentication is vulnerable to many forms of attack, and is not recommended as a secure
form of authentication.
l MD5—Use OSPF cryptographic authentication. A shared secret key is used to
authenticate all router traffic on a network. The key is never sent over the network in the
clear—a packet is sent and a condensed and encrypted form of the packet is appended to
the end of the packet. A non-repeating sequence number is included in the OSPF packet to
protect against replay attacks that could try to use already sent packets to disrupt the
network. When a packet is accepted as authentic, the authentication sequence number is
set to the packet sequence number. If a replay attack is attempted, the packet sent will be
out of sequence and ignored.

Network

Prefix Address/mask notation to specify the subnet.

Area Select an area configuration.

Interface

Name Configuration name. Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. After you
initially save the configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Interface Select the interface to enable OSPF for it.

Ignore MTU Enable/disable to ignore the interface MTU. Disabled by default.

Network Type l Broadcast

l Point to Point
l Point to Multipoint

Retransmit Interval Interval for retransmitting Database Description and Link State Request packets. The
default is 5 seconds.

Transmit Delay Increment LSA age by this value when transmitting. The default is 1 second.

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Settings Guidelines

Cost Set link cost for the specified interface. The cost value is set to router-LSA's metric field
and used for SPF calculation. The default is 0.

Priority The router with the highest priority will be more eligible to become Designated Router.
Setting the value to 0 makes the router ineligible to become Designated Router. The
default is 1.

Dead Interval Number of seconds for RouterDeadInterval timer value used for Wait Timer and
Inactivity Timer. This value must be the same for all routers attached to a common
network. The default is 40 seconds.

Hello Interval Number of seconds between hello packets sent on the configured interface. This value
must be the same for all routers attached to a common network. The default is 10
seconds.

Authentication Specify an authentication type. All OSPF interfaces that want to learn routes from each
other must be configured with the same authentication type and password or MD5 key
(one match is enough). Options are: 

l None—Also called null authentication. No authentication is used. In this case the 16-byte
Authentication field is not checked, and can be any value. However checksumming is still
used to locate errors.
l Text—A simple password is used. The password is a plain text string of characters. The
same password is used for all transactions on a network. The main use of this type of
authentication is to prevent routers from accidently joining the network. Simple password
authentication is vulnerable to many forms of attack, and is not recommended as a secure
form of authentication.
l MD5—Use OSPF cryptographic authentication. A shared secret key is used to
authenticate all router traffic on a network. The key is never sent over the network in the
clear—a packet is sent and a condensed and encrypted form of the packet is appended to
the end of the packet. A non-repeating sequence number is included in the OSPF packet to
protect against replay attacks that could try to use already sent packets to disrupt the
network. When a packet is accepted as authentic, the authentication sequence number is
set to the packet sequence number. If a replay attack is attempted, the packet sent will be
out of sequence and ignored.

Text If using text authentication, specify a password string. Passwords are limited to 8
characters.

MD5 If using MD5 authentication, select an MD5 configuration name.

HA Router

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Settings Guidelines

Router You use the HA Router list configuration in an HA active-active deployment. On each HA
cluster node, add an HA Router configuration that includes an entry for each cluster
node. When the appliance is in standalone mode, it uses the primary OSPF Router ID;
when it is in HA mode, it uses the HA Router list ID.

Specify a 32-bit number that sets the router-ID of the OSPF process. The router ID uses
dotted decimal notation. The router-ID must be an IP address of the router, and it must
be unique within the entire OSPF domain to the OSPF speaker.

Node HA Node ID (0-7).

MD5 Key List

Name Configuration name. You select this name in the OSPF Interface configuration.

Valid characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, and -. No spaces. After you initially save the
configuration, you cannot edit the name.

Member

Key ID A number that identifies a member. Valid values are from 1 to 255. Each member key
ID must be unique to its member list.

Key A string of up to 16 characters to be hashed with the cryptographic MD5 hash function.

Reverse path route caching

By default, reverse path route caching is enabled. FortiADC caches a reverse path route for inbound traffic so it
can forward reply packets to the ISP link that forwarded the corresponding request packet. This is useful when
your site receives traffic from multiple ISP links. For example, in Figure 94, the reverse path pointer ensures that
client traffic received from ISP1 is returned through ISP1.

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Figure  94: Reverse path route caching enabled

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When reverse path caching is not enabled, the system forwards reply packets based on the results of routing
lookup.

To enable/disable reverse path route caching, use the config router setting CLI command:
FortiADC-VM # config router setting
FortiADC-VM (setting) # get
rt-cache-strict : disable
rt-cache-reverse : enable
ip-forward : enable
ip6-forward : enable
FortiADC-VM (setting) # set rt-cache-reverse disable
FortiADC-VM (setting) # end
FortiADC-VM # get router setting
rt-cache-strict : disable
rt-cache-reverse : disable
ip-forward : enable
ip6-forward : enable

The rt-cache-strict option is disabled by default. Enable it when you want to send reply packets only via
the same interface that received the request packets. When enabled, source interface becomes part of the
matching tuple that FortiADC uses to identify sessions, so reply traffic is forwarded from the same interface that
received the traffic. (Normally each session is identified by a 5-tuple: source IP, destination IP, protocol, source
port, and destination port.)

If the rt-cache-reverse option is enabled, you can use the config rt-cache-reverse-exception
command to maintain an exceptions list for source IP addresses that should be handled differently. For example,
if you configure an exception for 192.168.1.0/24, FortiADC will not maintain a pointer to the ISP for traffic from
source 192.168.1.18. Reply packets will be forwarded based on the results of routing lookup.
FortiADC-docs # config router setting
FortiADC-docs (setting) # get
rt-cache-strict : disable
rt-cache-reverse : enable
ip-forward : enable
ip6-forward : enable
icmp-redirect-send : disable
FortiADC-docs (setting) # config rt-cache-reverse-exception
FortiADC-docs (rt-cache-rever~e) # edit 1
Add new entry '1' for node 3740
FortiADC-docs (1) # set ip-netmask 192.168.1.0/24
FortiADC-docs (1) # end
FortiADC-docs (setting) # end

Packet capture
The tcpdump utility is supported through the CLI and web UI.

See the FortiADC CLI Reference for information on using the CLI command.

Use the following procedure to use the web UI version.

Before you begin:

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l You must have a good understanding of tcpdump and filter expressions. See
http://www.tcpdump.org/manpages/pcap-filter.7.html.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To use the web UI version of tcpdump:

1. Go to Networking > Packet Capture.

2. Click Add to display an editor to specify a filter expression and other arguments.
3. Use the controls to start, stop, and download the packet capture.
Figure  95:  Packet capture configuration page

Figure  96: Packet capture toolbar

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 Chapter 18: Best Practices and Fine Tuning Regular backups

Chapter 18: Best Practices and Fine Tuning

This chapter is a collection of best practice tips and fine-tuning guidelines. It includes the following topics:

l Regular backups
l Security
l Performance tips
l High availability

Regular backups

Make a backup before executing disruptive operations, such as:

l Upgrading the firmware

l Running the CLI commands execute factoryreset or execute restore
l Clicking the Reset button in the System Information widget on the dashboard
Always password-encrypt your backups.

Security

This section lists tips to further enhance security.

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Topology
l Virtual servers can be on the same subnet as physical servers. This configuration creates a one-arm load balancer.

For example, the virtual server 10.0.0.2/24 could forward to the physical server 10.0.0.3-200.
If you are deploying gradually, you might want to initially install your FortiADC in a one-arm topology during the
transition phase, and route traffic to it only after you have configured FortiADC to handle it.

Long term, this is not recommended. Unless your network’s routing configuration prevents it, it could allow clients
that are aware of the physical server’s IP address to bypass the FortiADC appliance by accessing the physical server
directly.

l Make sure web traffic cannot bypass the FortiADC appliance in a complex network environment.

l FortiADC appliances are not general-purpose firewalls. While they are security-hardened network appliances,
security is not their primary purpose, and you should not allow to traffic pass through without inspection. FortiADC
and FortiGate complement each other to improve security, availability, and performance.To protect your servers,
install the FortiADC appliance or appliances between the servers and a general purpose firewall such as a
FortiGate. FortiADC complements, and does not replace, general purpose firewalls.

l Disable all network interfaces that should not receive any traffic.

For example, if administrative access is typically through port1, the Internet is connected to port2, and servers are
connected to port3, you would disable (“bring down”) port4. This would prevent an attacker with physical access
from connecting a cable to port4 and thereby gaining access if the configuration inadvertently allows it.

Administrator access
l As soon as possible during initial setup, give the default administrator, admin, a password. This super-
administrator account has the highest level of permissions possible, and access to it should be limited to as few
people as possible.
l Change all administrator passwords regularly. Set a policy—such as every 60 days—and follow it. (Mark the
Change Password check box to reveal the password dialog.)
l Instead of allowing administrative access from any source, restrict it to trusted internal hosts. On those computers
that you have designated for management, apply strict patch and security policies. Always password-encrypt any
configuration backup that you download to those computers to mitigate the information that attackers can gain from
any potential compromise.
l Do not use the default administrator access profile for all new administrators. Create one or more access profiles
with limited permissions tailored to the responsibilities of the new administrator accounts.
l By default, an administrator login that is idle for more than 30 minutes times out. You can change this to a longer
period in Timeout, but Fortinet does not recommend it. Left unattended, a web UI or CLI session could allow
anyone with physical access to your computer to change system settings. Small idle timeouts mitigate this risk.
l Administrator passwords should be at least 8 characters long and include both numbers and letters.
l Restrict administrative access to a single network interface (usually port1), and allow only the management access
protocols needed.
l Use only the most secure protocols. Disable ping, except during troubleshooting. Disable HTTP, SNMP, and Telnet
unless the network interface only connects to a trusted, private administrative network.

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l Disable all network interfaces that should not receive any traffic.
l For example, if administrative access is typically through port1, the Internet is connected to port2, and servers are
connected to port3, you would disable (“bring down”) port4. This would prevent an attacker with physical access
from connecting a cable to port4 and thereby gaining access if the configuration inadvertently allows it.
l Immediately revoke certificates that have been compromised. If possible, automate the distribution of certificate
revocation lists.

Performance tips

When configuring the system and its features, there are many settings and practices that can yield better
performance.

System performance
l Delete or disable unused policies. The system allocates memory with each server policy, regardless of whether it is
actually in active use. Configuring extra policies will unnecessarily consume memory and decrease performance.
l To reduce latency associated with DNS queries, use a DNS server on your local network as your primary DNS.
l If your network’s devices support them, you can create one or more VLAN interfaces. VLANs reduce the size of a
broadcast domain and the amount of broadcast traffic received by network hosts, thus improving network
performance.
l If you have enabled the server health check feature and one of the servers is down for an extended period, you can
improve system performance by disabling group membership for the physical server, rather than allowing the server
health check to continue checking for the server's responsiveness.

Reducing the impact of logging on performance

l If you have a FortiAnalyzer, store FortiADC logs on the FortiAnalyzer to avoid resource usage associated with
writing logs to the local hard disk.
l If you do not need a traffic log, disable it to reduce the use of system resources.
l Reduce repetitive log messages. Use the alert email settings to define the interval that emails are sent if the same
condition persists following the initial occurrence.
l Avoid recording log messages using low severity thresholds, such as information or notification, to the local hard
disk for an extended period of time. Excessive logging frequency saps system resources and can cause undue wear
on the hard disk and may cause premature failure.

Reducing the impact of reports on system performance

Generating reports can be resource intensive. To avoid performance impacts, consider scheduling report
generation during times with low traffic volume, such as at night and on weekends.

Keep in mind that most reports are based upon log messages. All caveats regarding log performance also apply.

Reducing the impact of packet capture on system performance

Packet capture can be useful for troubleshooting but can be resource intensive. To minimize the impact on
system performance, use packet capture only during periods of minimal traffic. Use a local console CLI
connection rather than a Telnet or SSH CLI connection, and be sure to stop the command when you are finished.

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High availability

We recommend that you deploy high availability (HA). Keep these points in mind when setting up a cluster:

l Isolate HA interface connections from your overall network.

Heartbeat and synchronization packets contain sensitive configuration information and can consume
considerable network bandwidth. For best results, directly connect the two HA interfaces using a crossover
cable. If your system uses switches instead of crossover cables to connect the HA heartbeat interfaces, those
interfaces must be reachable by Layer 2 multicast.

l When configuring an HA pair, pay close attention to the options ARP Packet Numbers and ARP Packet Interval.
The FortiADC appliance broadcasts ARP packets to the network to ensure timely failover. Delayed broadcast
intervals can slow performance. Set the value of ARP Packet Numbers no higher than needed.

When the FortiADC appliance broadcasts ARP packets, it does so at regular intervals. For performance
reasons, set the value for ARP Packet Interval no greater than required.

Some experimentation might be needed to set these options at their optimum value.

We recommend that you configure an SNMP community and enable the HA heartbeat failed option to generate
a message if the HA heartbeat fails.

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Chapter 19: Troubleshooting Logs

Chapter 19: Troubleshooting

This chapter includes the following topics:

l Logs
l Tools
l Solutions by issue type
l Resetting the configuration
l Restoring firmware (“clean install”)
l Additional resources

Logs

Log messages often contain clues that can aid you in determining the cause of a problem.

Depending on the type, log messages may appear in either the event, attack, or traffic logs. The FortiADC
appliance must be enabled to record event, attack, and traffic log messages; otherwise, you cannot analyze the
log messages for events of that type. To enable logging of different types of events, go to Log & Report >
Log Settings.

During troubleshooting, you may find it useful to lower the logging severity threshold for more verbose logs, to
include more information on less severe events. To configure the severity threshold, go to Log & Report >
Log Settings.

Tools

This section gives an overview of the following troubleshooting tools:

l execute commands
l diagnose commands
l System dump
l Packet capture
l Diff

execute commands
execute commands

You can use the command-line interface (CLI) execute commands to run system management utilities, such as
backups, upgrades and reboots; and network diagnostic utilities, such as nslookup, ping, traceroute, and
tcpdump.

The following example shows the list of execute commands:

FortiADC-VM # execute ?
backup backup

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caching caching management

certificate certificate
checklogdisk find and auto correct errors on the log disk
clean clean
config-sync config sync
date set/get date and time
discovery-glb-virtual-server Sync virtual servers from glb server, add them to the virtual
server list
dumpsystem dump system information for debugging purpose
dumpsystem-file manipulate the dumped debugging information
factoryreset reset to factory default
fixlogdisk correct errors on the log disk
formatlogdisk format log disk to enhance performance
geolookup lookup geography information for IP address
glb-dprox-lookup lookup GLB dynamic proximity information
glb-persistence-lookup lookup GLB persistence information
ha ha
isplookup lookup ISP name and isp-address for IP address
log log management
nslookup nslookup
packet-capture packet-capture <Port Number> [filter] (Only IPv4)
packet-capture-file packet-capture-file
packet-capture6 packet-capture6 <Port Number> [filter] (Include IPv6)
ping ping <host name | host ip>
ping-option ping option settings
ping6 ping <host name | host ipv6>
ping6-option ping6 option settings
reboot reboot the system
reload reload appliance
restore restore
shutdown shutdown appliance
ssh Simple SSH client.
statistics-db statistics db management
telnet Simple telnet client.
traceroute traceroute
vm vm
web-category-test Test a url find its web-category

For details, see the FortiADC CLI Reference.

diagnose commands
You can use the CLI diagnose commands to gather diagnostic information that can be useful to Fortinet
Customer Care when diagnosing any issues with your system. The commands are similar to the Linux commands
used for debugging hardware, system, and IP networking issues.

The most important command for customers to know is diagnose debug report. This prepares a report
you can give to your Fortinet support contact to assist in debugging an issue.

The following examples show the lists of diagnose commands:

FortiADC-VM # diagnose ?
debug debug
hardware hardware
llb llb
netlink netlink
server-load-balance server-load-balance

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sniffer sniffer
system system

FortiADC-VM # diagnose debug ?

application set/get debug level for daemons
cli set/get debug level for CLI and CMDB
config-error-log read/clear config error information
crashlog crashlog
disable disable debug output
enable enable debug output
flow flow
info show debug info
kernel set/get debug level for kernel
report Report for tech support.
timestamp timestamp

FortiADC-VM # diagnose hardware get ?

deviceinfo list device status and information
ioport read data from an I/O port
pciconfig list information on PCI buses and connected devices
sysinfo list system hardware information

FortiADC-VM # diagnose netlink ?

backlog set netlink backlog length
device display network devices statistic information
interface netlink interface
ip ip
ipv6 ipv6
neighbor netlink neighbor
neighbor6 netlink neighbor for ipv6
route netlink routing table
route6 netlink routing table
tcp display tcp statistic information
udp display udp statistic information

FortiADC-VM # diagnose system ?

top show top process
vm check vm state

For details, see the FortiADC CLI Reference.

System dump
The system includes utilities for generating system dump files that can help Fortinet support engineers analyze
an issue for you. The CLI and Web UI versions have different usage:

l CLI—Used to dump kernel and user space information when the system is still responsive.
l Web UI—Used to dump kernel information when the system is deeply frozen.
The following is an example of CLI command usage:
FortiADC-VM # execute dumpsystem
This operation will reboot the system!
Do you want to continue? (y/n)y
Begins to dump userspace information
Begins to dump kernel information

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FortiADC-VM # execute dumpsystem-file list

-rw------- 1 0 0 96719189 Mar 15 13:35 coredump-2016-03-15-13_35
-rw-r--r-- 1 0 0 16654391 Mar 15 13:34 user_coredump_2016_03_15_13_34_46.tar.bz2

FortiADC-VM # execute dumpsystem-file upload tftp coredump-2016-03-15-13_35 172.30.184.77

coredump-2016-03-15- 7% |** | 7152k 0:09:58 ETA

To use the web UI system dump utility:

1. Go to System > Debug.

2. Click System Dump to generate the file.
After the file has been generated, you are logged out. When you log back in and revisit the page, the system
dump file appears in the file list.

3. Select the file and click Export to download the file.

Packet capture
The tcpdump utility is supported through the CLI and web UI.

See the FortiADC CLI Reference for information on using the CLI command.

Use the following procedure to use the web UI version.

Before you begin:

l You must have a good understanding of tcpdump and filter expressions. See
http://www.tcpdump.org/manpages/pcap-filter.7.html.
l You must have Read-Write permission for System settings.

To use the web UI version of tcpdump:

1. Go to Networking > Packet Capture.

2. Click Add to display an editor to specify a filter expression and other arguments.
3. Use the controls to start, stop, and download the packet capture.

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Figure  97:  Packet capture configuration page

Figure  98: Packet capture toolbar

Diff
You can compare backups of the core configuration file with your current configuration. This can be useful if, for
example:

A previously configured feature is no longer functioning, and you are not sure what in the configuration has
changed.

You want to recreate something configured previously, but do not remember what the settings were.

Difference-finding programs, such as WinMerge and the original diff can help you to quickly find all changes.
They can compare your configurations, line by line, and highlight parts that are new, modified, or deleted.

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Figure  99:  Configuration differences highlighted in WinMerge

For instructions, see the documentation for your diff program.

Solutions by issue type

Recommended solutions vary by the type of issue.:

l Login issues
l Connectivity issues
l Resource issues

Login issues
If an administrator is entering his or her correct account name and password, but cannot log in from some or all
computers, examine that account’s trusted host definitions. It should include all locations where that person is
allowed to log in, such as your office, but should not be too broad.

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Connectivity issues
One of your first tests when configuring a new policy should be to determine whether allowed traffic is flowing to
your servers. Investigate the following connectivity issues if traffic does not reach the destination servers:

l Is there a FortiADC policy for the destination servers? By default, FortiADC allows traffic to reach a backend server.
However, the virtual servers must also be configured before traffic can pass through.
l If your network utilizes secure connections (HTTPS) and there is no traffic flow, is there a problem with your
certificate?

Checking hardware connections

If there is no traffic flowing from the FortiADC appliance, you want to rule out hardware problems.

To check hardware connections:

l Ensure the network cables are properly plugged in to the interfaces on the FortiADC appliance.
l Ensure there are connection lights for the network cables on the appliance.
l Change the cable if the cable or its connector are damaged or you are unsure about the cable’s type or quality.
l Connect the FortiADC appliance to different hardware to see if that makes a difference.
l In the web UI, go to System > Networking > Interface and ensure the link status is up for the interface. If the status
is down (down arrow on red circle), edit the configuration to change its status to Up.
You can also enable an interface in CLI, for example:
config system interface
edit port2
set status up
end
If any of these checks solve the problem, it was a hardware connection issue. You should still perform some basic
software tests to ensure complete connectivity.

If the hardware connections are correct and the appliance is powered on but you cannot connect using the CLI or
web UI, you may be experiencing bootup problems. See Restoring firmware (“clean install”).

Checking routing
The ping and traceroute utilities are useful for investigating issues with network connectivity and routing.

Since you typically use these tools to troubleshoot, you can allow ICMP, the protocol used by these tools, in
firewall policies and on interfaces only when you need them. Otherwise, disable ICMP for improved security and
performance.

By default, FortiADC appliances do not respond to ping and traceroute. However, if the appliance does not
respond, and there are no firewall policies that block it, ICMP type 0 (ECHO_REPSPONSE) might be effectively
disabled.

To enable ping and traceroute responses:

1. Go to Networking > Interface.

2. Select the row for the network interface and click the edit icon.
3. Under Allow Access, enable ping.
4. Save the update.

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The appliance should now respond when another device such as your management computer sends a ping or
traceroute to that network interface.

Note: Disabling ping only prevents the system from receiving ICMP type 8 (ECHO_
REQUEST) and traceroute-related UDP. It does not disable CLI commands such as
execute ping or execute traceroute that send such traffic.

To verify routes between clients and your servers:

1. Attempt to connect through the FortiADC appliance, from a client to a backend server, via HTTP and/or HTTPS.
If the connectivity test fails, continue to the next step.
2. Use the ping command on both the client and the server to verify that a route exists between the two. Test traffic
movement in both directions: from the client to the server, and the server to the client. Servers do not need to be
able to initiate a connection, but must be able to send reply traffic along a return path.
If the routing test succeeds, continue with step "Solutions by issue type" on page 469.

If the routing test fails, continue to the next step.

3. Use the tracert or traceroute command on both the client and the server (depending on their operating
systems) to locate the point of failure along the route.
If the route is broken when it reaches the FortiADC appliance, first examine its network interfaces and routes.
To display network interface addresses and subnets, enter the CLI command:
show system interface
To display all recently-used routes with their priorities, enter the CLI command:
diagnose netlink route list
You may need to verify that the physical cabling is reliable and not loose or broken, that there are no IP
address or MAC address conflicts or blacklisting, misconfigured DNS records, and otherwise rule out
problems at the physical, network, and transport layer.

If these tests succeed, a route exists, but you cannot connect using HTTP or HTTPS, an application-layer
problem is preventing connectivity.
4. For application-layer problems, on the FortiADC, examine the:
l virtual server policy and all components it references
l certificates (if connecting via HTTPS)
l server service/daemon
On routers and firewalls between the host and the FortiADC appliance, verify that they permit HTTP and/or
HTTPS connectivity between them.

Testing for connectivity with ping

The ping command sends a small data packet to the destination and waits for a response. The response has a
timer that may expire, indicating that the destination is unreachable via ICMP.

ICMP is part of Layer 3 on the OSI Networking Model. ping sends Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
ECHO_REQUEST (“ping”) packets to the destination, and listens for ECHO_RESPONSE (“pong”) packets in reply.

Some networks block ICMP packets because they can be used in a ping flood or denial of service (DoS) attack if
the network does not have anti-DoS capabilities, or because ping can be used by an attacker to find potential
targets on the network.

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Beyond basic existence of a possible route between the source and destination, ping tells you the amount of
packet loss (if any), how long it takes the packet to make the round trip (latency), and the variation in that time
from packet to packet (jitter).

If ping shows some packet loss, investigate:

l cabling to eliminate loose connections

l ECMP, split horizon, or network loops
l all equipment between the ICMP source and destination to minimize hops
If ping shows total packet loss, investigate:

l cabling to eliminate incorrect connections

l all firewalls, routers, and other devices between the two locations to verify correct IP addresses, routes, MAC lists,
and policy configurations
If ping finds an outage between two points, use traceroute to locate exactly where the problem is.

To use ping:

Log into the CLI via either SSH, Telnet, or the CLI Console widget of the web UI.
1. If you want to adjust the behavior of execute ping, first use the execute ping-options command.
2. Enter the command:
execute ping <destination_ipv4>
where <destination_ipv4> is the IP address of the device that you want to verify that the appliance can
connect to, such as 192.168.1.1.
3. If the appliance can reach the host via ICMP, output similar to the following appears:
PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=253 time=6.5 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=253 time=7.4 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=253 time=6.0 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=253 time=5.5 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=253 time=7.3 ms

--- 192.168.1.1 ping statistics ---

5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 5.5/6.5/7.4 ms
If the appliance cannot reach the host via ICMP, output similar to the following appears:
PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
Timeout ...
Timeout ...
Timeout ...
Timeout ...
Timeout ...

--- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---

5 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss
“100% packet loss” and “Timeout” indicates that the host is not reachable.

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To verify that routing is bidirectionally symmetric, you should also ping the
appliance.

Testing routes and latency with traceroute

The traceroute utility sends ICMP packets to test each hop along the route. It sends three packets to the
destination, and then increases the time to live (TTL) setting by one, and sends another three packets to the
destination. As the TTL increases, packets go one hop farther along the route until they reach the destination.

Most traceroute commands display their maximum hop count—that is, the maximum number of steps it will take
before declaring the destination unreachable—before they start tracing the route. The TTL setting may result in
routers or firewalls along the route timing out due to high latency.

Where ping only tells you if the signal reached its destination and returned successfully, traceroute shows each
step of its journey to its destination and how long each step takes. If you specify the destination using a domain
name, the traceroute output can also indicate DNS problems, such as an inability to connect to a DNS server.

By default, the traceroute utility uses UDP with destination ports numbered from 33434 to 33534. The traceroute
utility usually has an option to specify use of ICMP ECHO_REQUEST (type 8) instead, as used by the Windows
tracert utility. If you have a firewall and you want traceroute to work from both machines (Unix-like systems and
Windows) you will need to allow both protocols inbound through your firewall (UDP ports 33434 - 33534 and ICMP
type 8).

To use traceroute:

1. Log into the CLI via either SSH, Telnet, or the CLI Console widget of the web UI.
2. Enter the command:
execute traceroute {<destination_ipv4> | <destination_fqdn>}
where {<destination_ipv4> | <destination_fqdn>} is a choice of either the device’s IP
address or its fully qualified domain name (FQDN).

For example, you might enter:

execute traceroute www.example.com
If the appliance has a complete route to the destination, output similar to the following appears:
traceroute to www.fortinet.com (66.171.121.34), 32 hops max, 84 byte packets
1 172.16.1.2 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms
2 209.87.254.221 <static-209-87-254-221.storm.ca> 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms
3 209.87.239.129 <core-2-g0-1-1104.storm.ca> 2 ms 1 ms 2 ms
4 67.69.228.161 2 ms 2 ms 3 ms
5 64.230.164.17 <core2-ottawa23_POS13-1-0.net.bell.ca> 3 ms 3 ms 2 ms
6 64.230.132.234 <core2-ottawatc_POS5-0-0.net.bell.ca> 20 ms 20 ms 20 ms
7 64.230.132.58 <core4-toronto21_POS0-12-4-0.net.bell.ca> 24 ms 21 ms 24 ms
8 64.230.138.154 <bx4-toronto63_so-2-0-0-0.net.bell.ca> 8 ms 9 ms 8 ms
9 64.230.185.145 <bx2-ashburn_so2-0-0.net.bell.ca> 23 ms 23 ms 23 ms
10 12.89.71.9 23 ms 22 ms 22 ms
11 12.122.134.238 <cr2.wswdc.ip.att.net> 100 ms 12.123.10.130 <cr2.wswdc.ip.att.net>
101 ms 102 ms
12 12.122.18.21 <cr1.cgcil.ip.att.net> 101 ms 100 ms 99 ms
13 12.122.4.121 <cr1.sffca.ip.att.net> 100 ms 98 ms 100 ms
14 12.122.1.118 <cr81.sj2ca.ip.att.net> 98 ms 98 ms 100 ms
15 12.122.110.105 <gar2.sj2ca.ip.att.net> 96 ms 96 ms 96 ms

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16 12.116.52.42 94 ms 94 ms 94 ms
17 203.78.181.10 88 ms 87 ms 87 ms
18 203.78.181.130 90 ms 89 ms 90 ms
19 66.171.121.34 <fortinet.com> 91 ms 89 ms 91 ms
20 66.171.121.34 <fortinet.com> 91 ms 91 ms 89 ms
Each line lists the routing hop number, the IP address and FQDN (if any) of that hop, and the 3 response times
from that hop. Typically a value of <1ms indicates a local router.

If the appliance does not have a complete route to the destination, output similar to the following appears:
traceroute to 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1), 32 hops max, 84 byte packets
1 172.16.1.2 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms
2 172.16.1.10 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms
3 * * *
4 * * *
The asterisks ( * ) indicate no response from that hop in the network routing.

Examining the routing table

When a route does not exist, or when hops have high latency, examine the routing table. The routing table is
where the FortiADC appliance caches recently used routes.

If a route is cached in the routing table, it saves time and resources that would otherwise be required for a route
lookup. If the routing table is full and a new route must be added, the oldest, least-used route is deleted to make
room.

To check the routing table in the CLI, enter:

diagnose netlink route list

Examining server daemons

If a route exists, but you cannot connect to the web UI using HTTP or HTTPS, an application-layer problem is
preventing connectivity.

Verify that you have enabled HTTPS and/or HTTP on the network interface. Also examine routers and firewalls
between the host and the FortiADC appliance to verify that they permit HTTP and/or HTTPS connectivity
between them. Finally, you can also use the CLI command to verify that the daemons for the web UI and CLI,
such as sshd, cli, nginx, and php-fpm are running and not overburdened:
diagnose system top delay 10

Checking port assignments

If you are attempting to connect to FortiADC on a given network port, and the connection is expected to occur on
a different port number, the attempt will fail. For a list of ports used by FortiADC, see Appendix B: Port
Numbers.

Performing a packet trace

When troubleshooting malformed packet or protocol errors, it helps to look inside the protocol headers of packets
to determine if they are traveling along the route you expect, and with the flags and other options you expect.

If you configure virtual servers on your FortiADC appliance, packets’ destination IP

addresses will be those IP addresses, not the physical IP addresses (i.e., the IP
address of port1, etc.). An ARP update is sent out when a virtual IP address is con-
figured.

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If the packet trace shows that packets are arriving at your FortiADC appliance’s interfaces but no HTTP/HTTPS
packets egress, check that:

l Physical links are firmly connected, with no loose wires

l Network interfaces are brought up
l Link aggregation peers, if any, are up
l VLAN IDs, if any, match
l Virtual servers exist, and are enabled
l Matching policies exist, and are enabled
l If using HTTPS, valid server/CA certificates exist
l IP-layer and HTTP-layer routes, if necessary, match
l Servers are responsive, if server health checks are configured and enabled

Checking the SSL/TLS handshake & encryption

If the client is attempting to make an HTTPS connection, but the attempt fails after the connection has been
initiated, during negotiation, the problem may be with SSL/TLS. Symptoms may include error messages such as:

l ssl_error_no_cypher_overlap
(Mozilla Firefox 9.0.1)
l Error 113 (net::ERROR_SSL_VERSION_OR_CIPHER_MISMATCH): Unknown error.
(Google Chrome 16.0.912.75 m)
The handshake is between the client and FortiADC. If the connection cannot be established, verify that the
browser supports one of the key exchanges, encryption algorithms, and authentication (hashes) offered by
FortiADC.

If you are not sure which cipher suites are currently supported, you can use SSL tools such as OpenSSL to
discover support. For example, you could use this client-side command to know whether the server or FortiADC
supports strong (HIGH) encryption:
openssl s_client -connect example.com:443 -cipher HIGH
or supports deprecated or old versions such as SSL 2.0:
openssl s_client -ssl2 -connect example.com:443

Resource issues
This section includes troubleshooting questions related to sluggish or stalled performance.

Monitoring traffic load

Heavy traffic loads can cause sustained high CPU or RAM usage. If this is unusual, no action is required.
However, sustained heavy traffic load might indicate that you need a more powerful FortiADC model.

In the web UI, you can view traffic load two ways:

l Monitor current HTTP traffic on the dashboard. Go to System >  Dashboard >  Virtual Server and examine the
throughput graphs.
l Examine traffic history in the traffic log. Go to Logs & Report >  Log Browsing > Traffic Log.

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 Chapter 19: Troubleshooting Resetting the configuration

DoS attacks
A prolonged denial of service (DoS) can bring your servers down if your FortiADC appliance and your network
devices are not configured to prevent it. To prevent DoS attacks, enable the DoS and connection limit features.
Also, configure protections on your FortiGate and other network devices. DoS attacks can use a variety of
mechanisms. For in-depth protection against a wide variety of DoS attacks, you can use a specialized appliance
such as FortiDDoS.

In the web UI, you can watch for attacks in two ways:

l Monitor current traffic on the dashboard. Go to System >  Dashboard and examine the system-wide throughput.
l Examine attack history in the traffic log. Go to Logs & Report >  Log Browsing >  Security Log.

Resetting the configuration

If you will be selling your FortiADC appliance, or if you are not sure what part of your configuration is causing a
problem, you can reset it to its default settings and erase data. (If you have not updated the firmware, this is the
same as resetting to the factory default settings.)

Important: Back up the configuration before performing a factory reset.

To delete your data from the system, connect to the CLI and enter this command:
execute formatlogdisk

To reset the configuration, connect to the CLI and enter this command:
execute factoryreset

Restoring firmware (“clean install”)

Restoring (also called re-imaging) the firmware can be useful if:

l you are unable to connect to the FortiADC appliance using the web UI or the CLI
l you want to install firmware without preserving any existing configuration (i.e. a “clean install”)
l a firmware version that you want to install requires a different size of system partition (see the Release Notes
accompanying the firmware)
l a firmware version that you want to install requires that you format the boot device (see the Release Notes
accompanying the firmware)
The procedure in this section applies to physical appliances. Restoring firmware re-images the boot device. Also,
restoring firmware can only be done during a boot interrupt, before network connectivity is available, and
therefore requires a local console connection to the CLI. It cannot be done through an SSH or Telnet connection.

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Alternatively, if you cannot physically access the appliance’s local console connection,
connect the appliance’s local console port to a terminal server to which you have net-
work access. Once you have used a client to connect to the terminal server over the
network, you will be able to use the appliance’s local console through it. However, be
aware that from a remote location, you may not be able to power cycle the appliance if
abnormalities occur.

For virtual appliances, you can use VMware to backup and restore virtual appliance images.

Important: Back up the configuration before performing a clean install.

To restore the firmware:

1. Download the firmware file from the Fortinet Customer Service & Support website:
https://support.fortinet.com/
2. Connect your management computer to the FortiADC console port using a RJ-45-to-DB-9 serial cable or a null-
modem cable.
3. Initiate a local console connection from your management computer to the CLI of the FortiADC appliance, and log
in as the admin administrator, or an administrator account whose access profile contains Read-Write permissions
in the Maintenance category.
4. Connect port1 of the FortiADC appliance directly or to the same subnet as a TFTP server.
5. Copy the new firmware image file to the root directory of the TFTP server.
6. If necessary, start your TFTP server. (If you do not have one, you can temporarily install and run one such as
tftpd (Windows, Mac OS X, or Linux) on your management computer.)

TFTP is not secure, and it does not support authentication. You should run it only on
trusted administrator-only networks, and never on computers directly connected to the
Internet. Turn off tftpd off immediately after completing this procedure.

7. Verify that the TFTP server is currently running, and that the FortiADC appliance can reach the TFTP server.
To use the FortiADC CLI to verify connectivity, enter the following command:

execute ping 192.168.1.168

where 192.168.1.168 is the IP address of the TFTP server.

8. Enter the following command to restart the FortiADC appliance:
execute reboot

As the FortiADC appliances starts, a series of system startup messages appear.

Press any key to display configuration menu........

9. Immediately press a key to interrupt the system startup.

You have only 3 seconds to press a key. If you do not press a key soon enough,
the FortiADC appliance reboots and you must log in and repeat the execute
reboot command.

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If you successfully interrupt the startup process, the following messages appears:
[G]: Get firmware image from TFTP server.
[F]: Format boot device.
[B]: Boot with backup firmware and set as default.
[Q]: Quit menu and continue to boot with default firmware.
[H]: Display this list of options.

Enter G,F,B,Q,or H:

Please connect TFTP server to Ethernet port "1".

10. If the firmware version requires that you first format the boot device before installing firmware, type F. Format the
boot disk before continuing.
11. Type G to get the firmware image from the TFTP server.
The following message appears:

Enter TFTP server address [192.168.1.168]:

12. Type the IP address of the TFTP server and press Enter.
The following message appears:

Enter local address [192.168.1.188]:

13. Type a temporary IP address that can be used by the FortiADC appliance to connect to the TFTP server.
The following message appears:

Enter firmware image file name [image.out]:

14. Type the file name of the firmware image and press Enter.
The FortiADC appliance downloads the firmware image file from the TFTP server and displays a message
similar to the following:
MAC:00219B8F0D94

###########################

Total 28385179 bytes data downloaded.

Verifying the integrity of the firmware image..

Save as Default firmware/Backup firmware/Run image without saving:[D/B/R]?

If the download fails after the integrity check with the error message:
invalid compressed format (err=1)
but the firmware matches the integrity checksum on the Fortinet Customer
Service & Support website, try a different TFTP server.

15. Type D.
The FortiADC appliance downloads the firmware image file from the TFTP server. The FortiADC appliance
installs the firmware and restarts. The time required varies by the size of the file and the speed of your
network connection.

The FortiADC appliance reverts the configuration to default values for that version of the firmware.
16. To verify that the firmware was successfully installed, log in to the CLI and type:

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get system status

The firmware version number is displayed.

17. Either reconfigure the FortiADC appliance or restore the configuration file.

Additional resources

Fortinet also provides these resources:

l The Release Notes provided with your firmware

l Technical documentation (reference guides, installation guides, and other documents)
l Knowledge base (technical support articles)
l Forums
l Online campus (tutorials and training materials)
If you have problem using FortiADC, check within your organization first. You can save time and effort during the
troubleshooting process by checking if other FortiADC administrators have experienced a similar problem before.

If you cannot resolve the issue on your own, contact Fortinet Customer Service & Support.

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Chapter 20: System Dashboard

Chapter 20: System Dashboard

The system dashboard is displayed when you log into the system (or into a virtual domain). It enables you to
monitor system-wide health and utilization. You can also use it to perform some operational tasks.

This chapter discusses what you can see and do on each of the pages. It covers the following topics:

l Status
l Data Analytics
l Server Load Balance
l Link Load Balance
l Global Load Balance
l HA
l Session Monitoring
Figure 100 shows the system dashboard. Table 174 describes the information and utilities present in system
dashboard portlets.

 Table 174: System dashboard portlets

Portlet Information and Utilities

Status

System Information l Hostname, current time, system uptime, serial number, firmware version.
l Operations: Update firmware, upload license, reboot, shutdown, reset.

System Resources CPU utilization, Memory utilization, disk utilization, concurrent connections, con-
nections per second, inbound throughput, outbound throughput.

License Information l License status, support contract information, and FortiGuard services version
information.
l Operations: Upload license, navigate to the support site, or navigate to the
FortiGuard services configuration page.

Recent Event Logs Tail of the event log.

Throughput (graph) Shows inbound and outbound traffic.

Connections (graph) Shows concurrent connections and connections per second.

Data Analytics

Throughput Total System totals for inbound and outbound throughput over the past day, hour, month,
week, or 10 minutes.

Session Total System totals for concurrent connections and connections per second over the past
day, hour, month, week, or 10 minutes.

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Portlet Information and Utilities

Top Domain (Test) Shows the top domains within the selected time frame.

Top URL Shows the top URLs within the selected time frame.

Top Device Shows the top devices within the selected time frame.

Top OS Shows the top operating systems within the selected time frame.

Top Browser Shows the top browsers within the selected time frame.

Fast Report (Widget) Fast reports that you configure are also displayed on this tab. Fast reports show
"top" reports by sessions or throughput over the past day, hour, month, week, or 10
minutes.

Server Load Balance

Select View Displays the server load balance network in three options:

l Tree View — Shows each virtual server and the real servers in the real server pool
in a tree structure. You can click each component to view or edit its configuration,
or delete it.
l List View—Shows each virtual server as a entry in a table.
l Block View—Shows each virtual server and its related real server pool with real
servers in a block.
Each view displays the status of the virtual server and real server pool
members.

You can filter and/or search the network map. Filters are applied before search
terms. For example, if you filter by l7-load-balance type, only that set of data is
searched.

Add Virtual Server l Status of configured virtual servers.

l Select the Monitor checkbox to display throughput and connections graphs.
l Click the Real Server link to display status and throughput for the virtual server’s
real server pool.

Add Filters Click the button to set filters to display of

Link Load Balance

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Chapter 20: System Dashboard

Portlet Information and Utilities

Network Map Displays network map in three options:

l Tree View — Each virtual server is a tree.

l List View—Each virtual server is a list.
l Block View—Each virtual server is a block.
Each view displays the status of the virtual server and real server pool
members.

You can filter and/or search the network map. Filters are applied before search
terms. For example, if you filter by l7-load-balance type, only that set of data is
searched.

Gateways Drill-in: Select the Monitor checkbox to display throughput and session inform-
ation.

Global Load Balance

DNS responses A table of DNS responses per server pool member.

HA

HA Status HA mode and details for HA member nodes.

Traffic Status Shows information about traffic groups

Session Monitoring

Session Table Current sessions. You can define and apply multiple filters. After configuring filters,
click OK and the table is redisplayed with matching records.

Persist Table Current sessions. You can define and apply multiple filters. After configuring filters,
click OK and the table is redisplayed with matching records.

Before you begin:

l You must have Read-Write permission for Log & Report settings.

To display the dashboard:

n Go to Dashboard.

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Figure  100:  System dashboard

Status

By default, the Status tab opens when you select Dashboard from the side menu. The entire page is divided into
six panels, each with specific information about your FortiADC system. The panels are:

l System Information
l System
l Throughput
l Connections
l License Information
l Recent Event Logs
The figure below shows a sample image of the Dashboard's Status page.

Figure  101: Status

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 Chapter 20: System Dashboard Data Analytics

In addition to presenting system and performance information, the Dashboard also provides following tools for
managing your FortiADC:

l Registration — Click the Login button to register your FortiADC.

l Web Filter — Click the Configure button to Web filters.
l Firmware — Click the Update button to update your FortiADC's firmware.
l Virtual Domain — Click Enable to enable virtual domain support and add virtual machines.
l License Status — Click Update to update your FortiADC license.

Data Analytics

The Data Analytics page presents system performance data in charts and graphs. Across the top of the page are
three buttons that allow you to customize the data displayed and the way they are displayed. The buttons are:

l Add Widget—Click this button to create a fast report with data of your choice. See Configure fast reports.
l Full Screen Mode—Click this button to open a separate window to view the data in full screen.
l Enable—Enable/disable data capture.
Figure  102: Data Analytics

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Server load balance

The Server Load Balance page shows information about the virtual servers in server load-balancing operations,
including their name, availability, and health check status. Here's what you can do on the Server Load Balance
page:

l Select a view option

l Filter virtual servers onscreen
l Add virtual servers

Select a display option

You can click the Select View button across the top of the page to choose one the following view options:

l Tree View (Default)

l List View
l Block View
The figure below shows the load-balancing servers in Tree View.

Figure  103: Server Load Balance (Tree View)

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 Chapter 20: System Dashboard Server load balance

Filter virtual servers onscreen

In addition to the three view options mentioned above, you can also use the Add Filters button to filter the
virtual servers displayed on the Server Load Balance page, as illustrated below.

Figure  104: Filter virtual servers onscreen

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Add virtual servers

The Add Virtual Server button allows you to you to add virtual servers directly from the Dashboard. For
instruction on how to configure virtual servers, see Configure virtual servers.

Link load balance

The Link Load Balance page shows the following information about the links used in link load-balancing:

Figure  105: Link Load Balance

Global load balance

The Global Load Balance page shows the information about the servers used in global load-balancing, as
illustrated below.

Figure  106: Global Load Balance

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Chapter 20: System Dashboard HA status

HA status

The HA Status page shows the information about FortiADC's HA configuration and performance, which is divided
into the following categories:

l HA Status
l Traffic Status
Figure  107: HA Status

Figure  108: Traffic Status

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Session monitoring

The Session Monitor page has two tables: Session Table and Persist Table.

Figure  109: Session Table

Figure  110: Persist Table

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Appendix A: Fortinet MIBs

Appendix A: Fortinet MIBs

Table 175 lists the management information bases (MIBs) used with FortiADC.
 Table 175: FortiADC MIBs

MIB or RFC Description

Fortinet Core MIB This Fortinet-proprietary MIB enables your SNMP manager to query for system
information and to receive traps that are common to multiple Fortinet devices.

FortiADC MIB This Fortinet-proprietary MIB enables your SNMP manager to query for
FortiADC-specific information and to receive FortiADC-specific traps.

RFC 1213 (MIB II) The FortiADC SNMP agent supports MIB II groups, except: There is no support
for the EGP group from MIB II (RFC 1213, section 3.11 and 6.10). Protocol stat-
istics returned for MIB II groups (IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP, and so on) do not accur-
ately capture all FortiADC traffic activity. More accurate information can be
obtained from the information reported by the FortiADC MIB.

RFC 3635 (Ethernet-like The FortiADC SNMP agent uses any of the objects in the Ethernet-like interface
MIB) types specification (dot3StatsIndex).

You can download the Fortinet MIB files from the Fortinet Customer Service & Support website,
https://support.fortinet.com/.
To view a trap or query’s name, object identifier (OID), and description, open its MIB file in a plain text editor.

To communicate with the FortiADC SNMP agent, you must first compile these MIBs into your SNMP manager. If
the standard MIBs used by the SNMP agent are already compiled into your SNMP manager, you do not have to
compile them again. The FortiADC SNMP implementation is read-only.

All traps sent include the message, the FortiADC appliance’s serial number, and hostname.

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 Appendix A: Fortinet MIBs

Figure  111: FortiADC MIB download

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Appendix B: Port Numbers

Appendix B: Port Numbers

Communications between the FortiADC system, clients, servers, and FortiGuard Distribution Network (FDN)
require that any routers and firewalls between them permit specific protocols and port numbers.

The following tables list the default port assignments used by the FortiADC system.

 Table 176: Default ports used by FortiADC for outgoing traffic

Port Number Protocol Purpose

N/A ARP HA failover of network interfaces.

N/A ICMP l Server health checks.

l execute ping and execute traceroute.

25 TCP SMTP for alert email.

53 UDP DNS queries.

69 UDP TFTP for backups, restoration, and firmware updates. See commands such
as execute backup or execute restore.

80 TCP Server health checks.

123 UDP NTP synchronization.

162 UDP SNMP traps.

389 TCP LDAP authentication queries.

443 TCP l FortiGuard polling.

l Server health checks.

514 UDP Syslog.

6055 UDP HA heartbeat. Layer 2 multicast.

6056 UDP HA configuration synchronization. Layer 2 multicast.

 Table 177: Default ports used by FortiADC for incoming traffic (listening)

Port Number Protocol Purpose

N/A ICMP ping and traceroute responses.

22 TCP SSH administrative CLI access.

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 Appendix B: Port Numbers

Port Number Protocol Purpose

23 TCP Telnet administrative CLI access.

53 UDP DNS queries from clients for global load balancing and inbound link load bal-
ancing.

80 TCP l HTTP administrative web UI access.

l Predefined HTTP service. Only occurs if the service is used by a virtual
server.

161 UDP SNMP queries.

443 TCP l HTTPS administrative web UI access. Only occurs if the destination
address is a network interface’s IP address.
l Predefined HTTPS service. Only occurs if the service is used by a virtual
server, and if the destination address is a virtual server.

6055 UDP HA heartbeat. Layer 2 multicast.

6056 UDP HA configuration synchronization. Layer 2 multicast.

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Appendix C: Scripts Events and actions

Appendix C: Scripts

You can embed Lua scripts to take actions that are not supported by the built-in feature set.

This appendix provides guidance for getting started. It includes the following topics:

l Events and actions

l Predefined commands
l Control structures
l Operators
l String library
l Examples
For general information about Lua, see http://www.lua.org/docs.html.

Events and actions

Scripts are associated with a particular virtual server, and they are event-driven. A script is triggered when the
associated virtual server receives an HTTP request or response. Then, it does the programmed action.

Table 178 provides syntax, usage, and examples of the predefined commands that are useful for writing scripts.
 Table 178: Script events and actions

Event/Action Description

Event

HTTP_REQUEST The virtual server receives a complete HTTP request header.

HTTP_RESPONSE The virtual server receives a complete HTTP response header.

RULE_INIT The event is used to initialize global or static variables used within a script. It is
triggered when a script is added or modified, or when the device starts up, or
when the software is restarted.

Action

in Lua mode An action defined by a Lua script that uses predefined commands and variables
to manipulate the HTTP request/response or select a content route.

Predefined commands

Table 179 provides syntax, usage, and examples of the predefined commands that are useful for writing scripts.

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 Table 179: Predefined commands

Syntax Usage and Example

Global

debug(“msg”, …) Write the message to the debug buffer. For example:

debug("HTTP Request method is %s.\n", HTTP:method_get

())

Debug strings can be written to the console when the event is

triggered. This is helpful when you are testing your scripts.

To enable debug strings to be written to the console, use the fol-

lowing CLI commands:

diagnose debug enable

diagnose debug application haproxy scripting

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Syntax Usage and Example

cmp_addr(addr, addr_group) Used to match one IP address against a group of IP addresses.

It can automatically detect IPv4 and IPv6 and can be used to
compare IPv4 addresses with IPv6 addresses.

For example:
cmp_addr(“192.3.2.1/24”, “192.3.2.0/32”)
cmp_addr(“::ffff:192.3.2.1/120”,
“::ffff:192.3.2.0/128”)
cmp_addr(“192.3.2.1/24”, “::ffff:192.3.2.0/128”)

Input format:

For an IPv4 ip_addr/[mask], the mask can be a number

between 0 and 32 or a dotted format like 255.255.255.0

For an IPv6 ip_addr/[mask], the mask can be a number

between 0 and 128.

FortiADC supports address group for the second argument.

when RULE_INIT{

--initialize the address group here

addr_group = "192.168.1.0/24" --first network address

addr_group = addr_group..",::ffff:172.30.1.0/120" --second

network address

--so on and so forth

when HTTP_REQUEST{

client_ip=HTTP:client_addr()

match_ip=cmp_addr(client_ip, addr_group)

log("fmt", ...) Writes log messages into the SLB log category in the script log
part. You must enable Script log and SLB sub-category under
the Script log on the log setting page. For example:

log("This HTTP Request method is %s.\n",

HTTP:method_get())
Note: \ and % are handled in a unique way. Special characters
that the log supports are :~!@#$^&*()_+{}][. If you want to print
out % in the log, you must use %%; if you want to print out \,
you must use \\.

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Syntax Usage and Example

rand() Generates a random number. For example:

a = rand()
debug(“a=%d\n”,a)

HTTP

header_get_names() Returns a list of all the headers present in the request or response.
For example:

--use header and value

headers = HTTP:header_get_names()
for k, v in pairs(headers) do
debug("The value of header %s is %s.\n", k, v)
end

--only use the header name

for name in pairs(headers) do
debug("The request/response includes header %s.\n",
name)
end

header_get_values(header_name) Returns a list of value(s) of the HTTP header named <header_

name>, with a count for each value. Note that the command returns
all the values in the headers as a list if there are multiple headers
with the same name. For example:

cookies=HTTP:header_get_values("Cookie")
for k, cnt in pairs(cookies) do
debug("initially include cookie %s cnt %d\n", k, v)
end

header_get_value(header_name) Returns the value of the HTTP header named <header_name>.

Returns false if the HTTP header named <header_name> does not

exist. Note: The command operates on the value of the last header
if there are multiple headers with the same name. For example:

host = HTTP:header_get_value("Host")

header_remove(header_name) Removes all headers names with the name <header_name>. For
example:

HTTP:header_remove("Cookie")

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Syntax Usage and Example

header_remove2(header_name,- header_get_values() returns an count ID for each item. This count

countid) ID can be used in both header_remove2() and header_replace2() to
remove and replace a certain header of a given name referenced by
the count ID. For example:

cookies=HTTP:header_get_values("Set-Cookie")
for k, v in pairs(cookies) do
debug("include cookie %s cnt %d\n", k, v)
end
if HTTP:header_remove2("Set-Cookie", 1) then
debug("remove 1st cookie\n")
end

header_insert(header_name, value) Inserts the named HTTP header(s) and value(s) into the end of the
HTTP request or response. For example:

HTTP:header_insert("Cookie", "cookie=server1")

header_replace(header_name, value) Replaces the value of the last occurrence of the header named
<header_name> with the string <value>. Performs a header inser-
tion if the header is not present. For example:

HTTP:header_replace("Host", "www.fortinet.com")

header_replace2(header_name, header_get_values() returna an count ID for each item. This count

value,countid) ID can be used in both header_remove2() and header_replace2() to
remove and replace a certain header of a given name referenced by
the count ID. For example:

cookies=HTTP:header_get_values("Set-Cookie")
for k, v in pairs(cookies) do
debug("include cookie %s cnt %d\n", k, v)
end
if HTTP:header_replace2("Set-Cookie", "new2=value2",
2) then
debug("replace 2nd cookie by
new2=value2\n")
end

header_exists(header_name) Returns true if the named header is present and not empty on the
request or response. For example:

if HTTP:header_exists("Cookie") then
…
end

header_count(header_name) Returns the number of HTTP headers present in the request or

response. For example:

count = HTTP:header_count("Cookie")

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Syntax Usage and Example

method_get() Return the string of the HTTP request method. For example:

method = HTTP:method_get()

method_set(string) Set the HTTP request method to the string "value". For example:

HTTP:method_set("POST")

path_get() Returns the path part of the HTTP request. For example:

path = HTTP:path_get()

path_set(string) Sets the path part of the HTTP request. The client will not see the
update unless the web application uses the requested path to gen-
erate response headers and/or content. If you want the client to see
the update to the path in the browser's address bar, you can send an
HTTP redirect using HTTP:redirect or HTTP:respond. For example:

HTTP:path_set("/other.html")

uri_get() Returns the URI given in the request. For example:

uri = HTTP:uri_get()

uri_set(string) Changes the URI passed to the server. It should always start with a
slash. For example:

HTTP:uri_set("/index.html?value=xxxx")

query_get() Returns the query part of the HTTP request. For example:

query = HTTP:query_get()

query_set(string) Sets the query part of the HTTP request. For example:

HTTP:query_set("value=xxx")

redirect(“URL”, …) Redirects an HTTP request or response to the specified URL. For

example:

Host = HTTP:header_get_value("host")
Path = HTTP:path_get()
HTTP:redirect("https://%s%s", Host, Path)

redirect_with_cookie(URL, cookie) Redirects an HTTP request or response to the specified URL with
Cookie. For example:

HTTP:redirect_with_cookie(“www.example.com”,
“server=nginx”)

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Syntax Usage and Example

version_get() Returns the HTTP version of the request or response. For example:

vers = HTTP:version_get()

version_set(string) Sets the HTTP version of the request or response. For example:

HTTP:version_set("1.0")

status_code_get() Returns the response status code output as string. For example:

responsestatus=HTTP:status_code_get()

status_code_set(string) Sets the response status code. For example:

HTTP:status_code_set("301")

code_get() Returns the response status code,output as integer. For example:

responsestatus=HTTP:code_get()

code_set(integer) Sets the response status code. For example:

HTTP:code_set(301)

reason_get() Returns the response reason. For example:

HTTP:reason_get()

reason_set(string) Sets the response reason. For example:

HTTP:reason_set(string)

rand_id() Returns a random string of 32-long in hex format, which can be

inserted directly as an HTTP header. For example:

ID=HTTP:rand_id()
HTTP:header_insert("Message-ID", ID)

client_addr() Returns the client IP address of a connection for an HTTP_

REQUEST packet, which is the source address for the HTTP_
REQUEST packet. It's a destination address. For example:

CIP=HTTP:client_addr()

local_addr() For HTTP_REQUEST, returns the IP address of the virtual server

the client is connected to; for HTTP_RESPONSE, returns the incom-
ing interface IP address of the return packet. For example:

LIP=HTTP:local_addr()

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Syntax Usage and Example

remote_addr() Returns the IP address of the host on the far end of the connection.
For example:

RIP=HTTP:remote_addr()

server_addr() Returns the IP address of the server in HTTP_RESPONSE.

SIP=HTTP:server_addr()

close() Closes an HTTP connection using code 503. For example:

HTTP:close()

Load Balance

routing(content_route) Selects a content route. For example:

LB:routing("content2")

Control structures

Table 180 lists Lua control structures.

 Table 180: Lua control structures

Type Structure

if then else if condition1 then

…
elseif condition2 then
…
else
…
end

for --fetch all values of table 't'

for k, v in pairs(t) do
…
end

Operators

Table 181 lists the FortiADC operators.

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Appendix C: Scripts Operators

 Table 181: Lua operators

FortiADC Operator
Description
Operator sub-type

-+ Arithmetic Unary minus, unary plus.

~ Bitwise Bitwise NOT.

not Logical Performs a logical "not"

on a value.

*/% Arithmetic Multiple, divide,

remainder.

// Floor division.

^ Exponentiation.

+- Arithmetic Add and subtract.

<< >> Bitwise Left and right shift.

< > <= >= Relational Boolean less, greater,

less than or equal, and
greater than or equal.

== != Relational Boolean equal and not

equal.

& Bitwise Bitwise AND.

~ Bitwise Bitwise exclusive OR.

| Bitwise Bitwise OR.

and Logical Performs a logical "and"

comparison between two
values.

or Logical Performs a logical "or"

comparison between two
values.

starts_with String Tests to see if String a

(a,b) starts with String b.

ends_with String Tests to see if String a

(a,b) ends with String b.

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FortiADC Operator
Description
Operator sub-type

.. The string concatenation

operator in Lua is
denoted by two dots ('..').
If both operands are
strings or numbers, then
they are converted to a
string. It's the same as _
_concat.

String library

The FortiADC OS supports only the Lua string library. All other libraries are disabled. The string library includes
the following string-manipulation functions:
l string.byte(s, i)
l string.char(i1,i2…)
l string.dump(function)
l string.find(s, pattern)
l string.format
l string.gmatch
l string.gsub
l string.len
l string.lower
l string.match
l string.rep
l string.reverse
l string.sub
l string.upper
l string.starts_with
l string.ends_with
For example: uri:starts_with (b), uri:ends_with (b)

Note:
l If you want to do regular expression match, you can use string.match with Lua patterns.
l All relational operators >, <, >=, <=, ~=, == apply to strings. Especially, == can be used to test if one string equals to
another string.
l string.find can be used to test whether one string contains another string.
For a tutorial on scripting with the Lua string library, see http://lua-users.org/wiki/StringLibraryTutorial.

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Examples

This section provides example scripts for popular use cases. It includes the following examples:

l Select content routes based on URI string matches

l Rewrite the HTTP request host header and path
l Rewrite the HTTP response Location header
l Redirect HTTP to HTTPS using Lua string substitution
l Redirect mobile users to the mobile version of a website

Tip: The examples show debug strings. Debug strings can be written to the console
when the event is triggered. This is helpful when you are testing your scripts.

To enable debug strings to be written to the console, use the following CLI commands:
diagnose debug enable
diagnose debug application haproxy scripting

Select content routes based on URI string matches

The content routing feature has rules that match HTTP requests to content routes based on a Boolean AND
combination of match conditions. If you want to select routes based on a Boolean OR, you can configure multiple
rules. The content routing rules table is consulted from top to bottom until one matches.

In some cases, it might be simpler to get the results you want using a script. In the following example, each rule
selects content routes based on OR match conditions.
-- Content routing example
when RULE_INIT {
debug("get header init 1\n")
}

when HTTP_REQUEST{
uri = HTTP:uri_get()
if uri:find("sports") or uri:find("news") or uri:find("government") then
LB:routing("sp2")
debug("uri %s matches sports|news|government\n", uri);
elseif uri:find("finance") or uri:find("technology") or uri:find("shopping") then
LB:routing("sp3")
debug("uri %s matches finance|technology|shopping\n", uri);
elseif uri:find("game") or uri:find("bbs") or uri:find("testing") then
LB:routing("sp4")
debug("uri %s matches game|bbs|testing\n", uri);
elseif uri:find("billing") or uri:find("travel") or uri:find("weibo") then
LB:routing("sp5")
debug("uri %s matches billing|travel|weibo\n", uri);
else
debug("no matches for uri: %s \n", uri);
end
}

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To use a script for content routing:

1. Create the content route configuration objects. In the example above, sp2, sp3, sp4, and sp4 are the names of the
content route configuration objects. You do not need to configure matching conditions for the content routes,
however, because the script does the content matching.
2. Create a script that matches content to the content route configuration objects, as shown above. Create a
configuration object for the script.
3. In the virtual server configuration:
a. Enable content routing and select the content route configuration objects.
b. Select the script.

Rewrite the HTTP request host header and path

You can use the content rewriting feature to rewrite the HTTP request Host header or the HTTP request URL. If
you need more granular capabilities, you can use scripts. The following example rewrites the HTTP Host header
and path.
-- Rewrite the HTTP Host header and path in a HTTP request
when RULE_INIT {
debug("rewrite the HTTP Host header and path in a HTTP request \n")
}

when HTTP_REQUEST{
host = HTTP:header_get_value("Host")
path = HTTP:path_get()
if host:lower():find("myold.hostname.com") then
debug("found myold.hostname.com in Host %s \n", host)
HTTP:header_replace("Host", "mynew.hostname.com")
HTTP:path_set("/other.html")
end
}
Note: You might find it useful to use a combination of string manipulation functions. For example, this script uses
lower() to convert the Host strings to lowercase in combination with find(), which searches for the Host header for
a match: host:lower():find("myold.hostname.com").

Rewrite the HTTP response Location header

You can use the content rewriting feature to rewrite the HTTP response Location header. If you are more
comfortable using Lua string substitution, you can write a script to get the results you want. The following
example rewrites the HTTP response Location header.
-- Rewrite the HTTP body in the response
when RULE_INIT {
debug("rewrite the HTTP response replacing myold.hostname.com with mynew.hostname.com \n")
}

when HTTP_RESPONSE{
location = HTTP:header_get_value("Location")
if location:lower():find("myold.hostname.com") then
debug("found myold.hostname.com in Location %s \n", location)
HTTP:header_replace("Location", "mynew.hostname.com")
end
}

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Redirect HTTP to HTTPS using Lua string substitution

You can use the content rewriting feature to redirect an HTTP request to an HTTPS URL that has the same host
and request URL using a PCRE regular expression. If you are more comfortable using Lua string substitution, you
can write a script to get the results you want. The following example redirects users to the HTTPS location.
-- Redirect HTTP to HTTPS
when RULE_INIT {
debug("http to https redirect\n")
}

when HTTP_REQUEST{
host = HTTP:header_get_value("Host")
path = HTTP:path_get()
HTTP:redirect("https://%s%s",host,path);
}

Redirect mobile users to the mobile version of a website

The content rewriting feature does not support matching the User-Agent header. You can write a script that
detects User-Agent headers that identify mobile device users and redirect them to the mobile version of a
website.
-- Redirect mobile users to the mobile version of a website by parsing the User-Agent
header
when RULE_INIT {
debug("detect User-Agent and go to mobile site\n")
}

when HTTP_REQUEST{
path = HTTP:path_get()
debug("path=%s\n",path)
agent = HTTP:header_get_value("User-Agent")
if agent:lower():find("iphone") or agent:lower():find("ipad") then
debug("found iphone or ipad in User-Agent %s \n", agent)
HTTP:redirect("https://m.mymobilesite.com%s",path)
end
}

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Appendix D: Maximum Configuration Values

Appendix D: Maximum Configuration Values

This table shows the maximum number of configuration objects or limits that vary by them, and are not a
guarantee of performance. For values such as hardware specifications that do not vary by software version or
configuration, see your model’s QuickStart Guide or datasheet.

 Table 182: Maximum configuration objects - Hardware models

200D/100F 300D 400D 700D 1500D 2000D 4000D

System

Administration Administrative users 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

Access profiles 16 64 64 64 64 64 64

Virtual domains (VDOMs) 10 10 10 30 45 60 90

Certificates Any configuration object 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Shared Address 1024 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 4096

Resources
Address group 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Health checks 128 256 256 256 256 256 512

ISP address book 32 32 32 32 32 32 32

Schedule 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Schedule group 64 64 64 64 64 64 64

Service 1024 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 4096

Service group 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

SNMP SNMP community 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

SNMP community Host 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

SNMP user 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

Networking

Interface Physical network inter- 4 4 4 12 12 20 24

faces

VLAN interfaces 256 512 512 512 512 512 1024

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200D/100F 300D 400D 700D 1500D 2000D 4000D

Routing ARP table entries (per 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096
VDOM)

Static routes 2048 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096

Policy routes 64 128 128 128 128 128 256

ISP routes 32 32 32 32 32 32 32

NAT Any configuration object 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

QoS Any configuration object 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Packet cap- Table 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

ture

User

Any configuration object 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Server Load Balancing

Virtual Servers 1024 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 4096

Real Server Pools 1024 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 4096
Pool
Pool members 1024 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 4096

Real server SSL profiles 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Resources Profiles 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Cache policies 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Compression policies 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Persistence policies 128 256 256 256 256 256 512

Method policies 64 128 128 128 128 128 256

Authentication policies 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Scripts 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Content Rules Content routing rules 256 512 512 512 512 512 1024

Content rewriting rules 256 512 512 512 512 512 1024

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200D/100F 300D 400D 700D 1500D 2000D 4000D

Link Load Balancing

Link Group Gateway 1024 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 4096

Link group 512 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 2048

Link group member 1024 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 4096

Virtual Tunnel Virtual tunnel group 512 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 2048
Group
Virtual tunnel member 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Policy LLB policy rule 512 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 2048

Global Load Balancing

Any configuration object 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Security

Any configuration object 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

Log & Report

Remote Syslog Servers 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

 Table 183: Maximum configuration objects - Virtual Appliances

VM01 VM02 VM04 VM08

System

Administration Administrative users 300 300 300 300

Access profiles 8 16 64 64

Virtual domains (VDOMs) 0 0 5 10

Certificate Any configuration object 256 256 256 256

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VM01 VM02 VM04 VM08

Shared Address 512 1024 2048 4096

Resources
Address group 256 256 256 256

Health checks 64 128 256 512

ISP address book 32 32 32 32

Schedule 256 256 256 256

Schedule group 64 64 64 64

Service 512 1024 2048 4096

Service group 256 256 256 256

SNMP SNMP community 16 16 16 16

SNMP community host 16 16 16 16

SNMP user 16 16 16 16

Networking

Interfaces Physical network interfaces 10 10 10 10

VLAN interfaces 128 256 512 1024

Routing ARP table entries (per VDOM) 4096 4096 4096 4096

Static routes 1024 2048 4096 4096

Policy routes 32 64 128 256

ISP routes 32 32 32 32

NAT Any configuration object 256 256 256 256

QoS Any configuration object 256 256 256 256

Packet Capture Table 5 5 5 5

User

Any configuration object 256 256 256 256

Server Load Balancing

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VM01 VM02 VM04 VM08

Virtual Servers 512 1024 2048 4096

Real Server Pool Pools 512 1024 2048 4096

Pool members 512 1024 2048 4096

Real server SSL profile 256 256 256 256

Resources Profiles 256 256 256 256

Cache policies 256 256 256 256

Compression policies 256 256 256 256

Persistence policies 128 128 128 256

Method policies 32 64 128 256

Authentication policies 256 256 256 256

Scripts 256 256 256 256

Content Rules Content routing rules 128 256 512 1024

Content rewriting rules 128 256 512 1024

Link Load Balancing

Link Group Gateway 512 1024 2048 4096

Link group 256 512 1024 2048

Link group member 512 1024 2048 4096

Virtual Tunnel Virtual tunnel 256 512 1024 2048

Virtual tunnel member 256 256 256 256

Policy LLB policy rule 256 512 1024 2048

Global Load Balancing

Any configuration object 256 256 256 256

Security

Any configuration object 256 256 256 256

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 Appendix D: Maximum Configuration Values

VM01 VM02 VM04 VM08

Log & Report

Remote Syslog Servers 3 3 3 3

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Appendix E: High Speed Logging Binary Format

Appendix E: High Speed Logging Binary Format

The high speed logging feature sends a binary log file. It has the following structure:
typedef struct __high_speed_log_header {
unsigned char msg_ver;
unsigned char have_dev_vd_str;
unsigned char dev;
unsigned char timezone;
unsigned int vid;
unsigned char cmd;
unsigned char log_type;
unsigned char log_subtype;
unsigned short total_len;
unsigned char total_count;
unsigned short next_len;
} high_speed_log_header_t;

typedef struct __dev_vdom_str {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned char dev_len;
unsigned char vdom_len;
unsigned char data[];//dev+vdom
} dev_vdom_str_t;

typedef struct _tlog_l4 {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
uint64_t ibytes;
uint64_t obytes;
unsigned char proto;
unsigned char srv;
char src_ver;
unsigned short src_port;
char dst_ver;
unsigned short dst_port;
char trans_src_ver;
unsigned short trans_src_port;
char trans_dst_ver;
unsigned short trans_dst_port;
unsigned short policy;
unsigned char policy_len;
unsigned char action;
unsigned char data[];//src+dst+policy
} tlog_l4_t;

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typedef struct _tlog_fw {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
uint64_t ibytes;
uint64_t obytes;
unsigned char proto;
unsigned char srv;
char src_ver;
unsigned short src_port;
char dst_ver;
unsigned short dst_port;
char trans_src_ver;
unsigned short trans_src_port;
char trans_dst_ver;
unsigned short trans_dst_port;
unsigned short policy;
unsigned char policy_len;
char nat_policy;//reserved for dictionory
char nat_policy_len;
unsigned short llb_policy;
unsigned char llb_policy_len;
unsigned short llb_link;
unsigned char llb_link_len;
unsigned char action;
unsigned char data[]; /*osip:odip:rsip:rdip:nat..*/
} tlog_fw_t;

typedef struct _tlog_llb {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
uint64_t ibytes;
uint64_t obytes;
unsigned char proto;
unsigned char srv;
char src_ver;
unsigned short src_port;
char dst_ver;
unsigned short dst_port;
char trans_src_ver;
unsigned short trans_src_port;
char trans_dst_ver;
unsigned short trans_dst_port;
unsigned short policy;
unsigned char policy_len;
unsigned char action;
unsigned char linkgrp_len;
unsigned char link_len;

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unsigned char data[];//src+dst+policy

} tlog_llb_t;

typedef struct _tlog_l7_tcps {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
uint64_t ibytes;
uint64_t obytes;
unsigned char proto;
unsigned char srv;
unsigned char src_ver;
unsigned short src_port;
unsigned char dst_ver;
unsigned short dst_port;
unsigned char trans_src_ver;
unsigned short trans_src_port;
unsigned char trans_dst_ver;
unsigned short trans_dst_port;
unsigned char action;
unsigned short policy;
unsigned char policy_len;
unsigned char data[];//src+dst+trans_src+trans_
dst+policy+method+host+agent+url+qry+cookie
} tlog_l7_tcps_t;

typedef struct _tlog_l7_radius {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
uint64_t ibytes;
uint64_t obytes;
unsigned char proto;
unsigned char srv;
unsigned char src_ver;
unsigned short src_port;
unsigned char dst_ver;
unsigned short dst_port;
unsigned char trans_src_ver;
unsigned short trans_src_port;
unsigned char trans_dst_ver;
unsigned short trans_dst_port;
unsigned char action;
unsigned short policy;
unsigned char policy_len;
unsigned char user_len;
unsigned char data[];//src+dst+trans_src+trans_dst+policy+user
} tlog_l7_radius_t;

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typedef struct _tlog_l7_dns {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
uint64_t ibytes;
uint64_t obytes;
unsigned char proto;
unsigned char srv;
unsigned char src_ver;
unsigned short src_port;
unsigned char dst_ver;
unsigned short dst_port;
unsigned char action;
unsigned short policy;
unsigned char policy_len;
unsigned char domain_len;
unsigned char res_ip_ver;
unsigned char data[];//src+dst+trans_src+trans_dst+policy+domain
} tlog_l7_dns_t;

typedef struct _tlog_l7_http {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
uint64_t ibytes;
uint64_t obytes;
unsigned char proto;
unsigned char srv;
unsigned char src_ver;
unsigned short src_port;
unsigned char dst_ver;
unsigned short dst_port;
unsigned char trans_src_ver;
unsigned short trans_src_port;
unsigned char trans_dst_ver;
unsigned short trans_dst_port;
unsigned char action;
unsigned short method_len;
unsigned short host_len;
unsigned short agent_len;
unsigned short qry_len;
unsigned short cookie_len;
unsigned short url_len;
unsigned short retcode;
unsigned short policy;
unsigned char policy_len;
unsigned char data[];//src+dst+trans_src+trans_
dst+policy+method+host+agent+url+qry+cookie
} tlog_l7_http_t;

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typedef struct _alog_l4

{
unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
unsigned int count;
unsigned char sub_severity;
unsigned char irdb_type;
unsigned char proto;
unsigned char src_ver;
unsigned short src_port;
unsigned char dst_ver;
unsigned short dst_port;
unsigned short policy;
unsigned char policy_len;
unsigned char action;
unsigned char data[];//src+dst+policy
} alog_l4_t;

typedef struct _alog_l7 {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
uint64_t ibytes;
uint64_t obytes;
unsigned char proto;
unsigned short srv;
unsigned char src_ver;
unsigned short src_port;
unsigned char dst_ver;
unsigned short dst_port;
unsigned char action;
unsigned short method_len;
unsigned short host_len;
unsigned short agend_len;
unsigned short url_len;
unsigned short retcode;
unsigned short policy;
unsigned char policy_len;
unsigned char data[];//src+dst+method+host+agent+url+policy
} alog_l7_t;

typedef struct _alog_syn {

unsigned short next_len;
unsigned int itime;
unsigned int duration;
unsigned int count;
unsigned char sub_severity;

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Copyright© 2017 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet®, FortiGate®, FortiCare® and FortiGuard®, and certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet,
Inc., in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, and other Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company
names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and
actual performance and other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein
represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written
contract, signed by Fortinet’s General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified
performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For
absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal lab tests. In no event does Fortinet make any
commitment related to future deliverables, features, or development, and circumstances may change such that any forward-looking statements herein are not accurate.
Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations,and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify,
transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable.