Lectures in

MATHEMATICS
st
For 1 class students
Mechanical Engineering Department
Technology University

Prepared by

Assistant Professor
Dr. Nabel George Nacy
and

Lecture
Dr. Laith Jaafer Habeeb

References:

1) Thomas & Finney " Calculus and Analytic Geometry " (1988) , 7th
edition , Addison Wesley.
2) Ford , S.R. and Ford , J.R. " Calculus " , (1963) McGraw-Hill.
3) J.K.Back house and S.P.T. Houldsworth " Pure Mathematics a
First Course " (1979) , S1 Edition , Longman Group .
 Chapter – one
The Rate of Change of a Function

1-1- Coordinates for the plane :

Cartesian Coordinate- Two number lines , one of them horizontal (called
x-axis ) and the other vertical ( called y-axis ). The point where the
lines cross is the origin . Each line is assumed to represent the real
number .
On the x-axis , the positive number a lies a units to the right of
the origin , and the negative number –a lies a units to the left of the
origin . On the y-axis , the positive number b lies b units above the
origin while the negative where –b lies b units below the origin .
With the axes in place , we assign a pair (a,b) of real number to
each point P in the plane . The number a is the number at the foot
of the perpendicular from P to the x-axis (called x-coordinate of P).
The number b is the number at the foot of the perpendicular from
P to the y-axis ( called y-coordinate of P ).
y-axis

P(a,b)
b

x-axis
-a 0 a

-b

1-2- The Slope of a line :

Increments – When a particle moves from one position in the plane to
another , the net changes in the particle's coordinates are calculated
by subtracting the coordinates of the starting point ( x1 , y1 ) from
the coordinates of the stopping point (x2 , y2 ) ,
i.e. ∆x = x2 –x1 , ∆y = y2 – y1 .
Slopes of nonvertical lines :
Let L be a nonvertical line in the plane ,
Let P1(x1 , y1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 ) be two points on L.
Then the slope m is :

١
 y y2  y1
m  where x  0
x x2  x1

- A line that goes uphill as x increases has a positive slope . A line that
goes downhill as x increases has a negative slope .
- A horizontal line has slope zero because ∆y = 0 .
- The slope of a vertical line is undefined because ∆x = 0 .
- Parallel lines have same slope .
- If neither of two perpendicular lines L1 and L2 is vertical , their slopes
m1 and m2 are related by the equation : m1 . m2 = -1 .
Angles of Inclination: The angle of inclination of a line that crosses the x-
axis is the smallest angle we get when we measure counter clock from the
x-axis around the point of intersection .
The slope of a line is the tangent of the line angle of inclination .
m = tan Ф where Ф is the angle of inclination .
- The angle of inclination of a horizontal line is taken to be 0 o .
- Parallel lines have equal angle of inclination .

L
P2(x2 ,y2)
y-axis
∆y

P1(x1,y1) Ф
∆x Q(x2,y1)

x-axis

EX-1- Find the slope of the line determined by two points A(2,1) and B(-1,3)
and find the common slope of the line perpendicular to AB.
y  y1 31 2
Sol.- Slope of AB is: m AB  2  
x 2  x1  1  2 3
1 3
Slope of line perpendicular to AB is :  
m AB 2

EX-2- Use slopes to determine in each case whether the points are collinear
(lie on a common straight line ) :
a) A(1,0) , B(0,1) , C(2,1) .
b) A(-3,-2) , B(-2,0) , C(-1,2) , D(1,6) .

٢
 Sol. –
10 11
a) m AB   1 and m BC   0  m AB
01 20
The points A , B and C are not lie on a common straight line .
0  ( 2 ) 20 62
b) m AB   2 , m BC   2 , mCD  2
 2  ( 3 )  1  ( 2 ) 1  ( 1 )
Since mAB = mBC = mCD
Hence the points A , B , C , and D are collinear .

1-3- Equations for lines : An equation for a line is an equation that is satisfied
by the coordinates of the points that lies on the line and is not satisfied by the
coordinates of the points that lie elsewhere .
Vertical lines : Every vertical line L has to cross the x-axis at some point
(a,0). The other points on L lie directly above or below (a,0) . This mean
that : x  a ( x , y )
Nonvertical lines : That point – slope equation of the line through the point
( x1 , y1 ) with slope m is :
y – y1 = m ( x – x 1 )
Horizontal lines : The standard equation for the horizontal line through the
point ( a , b ) is : y = b .
The distance from a point to a line : To calculate the distance d between the
point P(x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) is :
d  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2
We use this formula when the coordinate axes are scaled in a common
unit .
To find the distance from the point P( x1 , y1 ) to the line L , we follow :
1. Find an equation for the line L' through P perpendicular to L :
y – y1 = m' ( x – x1 ) where m' = -1 / m
2. Find the point Q( x2 , y2 ) by solving the equation for L and L'
simultaneously .
3. Calculate the distance between P and Q .
The general linear equation :
Ax + By = C where A and B not both zero.
EX-3 – Write an equation for the line that passes through point :
a) P( -1 , 3 ) with slope m = -2 .
b) P1( -2 , 0 ) and P2 ( 2 , -2 ).
Sol. - a) y – y1 = m ( x – x1 ) → y – 3 = -2 ( x – (-1)) → y + 2x = 1
b)
y  y1 20 1
m 2  
x 2  x 1 2  ( 2 ) 2
1
y  y1  m ( x  x 1 )  y  0   ( x  ( 2 ))  2 y  x  2  0
2

٣
EX-4 - Find the slope of the line : 3x + 4y = 12 .
3 3
Sol. - y   x  3  the slope is m  
4 4

EX-5- Find :
a) an equation for the line through P( 2 ,1 ) parallel to L: y = x + 2 .
b) an equation for the line through P perpendicular to L .
c) the distance from P to L .
Sol.-
a)
sin ce L2 // L1  m L 2  m L 1  1  y  1  1( x  2 )  y  x  1

b) Since L1 and L3 are perpendicular lines then :

m L 3  1  y  1   ( x  2 )  y  x  3

c)
y x2 1 5 1 5
 x and y  P ( 2 ,1 ) and Q , 
y x  3 2 2 2 2
 d  ( xQ  x P )2  ( yQ  y P )2  4.5

EX-6 – Find the angle of inclination of the line : 3 x  y  3

Sol.-
y   3x  3  m 3
m  tan   3    120 o

EX-7- Find the line through the point P(1, 4) with the angle of inclination
Ф=60 o .
Sol.-
m  tan  tan 60  3
y  4  3( x  1 )  y  3 x  4  3

EX-8- The pressure P experienced by a diver under water is related to the

diver's depth d by an equation of the form P = k d + 1 where k a
constant . When d = 0 meters , the pressure is 1 atmosphere . The
pressure at 100 meters is about 10.94 atmosphere . Find the pressure
at 50 meters.

Sol.- At P = 10.94 and d = 100 → 10.94 = k(100)+1 → k = 0.0994

P = 0.0994 d + 1 , at d = 50 → P = 0.0994 * 50 + 1 = 5.97 atmo.

٤
1-4- Functions : Function is any rule that assigns to each element in one set
some element from another set :
y = f( x )
The inputs make up the domain of the function , and the outputs make up
the function's range.
The variable x is called independent variable of the function , and the
variable y whose value depends on x is called the dependent variable of the
function .
We must keep two restrictions in mind when we define functions :
1. We never divide by zero .
2. We will deal with real – valued functions only.
Intervals :
- The open interval is the set of all real numbers that be strictly between
two fixed numbers a and b :
( a ,b )  a  x  b
- The closed interval is the set of all real numbers that contain both
endpoints :
[ a ,b ]  a  x  b
- Half open interval is the set of all real numbers that contain one
endpoint but not both :
[ a ,b )  a  x  b
( a ,b ]  a  x  b
Composition of functions : suppose that the outputs of a function f can be
used as inputs of a function g . We can then hook f and g together to
form a new function whose inputs are the inputs of f and whose outputs
are the numbers :
( go f )( x )  g( f ( x ))
EX-9- Find the domain and range of each function :
1
a) y x4 , b) y
x2
c) y  9  x2 , d) y  2 x
Sol. - a ) x  4  0  x  4  D x : x   4 , R y : y  0
b) x20 x2 D x : x  2
1 1
y  x  2 R y : y  0
x2 y
c) 9  x2  0   3 x 3 D x : 3  x  3
y  9  x2  x   9  y2
sin ce 9  y2  0  3 y3
sin ce y0  Ry : 0  y  3

٥
 d) 2 x 0 0 x4 Dx : 0  x  4
if x0 y 2
 Ry : 0  y  2
if x4 y0

x 1
EX-10- Let f( x ) and g ( x )  1  .
x1 x
Find (gof)(x) and (fog)(x) .
Sol.-
 x  1 2x  1
( g o f )( x )  g ( f ( x ))  g  1 
 x  1  x x
x1
1
1
 1 x
( f o g )( x )  f ( g ( x ))  f  1     x1
 x 1
1 1
x

1
EX-11- Let ( g o f )( x )  x and f( x) . Find g(x).
x
 1 1
Sol.- ( g o f )( x )  g    x  g( x ) 
 x x

1-5- Limits and continuity :

Limits : The limit of F( t ) as t approaches C is the number L if :
Given any radius ε > 0 about L there exists a radius δ > 0 about
C such that for all t , 0  t  C   implies F ( t )  L   and we
can write it as :
lim F ( t )  L
t C
The limit of a function F( t ) as t→C never depend on what
happens when t = C .
Right hand limit : lim F ( t )  L
t C
The limit of the function F( t ) as t →C from the right equals L if :
Given any ε > 0 ( radius about L ) there exists a δ > 0 ( radius to
the right of C ) such that for all t :
C  t  C    F( t )  L  
Left hand limit : lim F ( t )  L
t C
The limit of the function F( t ) as t →C from the left equal L if :
Given any ε > 0 there exists a δ > 0 such that for all t :
C    t  C  F( t )  L  

٦
 Note that – A function F( t ) has a limit at point C if and only if the right
hand and the left hand limits at C exist and equal . In symbols :
lim F ( t )  L  lim F ( t )  L and lim F ( t )  L
t C t C t C 

The limit combinations theorems :

1 ) lim F1 ( t )  F2 ( t )  lim F1 ( t )  lim F2 ( t )
2 ) limF1 ( t ) * F2 ( t )  lim F1 ( t ) * lim F2 ( t )
F ( t ) lim F1 ( t )
3 ) lim 1  where lim F2 ( t )  0
F2 ( t ) lim F2 ( t )
4 ) lim k * F1 ( t )  k * lim F1 ( t ) k
Sin
5 ) lim 1
 0 
provided that  is measured in radius
The limits ( in 1 – 4 ) are all to be taken as t→C and F1( t ) and F2( t ) are
to be real functions .
Thm. -1 : The sandwich theorem : Suppose that f ( t )  g ( t )  h( t ) for all
t  C in some interval about C and that f( t ) and h( t ) approaches the
same limit L as t→C , then :
lim g ( t )  L
t C
Infinity as a limit :
1.The limit of the function f( x ) as x approaches infinity is the number L:
lim f ( x )  L . If , given any ε > 0 there exists a number M such that
x

for all x : M  x  f( x) L  .

2. The limit of f( x ) as x approaches negative infinity is the number L :
lim f ( x )  L . If , given any ε > 0 there exists a number N such that
x  

for all x : x  N  f( x ) L  .
The following facts are some times abbreviated by saying :
a) As x approaches 0 from the right , 1/x tends to ∞ .
b) As x approaches 0 from the left , 1/x tends to -∞ .
c) As x tends to ∞ , 1/x approaches 0 .
d) As x tends to -∞ , 1/x approaches 0 .
Continuity :
Continuity at an interior point : A function y = f( x ) is continuous at an
interior point C of its domain if : lim f ( x )  f ( C ) .
x C
Continuity at an endpoint : A function y = f( x ) is continuous at a left
endpoint a of its domain if : lim f ( x )  f ( a ) .
xa
A function y = f( x ) is continuous at a right endpoint b of its domain
if: lim f ( x )  f ( b ) .
t b 

٧
 Continuous function : A function is continuous if it is continuous at
each point of its domain .
Discontinuity at a point : If a function f is not continuous at a point C ,
we say that f is discontinuous at C , and call C a point of
discontinuity of f .
The continuity test : The function y = f ( x ) is continuous at x = C if
and only if all three of the following statements are true :
1) f ( C ) exist ( C is in the domain of f ) .
2) lim f ( x ) exists ( f has a limit as x→C ) .
x C
3) lim f ( x )  f ( C ) ( the limit equals the function value ) .
x C
Thm.-2 : The limit combination theorem for continuous function :
If the function f and g are continuous at x = C , then all of the
following combinations are continuous at x = C :
1 ) f  g 2 ) f .g 3 ) k .g k 4 ) go f , f o g 5 ) f / g

provided g ( C )  0
Thm.-3 : A function is continuous at every point at which it has a
derivative . That is , if y = f ( x ) has a derivative f ' ( C ) at x = C ,
then f is continuous at x = C .
EX-12 – Find :
5x3  8x2 x3  a3
1) lim 4 , 2 ) lim
x 0 3 x  16 x 2 xa x 4  a 4
Sin5 x tan 2 y
3) lim , 4 ) lim
x  0 Sin 3 x y 0 3y
Sin 2 x  1
5) lim 2 , 6 ) lim  1  Cos 
x 0 2 x  x x 
 x
3x  5 x 7
3 2
3y 7
7 ) lim , 8 ) lim
x   10 x 3  11 x  5 y y 2  2

x3  1 1
9) lim , 10 ) lim
x  2 x  7 x  5 x  1 x  1
2

 Sinx   
11 ) lim Cos 1   , 12 ) lim Sin Cos(tan x ) 
x 0  x  x 0 2 
S0l.-
5 x3  8x2 5x  8 08 1
1 ) lim 4  lim 2  
x  0 3 x  16 x 2 x  0 3 x  16 0  16 2
x a
3 3
( x  a )( x  ax  a )
2 2
a2  a2  a2 3
2 ) lim 4  lim  
x a x  a 4 x  a ( x  a )( x  a )( x 2  a 2 ) ( a  a )( a 2  a 2 ) 4 a
Sin5 x Sin5 x
5 lim
3 ) lim 5 x  5 . 5 x 0 5 x  5
x 0 Sin 3 x 3 Sin 3 x 3
3 lim
3x 3 x 0 3x
٨
 tan 2 y 2 Sin 2 y 1 2
4 ) lim  . lim .lim 
y 0 3y 3 2 y0 2 y y0 Cos 2 y 3
Sin 2 x Sin 2 x 1
5) lim  2 lim . lim 2
x 0 2 x  x2 2 x 0 2 x x 0 2 x  1
 1
6) lim  1  Cos   1  Cos0  2
x
 x
5 7
3  3
3x  5x  7
3 2
x x  3
7) lim  lim
x   10 x  11 x  5
3 x 11 5 10
10  2  3
x x
3 7

3y 7 y y2 0
8) lim 2  lim  0
y  y  2 y  2 1
1 2
y
1
1 3
x 13
x 1
9) lim  lim  
x 2 x 2  7 x  5 x 2 7 5 0
 
x x2 x3
1 1
10 ) lim   
x   1
x  1 1 1
 Sinx   
11 ) lim Cos 1    Cos 1  lim Sinx   Cos0  1
x 0
 x   x  0 x 
      
12 ) lim Sin Cos(tan x )  Sin Cos(tan 0 )  Sin Cos0   Sin  1
x 0
2  2  2  2

EX-13- Test continuity for the following function :

 x 2  1  1  x  0
 
 2 x 0 x1 

f( x)  1 x1 
 2 x  4 1  x  2 
 
 0 2  x  3 
Sol.- We test the continuity at midpoints x = 0 , 1 , 2 and endpoints x = -1 , 3 .
At x  0  f ( 0 )  2* 0  0
lim f ( x )  lim( x 2  1 )  1
x 0  x 0
lim f ( x )  lim 2 x  0  lim f ( x )
x 0 x 0 x 0
Since lim f ( x ) doesn' t exist
x 0
Hence the function discontinuous at x  0

٩
At x  1 f (1) 1
lim f ( x )  lim 2 x  2
x1 x1
lim f ( x )  lim ( 2 x  4 )  2  lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
x  1 x 1 x1 x  1
Since lim f ( x )  f ( 1 )
x1

Hence the function is discontinuous at x  1

At x 2 f ( 2 )  2 * 2  4  0
lim f ( x )  lim( 2 x  4 )  0
x 2 x 2
lim f ( x )  lim 0  0  lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
x2 x 2 x2 x  2
Since lim f ( x )  f ( 2 )  0
x 2

Hence the function is continuous at x  2

At x  1  f ( 1 )  ( 1 ) 2  1  0
lim f ( x )  lim ( x 2  1 )  0  f ( 1 )
x   1 x  1

Hence the function is continuous at x  1

At x  3 f(3)0
lim f ( x )  lim 0  0  f ( 3 )
x  3 x3

Hence the function is continuous at x  3

EX-14- What value should be assigned to a to make the function :

 x 2  1 x  3 
f(x)   continuous at x = 3 ?
 2 ax x  3 
Sol. –
4
lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  lim ( x 2  1 )  lim 2 ax  8  6 a  a 
x3 x3 x3 x3 3

١٠
 Problems – 1

1. The steel in railroad track expands when heated . For the track
temperature encountered in normal outdoor use , the length S of a piece
of track is related to its temperature t by a linear equation . An
experiment with a piece of track gave the following measurements :
t 1  65 o F , S 1  35 ft
t 2  135 o F , S 2  35.16 ft
Write a linear equation for the relation between S and t .
(ans.: S=0.0023t+34.85)

2. Three of the following four points lie on a circle center the origin . Which
are they , and what is the radius of the circle ?
A(-1.7) , B(5,-5) , C(-7,5) and D(7,-1). (ans.: A,B,D;√50)

3. A and B are the points (3,4) and (7,1) respectively . Use Pythagoras
theorem to prove that OA is perpendicular to AB . Calculate the slopes of
OA and AB , and find their product . (ans.: 4/3, -3/4;-1)

4. P(-2,-4) , Q(-5,-2) , R(2,1) and S are the vertices of a parallelogram . Find

the coordinates of M , the point of intersection of the diagonals and of S.
(ans.: M(0,-3/2) , S(5,-1))
5. Calculate the area of the triangle formed by the line 3x-7y+4 =0 , and the
axes . (ans.: 8/21)

6. Find the equation of the straight line through P(7,5) perpendicular to the
straight line AB whose equation is 3x + 4y -16 = 0 . Calculate the length of
the perpendicular from P and AB. (ans.: 3y-4x+13=0;5)

7. L(-1,0) , M(3,7) and N(5,-2) are the mid-points of the sides BC , CA and AB
respectively of the triangle ABC. Find the equation of AB. (ans.:4y=7x-43)

8. The straight line x – y – 6 = 0 cuts the curve y2 = 8x at P and Q . Calculate

the length of PQ . (ans.:16√2)

9. A line is drawn through the point (2,3) making an angle of 45o with the
positive direction of the x-axis and it meets the line x = 6 at P . Find the
distance of P from the origin O , and the equation of the line through P
perpendicular to OP. (ans.: √85,7y+6x-85=0)

10. The vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD are A(4,0) , B(14,11) , C(0,6) and
D(-10,-5) . Prove that the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other at right
angles , and that the length of BD is four times that of AC .

١١
11. The coordinates of the vertices A, B and C of the triangle ABC are (-3,7)
, (2,19) and (10,7) respectively :
a) Prove that the triangle is isosceles.
b) Calculate the length of the perpendicular from B to AC , and use it to
find the area of the triangle . (ans.:12,78)

12. Find the equations of the lines which pass through the point of
intersection of the lines x - 3y = 4 and 3x + y = 2 and are respectively
parallel and perpendicular to the line 3x + 4y = 0 .
(ans.:4y+3x+1=0;3y-4x+7=0)

13. Through the point A(1,5) is drawn a line parallel to the x-axis to meet at B
the line PQ whose equation is 3y = 2x - 5 . Find the length of AB and the
sine of the angle between PQ and AB ; hence show that the length of the
perpendicular from A to PQ is 18/√13 . Calculate the area of the triangle
formed by PQ and the axes . (ans.:9,2/√13,25/12)

x2  2
14. Let y  2 , express x in terms of y and find the values of y for
x 1
y2
which x is real . (ans.: x   ; y  2 or y  1 )
y1

15. Find the domain and range of each function :

1 1 1
a) y , b ) y  , c ) y 
1  x2 1 x 3 x
( ans . : a )x ,0  y  1 ; b ) x  0 , y  0 ; c ) x  3 , y  0 )

16. Find the points of intersection of x2 = 4y and y = 4x . (ans.:(0,0),(16,64))

17. Find the coordinates of the points at which the curves cut the axes :
a ) y  x 3  9 x 2 , b ) y  ( x 2  1 )( x 2  9 ) , c ) y  ( x  1 )( x  5 )2
(ans.:a)(0,0);(0,0),(9,0);b)(0,9);(1,0),(-1,0),(3,0),(-3,0);c)(0,25);(-1,0),(5,0))

18. Let f(x) = ax + b and g(x) = cx + d . What condition must be satisfied by

the constants a , b , c and d to make f(g(x)) and g(f(x)) identical ?
(ans.:ad+b=bc+d)
19. A particle moves in the plane from (-2,5) to the y-axis in such away that
∆y = 3*∆x . Find its new coordinates . (ans.:(0,11),(0,-1))

20. If f(x) = 1/x and g(x)=1/√x , what are the domain of f , g , f+g , f-g , f.g ,
f/g , g/f , fog and gof ? What is the domain of h(x) = g(x+4) ?
( ans . : x  0 ,x  0 ,x  0 ,x  0 ,x  0 ,x  0 ,x  0 ,x  0 ,x  0 ; x  4 )

١٢
21. Discuss the continuity of :
 1 
 x  for x0 
x
  x3 for 0  x  1

f( x ) 
1 for 1  x  2 
 
 1 for x2 
 0 x  2 
 for
(ans.: discontinuous at x=0,2 ; continuous at x=1)

22. Evaluate the following limits :

x  Sinx 1  Sinx
a ) lim b ) lim
x 2 x  5 x  x
x x .Sinx
c ) lim d ) lim
x  0 tan 3 x x   ( x  Sinx ) 2

1 x x  1  2x
e ) lim f ) lim
x 1 1  x x1 x2  x
g ) lim ( n 2  1  n )
n
(ans.:a)1/2, b)0, c)1/3, d)0, e)1/2, f)-1/2√2, g)0)

 f(x) 
 for x  3 
23. Suppose that : f(x) = x – 3x -4x +12 and h( x )   x  3
3 2
 .
 k for x  3 
Find : a) all zeros of f .
b) the value of k that makes h continuous at x=3 .
( ans . : a ) x  2 ,3 ; b )k  5 )

١٣
 Chapter two
Functions
2-1- Exponential and Logarithm functions :
Exponential functions : If a is a positive number and x is any number ,
we define the exponential function as :
y = ax with domain : -∞ < x < ∞
Range : y > 0

The properties of the exponential functions are :

1. If a > 0 ↔ ax > 0 .
2. ax . ay = ax + y .
3. ax / ay = ax - y .
4. ( ax )y = ax.y .
5. ( a . b )x = ax . bx .
x
6. a y  a x  ( a ) x .
y y

7. a-x = 1 / ax and ax = 1 / a-x .

8. ax = ay ↔ x = y .
9. a0 = 1 ,
a∞ = ∞ , a-∞ = 0 , where a > 1 .
a∞ = 0 , a-∞ = ∞ , where a < 1 .
The graph of the exponential function y = ax is :

Logarithm function : If a is any positive number other than 1 , then

the logarithm of x to the base a denoted by :
y = logax where x > 0
At a = e = 2.7182828… , we get the natural logarithm and denoted by :
y = ln x
Let x , y > 0 then the properties of logarithm functions are :
1. y = ax ↔ x = logay and y = ex ↔ x = ln y .
2. logex = ln x .
3. logax = ln x / ln a .

١
 4. ln (x.y) = ln x + ln y .
5. ln ( x / y ) = ln x – ln y .
6. ln xn = n. ln x .
7. ln e = logaa = 1 and ln 1 = loga1 = 0 .
8. ax = ex. ln a .
9. eln x = x .
The graph of the function y = ln x is :
y2
1.5
1
0.5
0 X
e
-0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5

-1
-1.5
-2

Application of exponential and logarithm functions :

We take Newton's law of cooling :
T – TS = ( T0 – TS ) et k
where T is the temperature of the object at time t .
TS is the surrounding temperature .
T0 is the initial temperature of the object .
k is a constant .

EX-1- The temperature of an ingot of metal is 80 oC and the room

temperature is 20 oC . After twenty minutes, it was 70 oC .
a) What is the temperature will the metal be after 30 minutes?
b) What is the temperature will the metal be after two hours?
c) When will the metal be 30 oC?
Sol. :
ln 5  ln 6
T  T S  ( T0  T S )e tk  50  60 e 20 k  k    0 .0091
20

a) T  20  60 e 30 ( 0.0091 )  60 * 0.761  45 .6 o C  T  65.6 o C

b) T  TS  60 e 120 ( 0.0091 )  60 * 0.335  20.1 o C  T  40 .1 o C

c) 10  60 e 0.0091 t  0.0091 t   ln 6  t  3.3 hrs .

٢
2-2- Trigonometric functions : When an angle of measure θ is placed in
standard position at the center of a circle of radius r , the trigonometric
functions of θ are defined by the equations :
y 1 x 1 y 1 Sin
Sin   , Cos   , tan    
r csc  r sec  x Cot Cos

r
y
θ
o x

The following are some properties of these functions :

1) Sin 2  Cos 2  1
2 ) 1  tan 2   sec 2  and 1  Cot 2  csc 2 
3 ) Sin(    )  Sin .Cos  Cos .Sin
4 ) Cos(    )  Cos .Cos  Sin .Sin
tan   tan 
5 ) tan(    ) 
1  tan  . tan 
6 ) Sin 2  2 Sin .Cos and Cos 2  Cos 2   Sin 2
1  Cos 2 1  Cos 2
7 ) Cos 2  and Sin 2 
2 2
 
8 ) Sin(   )  Cos and Cos(   )   Sin
2 2
9) Sin(  )   Sin and Cos(  )  Cos and tan(  )   tan 
1
10 ) Sin .Sin  [ Cos(    )  Cos(    )]
2
1
Cos .Cos  [ Cos(    )  Cos(    )]
2
1
Sin .Cos  [ Sin(    )  Sin(    )]
2

٣
   
11 ) Sin  Sin  2 Sin .Cos
2 2
  
Sin  Sin  2Cos .Sin
2 2
  
12 ) Cos  Cos  2Cos .Cos
2 2
  
Cos  Cos  2 Sin .Sin
2 2

θ 0 Π/6 Π/4 Π/3 Π/2 Π

Sinθ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1 0
Cosθ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0 -1
tanθ 0 1/√2 1 √3 ∞ 0

Graphs of the trigonometric functions are :

1.5

0.5

-2Л -Л
0 Л 2Л

-0.5

-1

-1.5

y  Sinx D x : x
R y : 1  y  1

٤
 1.5

0.5

0
-2Л -Л Л 2Л
-0.5

-1

-1.5

y  Cosx D x : x
R y : 1  y  1

-2π -π 0 π 2π

2n  1
y  tan x D x : x  
2
R y : y

٥
-2π -π 0 π 2π

y  Cotx D x : x  n 
R y : y

-2π -π 0 π 2π

-1

2n  1
y  Secx D x : x  
2
R y : y  1 or y  1

٦
 1

-2π -π 0 π 2π

-1

y  csc x D x : x  n 
R y : y  1 or y  1

Where n  0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,......

EX-2 - Solve the following equations , for values of θ from 0o to 360o

inclusive .
a) tan θ = 2 Sin θ b) 1 + Cos θ = 2 Sin2 θ
Sol.-
Sin
a ) tan  2 Sin   2 Sin
Cos
 Sin ( 1  2Cos )  0
either Sin  0    0 o ,180 o ,360 o
1
or Cos     60 o ,300 o
2

Therefore the required values of θ are 0o,60o,180o,300o,360o .

b ) 1  Cos  2.Sin 2   1  Cos  2( 1  Cos 2 )

 ( 2Cos  1 )( Cos  1 )  0
1
either Cos     60 o ,300 o
2
or Cos  1    180 o
There the roots of the equation between 0o and 360o are 60o,180o
and 300o .

٧
EX-3- If tan θ = 7/24, find without using tables the values of Secθ and Sinθ.
Sol.-
y 7
tan     r  7 2  24 2  25
x 24 ٧
r 25 y 7
Sec   and Sin   
x 24 r 25
٢٤
EX-4- Prove the following identities :
a ) Csc  tan  .Sec  Csc .Sec 2
b ) Cos 4   Sin 4   Cos 2  Sin 2
Sec  Csc tan   Cot
c) 
tan   Cot Sec  Csc
Sol.-
1 Sin 1
a) L .H .S .  Csc  tan  .Sec   .
Sin Cos Cos
Cos 2  Sin 2 1 1
  .  Csc .Sec 2  R .H .S .
Sin .Cos 
2
Sin Cos  2

b ) L .H .S .  Cos   Sin   ( Cos 2  Sin 2 ).( Cos 2  Sin 2 )

4 4

 Cos 2  Sin 2  R .H .S .
1 1
 
Sec  Csc Cos Sin 1
c) L .H .S .   
tan   Cot Sin Cos Sin  Cos

Cos Sin
1
Sin   Cos  Sin .Cos tan   Cot
2 2
 .   R .H .S .
Sin  Cos 1 Sec  Csc
Sin .Cos

1
EX-5- Simplify when x  a .Csc .
x a
2 2

1 1 1 1
Sol.-    tan  .
x2  a2 a 2 Csc 2   a 2 a Cot 2 a

EX-6- Eliminate θ from the equations :

i) x = a Sinθ and y = b tanθ
ii) x = 2 Secθ and y = Cos2θ
Sol.-

٨
 x a
i) x  a .Sin  Sin   Csc 
a x
y b
y  b tan   tan    Cot 
b y
2 2
a b
Since Csc 2  Cot 2  1  2  2  1
x y

x
x2  4
2
ii ) x  2 Sec   Cos  
x
2
y  Cos 2  y  Cos 2   Sin 2 
4 x2  4
y 2  2
 x2 y  8  x2
x x
EX-7- If tan2θ – 2 tan2β = 1 , show that 2 Cos2θ – Cos2β = 0 .
Sol. –
tan 2   2 tan 2   1  Sec 2   1  2( Sec 2   1 )  1
1 2
 Sec 2  2 Sec 2   0   0
Cos  Cos 2 
2

 2Cos 2  Cos 2   0 Q .E .D .

EX-8- If a Sinθ = p – b Cosθ and b Sinθ = q + a Cosθ .Show that :

a2 +b2 = p2 +q2
Sol.-
p  a .Sin  b .Cos and q  b .Sin  a .Cos
p 2  q 2  ( aSin  bCos ) 2  ( bSin  aCos ) 2
 a 2 ( Sin 2  Cos 2  )  b 2 ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  a 2  b 2

EX-9- If Sin A = 4 / 5 and Cos B = 12 / 13 ,where A is obtuse and B is

acute . Find , without tables , the values of :
a) Sin ( A – B ) , b) tan ( A – B ) , c) tan ( A + B ) .
Sol. -

5 13
5
4 A
B
-3 12

٩
 a ) Sin ( A  B )  SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB
4 12 3 5 63
 .  . 
5 13 5 13 65
tan A  tan B
b) tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A .tan B
4 5
 
63
 3 12  
4 5 16
1 .
3 12
tan A  tan B
c) tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A .tan B
4 5
 
33
 3 12 
4 5 56
1 .
3 12

EX-10 – Prove the following identities:

a) Sin ( A  B )  Sin ( A  B )  2.SinA .CosB

Sin ( A  B )
b) tan A  tan B 
CosA .CosB
SecA .SecB .CscA .CscB
c) Sec ( A  B ) 
CscA .CscB  SecA .SecB
Sin 2  Cos 2  1
d)  Cot 
Sin 2  Cos 2  1

١٠
 Sol.-
a ) L .H .S .  Sin ( A  B )  Sin ( A  B )
 SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB  SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB
 2 .SinA .CosB  R .H .S .
Sin ( A  B ) SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB
b) R .H .S .  
CosA .CosB CosA .CosB
 tan A  tan B  L .H .S .
1 1 1 1
. . .
SecA .SecB .CscA .CscB
c) R .H .S   CosA CosB SinA SinB
CscA .CscB  SecA .SecB 1 1 1 1
.  .
SinA SinB CosA CosB
1 1
 
CosA .CosB  SinA .SinB Cos ( A  B )
 Sec ( A  B )  L .H .S .
Sin 2  Cos 2  1 2 Sin  .Cos   ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  1
d) L .H .S .  
Sin 2  Cos 2  1 2 Sin  .Cos   ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  1
2 Sin  .Cos   2 Cos 2 Cos 
   Cot   R .H .S .
2 Sin  .Cos   2 Sin 
2
Sin 

EX-11 – Find , without using tables , the values of Sin 2θ and Cos 2θ, when:
a) Sinθ = 3 / 5 , b) Cos θ = 12/13 , c) Sin θ = -√3 / 2 .
Sol. –
a)

٥ 3 5
3
θ θ
٤ -4

3 4 24
Sin 2  2.Sin .Cos  2. .(  )  
5 5 25
4 3 7
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2  (  ) 2  ( ) 2 
5 5 25

١١
 b)

١٣
5
θ

θ
١٢
-5
١٣

5 12 120
Sin 2  2.Sin .Cos  2(  ).( )  
13 13 169
12 5 2 119
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2   ( ) 2  (  ) 
13 13 169

c)

-١ 1
θ θ
-√3
-√3
2 2

3 1 3
Sin 2  2 Sin .Cos  2(  ).(  )  
2 2 2
1 3 2 1
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2   (  ) 2  (  ) 
2 2 2

EX-12- Solve the following equations for values of θ from 0o to 360o

inclusive:
a) Cos 2θ + Cos θ + 1 = 0 , b) 4 tan θ . tan 2θ = 1

Sol.-

١٢
 a ) Cos 2  Cos  1  0  2Cos 2  1  Cos  1  0
 Cos( 2.Cos  1 )  0
either Cos  0    90 o ,270 o
1
or Cos      120 o ,240 o
2
  90 ,120 ,240 ,270 o 
o o o

2 tan 
b) 4. tan  . tan 2  1  4. tan  . 1
1  tan 2 
 9 tan 2   1
1
either tan      18.4 o ,198.4 o
3
1
or tan       161.6 o ,341.6 o
3
  18.4 ,161.6 ,198.4 o ,341.6 o 
o o

2-3- The inverse trigonometric functions : The inverse trigonometric

functions arise in problems that require finding angles from side
measurements in triangles :

y  Sinx  x  Sin 1 y

-1 1

200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-
-200

y  Sin 1 x D x : 1  x  1
R y : 90  y  90

١٣
-1 1


-

y  Cos 1 x D x : 1  x  1
R y : 0  y  180

-π

y  tan 1 x D x : x
R y : 90  y  90

١٤
 2π

-π

y  Cot 1 x D x : x
Ry : 0  y  

-1 1

-

y  Sec 1 x Dx :  x  1

Ry : 0  y   , y 
2

١٥
 2π

-1 0 1

-π

-2π

y  Csc 1 x
Dx :  x  1
 
Ry :   y  , y  0
2 2
The following are some properties of the inverse trigonometric
functions :
1. Sin 1 (  x )   Sin 1 x
2. Cos  1 (  x )    Cos  1 x

3. Sin  1 x  Cos  1 x 
2
1 1
4. tan (  x )   tan x

5. Cot  1 x   tan  1 x
2
1
6. Sec  1 x  Cos  1
x
1
7. Csc  1 x  Sin  1
x
8. Sec (  x )    Sec  1 x
1

1
and noted that ( Sinx )  1   Cscx  Sin  1 x
Sinx
١٦
 3
EX-13- Given that   Sin  1 , find :
2
Csc , Cos , Sec , tan  , and , Cot

Sol.-

٢
3

١
3 3 x
  Sin  1  Sin   r 431
2 2 y
2 1 1
Csc  , Cos  , Sec  2 , tan   3 , Cot 
3 2 3

EX-14 – Evaluate the following expressions :

1 
a ) Sec ( Cos  1 ) b ) Sin  1 1  Sin  1 ( 1 ) c ) Cos  1 (  Sin )
2 6

Sol.-
1 
a ) Sec( Cos  1 )  Sec  2
2 3
 
b ) Sin  1 1  Sin  1 ( 1 )   (  )  
2 2
 1 2
c ) Cos  1 (  Sin )  Cos  1 (  )  
6 2 3

EX-15- Prove that :

1
a ) Sec  1 x  Cos  1 b ) Sin  1 (  x )   Sin  1 x
x
Sol.
1
a) Let y  Sec  1 x  x  Secy  x 
Cosy
1 1
 y  Cos  1  Sec  1 x  Cos  1
x x
b ) Let y   Sin  1 x  x  Sin(  y )  x   Siny
 y  Sin  1 (  x )  Sin  1 (  x )   Sin  1 x

١٧
2-4- Hyperbolic functions : Hyperbolic functions are used to describe
the motions of waves in elastic solids ; the shapes of electric power lines
; temperature distributions in metal fins that cool pipes …etc.
The hyperbolic sine (Sinh) and hyperbolic cosine (Cosh) are defined
by the following equations :
1 u 1
1. Sinhu  ( e  e  u ) and Coshu  ( e u  e  u )
2 2
Sinhu e u  e  u Coshu e u  e  u
2. tanh u   and Cothu  
Coshu e u  e u Sinhu e u  e  u
1 2 1 2
3. Sechu   u u
and Cschu   u
Coshu e  e Sinhu e  e u
4. Cosh u  Sinh u  1
2 2

5. tanh 2 u  Sech 2 u  1 and Coth 2 u  Csch 2 u  1

6. Coshu  Sinhu  e u and Coshu  Sinhu  e  u
7. Cosh(  u )  Coshu and Sinh(  u )   Sinhu
8. Cosh0  1 and Sinh0  0
9. Sinh( x  y )  Sinhx .Coshy  Coshx .Sinhy
10. Cosh( x  y )  Coshx .Coshy  Sinhx .Sinhy
11 .Sinh 2 x  2.Sinhx .Coshx
12. Cosh 2 x  Cosh 2 x  Sinh 2 x
Cosh 2 x  1 Cosh 2 x  1
13. Cosh 2 x  and Sinh 2 x 
2 2

y=Sinhx

y=Cschx

y=Cschx 0

١٨
 y
y=Coshx

1
1

0 y=Sechx
0

0
0

y=Cothx
1
y=tanhx

-1
y=Cothx

y  Sinhx D x : x and R y : y
y  Coshx D x : x and Ry : y  1
y  tanh x D x : x and R y : 1  y  1
y  Cothx D x : x  0 and R y : y  1 or y  1
y  Sechx D x : x and Ry : 0  y  1
y  Cschx D x : x  0 and R y : y  0

EX-16- Let tanh u = - 7 / 25 , determine the values of the remaining five

hyperbolic functions .

Sol.-

١٩
 1 25
Cothu  
tanh u 7
49 24
tanh 2 u  Sech 2 u  1   Sech 2 u  1  Sechu 
625 25
1 25
Coshu  
Sechu 24
Sinhu 7 Sinhu 7
tanh u     Sinhu  
Coshu 25 25 24
24
1 24
Cschu  
Sinhu 7

EX-17- Rewrite the following expressions in terms of exponentials .

Write the final result as simply as you can :
a ) 2Cosh(ln x ) b ) tanh(ln x )
c ) Cosh5 x  Sinh5 x d ) ( Sinhx  Coshx )4
Sol.-
e ln x  e  ln x 1
a ) 2Cosh(ln x )  2.  x
2 x
1
x
e ln x  e  ln x x  x 1
2
b ) tanh(ln x )  ln x 
e  e  ln x 1 x2  1
x
x
5 x
e e
5x
e 5 x  e 5 x
c ) Cosh5 x  Sinh5 x    e5x
2 2
4
e ex x
e  ex 
x
d ) ( Sinhx  Coshx )   4
   e 4 x
 2 2 

EX-18- Solve the equation for x : Cosh x = Sinh x + 1 / 2 .

1 1
Sol. - Coshx  Sinhx   e  x    x  ln 1  ln 2  x  ln 2
2 2

EX-19 – Verify the following identity :

a) Sinh(u+v)=Sinh u. Cosh v + Cosh u.Sinh v
b) then verify Sinh(u-v)=Sinh u. Cosh v - Cosh u.Sinh v

Sol.-

٢٠
 a ) R .H .S .  Sinhu .Coshv  Coshu .Sinhv
e u  e u e v  e v e u  e u e v  e v
 . 
2 2 2 2
u v ( u v )
e e
  Sinh( u  v )  L .H .S .
2
b ) L .H .S .  Sinh( u  (  v ))  Sinhu .Cosh(  v )  Coshu .Sinh(  v )
 Sinhu .Coshv  Coshu .Sinhv  R .H .S .

EX-20 – Verify the following identities :

Sinhu .Coshv  Sinh( u  v )  Sinh( u  v )
1
a)
2
b ) Coshu .Coshv  Cosh( u  v )  Cosh( u  v )
1
2
c ) Sinh 3 u  Sinh u  3Cosh 2 u .Sinhu  3 Sinhu  4 Sinh 3 u
3

d ) Sinh 2 u  Sinh 2 v  Cosh 2 u  Cosh 2 v

Sol. –
 Sinh( u  v )  Sinh( u  v )
1
a ) R .H .S .
2
 Sinhu .Coshv  Coshu .Sinhv  Sinhu .Coshv  Coshu .Sinhv 
1
2
 Sinhu .Coshv  L .H .S .
 Cosh( u  v )  Cosh( u  v )
1
b ) R .H .S .
2
 Coshu .Coshv  Sinhu .Sinhv  Coshu .Coshv  Sinhu .Sinhv 
1
2
 Coshu .Coshv  L .H .S .
c ) L .H .S .  Sinh( 2 u  u )  Sinh 2 u .Coshu  Cosh2 u .Sinhu
 2 Sinhu .Coshu .Coshu  ( Cosh 2 u  Sinh 2 u ).Sinhu
 3 Sinhu .Cosh 2 u  Sinh 3 u  R .H .S .( I )
 3 Sinhu .( 1  Sinh 2 u )  Sinh 3 u  3 Sinhu  4 Sinh 3 u  R .H .S .( II )
d ) L .H .S .  Sinh 2 u  Sinh 2 v  Cosh 2 u  1  ( Cosh 2 v  1 )
 Cosh 2 u  Cosh 2 v  R .H .S .

2-5- Inverse hyperbolic functions : All hyperbolic functions have

inverses that are useful in integration and interesting as differentiable
functions in their own right .

٢١
 0 1

y  Sinh 1 x D x : x y  Cosh 1 x D x : x  1
R y : y R y : y  0

-1 ١
-١ ١

y  tanh1 x Dx : 1  x  1 y  Coth1 x Dx : x  1 or x  1
R y : y Ry : y  0

y  Sech 1 x Dx : 0  x  1 y  Csch1 x Dx : x  0
R y : y  0 R y : y  0

٢٢
Some useful identities :
1. Sinh 1 x  ln( x  x 2  1 )
2. Cosh 1 x  ln( x  x 2  1 )
1 1 x
3. tanh 1 x  . ln 
2  1 x 
1  x  1 1 1
4. Coth 1 x  . ln   tanh
2  x  1 x
1 1 x  2
5. Sech1 x  ln   Cosh 1 1
 x  x
 
1 x 2  1  1
6. Csch x  ln 
1
 Sinh 1
x x  x
 

EX-21 - Derive the formula :

Sinh  1 x  ln( x  x 2  1 )
Sol.-
1 e y  e y e2y  1
Let y  Sinh x  x  Sinhy   x
2 2e y
 e 2 y  2 x .e y  1  0
2x  4 x2  4
e 
y
 e y  x  x2  1
2
either y  ln( x  x  1 ) neglected sin ce x  x 2  1  0
2

or y  ln( x  x2  1 )

٢٣
 Problems – 2

1. A body of unknown temperature was placed in a room that was held at

30o F . After 10 minutes , the body's temperature was 0oF , and 20
minutes after the body was placed in the room the body's temperature
15oF . Use Newton's law of cooling to estimate the body's initial
temperature . (ans.:-30oF)

2. A pan of warm water 46oC was put in a refrigerator . Ten minutes later ,
the water's temperature was 39oC , 10 minutes after that , it was 33oC .
Use Newton's law of cooling to estimate how cold the refrigerator was ?
(ans.:-3oC)

3. Solve the following equations for values of θ from -180o to 180o inclusive:
i) tan2θ + tan θ = 0 ii) Cot θ= 5 Cos θ
iii) 3 Cos θ + 2 Sec θ + 7 = 0 iv) Cos2θ + Sin θ + 1 = 0
(ans.:i)-180,-45,0,135,180; ii)-90,11.5,90,168.5; iii)-109.5,109.5; iv)-90)

4. Solve the following equations for values of θ from 0o to 360o inclusive:

i) 3 Cos 2θ – Sin θ + 2 = 0 ii) 3 tan θ = tan 2θ
2
iii) Sin 2θ. Cos θ + Sin θ = 1 iv) 3 Cot 2θ + Cot θ = 1
(ans.:i)56.4,123.6,270; ii)0,30,150,180,210,330,360; iii)30,90,150,270;
iv)45,121,225,301)

5. If Sin θ = 3/ 5 , find without using tables the values of :

i) Cos θ ii) tan θ (ans.: i) 4/5 ; ii) 3/4 )

6. Find, without using tables, the values of Cos x and Sin x , when Cos 2x is :
a) 1/8 , b) 7/25 , c) -119/169
3 7 4 3 5 12
( ans . : a )  , ; b )  , ; c )  , )
4 4 5 5 13 13

7. If Sin A = 3/5 and Sin B = 5/13 , where A and B are acute angles , find
without using tables , the values of :
a) Sin(A+B) , b) Cos(A+B) , c) Cot(A+B) (ans.: 56/65; 33/65; 33/56)

8. If tan A = -1/7 and tan B = 3/4 , where A is obtuse and B is acute , find
without using tables the value of A – B . (ans.: 135 )

9.Prove the following identities :

٢٤
 i) Sec 2  Csc 2  Sec 2 .Csc 2
ii ) Sin 2 ( 1  Sec 2 )  Sec 2  Cos 2
1  Sin
iii )  ( Sec  tan )2
1  Sin
tan 2   Cos 2
iv ) Sec  Sin 
Sec  Sin
Cos( A  B )  Cos( A  B )
v)  tan B
Sin( A  B )  Sin( A  B )
vi ) CosB  CosA .Cos( A  B )  SinA .Sin( A  B )
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A .tan B .tan C
vii ) tan( A  B  C ) 
1  tan B .tan C  tan C .tan A  tan A .tan B
If A , B ,C are angles of a triangle , show that :
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A .tan B .tan C
tan x .Sin 2 h
viii )
1
tan( x  h )  tan( x  h )  tan x  2
2 Cos x  Sin 2 h
1  Cos 2 x
ix ) tan x 
1  Cos 2 x
Sin 4 A  Sin 2 A
x)  tan 2 A
Cos 4 A  Cos 2 A  1
1
xi ) Sin 4  Cos 4  ( Cos 4  3 )
4
xii ) 4 Sin 3 A .Cos 3 A  4 Cos 3 A .Sin 3 A  3 Sin 4 A
3 tan A  tan 3 A
xiii ) tan 3 A 
1  3 tan 2 A
xiv ) Cos 1 (  x )    Cos 1 x

xv ) Cot 1 x   tan  1 x
2
xvi ) Cosh( u  v )  Coshu .Coshv  Sinhu .Sinhv
and then verify
Cosh( u  v )  Coshu .Coshv  Sinhu .Sinhv
Coshu .Sinhv  Sinh( u  v )  Sinh( u  v )
1
xvii )
2
Sinhu .Sinhv  Cosh( u  v )  Cosh( u  v )
1
xviii )
2
xix ) Cosh 3 u  Coshu  4 Sinh 2 u .Coshu  4 Cosh 3 u  3Coshu
xx ) ( Coshx  Sinhx )n  Coshnx  Sinhnx

1  Sin 1 1  Sin
10. If u  , prove that  and deduce formula for Sinθ ,
Cos u Cos
Cosθ , tanθ in terms of u. (ans.:(u2-1)/(u2+1); 2u/(u2+1);(u2-1)/(u2+1))

٢٥
 2  tan
11. If Sin( x   )  2Cos( x   ) ; prove that : tan x  .
1  2 tan

12. If Sin( x   )  Cos( x   ) ; prove that : tan x  1 .

13. If x  Cos  Cos 2 and y  Sin  Sin 2 . Show that :

i ) x 2  y 2  Cos 2  2Cos 3  Cos 4
ii ) 2 xy  Sin 2  2 Sin 3  Sin 4

14. If Cos 2 A .Cos 2 B  Cos 2 , prove that :

Sin 2 A .Cos 2 B  Cos 2 A .Sin 2 B  Sin 2

15. If S = Sin θ and C = Cos θ , simplify :

S .C S. 1  S2 C S
i) , ii ) , iii ) 
1 S 2
C. 1  C 2 S C
(ans.:i) Sinθ; ii)1; iii) Secθ.Cscθ)

16. Eliminate θ from the following equations :

i) x  a .Csc and y  b .Sec
ii ) x  Sin  Cos and y  Sin  Cos
iii ) x  Sin  tan and y  Sin  tan 
iv ) x  tan and y  tan 2
2 2
a b 2 2 4 4 2x
(ans. : i ) 2
 2
 1; ii)x  y  2; iii) 2
 2
 1; iv)y  2
)
x y ( x  y) ( x  y) 1 x

17. In the acute – angled triangle OPQ , the altitude OR makes angles A and
B with OP and OQ . Show by means of areas that if OP=q , OQ=p ,
OR=r : p.q.Sin(A+B) = q.r.SinA + p.r. SinB.

1
18. Given that   Sin 1 , find Cosα , tanα , Secα , and Cscα.
2
3 1 2
( ans . : ; ; ;2 )
2 3 3

19. Evaluate the following expressions :

٢٦
 1
a ) Sin( Cos 1 ) b ) Csc ( Sec  1 2 )
2
c ) Cot ( Cos  1 0 ) d ) Sin  1 1  Sin  1 ( 1 )

e ) Cos( Sin 1 0.8 ) f ) Cos  1 (  Sin )
6
( ans . : 1 / 2 ;2 / 3 ;0 ; ;0.6 ;2 / 3 )

20. Find the angle α in the below graph ( Hint : α+β = 65o ) :

65o
β
٢١
٥٠

(ans.: 42.2)

21. Let Sech u = 3/5 , determine the values of the remaining five hyperbolic
functions .
( ans . : Coshu  5 / 3 ; Sinhu  4 / 3 ; tanh u  4 / 5 ; Cothu  5 / 4 ; Cschu  3 / 4 )

22. Rewrite the following expressions in terms of exponentials , write the

final result as simply as you can :
1
a ) Sinh( 2.ln x ) b)
Coshx  Sinhx
c ) Cosh3 x  Sinh 3 x d ) ln( Coshx  Sinhx )  ln( Coshx  Sinhx )
(ans.:(x4-1)/(2x2); ex ; e--3x ; 0 )

23. Solve the equation for x ; tanh x = 3/5 . (ans.: ln 2 )

24. Show that the distance r from the origin O to the point P(Coshu,Sinhu)
on the hyperbola x2 – y2 = 1 is r  Cosh2 u .

 
25. If θ lies in the interval     and Sinh x = tan θ . Show that :
2 2
Cosh x = Sec θ , tanh x =Sin θ , Coth x = Csc θ , Csch x = Cot θ , and
Sech x = Cos θ .
1 1 x
26. Derive the formula : tanh  1 x  ln ; x 1
2 1 x
27. Find : lim Cosh 1 x  ln x  . (ans.: ln 2 )
x

٢٧
 Chapter three
Derivatives

Let y = f ( x ) be a function of x . If the limit :

dy f ( x  x )  f ( x ) y
 f ' ( x )  lim  lim
dx x  0 x x  o  x

exists and is finite , we call this limit the derivative of f at x and say
that f is differentiable at x .

1
EX-1 – Find the derivative of the function : f ( x ) 
2x  3
Sol.:
1 1

f ( x  x )  f ( x ) 2( x  x )  3 2x  3
f ' ( x )  lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x
2 x  3  2( x  x )  3 2 x  3  2( x  x )  3
 lim .
x 0 x . 2( x  x )  3 2 x  3 2 x  3  2( x  x )  3
( 2 x  3 )  ( 2( x  x )  3 )
 lim
x 0 x . 2( x  x )  3 2 x  3 ( 2 x  3  2( x  x )  3 )
2 1
 
( 2 x  3 )( 2 x  3  2 x  3 ) ( 2 x  3 )3

Rules of derivatives : Let c and n are constants, u , v and w are

differentiable functions of x :
1. d c0
dx
2. d u n  nu n1 du  d  1    1 du
dx dx dx  u  u 2 dx
3. d cu  c du
dx dx
4. d ( u  v )  du  dv ; d ( u  v  w )  du  dv  dw
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
5. d ( u .v )  u . dv  v du
dx dx dx

1
 and d ( u .v .w )  u .v dw  u .w dv  v .w du
dx dx dx dx
v du  u dv
6. d  u   dx dx where v  0
dx  v  v 2

dy
EX-2- Find for the following functions :
dx
a ) y  ( x 2  1 )5 b ) y  ( 5  x )( 4  2 x )
2

12 4 3
c ) y  ( 2 x 3  3 x 2  6 x ) 5 d) y  3 4
x x x
( x 2  x )( x 2  x  1 ) x2  1
e) y f ) y 2
x3 x  x2
Sol.-
dy
a)  5 ( x 2  1 )4 .2 x  10 x ( x 2  1 )4
dx
b ) dy
 2( 5  x )( 4  2 x ) 2( 5  x )  ( 4  2 x )
dx
 8( 5  x )( 2  x )( 2 x  7 )
dy
c)   5 ( 2 x 3  3 x 2  6 x ) 6 ( 6 x 2  6 x  6 )
dx
 30 ( 2 x 3  3 x 2  6 x )6 ( x 2  x  1 )
dy
d) y  12 x  1  4 x  3  3 x  4   12 x  2  12 x  4  12 x  5
dx
dy
   122  124  125
dx x x x
( x  1 )( x 2  x  1 )
e) y 
x3


 
dy x 3 ( x 2  x  1 )  ( x  1 )( 2 x  1 )  3 x 2 ( x  1 )( x 2  x  1 ) 3
 4
6
dx x x

dy 2 x( x 2  x  2 )  ( x 2  1 )( 2 x  1 ) x2  2x  1
f)  
dx ( x 2  x  2 )2 ( x 2  x  2 )2

2
The Chain Rule:

1. Suppose that h = go f is the composite of the differentiable

functions y = g( t ) and x = f( t ) , then h is a differentiable
functions of x whose derivative at each value of x is :
dy dy dx
 
dx dt dt

2. If y is a differentiable function of t and t is differentiable

function of x , then y is a differentiable function of x :
dy dy dt
y  g( t ) and t  f ( x )   *
dx dt dx
EX-3 – Use the chain rule to express dy / dx in terms of x and y :

t2
a) y and t 2x  1
t2  1
1
b) y 2 and x 4t  1
t 1
 t 1
2
1
c) y  and x 1 at t2
 t  1 t2
1 1
d) y  1 and t at x2
t 1 x
Sol.-

t2 dy 2t( t 2  1 )  2t .t 2 2t
a) y  2    2
t  1 dt ( t  1)
2 2
( t  1 )2
1 1
dt 1  1
t  ( 2 x  1 )   .( 2 x  1 ) .2 
2 2
dx 2 2x  1
dy dy dt 2t 1 2 2x  1 1 1
 .  2 .  . 
dx dt dx ( t  1 )2 2 x  1 (( 2 x  1 )  1 )2 2 x  1 2( x  1 )2

3
 dy 2t
b) y  ( t 2  1 )1    2 t ( t 2  1 ) 2   2
dx ( t  1 )2
1 1
dx 1  2
x  ( 4t  1 ) 
2
 ( 4 t  1 ) .4  2
dt 2 4t  1
dy dy dx 2t 2 t 4t  1
   2   2
dx dt dt (t  1) 2
4t  1 ( t  1 )2
x2  1 1 xy 2 ( x 2  1 )
 .x  2  
4 y 4
x 1
2
where x  4 t  1  t 
4
1 1
where y  2  t 1
2

t 1 y
2
 t 1 dy  t  1  t  1  ( t  1 ) 4( t  1 )
c) y    2  
 t  1  t  1 (t 1) ( t  1 )3
2
dt
 dy  4( 2  1 ) 4
   
 dt  t  2 ( 2  1 )
3
27
1 dx 2  dx  2 1
x  2 1  3    3 
t dt t  dt  t  2 2 4
 dy   dy dx  4  1 16
 dx    dt  dt   27    4    27
  t2   t2  
d) t 1  1  1 at x  2
1 x 1 2
dy  dy 
y1 1   12     1 2 1
t dt t  dt  t  1 (  1 )
t  ( 1  x ) 1  dt   ( 1  x ) 2 (  1 )  1
dx ( 1  x )2
  dt   1 1
 dx  x  2 ( 1  2 ) 2
 dy   dy 
 dx     . dt   1* 1  1
x2  dt  x  2  dx  x  2

Higher derivatives : If a function y = f( x ) possesses a derivative at every

point of some interval , we may form the function f '(x) and talk

4
 about its derivate , if it has one . The procedure is formally identical
with that used before , that is :
d 2 y d  dy  d f  ( x   x )  f ( x )
   f ( x )  lim
dx 2 dx  dx  dx x0 x
if the limit exists .
This derivative is called the second derivative of y with respect to x .
It is written in a number of ways , for example,
d2 f( x)
y'' , f ''(x) , or .
dx 2
In the same manner we may define third and higher derivatives ,
using similar notations . The nth derivative may be written :
(n) (n) dny
y ,f (x), n .
dx

EX-4- Find all derivatives of the following function :

y = 3x3 - 4x2 + 7x + 10
Sol.-
dy d2y
 9x2  8x  7 ,  18 x  8
dx dx 2
d3y d4 y d5 y
 18 , 0  ....
dx 3 dx 4 dx 5

Ex-5 – Find the third derivative of the following function :

1
y   x3
x
Sol.-
1
dy
  12  3 x 2
dx x 2
2
d y 2 3 1
 3  x 2
dx 2 x 4
3
d y 6  3 x 2
3
d3y
3
  4
 3
  64  3 3
dx x 8 dx x 8 x

5
Implicit Differentiation: If the formula for f is an algebraic combination
of powers of x and y . To calculate the derivatives of these implicitly
defined functions , we simply differentiate both sides of the defining
equation with respect to x .

dy
EX-6- Find for the following functions:
dx
2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4
a ) x .y  x  y b ) (x  y)  (x y)  x y
x y
c)  2 at P(3,1) d) xy  2x - 5y  2 at P(3,2)
x  2y

Sol.
dy dy dy x  xy 2
a ) x2( 2 y )  y2( 2x )  2x  2 y  
dx dx dx x 2 y  y
dy dy dy
b ) 3(x  y)2 ( 1  )  3( x  y )2 ( 1  )  4 x3  4 y3
dx dx dx
dy 4 x  3( x  y )  3( x  y )
3 2 2
dy 2 x 3  3 x 2  3 y 2
   
dx 3( x  y )2  3( x  y )2  4 y 3 dx 6 xy  2 y 3
dy dy
(x - 2y)(1 - )  ( x  y )( 1  2 )
c) dx dx  0  dy  y   dy  
1
( x  2y) 2
dx x  dx 
( 3 ,1 ) 3
dy dy dy y  2  dy  22
d) x  y25 0     2
dx dx dx 5  x  dx  ( 3 ,2 ) 5  3

Exponential functions : If u is any differentiable function of x , then :

d u du d u du
7) a  a u .ln a . and e  eu .
dx dx dx dx

6
 dy
EX-7 –Find for the following functions :
dx

a ) y  2 3x b) y  2 x .3 x
c) y  ( 2 x ) 2 d ) y  x.2 x
2

e) y  e (x  e )
5x 1 5x 2
f ) ye
Sol.-
dy
a ) y  2 3x   2 3 x * 3 ln 2
dx
dy
b ) y  2 x .3 x  y  6 x   6 x . ln 6
dx
dy
c ) y  (2 x )2  y  2 2 x   2 2 x ln 2.2  2 2 x  1 ln 2
dx
dy
d ) y  x.2 x   x.2 x ln2.2x  2 x  2 x (2x 2 ln2  1)
2 2 2 2

dx
(x  e 5x ) dy
e) ye   e (x  e ) ( 1  5 e 5 x )
5x

dx
1 1 1
dy 2 2 1  5x
f ) y  e (1 5x )   e (1 5x ) ( 1  5 x 2 ) 2 .10 x  e 1 5 x
2 2 2

dx 2 1  5x2

Logarithm functions : If u is any differentiable function of x , then :

d 1 du d 1 du
8) loga u  . and ln u  .
dx u .ln a dx dx u dx

dy
EX-8 – Find for the following functions :
dx

a ) y  log10 e x b ) y  log 5 ( x  1 )2
c ) y  log 2 ( 3 x 2  1 )3 
d ) y  ln(x 2  2 )2 
3

2 5
(2x 3  4 ) 3 .( 2 x 2  3 ) 2
e ) y  ln(xy)  1 f) y 
( 7 x 3  4 x  3 )2

Sol. –

7
 dy
a ) y  log 10 e x  y  x log 10 e   log 10 e  ln e  1
dx ln 10 ln 10
dy 2
b ) y  log 5 ( x  1 )2  2 log 5 ( x  1 )  
dx ( x  1 ) ln 5
dy 3
c ) y  3 log 2 ( 3 x 2  1 )   . 6x  18 x
dx 3 x 2  1 ln 2 ( 3 x 2  1 ) ln 2

d)
dy

 3 2 ln( x  2 )
2
2 2 .2 x 

48 x ln( x 2  2 )
2

dx x2  2 x2  2
dy 1 1 dy dy y
e ) y  lnx  lny  1    . 0 
dx x y dx dx x( y  1 )
2 5
f ) lny  ln( 2 x 3  4 )  ln( 2 x 2  3 )  2 ln( 7 x 3  4 x  3 )
3 2
1 dy 2 6 x 2
5 4x 21 x 2  4
 .  . 3  . 2  2. 3
y dx 3 2 x  4 2 2 x  3 7 x  4x  3
dy  2x 2
5x 21 x 2  4 
  2 y 3   
2x  4 2x  3 7 x  4x  3
2 3
dx

Trigonometric functions : If u is any differentiable function of x , then :

9) d s inu  cosu. du
dx dx
10 ) d cosu   sin u. du
dx dx
11 ) d tanu  sec 2 u. du
dx dx
12 ) d cotu   csc 2 u. du
dx dx
13 ) d secu  secu.tanu. du
dx dx
14 ) d cscu   c scu.cotu. du
dx dx

dy
EX-9- Find for the following functions :
dx

8
 a ) y  tan(3x 2 ) b) y  (cscx  cotx)2
c) y  2sin x  xCos x d ) y  tan 2 (cos x )
2 2
e ) x  tan(xy)  0 f) y  sec 4 x  tan 4 x
Sol.-
dy
a)  sec 2 ( 3 x 2 ).6 x  6 x . sec 2 ( 3 x 2 )
dx
dy
b)  2(csc x  cot x )(  csc x .cot x  csc 2 x )  2 csc x .(csc x  cot x )2
dx
 2 cos x . 1   x(  sin x ). 1  cos x   x . sin x
dy
c)
dx 2 2  2 2 2  2 2
dy
d)  2.tan(cosx ).sec2 (cosx ).(  sin x )  2.sin x .tan(cosx ).sec2 (cosx )
dx
dy dy 1  y .sec2 ( xy ) cos2 ( xy )  y
e ) 1  sec ( xy ).( x  y )  0 
2
 
dx dx x.sec2 ( xy ) x
dy
f)  4 sec3 x .sec x .tan x  4.tan3 x .sec2 x  4 tan x.sec2 x
dx

EX-10- Prove that :

a ) d tan u  sec 2 u . du b ) d sec u  sec u .tan u . du
dx dx dx dx

Proof :
cosu.cosu. du  sinu.(  sinu ) du
a ) L.H .S .  d tanu  d sinu  dx
2
dx
dx dx cosu cos u
 cos u 2 sin u . du  12 . du  sec2 u. du  R.H .S .
2 2

cos u dx cos u dx dx

b) L.H .S .  d secu  d 1   12 (  sinu ) du

dx dx cosu cos u dx
 1 . sinu . du  secu.tanu. du  R.H .S .
cosu cosu dx dx

The inverse trigonometric functions : If u is any differentiable function

9
 of x , then :

15 ) d sin  1 u  1 du 1 u1

dx 1  u dx
2

16 ) d cos  1 u   1 du 1 u1

dx 1 u 2 dx

17 ) d tan  1 u  1 du
dx 1  u dx
2

18 ) d cot  1 u   1 du
dx 1  u dx2

19 ) d sec  1 u  1 du u 1
dx u u  1 dx
2

20 ) d csc  1 u   1 du u 1
dx u u 2  1 dx
dy
EX-11- Find in each of the following functions :
dx
a ) y  cot -1 2  tan  1 x b ) y  sin -1 x  1
x 2 x1
c ) y  x.cos -1 2 x  1 1  4 x 2 d ) y  sec -1 5 x
2
e ) y  x.ln(sec x ) f ) y  3 sin
-1
-1 2x

Sol. –
dy 1  1  1 1 4
a)  2.  2   . 
2  x   x 2 4 x
2 2 2
dx
1  1 
 x 2
dy 1 ( x  1 ).1  ( x  1 ).1 1
b)  . 
dx  x  1
2 ( x  1) 2
( x  1) x
1 
 x  1
dy 2 1  8x
c) x  cos 1 2 x  .  cos 1 2 x
dx 1 4x 2 4 1 4x 2

dy 5 1
d)  
dx 5 x 25 x 2  1 x 25 x 2  1

10
 dy x 1 1
e)   ln(sec  1 x )   ln(sec  1 x )
dx sec  1 x x x 2  1 1
x  1 . sec x
2

dy 1
2
f)  3 sin 2 x .ln 3.
dx 1  4x2

EX-12- Prove that :

a ) d sin  1 u  1 du b ) d tan  1 u  1 2 du
dx 1 u 2 dx dx 1  u dx
Proof : a)

1
u
y

1 - u2

dy dy
Let y  sin -1 u  u  sin y  du  cos y .  1  u2
dx dx dx
dy 1 du d 1 1 du
   sin u 
dx 1  u 2 dx dx 1  u 2 dx

b)

1  u2
u
y
1


Let y  tan -1 u  u  tany  du  sec 2 y . du  1  u 2
dx dx
2 dy

dx

dy
  1 2 . du  d tan  1 u  1 2 . du
dx 1  u dx dx 1  u dx

11
Hyperbolic functions : If u is any differentiable function of x , then :

21 ) d sinh u  cosh u . du
dx dx
22 ) d cosh u  sinh u . du
dx dx
23 ) d tanh u  sec h 2 u . du
dx dx
24 ) d coth u   csc h 2 u . du
dx dx
25 ) d sec hu   sec h u .tanh u . du
dx dx
26 ) d csc hu   csc h u .coth u . du
dx dx

dy
EX-13 - Find for the following functions :
dx
a ) y  coth(tanx) b ) y  sin -1 (tanh x )
c ) y  ln tanh x d ) y  x.sinh2x - 1 .cosh 2 x
2 2
e ) y  sech x3
f ) y  csch x 2

Sol. -
dy
a)   csc h 2 (tan x ). sec 2 x
dx
dy sec h 2 x sec h 2 x  sec h x
b)  
dx 1  tanh 2 x sec h 2 x
1
dy cosh2 x
c)  1 sec h 2 x . 1  2
dx tanh x 2 2 sinh x
2 2. 2
cosh x
2
 1  1  csc h x
2 sinh x .cosh x sinh x
2 2

12
 dy
d)  x cosh 2 x .2  sinh 2 x  1 sinh 2 x .2  2 x cosh 2 x
dx 2
dy
e)  3 sec h 2 x(  sec h x .tanh x )  3 sec h 3 x .tanh x
dx
dy
f)  2 csc h x(  csc h x .coth x )  2 csc h 2 x .coth x
dx

EX-14- Show that the functions :

x   2 sinh t and y  1 sinh t  cosh t
3 3 3 3 3
Taken together , satisfy the differential equations :
dy dy
i ) dx  2  x  0 and ii ) dx   y0
dt dt dt dt
Proof -
x   2 sinh t  dx   2 cosh t
3 3 dt 3 3
dy 1
y  1 sinh t  cosh t   cosh t  1 sinh t
3 3 3 dt 3 3 3 3
dy
i ) dx  2  x   2 cosh t  2 cosh t  2 sinh t  2 sinh t  0
dt dt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
dy
ii ) dx   y   2 cosh t  1 cosh t  1 sinh t  1
sinh
t
 cosh
t
0
dt dt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
EX-15 - Prove that :
d du d du
a) tanh u  sec h 2 u . and b) sec h u   sec h u . tanh u .
dx dx dx dx
Proof-
cosh u .cosh u . du  sinh u . sinh u . du
a) d tanh u  d  sinh u   dx dx
dx dx  cosh u  2
cosh u
(cosh u  sinh u )
2 2 du
 dx  1 . du  sec h 2 u . du
2 2
cosh u cosh u dx dx

b) d 1  1 . sinh u . du   sec h u .tanh u . du

2
dx cosh u cosh u dx dx

13
The inverse hyperbolic functions : If u is any differentiable function of x ,
then :

27 ) d sinh  1 u  1 du
dx 1  u 2 dx
28 ) d cosh1 u  1 du
dx u 2  1 dx
29 ) d tanh 1 u  1 du u 1
dx 1  u 2 dx
30 ) d coth1 u  1 du u 1
dx 1  u 2 dx
31 ) d sec h 1 u   1 du
dx u 1  u 2 dx
32 ) d csc h 1 u   1 du
dx u 1  u dx
2

dy
EX-16 - Find for the following functions :
dx
a ) y  cosh -1 (sec x ) b ) y  tanh -1 (cos x )
c ) y  coth -1 (sec x ) d ) y  sech -1 (sin 2 x )
Sol.-
dy
a)  sec x2.tan x  sec x .tan x  sec x where tan x  0
dx sec x  1 tan x2

  sin x2   sin
dy x   csc x
b)
dx 1  cos x 2
sin x
dy sec x .tan x sec x .tan x
c)     csc x
dx 1  sec 2 x  tan 2 x
dy 2.cos 2 x
d)   2 csc 2 x where cos 2 x  0
dx sin 2 x . 1  sin 2 2 x

EX-17 – Verify the following formulas :

a ) d cosh  1 u  1 . du
dx u  1 dx
2

b ) d tanh  1 u  1 2 . du u 1
dx 1  u dx

14
 Proof
a) Let y  cosh -1 u  u  cosh y
du  sinh y . dy  dy  1 . du
dx dx dx sinh y dx
cosh y  sinh y  1  u 2  sinh 2 y  1  sinh y  u 2  1
2 2

dy 1
 . du  d cosh 1 u  1 . du
dx u  1 dx
2 dx u  1 dx
2

b ) Let y  tanh 1 u  u  tanh y

du  sec h 2 y . dy  dy  1 . du
2
dx dx dx sec h y dx
sec h y  tanh y  1  sec h 2 y  u 2  1  sec h 2 y  1  u 2
2 2

dy
 1 2 . du  d tanh 1 u  1 2 . du
dx 1  u dx dx 1  u dx

The derivatives of functions like uv : Where u and v are differentiable

functions of x , are found by logarithmic differentiation :
Let y  u v  ln y  v .ln u
1 . dy  v . du  ln u . dv
y dx u dx dx
 y  v . du  ln u . dv 
dy
dx  u dx dx 
33 ) d uv  uv . v . du  ln u . dv 
dx  u dx dx 

dy
EX-18- Find for :
dx
a ) y  x cosx b) y  (lnx  x)tanx
Sol. -
dy cos x
a) y  x cos x  ln y  cos x .ln x  1 .   ln x .(  sin x )
y dx x
 y  cos x  sin x .ln x 
dy

dx  x 
or by formula , where u  x and v  cosx
 y  cos x  sin x .ln x 
dy
dx  x 

15
b) y  (ln x  x )tan x  ln y  tan x .ln(ln x  x )
dy
 1.  tan x .( 1  1 )  ln(ln x  x ). sec 2 x
y dx ln x  x x
dy  ( x  1 ).tan x 
  y  ln(ln x  x ). sec 2 x 
dx  x (ln x  x ) 
or by formula , where u  lnx  x and v  tanx
 y . tan x ( 1  1 )  ln(ln x  x ). sec 2 x 
dy
dx  ln x  x x 
 ( x  1 ).tan x 
 y .  ln(ln x  x ). sec 2 x 
 x (ln x  x ) 

16
 Problems -3

dy
1. Find for the following functions :
dx
1) y  ( x  3 )( 1  x ) ( ans . : 4  2 x )
2) y  ax  b ( ans . :  b2 )
x x
3) y 3 x 4 ( ans . : 1 )
2x  3 ( 2 x  3 )2
4) y  3 x 3  2 x  52 ( ans . : 9 x 2  1  103 )
x x x
2
 1  3( x 6  1 )
5) y   x  3
 ( ans . : )
 x3  x4
6) y  ( 2 x  1 )2 ( 3 x  2 )3  1 2
( ans . : ( 2 x  1 )( 3 x  2 ) ( 30 x  1 ) 
2
)
( x  2 )2 (x  2)
3

7) y  ln(ln x ) ( ans. : 1 )
x .ln x
8) y  ln( Cosx ) ( ans . :  tan x )
9) y  Sinx 3 ( ans . : 3 x 2 .Cosx3 )
30 x .Sin( 5 x 2  4 )
10 ) y  Cos 3 ( 5 x 2  2 ) ( ans. : )
Cos4 ( 5 x 2  4 )
11 ) y  tan x . sin x ( ans . : Sinx  tan x .Secx )
12 ) y  tan( Secx ) ( ans . : Sec 2 ( Secx ).Secx .tan x )
13 ) y  Cot 3  x  1  ( ans . : 6 .Cot 2  x  1  .Csc 2  x  1  )
 x1 ( x  1) 2
 x1  x1
14 ) y  Cosx ( ans . :  x .Sinx  2
Cosx )
x x
15 ) y  tan 2 x  7 ( ans . : Sec 2 x  7
2
)
2 2 x  7 tan 2 x  7
16 ) y  x 2 .Sinx ( ans . : x 2 .Cosx  2 x .Sinx )
2
 5 Cot 5 x
17 ) y  Csc 3 5 x ( ans . : . 2
)
3 5x
Csc 3 5 x
18 ) y  xSin(ln x )  Cos(ln x ) ( ans . : 2.Cos(ln x ) )

17
19 ) y  Sin 1 ( 5 x 2 ) ( ans . : 10 x )
1  25 x 4

20 ) y  Cot  1  1  x  ( ans . :  1 )
 1 x  1  x2
2
21 ) y  tan 1
4x  2
3
( ans. : 6 x )
( 4 x3  1 ) 4 x3  2
22 ) y  Sec1 ( 3 x 2  1 )3 ( ans. : 18 x )
3 x 2  1 ( 3 x 2  1 )6  1
2 2
4x  x
23 ) y  Sin1 x  x 2 .Sec1 x ( ans . : 
2x
 2 x .Sec
1 x
)
2 x 2 2 4
2
x 4 2
(2  x) (2  x)  x
2( Cos1 2 x  Sin1 2 x )
24 ) y  Sin1 2 x .Cos1 2 x ( ans. : )
1  4x 2

x( x  1 )( x  2 ) y1 )
25 ) y3 ( ans. : 
1

1

2x

2
( x 2  1 )( 2 x  3 ) 3
x x1 x2 2
x 1 2x  3 

26 ) y  tan 1 (ln x ) ( ans . : 1 )
x ( 1  (ln x )2 )
4
sin x .cos x 3 y cot x tan x 2
27 ) y3  ( ans . : (   ))
1  2.ln x 4 2 2 x ( 1  2 ln x )
5 1
28 ) y x . tan x ( ans . : 2 y ( 14  1  2 ))
( 3  2 x ). x3 3 x ( 1  x ).tan x 3  2 x
2 1

29 ) y  sec 1 e 2 x ( ans . : 2 )
e 1
4x

y
30 ) y  (cos x ) x
( ans . : (ln cos x  2 x .tan x ))
2 x
31 ) y  (sin x )tan x ( ans . : y ( 1  sec 2 x .ln sin x ))
2 x  5 cosh( 5 x ). sinh( 5 x )
32 ) y  2 x 2  cosh 2 ( 5 x ) ( ans . : )
2 x 2  cosh 2 ( 5 x )
33 ) y  sinh(cos 2 x ) ( ans . : 2 sin 2 x .cosh(cos 2 x ))
34 ) y  csc h 1 ( ans . : 12 .csc h 1 .coth 1 )
x x x x
35 ) y  x .tanh 2 x
2.
( ans . : x .tanh x ( x sec h x  2 tanh x ))
2

18
36 ) y  ln sin x .cos x  tan3
x ( ans. :
cos x  sin x  3 tan x . sec x
2 2 2

2
1
)
sin x .cos x  tan x
3
x 2x
37 ) y  log4 sin x ( ans. : cot x )
ln 4
y  e ( x e ( ans. : ( 2 x  5e )e ( x e5 x )
2 5x 2
) 5x
38 ) )
y  ex ( ans. : ( x 2 sec2 x  2 x tan x )e x
2 2
tan x tan x
39 ) )
csc 2 x 3
2 x 3 7 ln7
40 ) y  7 csc ( ans. : csc 2 x  3 .cot 2 x  3 )
2x  3
41 ) 
y  ln( x 2  2 )2 cos x  ( ans . : 4 x2.cos x  2 ln( x 2  2 ) sin x )
x 2
42 ) y  sinh  1 (tan x ) ( ans . : sec x )
43 ) y  1  (ln x )2 ( ans . : ln x )
x 1  (ln x )2
x e x ( x ln x  1 )
44 ) y e ( ans . : )
ln x x (ln x )2
45 ) y  x 3 log 2 ( 3  2 x ) ( ans . : 3 x 2 log 2 ( 3  2 x )  2x3 )
( 3  2 x ) ln 2
46 ) y  2 cosh  1 x  x x2  4 ( ans . : x2 )
2 2 x 4
2

2. Verify the following derivatives :

 
a ) d 5 x  ( x  1 )2   6  12
dx  x  x
b) d
dx
 
x ( ax 2  bx  c )  1 ( 5 ax 2  3bx  c )
2 x

3. Find the derivative of y with respect to x in the following functions :

u 2 18 x 2 y 2
a) y 2 and u  3x  2
3
( ans . : )
u 1 ( 3 x 3  2 )3
b ) y  u  2 u and u  x 2  3 ( ans . : x  4x )
x 3
2

19
4. Find the second derivative for the following functions :

a) y  ( x  1 )3 ( ans . : 6 x  63  125 )
x x x
b) f ( x )  2 x  2 2 at x  2 (ans. : 1 )
x 4
3
c) x 2  2 xy  y 2  16 x  0 ( ans . :  x 2
)

5. Find the third derivative of the function :

y  x3 (ans. : - 3 )
8y

v ( vu''  uv'' )  2 v' ( vu'  uv' )

6. Show for y  u that y''  .
v v3

7. Show for y = u.v that y''' = uv''' + 3u' v'' + 3u'' v' + u''' v .

8. Show that y  35 x 4  30 x 2  3 satisfies ( 1  x 2 ) y'' 2 xy' 20 y  0 .

dy
9. Find for the following implicit functions :
dx

20
 5 y2 3 x 2  5 y 2 x 2  4 y
a) x  4x y 
3
3 ( ans . : )
x 10 x  1 y  2 x
y
y
b) xy  1  y ( ans . : )
2 xy  x
3 3x2 x3  y3  2 y
c) 3 xy  ( x  y )
3 3 2
( ans . : )
2x  3 y2 x3  y3
( 1  y 2 )( 3 x 2  tan  1 y )
d) x 3  x . tan  1 y  y ( ans . : )
1  y2  x
y 1  ( x  y ) 2  1  ( xy ) 2
e) sin  1 ( xy )  cos  1 ( x  y ) ( ans . : )
1  ( xy ) 2  x 1  ( x  y ) 2
sec 2 x  y 3 .cos( xy )
f ) y 2 . sin( xy )  tan x ( ans . : )
2 y . sin( xy )  xy 2 .cos( xy )
2
g) sinh y  tan 2 x ( ans . : 2. tan x . sec x )
cosh y

10. Prove the following formulas :

a ) d cot u   csc 2 u . du
dx dx
b) d csc u   csc u . cot u . du
dx dx
c) d cos 1
u   1 . du
dx 1 u 2 dx
d ) d sec  1 u  1 . du
dx u u  1 dx
2

e) d sinh u  cosh u . du
dx dx
f ) d csc h u   csc h u . coth u . du
dx dx
g ) d sinh 1
u  1 . du
dx 1  u 2 dx
h) d sec h  1 u   1 . du
dx u 1 u 2 dx

11. Show that the tangent to the hyperbola x2- y2 = 1 at the point
P(coshu, sinhu) , cuts the x-axis at the point ( sechu , 0 ) and
except when vertical , cuts the y-axis at the point ( 0 , -cschu ) .

21
 Chapter four

Applications of derivatives

4-1- L'Hopital rule :

Suppose that f ( xo ) = g ( xo ) = 0 and that the functions f and
g are both differentiable on an open interval ( a , b ) that
contains the point xo . Suppose also that g' ( x )  0 at every
point in ( a , b ) except possibly xo . Then :
f(x) f'( x )
lim  lim provided the limit exists .
x x g( x )
0 x  x g' ( x )
0

Differentiate f and g as long as you still get the form 0 or 

0 
at x = xo . Stop differentiating as soon as you get something else .
L'Hopital's rule does not apply when either the numerator or
denominator has a finite non-zero limit .
EX-1 – Evaluate the following limits :
1 ) lim sin x 2 ) lim x 2
5 3
xo x x2 x 4
2

3 ) lim x  sin x 4 ) lim  ( x   ).tan x

x 
3
x 0 x 2
2
Sol. –
1 ) lim sin x  0 u sin g L' Hoptal' s rule 
x 0 x 0
 lim cos x  cos 0  1
x 0 1
x2  5  3 0
2) lim  u sin g L' Hoptal' s rule 
x 2 x 4
2
0
x

 lim x  5  lim
2
1 1 1
 
x 2 2x x 2
2 x2  5 2 4  5 6
3 ) lim x  sin
3
x  0 u sin g L' Hoptal' s rule 
x 0 x 0
 lim 1  cos
2
x  0 u sin g L' Hopital' s rule 
x 0 3x 0
1
 lim sin x  1
6 x 0 x 6

١
 4 ) lim  ( x   ) tan x  0. we can' t u sin g L' Hoptal' s rule 
x  2
2

x 
 lim  2 . lim sin x  0 u sin g L' Hopital' s rule 
x  cos x x   0
2 2

 lim  1 . lim sin x  1 . sin   1

 sin x x   sin 
x  2
2 2
2

4-2- The slope of the curve :

Secant to the curve is a line through two points on a curve.
Slopes and tangent lines :
1. we start with what we can calculate , namely the slope of
secant through P and a point Q nearby on the curve .
2. we find the limiting value of the secant slope ( if it exists ) as
Q approaches p along the curve .
3. we take this number to be the slope of the curve at P and
define the tangent to the curve at P to be the line through p
with this slope .
The derivative of the function f is the slope of the curve :
dy
the slope  m  f ' ( x ) 
dx

EX-2- Write an equation for the tangent line at x = 3 of the

curve :
f( x) 1
2x  3
Sol.-
m  f'( x )   1  m x  3  f ' ( 3 )   1
( 2x  3 ) 3 27
f(3) 1  1
2* 3  3 3
The equation of the tangent line is :
y  1   1 ( x  3 )  27 y  x  12
3 27

٢
4-3- Velocity and acceleration and other rates of changes :
- The average velocity of a body moving along a line is :
s f ( t  t )  f ( t ) displaceme nt
vav   
t t time travelled
The instantaneous velocity of a body moving along a line is
the derivative of its position s = f ( t ) with respect to time t .
ds s
i.e. v   lim
dt t 0 t

- The rate at which the particle’s velocity increase is called its

acceleration a . If a particle has an initial velocity v and a
constant acceleration a, then its velocity after time t is v + at .
v
average acceleration  a  av
t
The acceleration at an instant is the limit of the average
acceleration for an interval following that instant , as the
interval tends to zero .
v
i.e. a  lim t  0
t
- The average rate of a change in a function y = f ( x ) over the
interval from x to x + Δx is :
f ( x  x )  f ( x )
average rate of change 
x
The instantaneous rate of change of f at x is the derivative.
f ( x  x )  f ( x )
f ' ( x )  lim provided the limit exists .
x  0
x

EX-3- The position s ( in meters ) of a moving body as a

function of time t ( in second ) is : s  2 t  5 t  3 ; find :
2

a) The displacement and average velocity for the time

interval from t = 0 to t = 2 seconds .
b) The body’s velocity at t = 2 seconds .

٣
 Sol.-
a ) 1) s  s( t  t )  s( t )  2( t  t ) 2  5 ( t  t )  3  2 t 2  5 t  3 
 ( 4 t  5 )t  2( t )2
at t  0 and t  2  s  (4 * 0  5) * 2  2 * 2 2  18
 s ( 4 t  5 )t  2( t )2
2 ) v av    4 t  5  2.t
t t
at t  0 and t  2  v av  4 * 0  5  2 * 2  9
d
b) v( t )  f ( t )  4t  5
dt
v ( 2 )  4 * 2  5  13

EX-4- A particle moves along a straight line so that after t

(seconds) , its distance from O a fixed point on the line is s
(meters) , where s  t  3 t  2 t :
3 2

i) when is the particle at O ?

ii) what is its velocity and acceleration at these times ?
iii) what is its average velocity during the first second ?
iv) what is its average acceleration between t = 0 and t = 2 ?
Sol. –
i ) at s  0  t  3 t  2 t  0  t ( t  1 )( t  2 )  0
3 2

either t  0 or t  1 or t  2 sec .
ii ) velocity  v ( t )  3t  6 t  2  v ( 0 )  2 m / s
2

 v ( 1 )  1m / s
 v( 2 )  2m / s
acceleration  a ( t )  6 t  6  a ( 0 )  6 m / s 2

 a( 1 )  0 m / s 2

 a( 2 )  6 m / s 2

s( 1 )  s( 0 ) 1  3  2  0
iii ) v av  s    0m / s
t 10 1
v( 2 )  v( 0 ) 2  2
iv ) a av  v    0m / s 2
t 20 2

٤
4-4- Maxima and Minima :
Increasing and decreasing function : Let f be defined on an
interval and x1 , x2 denoted a number on that interval :
- If f(x1) < f(x2) when ever x1 < x2 then f is increasing on that
interval .
- If f(x1) > f(x2) when ever x1 < x2 then f is decreasing on that
interval .
- If f(x1) = f(x2) for all values of x1 , x2 then f is constant on
that interval .
The first derivative test for rise and fall : Suppose that a
function f has a derivative at every point x of an interval I.
Then :
- f increases on I if f ' ( x )  o , x  I
- f decreases on I if f ' ( x )  o , x  I
If f ' changes from positive to negative values as x passes from
left to right through a point c , then the value of f at c is a
local maximum value of f , as shown in below figure . That is
f(c) is the largest value the function takes in the immediate
neighborhood at x = c .
f' = 0

f increasing f decreasing f increasing

f'=0

+ + - - - - + + +
a f'>0 c f'<0 d f'>0 b

Similarly , if f ' changes from negative to positive values as x

passes left to right through a point d , then the value of f at d
is a local minimum value of f . That is f(d) is the smallest value
of f takes in the immediate neighborhood of d .
3
EX-5 – Graph the function : y  f ( x )  x  2 x 2  3 x  2 .
3
Sol.- f ' ( x )  x  4 x  3  ( x  1 )( x  3 )  0  x  1 ,3
2

٥
 f ' (x) + + + 1 - - - - 3 + + +
Max.

Min.

The function has a local maximum at x = 1 and a local

minimum at x = 3 .
To get a more accurate curve , we take :
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 2 3.3 2.7 2 3.3

Then the graph of the function is :

y
3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5
x
0
0 2 4 6

Concave down and concave up : The graph of a differentiable

function y = f ( x ) is concave down on an interval where f '
decreases , and concave up on an interval where f ' increases.
The second derivative test for concavity : The graph of y = f ( x )
is concave down on any interval where y' '  0 , concave up on
any interval where y' '  0 .
Point of inflection : A point on the curve where the concavity
changes is called a point of inflection . Thus , a point of
inflection on a twice – differentiable curve is a point where
y'' is positive on one side and negative on other , i.e. y' '  0 .

٦
 1
EX-6 – Sketch the curve : y  ( x  6x  9x  6 ) .
3 2
6
Sol. -
1 2 3
y'  x  2 x   0  x  4 x  3  0  ( x  1 )( x  3 )  0  x  1 ,3
2
2 2
y"  x  2  at x  1  y"  1 - 2  -1  0 concave down .
 at x  3  y"  3 - 2  0 concave up .
 at y"  0  x - 2  0  x  2 point of inflection .

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 1.7 1.3 1 1.7

y
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x
0
0 1 2 3 4 5

EX-7 – What value of a makes the function :

f ( x )  x  a , have :
2

x
i) a local minimum at x = 2 ?
ii) a local minimum at x = -3 ?
iii) a point of inflection at x = 1 ?
iv) show that the function can’t have a local maximum
for any value of a .
Sol. –
a df a d2y 2a
f(x) x    2x   0  a  2 x and  2
2 3
x dx x2 dx 2 x3

٧
 d2 f 2 * 16  6  0 Mini.
i ) at x  2  a  2 * 8  16 and 2 2
dx 23
d2 f 2( 54 )
ii ) at x  -3  a  2(-3)3  54 and  2   6  0 Mini.
dx 2 ( 3 ) 3
d2 f
iii ) at x  1  2
 2  2 a  0  a  1
dx 1
2
d f 2( 2 x 3 )
iv ) a  2 x 
3
2 60
dx 2 x3
d2 f
Since 2
 0 for all value of x in a  2x 3 .
dx
Hence the function don’t have a local maximum .

EX-8 – What are the best dimensions (use the least material)
for a tin can which is to be in the form of a right circular
cylinder and is to hold 1 gallon (231 cubic inches ) ?
Sol. – The volume of the can is :
r
231
v   r h  231  h 
2

 r2

h
where r is radius , h is height .

The total area of the outer surface

( top, bottom , and side) is :

231 462
A  2r  2rh  2r  2r  A  2r 
2 2 2

r 2 r
dA 462
 4r   0  r  3.3252 inches
dr r 2

d2A 924 924

 4   4   37.714  0  min .
2 3 3
dr r ( 3.3252 )
231 231
h   6.6474 inches
r 22
2 2
( 3.3252 )
7
The dimensions of the can of volume 1 gallon have
minimum surface area are :
r = 3.3252 in. and h = 6.6474 in.

٨
EX-9 – A wire of length L is cut into two pieces , one being
bent to form a square and the other to form an equilateral
triangle . How should the wire be cut :
a) if the sum of the two areas is minimum.
b) if the sum of the two areas is maximum.
Sol. : Let x is a length of square.
2y is the edge of triangle .
x

x x 2y h 2y

y y
x

The perimeter is p  4 x  6 y  L  x  1 ( L  6 y ) .
4
( 2 y )  y  h  h  3 y from triangle .
2 2 2

The total area is A  x 2  yh  1 ( L  6 y )2  y 3 y

16
 A 1 ( L  6 y )2  3 y 2
16
dA   3 ( L  6 y )  2 3 y  0  y  3L
dy 4 18  8 3
2
d A  9  2 3  0  min .
dy 2 2
a) To minimized total areas cut for triangle 6 y  9 L
94 3
And for square L  9L  4 3 L .
94 3 94 3
b) To maximized the value of A on endpoints of the interval
0  4x  L 0  x  L
4
2
at x  0  y  L and h  L  A1  L
6 2 3 12 3
2
at x  L  y  0  A2  L
4 16
2 2
Since A2  L  A1  L
16 12 3
Hence the wire should not be cut at all but should be
bent into a square .

٩
 Problems – 4

1. Find the velocity v if a particle's position at time t is s = 180t – 16t2

When does the velocity vanish ? (ans.: 5.625)

2. If a ball is thrown straight up with a velocity of 32 ft./sec. , its high

after t sec. is given by the equation s = 32t - 16t2 . At what instant
will the ball be at its highest point ? and how high will it rise ?
(ans.: 1, 16)

3. A stone is thrown vertically upwards at 35 m./sec. . Its height is :

s = 35t – 4.9t2 in meter above the point of projection where t is
time in second later :
a) What is the distance moved, and the average velocity during the
3rd sec. (from t = 2 to t = 3 ) ?
b) Find the average velocity for the intervals t = 2 to t = 2.5 , t = 2
to t = 2.1 ; t = 2 to t = 2 + h .
c) Deduce the actual velocity at the end of the 2nd sec. .
(ans.: a) 10.5 , 10.5 ; b) 12.95, 14.91, 15.4-4.9h , c) 15.4)

4. A stone is thrown vertically upwards at 24.5 m./sec. from a point

on the level with but just beyond a cliff ledge . Its height above the
ledge t sec. later is 4.9t ( 5 – t ) m. . If its velocity is v m./sec. ,
differentiate to find v in terms of t :
i) when is the stone at the ledge level ?
ii) find its height and velocity after 1 , 2 , 3 , and 6 sec. .
iii) what meaning is attached to negative value of s ? a negative
value of v ?
iv) when is the stone momentarily at rest ? what is the greatest
height reached ?
v) find the total distance moved during the 3rd sec. .
(ans.:v=24.5-9.8t; i)0,5; ii)19.6,29.4,29.4,-29.4;14.7,4.9, -4.9,-34.3;
iv)2.5;30.625; v)2.45)

5. A stone is thrown vertically downwards with a velocity of 10

m./sec. , and gravity produces on it an acceleration of 9.8 m./sec.2 :
a) what is the velocity after 1 , 2 , 3 , t sec. ?
b) sketch the velocity –time graph . (ans.: 19.8, 29.6, 39.4,10+9.8t)

6. A car accelerates from 5 km./h. to 41 km./h. in 10 sec. . Express

this acceleration in : i)km./h. per sec. ii) m./sec.2, iii) km./h.2 .
(ans.: i)3.6; ii)1; iii) 12960)

١٠
7. A car can accelerate at 4 m./sec.2 . How long will it take to reach 90
km./h. from rest ? (ans.: 6.25)

8. An express train reducing its velocity to 40 km./h. , has to apply

the brakes for 50 sec. . If the retardation produced is 0.5 m./sec.2 ,
find its initial velocity in km./h. . (ans.: 130)

9. At the instant from which time is measured a particle is passing

through O and traveling towards A , along the straight line OA. It
is s m. from O after t sec. where s = t ( t – 2 )2 :
i) when is it again at O ?
ii) when and where is it momentarily at rest ?
iii) what is the particle’s greatest displacement from O , and how
far does it moves , during the first 2 sec. ?
iv) what is the average velocity during the 3rd sec. ?
v) at the end of the 1st sec. where is the particle, which way is it
going , and is its speed increasing or decreasing ?
vi) repeat (v) for the instant when t = -1 .
(ans.:i)2;ii)0,32/27;iii)64/27;iv)3;v)OA;inceasing; vi)AO;decreasing)

10. A particle moves in a straight line so that after t sec. it is s m. ,

from a fixed point O on the line , where s = t4 + 3t2 . Find :
i) The acceleration when t = 1 , t = 2 , and t = 3 .
ii) The average acceleration between t = 1 and t = 3 .
(ans.: i)18, 54,114; ii)58)

11. A particle moves along the x-axis in such away that its distance x
cm. from the origin after t sec. is given by the formula x = 27t – 2t2
what are its velocity and acceleration after 6.75 sec. ? How long
does it take for the velocity to be reduced from 15 cm./sec. to 9
cm./sec., and how far does the particle travel mean while ?
(ans.: 0,-4,1.5 ;18)

12. A point moves along a straight line OX so that its distance x cm.
from the point O at time t sec. is given by the formula
x = t3 – 6t2 + 9t . Find :
i) at what times and in what positions the point will have zero
velocity .
ii) its acceleration at these instants .
iii) its velocity when its acceleration is zero .
(ans.: i)1,3;4,0; ii)-6,6; iii)-3)

١١
13. A particle moves in a straight line so that its distance x cm. from a
fixed point O on the line is given by x = 9t2 - 2t3 where t is the time
in seconds measured from O . Find the speed of the particle when
t= 3 . Also find the distance from O of the particle when t = 4 , and
show that it is then moving towards O . (ans.: 0, 16)

14. Find the limits for the following functions by using L'Hopital's
rule :
5 x2  3x sin t 2
1 ) lim 2 ) lim
x 7 x 2  1 t 0 t
2x   cost  1
3) lim 4) lim
 cos x t 0 t2
x
2
1  sin x sin x  cos x
5 ) lim 6 ) lim
 1  cos 2 x  
x
2
x
4 x
4
2x2  ( 3x  1 ) x  2 x (cos x  1 )
7 ) lim 8 ) lim
x 1 x1 x 0 sin x  x
sin x 2
9 ) lim x . csc 2 2 x 10 ) lim
x 0 x 0 x . sin x

5 1 1 1
( ans . : 1 ) ;2 )0 ;3 )  2 ;4 )  ;5 ) ;6 ) 2 ;7 )  1;8 )3 ;9 ) ;10 )1 )
7 2 4 2

15. Find any local maximum and local minimum values , then sketch
each curve by using first derivative :

1 ) f(x)  x 3 - 4x 2  4x  5 ( ans . : max .( 0.7 ,6.2 ); min .( 2 ,5 ))

2
2) f(x)  x2 - 1 ( ans . : min .( 0 ,1 ))
x 1
3) f(x)  x 5  5 x  6 ( ans . : max .( 1 ,2 ); min .( 1 ,10 ))
4 1
4 ) f(x)  x  x 3 3
( ans . : min .( 0.25 ,0.47 ))

16. Find the interval of x-values on which the curve is concave up and
concave down , then sketch the curve :
x3
1 ) f(x)   x2  3x ( ans. : up( 1,  ); down(  ,1 ))
3
2 ) f(x)  x 2  5 x  6 ( ans. : up(  ,  ))
2 2
3 ) f(x)  x 3 - 2x 2  1 (ans. : up( ,  ); down(  , ))
3 3
1 1 1 1
4 ) f(x)  x 4  2 x 2 ( ans. : up(  , ),( ,  ); down(  , ))
3 3 3 3

١٢
17. Sketch the following curve by using second derivative :
1) y  x 2 (ans. : max.(1,0.5); min.(-1,-0.5))
1 x
2) y  -x(x - 7)2 (ans. : max.(7,0); min.(2.3,-50.8))
3) y  (x  2) ( x  3 )
2
(ans. : max.(-2,0); min.(1.3,-18.5))
4 ) y  x2( 5  x ) (ans. : max.(3.3,18.5); min.(0,0))

18. What is the smallest perimeter possible for a rectangle of area 16

in.2 ? (ans.: 16)

19. Find the area of the largest rectangle with lower base on the x-
axis and upper vertices on the parabola y = 12 – x2 . (ans.:32)

20) A rectangular plot is to be bounded on one side by a straight

river and enclosed on the other three sides by a fence . With 800
m. of fence at your disposal . What is the largest area you can
enclose ? (ans.:80000)

21) Show that the rectangle that has maximum area for a given
perimeter is a square .

22) A wire of length L is available for making a circle and a square .

How should the wire be divided between the two shapes to
maximize the sum of the enclosed areas?
(ans.: all bent into a circle)

23) A closed container is made from a right circular cylinder of

radius r and height h with a hemispherical dome on top . Find
the relationship between r and h that maximizes the volume for a
given surface area s . ( ans . : r  h  s )
5

24) An open rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard

8 in. wide and 15 in. long by cutting a square from each corner
and bending up the sides Find the dimensions of the box of largest
volume . (ans.: height=5/3; width=14/3; length=35/3)

١٣
 Chapter five

Integration

5-1- Indefinite integrals :

The set of all anti derivatives of a function is called indefinite
integral of the function.
Assume u and v denote differentiable functions of x, and a,
n, and c are constants, then the integration formulas are:-

1)  du  u(x)  c
2 )  a  u( x )dx  a  u( x )dx
3 )  u( x )  v ( x ) dx   u( x ) dx   v ( x ) dx
u n1 1
 u du   u du  
1
4) n
c when n   1 & du  ln u  c
n1 u
au
5 )  a du 
u
c  e
u
du  e u  c
ln a

EX-1 – Evaluate the following integrals:

x3
 3x 
2
1) dx 6) dx
x  6x
2

 1  x2
2)   x 2
 x  dx

7)  x2
dx

ex
x x  1 dx 8) 
2
3) dx
1  3e x
 2t  t   3x
1 2
 e - 2x dx
4
3
4) dt 9)

5 )  (z  z 2 2
) 2  4 dz 10)  2 - 4x
dx

Sol. –
x3
1 )  3x dx  3  x dx  3
2
 c  x3  c
2

١
 x 1 x 2
2) x  -2

 x dx   x 2
dx   x dx 
1

2
1 x2
c 
x 2
c
3
1 1 1 ( x2  1) 2 1
3 )  x x  1 dx   2 x ( x  1 ) dx 
2 2 2
c ( x 2  1 )3  c
2 2 3 3
2
t 1
   
3
t 4 3 1
4 )  2 t  t  1 dt   4 t 2  4  t  2 dt  4  4 t 
2
c t  4t   c
3 1 3 t
5)  (z 2  z 2 ) 2  4 dz   z 4  2  z 4  4 dz   z 4  2  z 4 dz
z 3 z 1 1 1
 ) dz   ( z  z
2 2
 (z  z
2 2 2
) dz    c  z3   c
3 1 3 z
x3 1 1
 dx     
2 2
6) ( 2 x 6 ) ( x 6 x ) dx
x2  6x 2
1
1 ( x2  6 x ) 2
   c  x2  6x  c
2 1
2
2 x 1
7) 
x2
2
dx 
 x
 x x 
 2

2 
2  dx   x 1
 2 x 2

dx  ln x 
1
  c  ln x 
2
x
c
x
ex 1 1
8)  dx   3e x ( 1  3e x )  1 dx  ln( 1  3e x )  c
1  3e x
3 3
3 3
9 )  3x 3  e  2 x dx     8 x 3 e  2 x dx    e  2 x  c
4 4 4

8 8
1 1 1
10 )  2 - 4x dx    2 - 4x  (  4 dx )    2 - 4x  c
4 4 ln 2

5-2- Integrals of trigonometric functions :

The integration formulas for the trigonometric functions are:

6)  sin u  du   cos u  c 7 )  cos u  du  sin u  c

8 )  tan u  du   ln cos u  c 9 )  cot u  du  ln sin u  c

10 )  sec u  du  ln sec u  tan u  c 11 )  csc u  du   ln csc u  cot u  c
12 )  sec u  du  tan u  c
2
13 ) csc u  du   cot u  c
2

14 )  sec u  tan u  du  sec u  c 15 )  csc u  cot u  du   csc u  c

٢
 EX-2- Evaluate the following integrals:

d
1 )  cos( 3  1 )d 6)  cos 2

2)  x  sin(2x ) dx
2
7)  1 - sin 2 3 t  cos3t dt
3 )  cos ( 2 y )  sin( 2 y ) dy
2
8)  tan (5x)  sec (5x) dx
3 2

4 )  sec x  tan x dx
3
9)  sin x  cos x dx
4 3

cot 2 x
5)  2  sin3t  cos 3t dt 10)  x dx
Sol.-

1 1
3
1) 3 cos( 3   1 )d   sin( 3  1 )  c
3
1 1
2 )  4 x  sin( 2 x 2 )dx   cos( 2 x 2 )  c
4 4
1 cos 2 y 
3

3 ) -  cos 2 y    2 sin 2 y dy      c   cos 2 y   c

1 2 1 3

2 2 3 6
sec 3 x
 
4 )  sec x  sec x  tan x  dx 
2
c
3
1 2  sin 3 t  2
3

5 )  2  sin 3 t  2 3 cos 3 t dt    2  sin 3 t 3  c

1 1 2
c
3 3 3 9
2
d
6)    sec 2   d  tan   c
cos 2

 
7 )  1  sin 2 3 t  cos 3 t dt   3 cos 3 t dt   sin3t   3cos3t dt
1
3
1
3
2

1 1 sin 3 3 t 1 1
 sin 3 t    c   sin 3 t  sin 3 3 t  c
3 3 3 3 9
 
4
1 1 tan 5 x 1
8 )  tan 3 5 x  5 sec 2 5 x dx   c tan 4 5 x  c
5 5 4 20
 
9 )  sin 4 x  cos 3 x dx   sin 4 x  1  sin 2 x  cos x dx
sin 5 x sin 7 x
  sin x  cos x dx   sin x  cos x dx 
4 6
 c
5 7

٣
 cot 2 x csc 2 x  1 csc 2 x 1
10 )  x
dx  
x
dx  2 
2 x
x 2
dx

 
1
2
x
 2 - cot x   c  2 cot x 2 x c
1
2

5-3- Integrals of inverse trigonometric functions:

The integration formulas for the inverse trigonometric
functions are:
du u u
16 )   sin  1  c   cos  1  c ; u 2  a 2
a 2  u2 a a
du 1 u 1 u
17 )  2  tan  1  c   cot  1  c
a u 2
a a a a
du 1 u 1 u
18 )   sec  1  c   csc  1  c ; u 2  a 2
u u2  a 2 a a a a

EX-3 Evaluate the following integrals:

x2 2 dx
1)  1  x6
dx 6)  x(1 x )
dx dx
2)  9  x2
7) 
1  3x 2
x 2cosx
3)  dx 8)  1  sin dx
1  x4 2
x
-1
sec 2 x e sin x
4)  1  tan 2 x
dx 9)  1  x2
dx tan  1 x
5) x 4x2  1
10) 
1  x2
dx

Sol.-

1)
1

1 1

3 x 2 dx  sin  1 x 3  c 
3 1  ( x 3 )2 3
dx x
2)  9  x2
 sin  1
3
c

٤
 1 2x 1
3) 
2 1( x ) 2 2
dx 
2
tan  1 x 2  c

sec 2 x
4)  dx  sin  1 (tan x )  c
1  tan x
2

2 dx
5)   sec  1 ( 2 x )  c
2 x ( 2 x )2  1
1
2 2 x dx
6)  dx  4   4 tan  1 x c
x 1  x  1 ( x ) 2

1 3 dx 1
7) 
3 1( 3x ) 2

3
tan  1 ( 3 x )  c

cosx dx
8 ) 2  2 tan  1 (sin x )  c
1  (sin x ) 2

dx
9 )  e sin x 
1 1
 e sin x  c
1 x2
dx (tan 1 x ) 2
10 )  tan x 1
 c
1  x2 2

5-4- Integrals of hyperbolic functions:

The integration formulas for the hyperbolic functions are:

19 )  sinh u  du  cosh u  c
20 )  cosh u  du  sinh u  c
21 )  tanh u  du  ln cosh u   c

22 )  coth u  du  ln sinh u   c
23 )  sec h u  du  tanh u  c
2

24 )  csc h u  du  coth u  c
2

25 )  sec hu  tanh u  du   sec hu  c

26 )  csc hu  coth u  du   csc hu  c

٥
EX-4 – Evaluate the following integrals:

cosh(lnx)
  sec h ( 2 x  3 ) dx
2
1) dx 6)
x
e x  ex
2)  sinh( 2 x  1 ) dx 7)  x
e  ex
dx

 e 
sinhx
 cosh 4 x dx  e  ax dx
ax
3) 8)

sinh x
 x  cosh(3x  1  cosh x dx
2
4) ) dx 9)

 sinh x  cosh x dx  csch x  cothx dx

4 2
5) 10)

Sol.-

 dx 
1)  cosh(ln x )     sinh(ln x )  c
x 
1 1
2 )  sinh( 2 x  1 )  ( 2 dx )  cosh( 2 x  1 )  c
2 2
1 sinh x
3)  3
 dx   sec h 3 x  tanh x dx
cosh x cosh x
sec h 3 x
   sec h x   sec hx  tanh x dx   
2
c
3
1 1
4 )  cosh( 3 x 2 )  ( 6 x dx )  sinh( 3 x 2 )  c
6 6
sinh 5 x
5 )  sinh x  cosh x dx  
4
c
5
6 )  sec h 2 2 x  3   2 dx   tanh 2 x  3   c
1 1
2 2
x
e e
x
7)  x dx   tanh x dx  ln(cosh x )  c
e  ex
e ax  e  ax 2 2
8 ) 2 dx   sinh ax (a dx)  cosh ax  c
2 a a
 ln1  cosh x   c
sinh x dx
9) 
1  cosh x
csc h 2 x
10 )   csc hx   csc hx  coth x dx    c
2

٦
5-5- Integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions:
The integration formulas for the inverse hyperbolic functions
are:

du
27 )  1 u 2
 sinh  1 u  c

du
28 )  u2  1
 cosh  1 u  c

du  tanh 1 u  c if u  1 1 1  u
29 )     ln c
1  u 2  coth  1 u  c if u  1  2 1  u

du  1
30 )    sec h  1 u  c   cosh  1    c
u 1  u2 u
du  1
31 )    csc h  1 u  c   sinh  1    c
u 1  u2 u

EX-4 – Evaluate the following integrals:

dx dx dx
1)  1  4x2
2)  4  x2
3)  1  x2
4) x
dx
5) 
sec 2  d
6) 
 tanh ln x 
1
 x1  dxln 
4  x2 tan 2  1
2
x

Sol.-

1 2 dx 1
1)
2  1 4x2
 sinh  1 2 x  c
2
1 dx
x
2)  2  sinh  1  c
1 x
2
 
2 2

dx
3)   tanh  1 x  c if x  1
1 x 2

 coth  1 x  c if x  1

٧
 1 dx
dx 1 1
4)    2   csc h  1 x  c
x 4  x2 2 x
2
1 x  2 2 2 2

5) 
1
sec 2
 d   cosh  1 (tan  )  c
tan 2   1
1 1
6) let u  ln x  ln x du  dx
2 2x
dx 2 du
 tanh (ln x )    tanh  1 u 
1

x ( 1  ln 2 x) 1  u2

2
tanh u1 2


 c  tanh  1 (ln x )  c  2

٨
 Problems – 5

Evaluate the following integrals:

 x   5 3 1 5
1) 2
 1  4  x 2 dx (ans. : x  x  4x  c )
3 5
e  sin e x dx (ans. :  cose x  c )
x
2)
1
3)  tan(3x  5) dx (ans. : 
3
ln cos( 3 x  5 )  c )

cot(lnx)
4)  x dx (ans. : ln sin(lnx)  c )

sinx  cosx
5)  dx (ans. :  ln cosx  x  c )
cosx
dx
6)  (ans. :  cotx  cscx  c )
1  cosx
1
 cot(2x  1)  csc (2x  1) dx (ans. :  cot 2 ( 2 x  1 )  c )
2
7)
4
dx 1
8)  1  9x2
(ans. :
3
sin  1 ( 3 x )  c )

dx x
9)  2 x 2
(ans. : sin  1
2
c)

1
 e  coshe dx sinh e 2 x  c )
2x 2x
10 ) (ans. :
2
e  cosx dx (ans. : e sinx  c )
sinx
11 )
dx 1 3 x
12 ) e 3x
(ans. : 
3
e c)

e x
1
 2 x c)
x
13 ) dx (ans. : 2 e
x
14 )  
 x a  b 3 x dx where a, b constants (ans. :
1
10
5
( 5 ax 2  4 3bx 2 )  c )

dx
15 )  1 x 2
(ans. :  tan  1 x  c )

cos θ dθ
16 )  1  sin 2

(ans. : tan  1 (sin  )  c )

٩
 1 1 1 1
17 )  x 2 x x dx
csc cot (ans. : csc
x
c)

3x  1 33
18 )  3 dx (ans. : ( 3 x 2  2 x  1 )2  c )
3x  2x  1
2 4

 sin(tan  )  sec  d (ans. :  cos(tan  )  c )

2
19 )
1
20 )  x 2  x 4 dx (ans. : 
3
( 1  x 2 )3  c )

sec 2 2 x dx
21 )  tan 2 x
(ans. : tan 2 x  c )

 sin   cos  
2
22 ) d (ans. :   cos 2  c )
y 1
23 ) y 4
1
dy (ans. :
2
tan  1 y 2  c )

dx
24 )  x( x  1 )
(ans. : 2 tan  1 x  c )

9 53
 t 3 ( t 3  1 ) 3 dt
2 5 2 5
25 ) (ans. : ( t  1 )3  c )
25
dx 5

4
26 ) (ans. : 1 x5  c )
x
1
5
1 x5
4
2

cos 1
4x 
2
1
 

3
27 ) dx (ans. :  cos  1 4 x  c )
1  16 x 2 12
dx
28 ) x 4x2  1
(ans. : sec  1 ( 2 x )  c )

dx 1
29 )  e  ex
x
 2
(ans. :
4
tanh x  c )

ln x 2 dx 1
 3 ln x  c )
2
30 ) 3 (ans. :
x 2ln3
cot x dx
31 )  ln(sin x ) (ans. : ln ln(sin x )  c )

(ln x )2 1
32 )  x dx (ans. :
3
(ln x )3  c )

sin x  e sec x
33 )  cos 2 x dx (ans. : e sec x  c )

١٠
 dx
34 )  x  ln x (ans. : ln ln x  c )

d
35 )  (ans. :  e   c )
cosh   sinh 
2 x  82 x 1
36 )  dx (ans. : x  25 x  c )
4x 5 ln 2
1
e tan 2 t 1 tan 1 2 t
37 )  dt (ans. : e c)
1  4t 2 2
cot x
38 )  dx (ans. : sinx  c )
csc x
1 1
 sec x  tan x dx tan 6 x  tan 4 x  c )
4 3
39 ) (ans. :
6 4
1 1
 csc (ans. :  cot 3 3 x  cot 3 x  c )
4
40 ) 3 x dx
9 3
cos 3 t
41 )  dt (ans. :  csct  sint  c )
sin 2 t
sec 4 x 1
42 )  dx (ans. :  cot 3 x  cotx  c )
tan 4 x 3
1
 tan 4 d tan 4    c )
2
43 ) (ans. :
4
ex
44 )  dx (ans. : ln( 1  e x )  c )
1 ex
1 1
 tan tan 2 2 x  ln cos 2 x  c )
3
45 ) 2 x dx (ans. :
4 2
sec 2 x
46 )  2  tan x
dx (ans. : ln( 2  tan x )  c )

1 1
 sec 3 x dx tan 3 3 x  tan 3 x  c )
4
47 ) (ans. :
9 3
et
48 )  dt (ans. : tan  1 e t  c )
1  e 2t
cos x
49 )  dx (ans. : 2 sin x  c )
x
dx
50 )  (ans. :  ln csc2x  cot2x  c )
sin x  cos x

١١
51 )  1  sin y dy (ans. :  2 1  sin y  c )
dx
52 )  ( x 2  1 )( 2  tan  1 x ) (ans. : ln( 2  tan  1 x )  c )

53 )  sin  1 (cosh x ) 
sinh x dx
(ans. :
1
 2
sinh  1 (cosh x )  c ) 
1  cosh 2 x 2
cos d
54 )  (ans. : ln sec  tan   c )
1  sin 2 
dx
55 )  (ans. : tan  1 (ln x )  c )

x 1  (ln x ) 2 
 e 
9 5 x 4 94 x 8 54 x x
 2 e 4  e 4 dx e  e  4e 4  c )
x x
56 ) 4
(ans. :
9 5
e x dx 1
57 ) e 2x
 2e x  1
(ans. :  x
e 1
c)

1 1 
e  sinh 2 x dx (ans. :  e 3 x  e  x   c )
x
58 )
2 3 
sec 3 x  e sin x
59 )  sec x
dx (ans. : tanx  e sin x  c )

3 x2 3 3 x1

1
60 ) dx (ans. : tan c)
2  9 x1 2 ln 3 2
cos x dx
61 )  sin x  1  sin x
(ans. : 2sin  1 sin x  c )

1
 tan x dx sec 4 x  sec 2 x  ln cos x  c )
5
62 ) (ans. :
4
dx 1
e
1
63 ) ln sin x
 2
(ans. : (sin  1 x )2  c )
1 x 2
1 x2 1
 x e
1
c)
2
x
64 ) dx (ans. : e
2
(ans. : sinx  ln secx  tanx   c )
1
65 )  cosh(ln cosx) dx 2
cos x
66 )  sin 2
x
dx (ans. :  cscx  c )

67 )  cosh (sinx)
1 cosx dx
(ans. :
1
 2

cosh  1 (sinx)  c )
sin x  1
2 2

١٢
 Chapter six

Methods of integration

6-1- Integration by parts:

The formula for integration by parts comes from the product
rule:-
d ( u  v )  u  dv  v  du  u  dv  d ( u  v )  v  du
and integrated to give:  u dv   d ( u  v )   v du
then the integration by parts formula is:-

 u dv  u  v   v du

Rule for choosing u and dv is:

For u: choose something that becomes simpler when
differentiated.
For dv: choose something whose integral is simple.
It is not always possible to follow this rule, but when we can.

EX-1 – Evaluate the following integrals:

 xe dx  lnx  
1  x 2 dx
x
1) 6)

2 )  x  cosx dx 7)  sin ax -1
dx
x
 e  sinbx dx
ax
3) dx 8)
x1
 x  ln x dx x  e x dx
2 3
4) 9)

5 )  x  sec x dx 10)  x  e x dx
2
2 3

Sol. –

u x  du  dx 
1) let 
dv  e x dx  v  e x   udv  u  v   vdu
 xe dx  x  e x   e x dx  x  e x  e x  c
x

١
 u  x  du  dx 
2) let 
dv  cosx dx  v  sin x   udv  u  v   vdu
 x  cosx dx  x  sin x   sin x dx  x  sin x  cos x  c
u x  du  dx 

3 ) let
dv 
1 1 
dx  v  2  x  1 2   udv  u  v   vdu
x1 

dx  2 x   x  1  2   x  1 2 dx
x

1 1
2
x1
2  x  1
3
4
 x  1 3
2
 2x x  1   c  2x x  1  c
3 3
2

1 
u  ln x  dx  du 
x 
4) let 3    udv  u  v   vdu
dv  x dx  v 
2 x 
3 
x3 1 x3 1 3
    
3
   x c
2 2
x l nx dx ln x x dx ln x
3 3 9
u x  du  dx

5) let 
dv  sec 2 x dx  v  tan x   udv  u  v   vdu
 x  sec x dx  x  tan x   tan x dx  x  tan x  ln cos x  c
2

2x
1
6) 
let u  ln x  1  x 2
 du 
2 1  x2
x  1  x2
dx

dv  dx  vx
 
 ln x  1  x dx  x  ln x  1  x   x 1  x
2 2

2
  1
2
dx


 x  ln x  1  x 2  
1 1  x2
 
 1
2
 
 c  x  ln x  1  x 2  1  x 2  c
2 1
2

٢
 a dx
7) let u  sin  1 ax  du  & dv  dx  v  x
1a x 2 2

ax
 sin ax dx  x  sin  1 ax  
1
dx
1a x 2 2

 x  sin  1 ax 
1
2a  
 2a 2 x 1  a 2 x 2  1
2
dx

1
 x  sin ax 
1 1  a2 x2

  1
2
 c  x  sin ax  1 1  a2 x2
c
2a 1 a
2

1
8) let u  e ax  du  a  e ax dx & dv  sin bx dx  v   cos bx
b
1 ax a ax
 e  sinbx dx   b e  cos bx  b  e  cos bx dx ...........(1)
ax

1
let u  e ax  du  a  e ax dx & dv  cos bx dx  v  sin bx
b
1 ax a ax
    
b
e  sin bx dx
ax
e cosbx dx e sin bx .......... .(2)
b
sub. (2) in (1) 
1 ax a ax a2
 e  sinbx dx   b e  cos bx  b 2 e  sin bx dx  b 2  e  sin bx dx
ax ax

a2 1 ax a ax
  
b2 
     e  sin bx dx  c
ax ax
e sinbx dx e sin bx dx e cos bx
b b2
 a2  e ax
 1  2   e ax  sinbx dx  2 a sin bx  b cos bx   c
 b  b
e ax
  e  sinbx dx  a 2  b 2 a sin bx  b cos bx   c
ax

9) derivative of u integration of dv
x3 + ex   x 3 e ax dx  x 3 e x  3 x 2 e x
3x 2 ex
-  6 xe x  6 e x  c
6x ex
6
+
- ex 
 ex x3  3x2  6 x  6  c 
0 ex

٣
 1 x2
u  x2  du  2 x dx dv  x  e x dx  v 
2
10 ) let & e
2
1 2 x2 1 1 1 2
 x  e dx  x  e   2 x  e x dx  x 2  e x  e x  c
2 2 2
3 x

2 2 2 2

6-2- Odd and even powers of sine and cosine:

To integrate an odd positive power of sinx (say sin2n+1x ) we
split off a factor of sinx and rewrite the remaining even power in
terms of the cosine. We write:-

 sin
2 n 1

x  dx   1  cos 2 x n
 sin x dx
and  cos
2 n 1
x  dx   1  sin x 
2 n
 cos x dx

EX-2- Evaluate:

 sin  cos
3 5
1) x dx 2) x dx

Sol.-

1)  sin
3

x dx   sin 2 x  sinx dx   1  cos 2 x  sinx dx 
  sinx dx   cos 2 x   sinx  dx   cos x 
1
cos 3 x  c
3

2)  cos x dx   cos x  cosx dx   1  sin x  cos x dx

5 4 2
 
2

  cosx dx  2  sin 2 x  cos x dx   sin 4 x  cos x dx

2 1
 sinx  sin 3 x  sin 5 x  c
3 5

To integrate an even positive power of sine (say sin2nx ) we use

the relations:-

1  cos 2 1  cos 2
cos 2  or sin 2 
2 2

then we can write:-

٤
 n
 1  cos 2 x 
 sin x  dx     dx
2n

 2 
n
 1  cos 2 x 
 cos x  dx     dx
2n
and
 2 

EX-3- Evaluate:

 cos  d  sin  d
2 4
1) 2)

Sol.-

1  cos 2 1 1 
 cos  d   d    d   2 cos 2 d 
2
1)
2 2 2 
1 1 
   sin 2   c
2 2 

 1  cos 2 
 
2
1
2 )  sin  d   
4
 d   d   cos 2 ( 2 d )   cos 2 d
2

 2  4
1 1  cos 4  1 1 1 
   sin 2   d     sin 2  (   sin 4 )  c
4 2  4 2 4 
3 1 1
   sin 2  sin 4  c
8 4 32

To integrate the following identities:-

 sin mx  sin nx dx ,  sin mx  cos nx dx , and  cos mx  cos nx dx

we use the following formulas:-

cos( m  n ) x  cos( m  n ) x
sin mx  sin nx 
2
sin( m  n ) x  sin( m  n ) x
sin mx  cos nx 
2
cos( m  n ) x  cos( m  n ) x
cos mx  cos nx 
2

٥
 EX-4- Evaluate:

1)  sin 3 x  cos 5 x dx 2)  cos x  cos 7 x dx 3) sin x  sin 2 x dx

Sol.-

 sin 3 x  cos 5 x dx  2  sin( 3 x  5 x )  sin( 3 x  5 x ) dx

1
1)

1 1 1  1 1
2  2  8
  sin 2 x ( 2 dx )  sin 8 x ( 8 dx ) 
 4 cos 2 x  cos 8 x  c
 16

 cos x  cos 7 x dx 
1
  1 1
2
2) cos( 6 x )  cos( 8 x ) dx  sin 6 x  sin 8 x  c
12 16

 sin x  sin 2 x dx 
1
  1 1
2
3) cos x  cos 3 x dx  sin x  sin 3 x  c
2 6

6-3- Trigonometric substitutions:

Trigonometric substitutions enable us to replace the binomials
a  u 2 , a 2  u 2 , and u 2  a 2 be single square terms. We can
2

use:-

u  a sin  for a 2  u 2  a 2  a 2 sin 2   a 2 ( 1  sin 2  )  a 2 cos 2 

u  a tan  for a 2  u 2  a 2  a 2 tan 2   a 2 ( 1  tan 2  )  a 2 sec 2 
u  a sec  for u 2  a 2  a 2 sec 2   a 2  a 2 (sec 2   1 )  a 2 tan 2 

EX-5 Evaluate the following integrals:

z 5 dz x2
1)  1  z2
4)  9  x2
dx

dx dt
2) 4  x2
5)  25t 2  9
dx dy
3)  6) 
4  x2 25  9y 2

٦
Sol.-

z
1 ) let z  tan   dz  sec 2  d tan  
1
z 5 dz tan 5   sec 2  d
 1  z2

1  tan 2 
  tan 5  sec  d


  tan   sec  sec 2  1 d 2

  sec 4  tan   sec  d   2  sec 2  tan   sec  d    tan   sec  d

1 2
 sec 5   sec 3   sec   c 1  z2
5 3 z
1 2 Ө
 ( 1  z 2 )5  ( 1  z 2 )3  1  z 2  c 1
5 3

x
2 ) let x  2 tan   dx  2 sec 2  d tan  
2
dx 2 sec 2  d
 4  x2
  4  4 tan 2 
  sec  d  ln sec   tan   c

4  x2
4 x 2
x x
 ln  c θ
2 2
2
 ln 4  x 2  x  c  wh ere c   c  ln 2

3 ) let x  2 sin   dx  2 cos  d

dx 2 cos  d 1 d 1
 4  x 2   4  4 sin 2   2  cos   2  sec  d
1
 ln sec   tan   c 2
2 x
θ
1 2 x 4  x 2

 ln  c
2 4  x2 4  x2
1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x
 ln  c  ln  c  ln c
2 ( 2  x )( 2  x ) 2 2 x 4 2 x

٧
4 ) let x  3 sin  dx  3cos  d
x 2 dx 9 sin 2 
 9  x2
 9  9 sin 2 
3cos  d  9  sin 2  d

1  cos 2 9 1  3
 9 d     sin 2   c
2 2 2  θ
x

   sin   cos    c
9 9  x2
2
9  -1 x x 9  x 2  9 x x
 sin    c  sin -1   9  x2  c
2  3 3 3 
 2 3 2

5 ) let 5t  3 sec   5dt  3 sec   tan  d

3 sec   tan  d
dt 1
 25 t 2  9
 5
9 sec 2   9
  sec  d
5
1
 ln sec   tan   c 5t
5
θ 25 t 2  9
1 5t 25 t  92
 ln  c 3
5 3 3
1 1
 ln 5 t  25 t 2  9  c  where c   c  ln3
5 5

6 ) let 3y  5 tan   3dy  5 sec 2  d

5 sec 2  d
dy 1
    sec  d
 3
25  9 y 2
25  25 tan 2  3
1
 ln sec   tan   c 25  9 y 2
3
3y
θ
1 25  9 y 2 3 y
 ln  c 5
3 5 5
1 1
 ln 25  9 y 2  3 y  c  where c   c  ln5
3 3

٨
EX-6 Prove the following formulas:

du u du 1 1 u
1)  a 2  u2
 sin  1
a
c 2)  a 2  u2 a
 tan
a
c

Proof.-

1 ) let u  a sin   du  a cos  d

du a cos  d u
 a u
2 2
  a 2  a 2 sin 2 
  d    c  sin  1  c
a

2 ) let u  a tan   du  a sec 2  d

du a sec 2  d 1 1 1 1 u
 a 2  u 2   a 2  a 2 tan 2   a  d  a   c  a tan a  c
6-4- Integral involving a x 2 + b x + c :
By using the algebraic process called completing the square, we
can convert any quadratic: a x 2 + b x + c , a ≠ 0 to the form:
a( u 2  A 2 ) we can then use one of the trigonometric
substitutions to write the expression as a times a single square
term.

EX-7 – Evaluate:
dx dx
1)  4) 
2x  x2 1  x  x2
dx dx
2)  5) 
2x2  2x  1 x2  2x  8
dx
3)  x2  2x  2

Sol.
dx dx dx
1)  2x  x2

1 ( x2  2x  1 )
  1  ( x  1 )2
let x  1  sin   dx  cos d
dx cos d
 2x  x 2

1  sin  2
  d    c  sin  1 ( x  1 )  c

٩
 dx 1 dx 1 dx
 2x   2  
 
2)
 2x  1 2 x  x  1
2
2 x1 2  1
2 2 4
1 1 1
let x   tan   dx  sec 2 d
2 2 2
1 sec 2  d
dx 1
 2 x 2  2 x  1  2  1 2tan 2  1   d    c  tan ( 2 x  1 )  c
1

4 4

dx dx
3)  x2  2x  2

( x  1 )2  1 x2  2x  2
let x  1  tan   dx  sec 2 d x+1
θ
dx sec 2  d
 x  2x  2
2

tan   1
2
  sec  d 1

 ln sec  tan   c  ln x 2  2 x  2  x  1  c

dx dx
4)  
1 x  x2 
5  x1
4 2

2

1 5 5
let x  sin   dx  cos d
2 2 2
5 cos  d
 2x  1
   d    c  sin  1 
 2   c
5  5 sin 2   5 
4 4

dx dx
5)  x2  2x  8

( x  1 )2  9
let x  1  3 sec   dx  3 sec   tan  d x1
3 sec  tan  d x2  2x  8
  9 sec 2   9
  sec  d θ
3

x1 x2  2x  8
 ln sec  tan   c  ln  c
3 3

 ln x  1  x 2  2 x  8  c w here c   c  ln3

١٠
6-5- Partial fractions:
f(x)
Success in separating into a sum of partial fractions
g( x )
hinges on two things:-

1- The degree of f ( x ) must be less than the degree of g ( x ) .

(If this is not case, we first perform a long division, and then
work with the remainder term).

2- The factors of g ( x ) must be known. If these two conditions

are met we can carry out the following steps:

Step I - let x  r be a linear factor of g ( x ) . Suppose ( x  r ) m

is the highest power of ( x  r ) that divides g ( x ) . Then assign
the sum of m partial factors to this factor, as follows:

A1 A2 Am
  ......... 
x  r ( x  r )2 ( x  r )m

Do this for each distinct linear factor of f ( x ) .

Step II - let x 2  p x  q be an irreducible quadratic factor of

g ( x ) . Suppose ( x 2  p x  q ) n is the highest power of this
factor that divides g ( x ) . Then, to this factor, assign the sum
of the n partial fractions:

B1 x  C 1 B2 x  C 2 Bn x  C n
  ......... 
x  p xq (x  p xq)
2 2 2
( x  p x  q )n
2

Do this for each distinct linear factor of g ( x ) .

f(x)
Step III - set the original fraction equal to the sum of
g( x )
all these partial fractions. Clear the resulting equation of
fractions and arrange the sums in decreasing powers of x.

Step IV - equate the coefficients of corresponding powers of x

and solve the resulting equations for the undetermined
coefficients.

١١
EX-8 – Evaluate the following integrals:

2x  5 sin x dx
1)  x 2  9 dx 4)  cos x  5 cos x  4
2

x dx 2x2  3x  2
2)  2 5)  dx
x  4x  3  x  1 2  x  2 
x3  x x3  4 x2
3)  x 2

 1   x  1
2
dx 6)  x2  4x  3
dx

Sol.-

2x  5 2x  5
1)  x2  9 dx    x  3    x  3  dx
2x  5
2x  5  A x  3   B  x  3 
A B
  
x  3 x  3 x  3 x  3
11
at x3  6A  6  5  A
6
1
at x  3   6B  6  5  B
6
 11 1 
2x  5  
ln x  3   ln x  3   c
11 1
 dx    6  6  dx 
x 9
2
 x3 x 3 6 6
 

x dx x dx
2)  x 2  4 x  3   x  3  x  1


 x  A x  1  B  x  3 
x A B
 
 x  3  x  1 x  3 x  1
3 1
at x  3  A  and at x  1  B  
2 2
 3  1 
 2
 x 2  4 x  3    x  3  x  1  dx  2 ln x  3   2 ln x  1  c
x dx 2 3 1

 

١٢
 x3  x x  x  1 x  1 x2  x
3)  x 2

 1  x  1
2
dx   x 2

 1  x  1
2
dx   
x 2  1  x  1
dx


x2  x

Ax  B
 2 
C
x  1  x  1 x  1 x  1
2
 x 2  x   Ax  B  x  1   C x 2  1  
x 2  x   A  C  x 2   A  B  x   B  C 
A  C  1 ......( 1 ) 

 A  B  1 ......( 2 )  A0 , B1 , C 1
 B  C  0 ......( 3 )
x3  x  1 1 
 x dx    2  dx  tan x  ln x  1  c
1

2

 1  x  1
2
 x  1 x  1
4 ) let y  cosx  dy   sinx dx
sin x dx dy dy
 cos 2 x  5 cos x  4
   y 2  5 y  4   y  4  y  1
 

1  A y  1  B  y  4 
dy A B
  
 y  4  y  1 y  4 y  1
1 1
at y4  A and at y  1  B
3 3
 1  1 
sin x dx 
 cos 2 x  5 cos x  4     y  4  y  1  dy
3 3
 

  ln y  4   ln y  1  c   lncos x  4   lncos x  1   c

1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
2x  3x  2
2
A B C
5)   
 x  1 2  x  2  x  1  x  1 2 x  2
2 x 2  3 x  2  A x  1 x  2   B  x  2   C  x  1
2

A  C  2 .......... ..........( 1 ) 

 3 A  B  2C  3 ......( 2 )  A  2 , B  1 , C  4
2 A  2 B  C  2 ...........( 3 ) 
2x2  3x  2  2 1 4 
  x  1 2  x  2  dx    x  1 (x  1 )2 x  2  dx
  

1
 2 ln( x  1 )   4 ln( x  2 )  C
x1

١٣
 x
x3  4 x2 3x
6) 2  x x  4x  3
2
x3  4x2
x  4x  3  x  3  x  1
 x3  4 x2  3x
 3x

 3x  A x  1  B  x  3 
3x A B
 
 x  3  x  1 x  3 x  1
9 3
at x  3  A  and at x  1  B  
2 2
x3  4 x2  9 3 
 
 x 2  4 x  3 dx    x  x  3  x 21  dx
2
 
x2 9
 ln x  3   ln x  1  c
3

2 2 2

6-6- Rational functions of sinx and cosx, and other trigonometric

integrals:
x 2
We assume that z  tan then x  2 tan 1 z and dx  dz
2 1  z2

Since
x 1  cos x x 2
cos 2   cosx  2 cos 2 1 1
2 2 2 2x
sec
2
2 2 1  z2
 1 2 1  cosx 
2 x z 1 1 z2
tan 1
2

Since
x
x x 2sin
sin x  2 sin  cos  2  cos 2 x  2 tan x  1
2 2 cos x 2 2 sec 2 x
2 2
x 1 2z
 2 tan   sinx 
2 2 x 1  z2
tan 1
2

١٤
EX-9 – Evaluate:
dx 3 dx
1)  1  sin x  cos x 4)  2  4 sin x
dx
2)  5)  secx dx
sin x  tan x
dx cos x dx
3)  6)  1  cos x
2  sin x
Sol.-
2
dz
1) 
dx 1  z 2
dz
1  sin x  cos x   1 z
 
2z 1  z2
1 
1 z2 1  z2
x
 ln 1  z  c  ln 1  tan  c
2

2
dz
dx 1  z 2 1 1 
2)  sin x  tan x

2z 2z
    z dz
2 z 

1 z 2
1 z 2

1 z2  1 x 1 x
  ln z    c   ln tan  tan 2   c
2 2 2 2 2 2

2
dz
dx 1 z2 dz dz
3)  2  sin x   2z
 z 2
z1
  1 3
2 ( z  )2 
1 z2 2 4
1 3 3
let z   tan   dz  sec 2  d
2 2 2
3
sec 2  d
dx 2 2
 2  sin x
 2
3 3

3
 d 
3
 c
tan  
2

4 4
 x 
 2 tan  1 
2  2 z  1  2
 tan  1    c  tan  1  2 c
3  3  3  3 
 
 

١٥
 2
dz
4) 
3 dx
 
3 dx 3
  z 2
 1  3 2
dz
2  4 sin x 2 1  2 sin x 2 2z z  4z  1
1 2 2
z 1
dz dz
 3
 z  2 2  3  ( z  2 ) 2  1


3
z2
let  sec   dz  3 sec   tan  d
3
z2
3 dx 3 sec   tan  d sec 
 2  4 sin x
  sec 2   1
 3  tan  d z2  4z  1
θ
3
 3  csc  d   3 ln csc   cot   c

x
2 3
tan
z2 3 2
  3 ln   c   3 ln c
z2  4z  1 z2  4z  1 x x
tan 2  4 tan  1
2 2

1  z2 2 1
5 )  secx dx    dz  2  1  z 1  z  dz
1  z2 1  z2

 A1  z   B 1  z   1
1 A B
 
1  z 1  z  1  z 1  z
1 1
at z  1  A  and at z  1  B 
2 2
 1 1 
 2 
 secx dx  2   1  z  1  z  dz   ln1  z   ln1  z   c
2
 
x
1  tan
 x  x 2 c
 ln 1  tan   ln 1  tan   c  ln
 2  2
1  tan
x
2
x 1  cos x
By substituti ng tan  implies
2 1  cos x
 secx dx  ln sec x  tan x  c
١٦
 1 z2
cos x dx 1  z 2 2 1 z2
6) 
1  cos x 
  dz   dz
1  z2 1 z2 ( 1  z2 ) z2
1
1  z2
1 z2 A B C zD
   
(1 z2 ) z2 z z2 1 z2
Az  Az 3  B  Bz 2  Cz 3  Dz 2  1  z 2
A  C  0 ......( 1 )
B  D  1 ....( 2 ) 
 A  0 , B  1 , C  0 , D  2
A  0 .............( 3 ) 
B  1 .............( 4 ) 

cos x dx  1 2  1
 1  cos x    z
1
  dz    2 tan z  c
z  1
2 2
z
1 x x
  2   c   cot  xc
x 2 2
tan
2

١٧
 Problems – 6

Evaluate the following integrals:

x3 1 3 1 2
1)  dx (ans. : x  x  x  ln( x  1 )  c )
x1 3 2
3x  2
2)  dx (ans. : x  ln(3x - 1)  c )
3x  1
3 )  x 2  e  x dx (ans. :  e  x ( x 2  2 x  2 )  c )
1
 x  sin x (ans. :  cos x 2  c )
2
4) dx
2
x 1
5)  x 2  1 dx (ans. :
2
x 2  1  ln x  x 2  1  c )
2
3 x  13 4 5
6)  ( 5 x  1 )( 7 x  2 ) (ans. : ln 5 x  1  ln 7 x  2  c )
5 7
2x  3 1 1 9
7)  dx (ans. : ln x  1  ln x  2  ln x  3  c )
( x  1 )( x  2 )( x  3 ) 4 5 20
dx 1 x1 1
8)  4 (ans. : ln  tan  1 x  c )
x 1 4 x1 2
9)  ln x dx (ans. : x  lnx  x  c )
1
 tan
1
10 ) x dx (ans. : x  tan  1 x  ln( 1  x 2 )  c )
2
x2 x2
11 )  x  ln x dx (ans. :
2
ln x 
4
c)

x2 1
 x  tan
1
12 ) x dx (ans. : tan  1 x  ( x  tan  1 x )  c )
2 2
2
x 2x 2
x  cosax dx sin ax  2 cos ax  3 sin ax  c )
2
13 ) (ans. :
a a a
x
14 )  sin(lnx) dx (ans. : (sin(ln x )  cos(ln x ))  c )
2
x
 ln( a  x 2 )dx (ans. : x  ln(a 2  x 2 )  2 x  2 a tan  1  c )
2
15 )
a

١٨
 x2 1 x
 x  sin
1
16 ) x dx (ans. : sin  1 x  sin  1 x  1  x2  c )
2 4 4
3x 1 1
 cos  sin 2 x  sin 4 x  c )
4
17 ) x dx (ans. :
8 4 32
2 5 11 17
3 6 3
18 )  cos 3
x  sin 5 x dx (ans. :  cos x  cos x 
5
3
11
3
17
cos 3 x  c )

19 )  x  sin x dx (ans. :  x  cosx  sinx  c )

20 ) x
2
1  x dx (ans. : 
2
105
 
( 1  x )3 15 x 2  12 x  8  c )

21 )  sin
2
x  cos 2 x dx (ans. :
1
4 x  sin 4 x   c )
32
1 1
 sec x  tan 2 x dx (ans. : sec 3 x  tan x  sec x  tan x
3
22 )
4 8
1
 ln sec x  tan x  c )
8

 x cos  1 1 1
23 ) 3
x 2  sin 3 x 2 dx (ans. : sin x 2  sin 3 x 2  cos x 2
2 6 2
1
 cos 3 x 2  c )
6
dx
24 )  x 1 x
(ans. : 2 sin  1 x c)

dx
25 )  x (1 x)
(ans. : 2 ln(1  x ) c )

dx 2 3
26 ) x 2  3 ln 2 x
(ans. :
3
sin  1 (
2
ln x )  c )

e 2x dx 3 x 3 9 3
27 )  3
1 ex
(ans. :
2
 e  ( 1  e x )2 
10
( 1  e x )5  c )

dy 1 2 y3 2 y3
28 )  y( 2 y 3  1 )2
(ans. : ln(
3 2 y3  1
)
3( 2 y 3  1 )
c)

x dx 2
29 )  1 x
(ans. :
3
x 3  x  2 x  2 ln( x  1 )  c )

dt
30 )  et  1 (ans. : ln( e t  1 )  t  c )

١٩
 d 1 1
31 )  1  tan 2

(ans. :
2
  ln sec 2  tan 2  c )
4
x
e 2
e  cos 2 x dx cos 2 x  e x sin 2 x  c )
x
32 ) (ans. :
5 5
cot d sin 
33 )  1  sin 2  (ans. : ln
1  sin 
2
c)
1 3
e4t 3 9
34 )  2
dt (ans. : e 2 t ( 1  e 2 t ) 3  ( 1  e 2 t ) 4  c )
2 8
(1 e ) 2t 3

x3  x2 x2 4 2
35 )  x2  x  2
dx (ans. :
2
 ln( x  2 )  ln( x  1 )  c )
3 3
2e 2 x  e x 1
36 )  3e 2x
 6e  1x
dx (ans. : ( 2 3e 2 x  6 e x  1 
3
3 ln 3 ( e x  1 )  3e 2 x  6 e x  1  c )
dy
37 )  (2y 1) y y2
(ans. : sec  1 ( 2 y  1 )  c )

3
ex 2
(1 x cos 2 x  e x sin 2 x  c )
2 2
38 ) ) dx (ans. :
5 5
tan 1 x x tan 1 x
39 )  dx (ans. : ln  c)
x2 x 1
2 x 2

x2 x 1
 x  sin  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  c )
2
40 ) x dx (ans. :
4 4 8
dt 1 1 t
41 ) t 4
 4t 2  3
(ans. : tan  1 t 
2 2 3
tan  1
3
c)

8 dx x 2 2
42 )  x  2 x3
4
(ans. : ln   2 c)
x2 x x
cos x dx x x x
43 )  1  cos x
(ans. : 2 ( 2 sin  ln sec  tan )  c )
2 2 2
x dx 4 2 x 1
44 )  x x 1
(ans. : x  2 x 
3
tan  1
3
c)

dt
45 )  sec t  tan 2 t
2
(ans. : 2 tan  1 ( 2 tan t )  t  c )

٢٠
 dx 1 1
46 )  1  cos 2 x (ans. :
2
tan  1 (
2
tan x )  c )

x2  x
47 )  ln( x  1  x ) dx (ans. : xln( x  1  x ) 
2
1
 ln 2 x  1  2 x 2  x  c )
4
2
x 3 1
 x ln( x  x ) dx ln( x 3  x )  x 2  ln( x 2  1 )  c )
3
48 ) (ans. :
2 4 2
cosx dx
49 )  4  cos 2 x
(ans. : ln 3  sin 2 x  sin x  c )

sec 2 x dx 1
50 )  4  sec 2 x
(ans. : sin  1 (
3
tan x )  c )

dt 1 1
51 ) t 1  t2
(ans. :
2
ln( t  1  t 2 )  sin  1 t  c )
2
1
e
x
52 )  tan  1 e x dx (ans. :  e  x  tan  1 e x  x  ln( 1  e 2 x )  c )
2
1 1
 sin
1
53 ) x dx (ans. : x sin  1 x  sin  1 x  x  x2  c )
2 2
cos2x  1
54 )  cos2x  1 dx (ans. : x  tanx  c )

٢١
 Chapter seven

Application of integrals

7-1- Definite integrals:

If f ( x ) is continuous in the interval a  x  b and it is
integrable in the interval then the area under the curve:-

 f ( x )dx  F ( x )
b
a
 F(b )  F(a )
a

where F ( x ) is any function such that F ( x )  f ( x ) in

the interval.

Some of the more useful properties of the definite integral are:-

b b
1 )  c f(x) dx  c  f(x) dx , where c is constant.
a a
b b b
2)   f(x)  g(x) dx   f(x)dx   g(x)dx
a a a
b a
3)  f(x) dx    f(x) dx
a b
b c b
4 ) Let a  c  b then  f(x) dx   f(x) dx   f(x) dx
a a c
a
5)  f(x) dx  0
a
b
6 ) If f(x)  0 for a  x  b then  f(x) dx  0
a
b b
7 ) If f(x)  g(x) for a  x  b then  f(x) dx   g(x) dx
a a

١
 EX-1 – Evaluate the following definite integrals:
3
6 2
dx
1) 
2
x2
2)  cos x dx

2

3
3 2
dx dx
3)  4) 
 3
1  x2 0 1  x2
4 

e 6)  (   x )  cosx dx
 x
5) 2
dx
2 0

Sol. –

6
dx
 x  2  ln( x  2 )
6
1) 2
 ln( 6  2 )  ln( 2  2 )  ln 8  ln 4  3ln2  2ln2  ln2
2

3
2
3 3 
 cos x dx  sin x   sin(  )  sin( )   1  1   2
2
2)

2
2
2 2

dx
3
  2
 1  x2
1 3
3)  tan  tan  1 3  tan  1 (  3 )   (  )  
 3 3 3 3
 3

3
2
dx 3
3  
  sin1 x  sin1  sin1 0   0 
2
4)
0 1  x2 0 2 3 3

4 4

e
 x
 x
5) 2
dx  2e 2
 2( e 2  e )  2( e  e 2 )
2
2

6 ) Let u    x  du  dx & dv  cosx dx  v  sinx

 
 
 (   x )  cosx dx  (   x )sin x 0   sin x dx  (   x ) sin x  cos x 0
0 0

 (    ) sin  cos  (   0 ) sin0  cos0   0  ( 1 )  ( 0  1 )  2

٢
7-2- Area between two curves:
Suppose that y1  f 1 ( x ) and y 2  f 2 ( x ) define two functions
of x that are continuous for a  x  b then the area bounded above
by the y1 curve, below by y 2 curve and on the sides by the vertical
lines x  a and x  b is:-
b
A    f 1 ( x )  f 2 ( x ) dx
a

EX-2- Find the area bounded by the x-axis and the curve:
y  2 x  x2 y
2
Sol.-

y0 .......... ....(1)  1

  x(x  2 )  0  x  0 , 2
y  2x  x 2 .....(2) 
x
1 2

The points of the intersection of the curve and the x-axis are (0,0)
and (2,0) then the area bounded by x-axis and the curve is:-

2 2
x3 8 4
0 (2x  x ) dx  x  3  4  3  ( 0  0 )  3
2 2

EX-3- Find the area bounded by the y-axis and the curve:
x  y2  y3
y
Sol.-
1
x0 .......... ....(1) 
  y (1 y )  0  y  0 ,1
2

x  y  y .....(2) 
2 3

x
 intersecti on points (0,0), (0,1)
The area 
1 1
y3 y4 1 1 1
A   (y  y )dy 
2 3
    (0  0 ) 
0
3 4 0 3 4 12

٣
 EX-4- Find the area bounded by the curve y  x and the line:
2

y x
y
Sol.-
y=x2
y=x
y  x 2 ......(1) 
  x (x  1 )  0  x  0 , 1
y  x .....(2) 
1

 intersecti on points (0,0), (1,1) x

1
The area 
1 1
x2 x3 1 1 1
A   ( x  x )dx   2
  0 
0
2 3 0 2 3 6

EX-5- Find the area bounded by the curves y  x 4  2 x 2 and

y  2 x2 y
y=x4-2x2
Sol.-

y  x 4  2 x 2 ......(1) 8
y=2x2
  x (x  4 )  0
2 2

y  2 x ............(2) 
2
4
x
 x  0 , 2,2 -1 0 1
-2 2
 intersection points are (0,0),(2,8),( 2,8)
-4

The area 

 2 x   
0 2
A 2
 ( x  2 x ) dx   2 x 2  ( x 4  2 x 2 ) dx
4 2

2 0
2
 4 3 x5 
  4 
2
32
 2  4 x  x dx  2  x    2   8 
2 4
 0
0 3 5 0 3 5 
128

15

٤
 Notice:- We can use the double integration to calculate the area
between two curves which bounded above by the curve y  f 2 ( x )
below by y  f 1 ( x ) on the left by the line x  a and on the right by
x  b , then:-
b f2 ( x )

A   dy dx
a f1 ( x )

To evaluate above integrals we follow:-

(a) integrating  dy with respect to y and evaluating the resulting
integral the limits y  f 1 ( x ) and y  f 2 ( x ) , then:
(b)integrating the result of (a) with respect to x between the
limits x  a and x  b .
If the area is bounded on the left by the curve x  g1 ( y ) , on the
right by x  g 2 ( y ) , below by the line y  c , and above by the line
y  d , then it is better to integrate first with respect to x and then
with respect to y. That is:-
d g2 ( y )
A   dx dy
c g1 ( y )

EX-6- Find the area of the triangular region in the first quadrant
bounded by the y-axis and the curve y  sin x , y  cos x .

Sol.- y

y  sin x .....(1) 
  sin x  cos x x  1
y  cos x .....(2) 4 1
y=sinx
2

The area  y=cos

x
   
x

4 cosx 4 4 4

dx   cos x  sin x dx

4
A   dy dx   y
cos x
sin x
0 sinx 0 0


4 1 1
 sin x  cos x    ( 0  1 )  2  1  0.414
0 2 2

٥
 1 1
sin x
EX-7- Calculate: 
0 y
x
dx dy
y
x=1
y=x

Sol.- We cannot solve the integration

1 1 1
sin x y=1
0 y x dx dy , hence we reverse the
order of integration as follow:-
x
1
x1 and y1
x y y0

1 x 1 1
sinx sinx x sinx
A  0 x dy dx  0 x 0y dx  0 x ( x  0 )dx
0
1
  sin x dx   cos x 0  (cos 1  cos 0 )  1  cos 1
1

EX-8- Write an equivalent double integral with order of

integration reversed for each integrals check your answer
by evaluation both double integrals, and sketch the region.

1 3x  2 0 1 x 2 1 x
1)   dy dx
-2 x 4 x
2
2)   dy dx    dy dx
-1  2 x 0 x

2

y
Sol.-
6
y=5
y  3 x  2 .....(1)
1)  4
y  x 2  4x ...(2)
2

( x  2 )( x  1 )  0 -2 -1 0
x
either x  2  y  4
or x  1  y  5 -2 x=1

-4
y  x2  4 y=-4
x=-2
y  3x  2

٦
 1 3x  2 1 3x  2 1
(a )   dy dx   y 2
dx   ( 2  x  x 2 )dx
2
-2 x2 4 x x2 4 x
1
x2 x3 1 1 8 9
 2x   2   ( 4  2  ) 
2 3 2
2 3 3 2

( b ) The reversed integral is : -

y2
y  3x  2  x 
3
y  x 2  4x  (x  2)2  y  4  x  2  y  4
Since  2  x  1  x  2  y4

5 2  y  4 2  y  4
 y 2
5 5

  dx dy  
-4 y2 4
x
y 2
  2 
 4
y4   dy
3 
3
3
5
2 3 ( y  2 )2
 2 y  ( y  4 ) 2
3 6 4

2 9 36 9
 10  ( 27 )   ( 8  0  )
3 6 6 2
 The same result as in (a).

0 1 x 2 1 x 0 1 x 2 1 x

2 ) (a )   dy dx    dy dx  
-1  2 x
y dx   y

x
dx
0

x -1 2x 0
2
2
0 2 0 2
x x2 x2
  (1  x) dx   ( 1  ) dx  x   x
-1 0
2 2 1
4 0

1 3
 0  ( 1  ) 2  1 0 
2 2

(b) 1st region

y  1  x .....(1)
  x  1  y  2 x from  1 to 0
y  2 x ......(2) 

٧
 2nd region
y  1  x ...(1)

x   x  2  y  1 y from 0 to 2
y   .....(2) 
2 
y
2 1 y 0 1 y 2 1 y 0 1 y (-1,2)
2
  dx dy  
1 2 y
 dx dy   x y
dy  
1
x
2 y
dy y=-x/2
0

y 0  (x=-2y) 1
2 2

2 0 2 0
y y2 y2
  ( 1  )dy   ( 1  y )dy  y 
1 2
 y x
0
2 1
4 0 2 1 -1 0

1 3
 2  1  0  0  ( 1  ) -1
(2,-1)
2 2
y= -2x y=1-x
 The same result as in (a). (x=-y/2) (x=1-y)

7-3- Triple integrals (Volume):

Consider a region N in xyz-space bounded below by a surface
z  f 1 ( x , y ) , above by the surface z  f 2 ( x , y ) and laterally by a
cylinder c with elements parallel to the z-axis. Let A denote the
region of the xy-plane enclosed by cylinder c (that is, A is the region
covered by the orthogonal projection of the solid into xy-plane). Then
the volume V of the region V can be found by evaluating the triply
iterated integral:-

f2 ( x ,y )
y
V    dz dy dx
A f1 ( x , y )

Let z-limits of integration indicate

that for every (x,y) in the region A,Z z  f2 ( x, y )

may extend from the lower surface

z  f1 ( x , y ) to the surface z  f1 ( x , y )

z  f 2 ( x , y ) . The y- and x-limits of

integration have not been given x c
explicitly in equation above, but are z
indicated as extending over the
region A.

٨
We can find the equation of the boundary of the region A by
eliminating z between the two equations z  f 1 ( x , y ) and
z  f 2 ( x , y ) , thus obtaining an equation f 1 ( x , y )  f 2 ( x , y ) which
contains no z, and interpret it as an equation in the xy-plane.

EX-9 The volume in the first octant bounded by the cylinder

x  4  y 2 , and the planes z  y , x  0 , z  0.

Sol.-

x  4  y2  y   4  x in first octant : -
4 4 x y 4 4 x y 4 4 x 4 4 x
y2
V    dz dy dx    z dy dx    y dy dx   dx
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0
4
1 x2  1 
4
1 16
  ( 4  x  0 )dx   4 x     16   0  4
20 2 2 0 2  2 

EX-10 The volume enclosed by the cylinders z  5  x 2 , z  4 x 2 and

the planes y  0 , x  y  1 .

Sol.-

z  5  x 2 ...(1)
  x  1
z  4x ......(2) 
2

1 1 x 5  x 2 1 1 x 5 x2 1 1 x
V    dz dy dx    dy dx   (5  5x
2
z ) dy dx
1 0 4x 2 1 0 4x 2 1 0

1 1 x 1
 5(1 x ) y 2
dx  5  ( 1  x 2 )( 1  x )dx
1 0 1
1
1
 x2 x3 x4 
 5  ( 1  x  x  x ) dx  5  x 
2
3
 
1  2 3 4  1
 1 1 1  20
 5 ( 1  1 )  ( 1  1 )  ( 1  1 )  ( 1  1 ) 
 2 3 4  3

٩
EX-11 The volume enclosed by the cylinders y  4 z  16 and the
2 2

planes x  0 , x  y  4 .

Sol.-

y 2  4 z 2  16  y  2 4  z 2

2 2 4 z2 4 y

V 
2 2 4z 2
  dx dy dz
0

 2
2 4 z2 2 2 4 z
 
2 2 2
y 1
 
2 2
 2(4  y) dy dz  2 4 y  2 dz  16  4  z 2
2
2
dz
4 z 2 4 z 2


at z  2   
z 2
let z  2 sin  dz  2 cos  d ,   sin 1 
2 
at z  2   
2
  
2 2 2
1  cos2
V  16  ( 4  4 sin 2  ) 2 2 cos  d  64  cos 2  d  64  d
1

   2
  
2 2 2

 1     1 2
 32   sin 2   32 (  )  ( 0  0 )  32
 2    2 2 2 
2

EX-12 The volume bounded by the ellipse paraboloids z  x  9 y

2 2

and z  18  x  9y .
2 2

Sol.-

z  18  x 2  9y 2 ..(1) 1
  9  x 2
 9 y 2
 0  y   9  x2
z  x  9y .........(2) 
2 2
3

1 1
9 x2 9 x2
18  x 2  9y 2

 18  x 
3 3 3 3
V    dz dy dx    9y 2  ( x 2  9y 2 ) dy dx
2

3 1 x 9 y
2 2 3 1
 9 x2  9 x2
3 3

١٠
 1
9 x 2
3
 3
V  2  ( 9  x2 )y  3 y3  dx
3 1 9 x 2
3

    ( 9  x 2 ) 2 ( 9  x 2 ) 2 
3 3
2  9 x 9  x2
3 2

 2 (9 x )  3   dx
3 
 3 3   27 27 
    
3
8 3
  ( 9  x 2 ) 2 dx
9 3

at x  3   
x 2
let x  3sin  dx  3cos d ,   sin1 
3 
at x  3    
2
  

8 2 3 2
1  cos2 22
    3cos d  72  cos 4 d  72  ( ) d
2 2
( 9 9 sin )
9    2
  
2 2 2
 
2 2
cos 4
 18  (1  2cos2  cos 2 2 ) d  18  (1  2cos2  ) d
  2
 
2 2
 
2
 1 2
 9  ( 3  4cos2  cos4 ) d  9  3  2 sin 2  sin 4 

  4  
2
2

   1 
 9  3(  )  2(sin  sin(  ))  (sin 2  sin( 2 ))  27 
 2 2 4 

7-4- The length of a plane curve:- B(b,d)

The length of the curve y  f ( x )
d y=f(x)
from point A(a,c) to B(b,d) is:-
x=g(y)
b
dy 2
L   1( ) dx A(a,c)
a
dx c
If x can be expressed as a function
of y then the length is:- 0 a b
d
dx 2
L   1( ) dy
c
dy

١١
 Let the equation of motion be x  g ( t ) and y  h( t )
continuously differentiable for t between t a ( at A ) and t b ( at B),
then the length of the curve is:-
tb
dx 2 dy
L 
ta
(
dt
)  ( )2 dt
dt

EX-13 – Find the length of the curve:

1 3
1 ) y  (x 2  2) 2 from x  0 to x  3
3
2 ) 9 x 2  4y 3 from ( 0,0) to ( 2 3 ,3)
2
3 ) y  x3 from x  1 to x8

Sol.
1 2 3 dy 1
1) y  (x  2) 2   x (x 2  2) 2
3 dx
3 3 3
x3
L   1  x (x  2) dx   (x  1) dx 
2 2
 x  9  3  0  12
2

0 0
3 0
2 3
2 ) 9 x 2  4y 3  x   y 2 Since x from 0 to 2 3
3
2 3 dx 1
then x  y 2   y2
3 dy
3
( 1  y ) 2  8  1 
2 3 3 2 14
L   1  y dy 
0
3 0 3 3
y
2 dy 2  13
3) y x 3
  x 4
dx 3
dy
Since   at x  0 2
dx x
3 dx 3 1
then x   y 2    y2 -2 0 2 4 6 8
dy 2
 3
1
3
4

1  ( 4  9 y )2 (4  9y )
1 4
9 9 
2

L 1  y dy   1  y dy  
4 4 18  3 3 
0 0
 2 0 2 0



1
27

( 13 13  4 4 )  ( 40 40  4 4 )  10.51 

١٢
 
EX-14 – Find the distance traveled between t  0 and
a t
2
particle P(x,y) whose position at time t is given by:-
x  a cos t  a  t sin t and y  a sin t  a  t cos t where a is a
positive constant.

Sol.

dx
x  a cos t  a  t sin t   a  t cos t
dt
dy
y  a sin t  a  t cos t   a  t sin t
dt

b 2
dx 2 dy 2
L 
a
(
dt
) (
dt
) dt  
0
a 2  t 2 cos 2 t  a 2  t 2 sin 2 t dt
 

a  2  a
2 2
a 2
 a  t dt  t    0   2
0
2 0 2 4  8

EX-15 – Find the length of the curve:-

x  t  sin t and y  1  cos t ; 0  t  2

Sol.

dx
x  t  sin t 
 1  cos t
dt
dy
y  1  cos t   sin t
dt
b 2
dx 2 dy 2
L 
a
(
dt
) (
dt
) dt  
0
( 1  cos t )2  sin 2 t dt

2 2
  1  2 cos t  cos t  sin t dt   1  2 cos t  1 dt
2 2

0 0
2 2 2
1  cos t t t
 2 dt  2  sin dt  4 co s
0
2 0
2 20
 4 cos   cos 0   4  1  1  8

١٣
7-5- The surface area:
Suppose that the curve y  f ( x ) is rotated about the x-axis. It
will generate a surface in space. Then the surface area of the
shape is:-
b
dy 2
S   2 y 1  ( ) dx
a
dx

If the curve rotated about the y-axis, then the surface area is:-
d
dx 2
S   2 x 1  ( ) dy
c
dy

If the curve sweeps out the surface is given in parametric form

with x and y as functions of a third variable t that varies
from ta to tb then we may compute the surface area from the
formula:-
tb
dx 2 dy
S   2  ( )  ( )2 dt
ta
dt dt

where  is the distance from the axis of revolution to the

element of arc length and is expressed as a function of t.

EX-16 – The circle x  y  r is revolved about the x-axis. Find

2 2 2

the area of the sphere generated.

Sol.-

dy x
y  r 2  x2  
dx r 2  x2
b r r
dy 2 x2
S   2 y 1  ( ) dx   2 r  x 1  2
2 2
dx  2 r  dx
a
dx r
r  x 2
r
r

 2 r x  2 r r  (  r )  4 r 2
r

١٤
EX-17 – Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the
1 2 3
portion of the curve y ( x  2 )2 between x=0 and x=3
3
about the y-axis.

Sol.-

1 2 3 2 1 dx 1
y ( x  2 ) 2  x  (( 3 y ) 3  2 ) 2   1 2 1
3 dy ( 3 y ) 3  (( 3 y ) 3  2 ) 2

1 2 3 at x  0 2 2 at x  3 11 11
y ( x  2 )2  y and  y
3 3 3

11 11
3
1
 2 ( 3 y ) 3  2  1 
2
S 2 2 dy
2 2 (( 3 y )  2 )( 3 y )
3 3
3

11 11 4 2 11 11 2
3
( 3 y ) 3  2( 3 y ) 3  1 3
(( 3 y ) 3  1 )2
 2 
2 2 ( 3 y )3
2 dy  2
2
 2 ( 3 y )3
2 dy
3 3

( 3 y )  ( 3 y ) 
11 11

 1 ( 3 y )3 1 ( 3 y )3  3
11 11 4 2
3



 2
1 1
3 3
dy  2   
  2 2
4 2
2 2 3 3
3 3
3 3

 11 11 43 2 2 43 
 ( 3  ) 11 11 23 ( 3  ) 2 2 23  99
 3 (3 )  3  (3 )  
 2 3 2 3  2
 

x3 1
EX-18 – The arc of the curve y  from x=1 to x=3 is
3 4x
rotated about the line y= -1. Find the surface area generated.

Sol.-

١٥
 x3 1 dy 1 4 x4  1
y   x 
2

3 4x dx 4 x2 4 x2

( 4 x 4  1 )2
3
x3 1
S  2  (   1) 1 4
dx
1
3 4 x 16 x
4 x 4  12 x  3 ( 4 x 4  1 )2
3

 2  4
dx
1
12 x 16 x

3

 
24 1
( 16 x 5  48 x 2  16 x  12 x  2  3 x  3 )dx

 8 6
3
12 3 
 x  16 x 3
 8 x 2
 
24  3 x 2 x 2  1
 8 1 3 1 
 ( 729  1 )  16 ( 27  1 )  8 ( 9  1 )  12 (  1 )  (  1 )
24  3 3 2 9 

1823
 
18

EX-19 – Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the curve
x  t 2 , y  t , 0  t  1 about the x-axis.

Sol.-

dx dy
x  t2   2t and yt  1
dt dt

tb 1
dx 2 dy 2
S   2  ( ) ( ) dt  2  t 4 t 2  1 dt
ta
dt dt 0
1
  ( 4 t 2  1 ) 2 
 
3

  5 5 1
4 3  6
 2 0

١٦
 Problems – 7

1) Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves and lines
for the following problems:-

1. The coordinate axes and the line x  y  a

2. The x-axis and the curve y  e x and the lines x  0 , x  1
3. The curve y 2  x  0 and the line y  x  2
4. The curves x  y 2 and x  2 y  y 2
5. The parabola x  y  y 2 and the line x  y  0

a2 9 1 4
(ans. : 1. ; 2.e  1 ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. )
2 2 3 3

2) Write an equivalent double integral with order of integration

reversed for each integrals check your answer by evaluation both
double integrals, and sketch the region.

2 ex e2 2
1.   dy dx
0 1
(ans. :   dx dy
1 lny
; e2  3 )

1 1 1 x2
1
2. 
0
 dx dy (ans. : 
0
 dy dx ;
0
3
)
y

4 x2
2 4  2y 2 2 2
8
3. 
0  4  2y 2
 y dx dy (ans. :  
2 0
y dy dx ;
3
)

3) Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane

x y z
   1 and the coordinate planes.
a b c
1
(ans. : abc )
6

4) Find the volume bounded by the plane z  0 laterally by the

elliptic cylinder x 2  4 y 2  4 and above by the plane z  x  2 .

(ans. : 4 )

١٧
 5) Find the lengths of the following curves:-
3 8
1. y  x 2 from (0,0) to (4,8) (ans. : ( 10 10  1 ))
27
x3 1 53
2. y   from x  1 to x  3 (ans. : )
3 4x 6
y4 1 123
3. x   2 from y  1 to y  2 (ans. : )
4 8y 32
4
4. (y  1)2  4x 3 from x  0 to x  1 (ans. : ( 10 10  1 ))
27

6) Find the distance traveled by the particle P(x,y) between t=0 and
t2 1 3

t=4 if the position at time t is given by: x  ; y ( 2t  1 )2

2 3
(ans. : 12 )

7) The position of a particle P(x,y) at time t is given by:

1 3 t2
x (2t  3) 2 ; y  t . Find the distance it travel between t=0
3 2
21
and t=3. (ans. : )
2
8) Find the area of the surface generated by rotating about the x-axis
the arc of the curve y  x 3 between x  0 and x  1 .

(ans. : ( 10 10  1 ))
27
9) Find the area of the surface generated by rotating about the y-axis
the arc of the curve y  x 2 between (0,0) and (2,4) .

(ans. : ( 17 17  1 ))
6

10) Find the area of the surface generated by rotating about the y-
x2 1 2
axis the curve y   ; 0 x1 . (ans. :  ( 2 2  1 ))
2 2 3
t2
11) The curve described by the particle P(x,y) x  t1 , y  t
2
from t = 0 to t = 4 is rotated about the y-axis. Find the surface area
that is generated.
2 2
(ans. :  ( 13 13  1 ))
3

١٨
 Chapter eight

Matrices and Determinants

A matrix is a rectangular array of elements (scalars) from a

field. The order, or size, of a matrix is specified by the number of
rows and the number of columns, i.e. A an “m by n” matrix
has m rows and n columns, and the element in the i th row
and j th column is often denoted by aij :

 a 11 a 12 .... a1 n 
a a 22 .... a 2 n 
 21
 
A  a ij   .... .... .... .... 
 
 .... .... .... .... 
 a m 1 am 2 .... a mn 

A vector is a matrix with a single row (or column) of n

elements , i.e. the column vector is:-
 a1 
a 
 2
A . and row vector is A  a 1 a2 . . an 
 
 .
 a n 

The matrix is square if the number of rows and columns are

equal (i.e. m = n) and the elements aij of a square matrix are
called the main diagonal.

1 0 .... 0
0 1 .... 0 

The identity matrix: I   .... .... .... .... is square matrix
 
 .... .... .... ....
 0 0 .... 1 
with one in each main diagonal position and zeros else.

١
  a1 0 .... 0
0 a2 .... 0 

The diagonal matrix D   .... .... .... ....  has the elements
 
 .... .... .... .... 
 0 0 .... a n 
a1, a2 ,…..,an in its main diagonal position and zeros in all other
locations, some of the ai may be zero but not all.

A n  n triangular matrix has the pattern:-

a11 a12 .... a1 n   a11 0 .... 0 
0 a
 22 .... a 2 n  a
 21 a 22 .... 0 

 .... .... .... ....  or  .... .... .... .... 
   
 .... .... .... ....   .... .... .... .... 
 0 0 .... a nn   a n 1 a n 2 .... a nn 
lower triangular matrix upper triangular matrix

0 0 .... 0
0 0 .... 0 

The m  n null matrix:- 0   .... .... .... ....  has zero in each of
 
 .... .... .... .... 
 0 0 .... 0 
its positions.

Elementary operations with matrices and vectors

1. Equality:- Two m  n matrices and A and B are said to be

equal if: a ij  bij  pairs of i and j.

EX-1 – Find the values of x , y for the following matrix equation:

 x  2 y 0  3 0 
 2 
 6    2 x  y 


Sol. –

٢
 x  2y  3
x  2y  3 ....(1)  2 x  2 y  12
 
x y6 ....(2)  2 3 x  15  x  5

substitution x  5 in (2)  5  y  6  y  1

2. Addition:- The sum of two matrices of like dimensions is the

matrix of the sum of the corresponding elements. If:-
 a11 a12 .... a1 n   b11 b12 .... b1 n 
a a 22 .... a 2 n  b b22 .... b2 n 
A  21
, B  21

 .... .... .... ....   .... .... .... .... 

   
 a m 1 a m 2 .... a mn   bm 1 bm 2 .... bmn 
then
 a11  b11 a12  b12 .... a1 n  b1 n 
 a b a  b .... a  b 
A B   
21 21 22 22 2 n 2 n

 .... .... .... .... 

 
 a m 1  bm 1 a m 2  bm 2 .... a mn  bmn 
thus:
1) A+B = B+A
2) A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
3) A-(B-C) = A-B+C

EX-2- Find A+B and A-B if:-

2 1 3  1  2 2 
A   2 3  1
, B
1 0  2 

Sol.-

2  1 1  2 3  2  3  1 5 
A B    3 3  3
 1  2 0  3  2  1  

 2  1 1  ( 2 ) 32   1 3 1 
A B   
  
 1  2 0  ( 3 )  2  ( 1 )   1  3  1

٣
3. Multiplication by a scalar:- The matrix A is multiplied by the
scalar C by multiplying each element of A by c:-
 ca 11 ca 12 .... ca 1 n 
 ca 
 21 ca 22 .... ca 2 n 
CA   .... .... .... .... 
 
 .... .... .... .... 
 ca m 1 ca m 2 .... ca mn 

3 2 1 
EX-3- Assume A    , find 3A.
 0 5  1

Sol.-

3  3 32 3  1  9 6 3 
3A   
3  0 35 3  ( 1 ) 0 15  3 

4. Matrix multiplication:- For the matrix product AB to be defined

it is necessary that the number of columns of A be equal to the
number of rows of B. The dimensions of such matrices are said to be
conformable. If A is of dimensions mp and B is pn , then the ij th
element of the product C=AB is computed as:-
p
C ij  
k1
a ik b kj

This is the sum of the products of corresponding elements in the i th

row of A and j th column of B. The dimensions of AB are of
course mn.

6 5 4 
 1 2 3   1 1  1
  1 0 and B 
1 
EX-4- Assume A   find AB.
  0 2 0 

Sol.-

 1  6  2( 1 )  3  0 1 5  2  1  3  2 1  4  2( 1 )  3  0 
AB   
 1  6  0( 1 )  1  0  1  5  0  1  1  2  1  4  0( 1 )  1  0 
 4 13 2 
 
 6  3  4 

٤
Properties of multiplication:-
a ) A( B  C )  AB  AC distributi ve law
b) A(BC)  (AB)C associativ e law
c) AB  BA commutativ e law does not hold
d) AI  IA  A

1 2  3  1
EX-5- Assume A    and B    , verify that AB  BA .
0 3 2 1 

Sol.-

1 2 3  1 7 1  3  1 1 2  3 3
AB        & BA    0 3  2 7 
0 3  2 1   6 3  2 1    
Hence AB  BA

5. Transpose of matrix:- Let A is any mn matrix the transpose of A

is nm matrix A formed by interchanging the role of rows and
columns.

 a 11 a 12 .... a 1 n   a 11 a 21 .... a m 1 
a a 22 .... a 2 n  a a 22 .... a m 2 
A   21
  12

 .... .... .... ....   .... .... .... .... 

   
 a m 1 a m 2 .... a mn   a 1 n a 2 n .... a mn 
If a matrix is square and equal to its transpose, it is said to be
symmetric, then aij = aji for all pairs of i and j.

Properties of transpose are:-

a ) ( A  B)  A  B
b) (AB )  BA

c)  A   A

3 2 5 4  1 0 
  and B  5 4 3  , show that:-
EX-6- Assume A  2  1 4
5 4 0   2 1  1

1 ) A is symmetric matrix 2 ) ( A  B)  A  B

3) (AB )  BA

٥
Sol.-


3 2 5 3 2 5 
1 ) A   2  1 4    2  1 4   A  A is a symmetric matrix.
5 4 0  5 4 0 


7 1 5  7 7 7 
2) L.H.S.  (A  B)  7 3 7    1 3 5 
7 5  1 5 7  1
3 2 5  4 5 2  7 7 7 
R.H.S.  A  B   2  1 4    1 4 1    1 3 5   L.H .S .
5 4 0   0 3  1 5 7  1
 (A  B)  A  B


 32 10 1   32 11 40
3) L.H.S.  (AB)   11  2  7   10  2 11 
40 11 12   1  7 12
4 5 2   3 2 5   32 11 40
R.H.S.  BA   1 4 1   2  1 4   10  2 11   L.H .S .
 0 3  1 5 4 0   1  7 12

 (AB)  BA

6. Vector inner product:- The inner product of two vectors with the
same number of elements is defined to be the sum of the products of
the corresponding elements:-

 b1 
b  n
A B  a 1 an     a
2
a2  bi
 i1
i

 
 bn 
Since the inner product is a scalar, hence A B  BA . Moreover, the
inner product of two vectors may be taken the following term:-

٦
  a1   a 1b1 a 1 b2  a 1 bn 
a  a b  a 2 bn 
A B     b1 b2  bn  
2  2 1 a 2 b2
      
   
an   a n b1 a n b2  a n bn 
Which is n  n matrix.

5 2
   
EX-7- Let A   2 and B   1 , find A B and AB 
 1   3 

Sol.-
 2 
A B  5 2 1    1   5  2  (  2 )  (  1 )  1  3  15
 3 
 5   10  5 15 
A B     2  2  1 3     4 2  6 
 1   2  1 3 

Determinants
The minor of the element aij in a matrix A is the determinant of
the matrix that remains when the row and column containing aij are
deleted. For example, let:-
 a11 a12 a13 
 a12 a13 
A   a 21 a 23  then the minor of a 21 is 
a 33 
a 22
 a 31 a 32 a 33   a 32

 a11 a12 a13 a 14 

a  a11 a13 
a 24 
a 12
then the minor of a 34 is  a 21 a 23 
a 22 a 23
A
21
a 22
 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 
   a 41 a 42 a 43 
 a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44 

and so on .

٧
 The cofactor of aij is the determinant Aij that is (-1)i+j times the
minor of aij . Thus:-
a 11 a 12 a 11 a 12
for matrix (3  3)  A23  (  1 )2  3 
a 31 a 32 a 31 a 32
a 11 a 13 a 14 a 11 a 13 a 14
for matrix (4  4)  A31  (  1 )3  1 a 22 a 23 a 24  a 22 a 23 a 24
a 42 a 43 a 44 a 42 a 43 a 44

With each square matrix A we associate a number det A or A

or a ij called the determinant of A, calculated from the entries of A
in the following way:-
for n  1 , A  a   A  a
a a 12 
for n  2 , A   11  A  a 11 a 22  a 12 a 21
 a 21 a 22  _ _ _

 a 11 a 12 a 13  a 11 a 12 a 13 a 11 a 12
for n  3 , A   a 21 a 22 a 23   A  a 21 a 22 a 23 a 21 a 22
 a 31 a 32 a 33  a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32

+ + +
A  a 11 a 22 a 33  a 12 a 23 a 31  a 13 a 21 a 32  a 13 a 22 a 31  a 11 a 23 a 32  a 12 a 21 a 33 

The determinant of a square matrix can be calculated from the

cofactors of any row or any column.

2 1 3
 
EX-8- Find the determinant of the matrix:- A   3  1  2
 2 3 1 
Sol.- _ _ _
1st method
2 1 3 2 1
A   3  1  2 3  1
 2 3 1  2 3
+ +
+
 2( 1 )  1  1( 2 )  2  3  3  3  3( 1 )  2  2( 2 )  3  1  3  1
 36

٨
2nd method
If we were to expand the determinant by cofactors according to
elements of its third column, say, we would get:-
A  a13 A13  a23 A23  a33 A33
3 1 2 1 2 1
 3( 1 )13  ( 2 )( 1 )23  1( 1 )3 3
2 3 2 3 3 1
 39  ( 2 )  26  2    2  3  36

Useful facts about determinants:-

F-1: If two rows of matrix are identical, the determinant is zero.

3 1 2
EX-9 Show that:- 2  3 5  0
3 1 2
Sol.-
3 1 2 3 1
2 3 5 2 3  18  15  4  ( 18  15  4 )  0
3 1 2 3 1

F-2: Interchanging two rows of matrix changes the sign of its

determinants.
2 1 5 1 0 3
EX-10 Show that:-  1 0 3   2 1 5
1 2 4 1 2 4
Sol.-
2 1 5 2 1
L.H .S .   1 0 3 1 0  0  3  10  ( 0  12  4 )  29
1 2 4 1 2
1 0 3 1 0
R.H .S .  2 1 5 2 1   4  0  12  ( 3  10  0 )  29  L.H .S .
1 2 4 1 2
2 1 5 1 0 3
1 0 3  2 1 5
1 2 4 1 2 4

٩
F-3: The determinant of the transpose of a matrix is equal to the
original determinant.

2 1 5 2 1 1
EX-11 Show that:-  1 0 3  1 0 2
1 2 4 5 3 4
Sol.-

L.H .S .  29 from ex - 10
2 1 1 2 1
R.H .S .  1 0  2 1 0  0  10  3  ( 0  12  4 )  29  L.H .S .
5 3 4 5 3
2 1 5 2 1 1
 1 0 31 0 2
1 2 4 5 3 4

F-4: If each element of same row (or column) of a matrix is

multiplied by a constant C, the determinant is multiplied by C.

6 3 15 2 1 5
EX-12 Show that:-  1 0 3  3  1 0 3
1 2 4 1 2 4
Sol.-
6 3 15 6 3
L.H .S .   1 0 3 1 0  0  9  30  ( 0  36  12 )  87
1 2 4 1 2
R.H .S .  3  29  87  L.H .S .
6 3 15 2 1 5
 1 0 3  3 1 0 3
1 2 4 1 2 4

F-5: If all elements of a matrix above the main diagonal (or all below
it) are zero, the determinant of the matrix is the product of the
elements on the main diagonal.

١٠
 5 0 0
EX-13 Find:- 2 3 0
1 1 4
Sol.-
5 0 05 0
2 3 02 3  60  0  0  ( 0  0  0 )  60
1 1 4 1 1
Or directly 5  3  4  60

F-6: If each element of a row of a matrix is multiplied by a constant

C and the results added to a different row, the determinant is not
changed.

2 1 5
 3 and B is the matrix
EX-14 Show that A  B if A   1 0
 1  2 4
resultant from multiplying row (1) by 2 and adding to row (3).
 2 1 5
 
i.e. B   1 0 3 
 5 0 14
Sol.-
A  29 from ex - 10
2 1 5 2 1
B  1 0 3 1 0  0  15  0  ( 0  0  14 )  29
5 0 14 5 0
 AB

1 2 3 1
2 1 0 2
EX-15 Find  1 2 1 2
0 1 2 1
Sol.-

١١
 1 2 3 1
 2 R1  R2 2 1 0 2
 Expanding the determinant by using the
1 2 1 2
0 1 2 1
5 2 0 5 2
first column.  1  0 4  1 0 4  20  6  0  ( 0  10  0 )  36
1 6 1 1 6

Linear Equations
There are many methods to solve a system of linear equations:
AX=B
I) Row Reduction method It is often possible to transform the linear
equations step by step into an equivalent system of equations that is
so simple it can be solved by inspection.
We start with n  ( n  1 ) matrix  A B  whose first n columns
are the columns of A and whose last column is B. We are going to
transform this augmented matrix with a sequence of elementary row
operations into I  S  where S is the solution of X.
2 x  3 y  4 z  3
EX-16 Solve the following linear equation: x  2 y  3z  3
3x  y  z  6
Sol.
2 3  4  x   3
AX  B where A   1 2 3  , X   y  , B   3 
 
 3  1  1   z   6 
 2 3  4   3   2 R  R 0  1  10   9 
A  B    1 2 3  3   1 3  3 
2 1
2
 3 R2  R3 
 3  1  1  6  0  7  10   3 
1 2 3 3  1 0  17   15 
2 R2  R1
 0  1  10   9   0
   1  10   9 
int er change

R1 and R2 7 R2  R3
0  7  10   3  0 0 60  60 
17 1 0
R3  R1
0 2 
R2 ( 1 )
1 0 0  2 
60
  0  1 0  1    0 1 0   1   I  S 
1
R  R2   R3  60 
1 
0 0 60  60  0 0 1  1 
6 3

١٢
  x  2 
Hence  y    1  x  2 , y  1 , z  1
   
 z   1 

II) Cramer’s Rule When the determinant of the coefficient matrix A

of the system AX=B is not zero (i.e. A  0 ) the system has a unique
solution that it may be found from the formulas:
A
Xi  i Where Ai is the determinant of the matrix, comes
A
from replacing the i th column in A by the column
of constant B.

EX-17 Resolve example 16 using Cramer’s rule:

Sol.
2 3 4 2 3
A1 2 3 1 2  4  27  4  ( 24  6  3 )  60
3 1 1 3 1
3 3 4 3 3
A1  3 2 3 3 2  6  54  12  ( 48  9  9 )  120
6 1 1 6 1
2 3 4 2 3
A2  1 3 3 1 3  6  27  24  ( 36  36  3 )  60
3 6 1 3 6
2 3 32 3
A3  1 2 3 1 2  24  27  3  ( 18  6  18 )  60
3 1 6 3 1
A1 120
 x   x2
A 60
A2  60
y   y  1
A 60
A3 60
z   z1
A 60
The same result in ex - 16.

١٣
 Problems – 8

3 1 
1 2  1 2 3 
1) Let A  , B  , C   4  1 ,
0 4   1 4  2
 0 2 
1 0 4
 3  1
D  0 1 2  , E   . Find:-
 4 2 
0  1 1 
a) AB b) DC c) (D+I)C d) DC+C e) DCB
f) EI g) 3A+E h) -5E+A i) E(2B)
  3 9  6 10    6 42  9 
   1 10  1  
 ans. : a)   b)  4 3  c, d)  8
  2  e)  1 20 6  
   4 16  8 

  4 3    4 5    7 4  18  
  3  1 6 5    14 7   8 4 22  
 f)   g)  4 14  h)   20  6  i)  4 32 16  
 4 2        

2) Find the value of x :-

2 1  x 
0
 
x 4 1   1 0 2 
 7   0
 0 2 5 
4 
 4
 1 
 ans. : x  or x  1 
 2 

3) Find v and w if: 5 w   v  2 1 .

 5
 ans. : w  v   
 2

 0 2 
1 12 
4) Let A    , B   1 3  , Find:-
0 1 4
 5  2 
a ) 2 A  B b) B A  I
 2  3 9  10 19  
 ans. : a )  b) 

 2 5 6  5  6  

 3 0 1
  1 2 0
5) Let A   0 2  , B  
2 
1 , Find:-
  1  1 3
1 5 

١٤
 ( 2 A  I ) B  and show that ( AB )  B A
  5  1 
  
 ans. :   2 11  
   6 26  


x x 1
6) For what value of x will: 2 0 5  0 ?
6 7 1
 ans. : x  2 

7) Let A be an arbitrary 3 by 3 matrix and let R12 be the

matrix obtained from the 3 by 3 identity matrix by
0 1 0
interchanging row 1 and 2 : R12   1 0 0  . a) Compute R12A
 0 0 1 
and show that you would get the same result by interchanging
rows 1 and 2 of A. b) Compute AR12 and show that the result
is that you would get by interchanging column 1 and 2 of A.
  a 21 a 22 a 23   a 12 a 11 a 13  
  
 ans. : a)  a 11 a 12 a 13  b)  a 22 a 21 a 23  
  a 31 a 32 a 33   a 32 a 31 a 33  


8) Solve the following determinants:-

2 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 3
a)4 5 2 b )1 2 1 c )1 0 2
1 2 3 3 0 3 0 2 1
1 1 0 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 1
0 0 2 1 0 1 2 3
d )0 2 2 e ) f )
0 1 0 7 0 0 2 1
2 0 1
3 0 2 1 0 0 3 2
1 1 2 3 0 1 0 0
2  2 6 0 1 1 0
g ) h )
1 0 2 3 1 1 1 1
2 2 0 5 1 1 0 0
 ans. : a )  5 b )0 c )7 d )6 
 
 e ) 38 f )1 g )2 h )  1 

١٥
 9) Solve the following system of equations:-
c) x  y z 2
a ) x  8y  4 b ) 2x  3y  5
2x  y  z  0
3x  y   13 3x  y  2
x  2y  z  4

d ) 2x  y  z  2 e ) 2x  4 y  6 f ) x z  3
x  y z 7 x yz1 2y 2 z  2
2x  2y  z  4 5y  7 z  1 0 2x  z  3

g ) x1  x 2  x 3  x4  2
h ) 2x  3 y  4 z   19
x1  x 2  x 3  x4  1
6x  4 y  2 z  8
x1  x 2  x 3  x4  2
x  5y  4 z  2 3
x1  x 3  x4   1

 ans. : a ) x   4 , y  1 b)x  y  1 
 
 6
c)x  , y 
10
,z  
2
d ) x  3 , y   2 , z  2 
 7 7 7
 
 3 5
e)x  0 , y   ,z  f ) x  2 , y  0 , z  1 
 2 2 
 3 
 g ) x 1  2 , x2  0 , x3  x4   h ) x  2 , y  5 , z  0 
 2 

١٦
 Chapter nine

Complex numbers

If the imaginary unit i (where i2 = -1 ) is combine with two real

numbers  ,  by the processes of addition and multiplication,
we obtain a complex number   i . If   0 , the number is
said to be purely imaginary, if   0 it is of course real. Zero is
the only number which is at once real and imaginary.

Two complex numbers are equal if and only if they have the
same real part and the same imaginary part.
i.e.  1  i 1   2  i 2  1  2 and 1   2

Assuming that the ordinary rules of arithmetic apply to

complex numbers, we find indeed:-
1. (  1  i 1 )  (  2  i 2 )  (  1   2 )  i (  1   2 )
2. (  1  i 1 )(  2  i 2 )  (  1 2   1  2 )  i (  1  2   2  1 )
where i2 = -1
 1  i 1  2  i 2  1 2   1  2    1 2
3.    i 2 21
 2  i 2  2  i 2 2  2
2 2
 2  i 22

The real number  2  i 2 that is used as multiplier to clear the

i out of the denominator is called the complex conjugate of
 2  i 2 . It is customary to use z to denote the complex
conjugate of z, thus z    i and z    i .

We note that in has only four possible values 1 , i , -1 , -i .

They correspond to values of n which divided by 4 leave the
reminders 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 .

EX-1 – Find the values of :

2
5  2i 
1 ) (1  2i) 3
2) 3)  
 3  4i  3  2i 
Sol. –

١
 1 ) (1  2i)3  1  6 i  12 i 2  8 i 3  1  6 i  12  8 i  11  2 i

5  3  4i  15  20 i 3 4
2)    i
 3  4i  3  4i 9  16 5 5
2 2 2
 2  i 3  2i   6  7 i  2   4  7 i 
3)       
 3  2i 3  2i   9  4   13 
16  56 i  49 33 56
   i
169 169 169

EX-2- If z=x+iy where x and y are real, find the real and imaginary
parts of:-
1 z1 1
1 ) z4 2) 3) 4) 2
z z1 z
Sol.-

1 ) z 4  ( x  iy )4  x 4  4 x 3 ( iy )  6 x 2 ( iy )2  4 x ( iy )3  ( iy )4
 ( x 4  6 x 2 y 2  y 4 )  i ( 4 x 3 y  4 xy 3 )

1 1 x  iy x  iy x y
2)    2   i
z x  iy x  iy x  y 2 x 2  y 2 x2  y2

z  1 ( x  1 )  iy ( x  1 )  iy x 2  1  2 iy  y 2
3)   
z  1 ( x  1 )  iy ( x  1 )  iy ( x  1 )2  y 2
x2  y2  1 2y
  i
( x  1 )2  y 2 ( x  1 )2  y 2

1 1 1 x 2  y 2  2 xyi
4) 2   
z ( x  iy )2 x 2  y 2  2 xyi x 2  y 2  2 xyi
x 2  y 2  2 xyi x2  y2 2 xy
  i 2
( x  y )  4x y
2 2 2 2 2
(x  y )
2 2 2
( x  y 2 )2

3
 1 i 3 
EX-3- Show that    1 for all combination of signs.

 2 

Sol.-

٢
  
3
  1 i 3  1
L.H .S .     ( 1 )3  3( 1 )2 ( i 3 )  3( 1 )( i 3 )2  ( i 3 )3
 2  8


1
8
 
 1  i 3 3  9  i 3 3  1  R .H .S .

EX-4- Solve the following equation for the real numbers x and y.
( 3  4 i )2  2( x  iy )  x  iy
Sol.-

9  24 i  16 i 2  2 x  2 iy  x  iy
7
 7  24 i  3 x  iy 7  3x  x
3
24   y  y   24

Argrand Diagrams:- There are two geometric representation of the

complex number z  x  iy :-
a) as the point P(x,y) in the xy-plane , and
b) as the vector op from the origin to P.

In each representation, the x-axis is called the real axis and the y-
axis is the imaginary axis, as following figure.
In terms of the polar coordinates of x and y , we have:-
y
y
x  r cos  , y  r sin , tan  P(x,y)
x
r
y
and z  r (cos   i sin  )

(polar representation) x
0
x
The length r of a vector op from the origin to P(x,y) is:

x  iy  x2  y2

The polar angle  is called the argument of z and is written

  arg z

٣
 The identity e i  cos   i sin  is used for calculating products,
quotients, powers, and roots of complex numbers. Then z  re i
exponential representation.

a) Product: To multiply two complex numbers (figure below):

z1  r1 , arg z1   1
i 1 i 2
z1  r1e and z 2  r2 e so that
z 2  r2 , arg z 2   2
i i i (   )
Then z1 z 2  r1e 1  r2 e 2  r1 r2 e 1 2 y
z1 z2 z2
z1 z 2  r1 r2  z1  z 2
hence
arg( z1 z 2 )   1   2  arg z1  arg z 2 1
r2
z1
r1 r2 r1
2
1
z1 r1e i 1 r1 i (  1  2 ) x
b) Quotients:   e 0
z 2 r2 e i 2 r2

z1 r1 z z 
hence   1 and arg  1    1   2  arg z1  arg z 2
z 2 r2 z2  z2 

EX-5- Let z1  1  i and z 2  3  i find:

1) the exponential representation for z1 and z2 .
z1
2) the values of z1 z 2 and in exponential and polar
z2
representations.
Sol.-

1 ) z1  1  i  x1  1 , y1  1  r1  x12  y12  1  1  2

y y  i
tan     1  tan  1 1  tan  1 1   z1  2e 4
x x1 4
z2  3  i  x2  3 , y 2  1  r2  x 22  y 22  31  2

y2 1  i
  2  tan 1
 tan  1   z2  2 e 6
x2 3 6

٤
   
i i i
2 ) z1 z 2  2e 4
2e 6
 2 2e 12
exponentia l representa tion

r2 2 ,  
12
   
z1 z 2  2 2  cos  i sin  polar representa tion
 12 12 

i 5
z1 2e 4
1 i 12 
   e exponentia l representa tion
z2 i
6
2
2e
1 5
r ,    
2 12
z1 1  5 5 
  cos(  )  i sin(  )  polar representa tion
z2 2 12 12 

c) Powers: If n is a positive integer, then:

z n  ( re i )n  r ne in hence z n  r n and arg z n  n

DeMoivres Theorem : ( cos   i sin  )n  cos n  i sin n

EX-6- Find:  3i  10

Sol.-

x 3
y 1 
3i 
y  1
r  31  2 and   tan1
x
 tan1
3

6
      
3  i  2 cos(  )  i sin(  )  2 cos  i sin 
 6 6   6 6

 10   
3  i  210  cos 10  i sin 10   512  512 3i
 6 6

d) Roots: If z  re i is a complex number different from zero and

n is a positive integer, then there are precisely n different
complex numbers w0 , w 1 , w 2 ,......., w n  1 , that are nth roots of z
given by:
 2 
i  k 
i
n
re  re n n n 
, k  0,1,2,.........., n  1

٥
 EX-7- Find the four forth roots of (-16)

Sol.-
y 0
z  16  r  ( 16 )2  0  16 &   tan  1  tan  1 
x  16
 2  
i( k ) i(  k)
4
 16  16 e4 4 4
 2e 4 2
, k  0,1,2,3

i   
at k  0  1st root  w0  2e 4
 2  cos  i sin   2  2 i
 4 4
3
i  3 3 
at k  1  2nd root  w1  2e 4
 2 cos  i sin    2  2i
 4 4 
5
i  5 5 
at k  2  3rd root  w 2  2e 4
 2 cos   i sin     2  2 i
 4 4 
 7 
7
i  7
at k  3  4th root  w 3  2e 4
 2 cos   i sin    2  2 i
 4 4 

EX-8- Find the four solutions of the equation:- z4  2z2  4  0

Sol.-

2  4  4 1 4
z4  2z2  4  0  z2   1  3i  z   1  i 3
21
  b  b 2  4 ac 
 for ax 2  bx  c  0  x 
 2a 
y 3 
for 1  i 3  r  1  3  2 and   tan  1  tan  1 
x 1 3
i  
( ) i    6 2
1st root  w0  2 e 2 3
 2e 6
 2  cos  i sin    i
 6 6 2 2
i 
 7 
7
(  2 ) i  7
2nd root  w1  2 e 2 3
 2e 6
 2  cos   i sin  
 6 6 
6 2
  i
2 2
y  3 
for 1  i 3  r  1  3  2 and   tan  1  tan  1 
x 1 3

٦
  
i
( ) i(  )    
3rd root  w 2  2 e 2 3
 2e 6
 2  cos(  )  i sin(  ) 
 6 6 
6 2
  i
2 2

 5 
i 5
(   2 ) i  5
4th root  w 3  2 e 2 3
 2e 6
 2  cos   i sin  
 6 6 
6 2
  i
2 2

EX-9- Graph the points z  x  iy that satisfy the given conditions:-

1) z  2 2) z  2 3) z  2 4) z  1  z  1
y
Sol.-
2

1) z  2  x2  y2  2  x2  y2  4 -2 x
The points on the circle wit h center 0 2
at origin, and radius 2. -2
y
2
2) z  2  x2  y2  2  x2  y2  4
-2 x
The interior points of the circle wit h center 0 2
at origin, and radius 2.
-2
y

2
3) z  2  x2  y2  2  x2  y2  4
The exterior points of the circle wit h center -2 x

at origin, and radius 2. 0 2

-2

4) z1  z1  x  iy  1  x  iy  1 y

 (x  1)2  y 2  (x  1)2  y 2 
x2  2 x  1  y2  x2  2 x  1  y2  x  0 0 x
The points on the y - axis.

٧
 Problems – 9

1) Find the values of:-

a ) ( 2  3 i )( 4  2 i ) (ans. : 14  8 i )
b) ( 2  i )( 2  3 i ) (ans. :  1  8 i )
c) ( 1  2 i )(2  i ) (ans. :  5 i )

6
 1 i 3 
2) Show that    1 for all combination of signs.

 2 

3) Solve the following equation for the real numbers x and y :-

( 3  2 i )( x  iy )  2 ( x  2 iy )  2 i  1 (ans. : x   1 ; y  0)

4) Show that z  z .

5) Let Re(z) and Im(z) denote respectively the real and imaginary
parts of z , show that:-
a ) z  z  2 Re
b) z  z  2 i Im( z )
2 2 2
c) z1  z 2  z1  z 2  2 Re( z 1 z 2 )

6) Graph the points z  x  iy that satisfy the given conditions:-

a) z1  2 (ans. : on the circle wit h center (1,0), radius 2)
b) z  1  1 (ans. : on the circle wit h center ( 1,0), radius 1)
c) z  i  z  1 (ans. : on the line y   x )

7) Express the following complex number in exponential form

with r  o and       :-

٨
 2
i 
a ) ( 1   3 )2 (ans. : 4 e 3
)

1 i i
2
b) (ans. : e )
1 i

1 i 3 i
2
c) (ans. : e )
1 i 3
1
( 0.125 )
d ) ( 2  3 i )( 1  2 i ) (ans. : 65 e i tan )

1 3
8) Find the three cube roots of 1 . (ans. :  i )
2 2

1 1
9) Find the two square roots of i . (ans. :  i )
2 2

10) Find the three cube roots of (-8i) .

(ans. :  2i ;  3i)

11) Find the six sixth roots of (64) .

(ans. :  2 ; 1  i 3 ;  1  i 3 )

12) Find the six solutions of the equation: z6  2 z 3  2  0

 2 2 
(ans. : 3
2  cos   i sin   ;
 9 9 
    4 4 
3
2   cos  i sin  ; 3
2  cos   i sin   )
 9 9  9 9 

13) Find all solutions of the equation: x 4  4 z 2  16  0

(ans. : 1  i 3 ;  1  i 3 )

14) Solve the equation: x4  1  0

1 i 1 i
(ans. :  ;   )
2 2 2 2