A utomotive Engine

MEA241

Name: Omar Ahmed Hussein

Type of engine
Spark Ignition (SI). An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use
of a spark plug.
(b) Compression Ignition (CI). The combustion process in a CI engine starts when
the air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the com-position
chamber caused by high compression.
Engine cycle
(a) Four-Stroke Cycle. A four-stroke cycle experiences four piston movements
over two engine revolutions for each cycle.
(b) Two-Stroke Cycle. A two-stroke cycle has two piston movements over one
revolution for each cycle.

Valve location
(a) Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I Head engine.
(b) Valves in block (flat head), also called L Head engine. Some historic engines
with valves in block had the intake valve on one side of the cylinder and the
exhaust valve on the other side. These were called T Head
(c) One valve in head (usually intake) and one in block, also called F Head
engine; this is much less common.
Basic design
(a) Reciprocating. Engine has one or more cylinders in which pistons reciprocate
back and forth. The combustion chamber is located in the closed end of each
cylinder. Power is delivered to a rotating output crankshaft by
mechanical linkage with the pistons.
(b) Rotary. Engine is made of a block (stator) built around a large non-concentric
rotor and crankshaft. The combustion chambers are built into the
nonrotating block.
Piston & Number of cylinders
(a) Single Cylinder. Engine has one cylinder and piston connected to the
crankshaft.
(b) In-Line. Cylinders are positioned in a straight line, one behind the other along
the length of the crankshaft. They can consist of 2 to 11 cylinders or possibly
more. In-line four-cylinder engines are very common for automo-
bile and other applications.
(c) V Engine. Two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a single
crankshaft. The angle between the banks of cylinders can be anywhere from
15° to 120°, with 60°-90° being common. V engines have even numbers of
cylinders from 2 to 20 or more. V6s and V8s are common automobile engines,
with V12s and V16s (historic) found in some luxury
and high-performance vehicles.

(d) Opposed Cylinder Engine. Two banks of cylinders opposite each other on a
single crankshaft (a V engine with a 180°V).

(e) W Engine. Same as a V engine except with three banks of cylinders on the
same crankshaft. Not common, but some have been developed for racing
automobiles, both modern and historic. Usually 12 cylinders with about a
60° angle between each bank.
(g) Radial Engine. Engine with pistons positioned in a circular plane around the
central crankshaft. The connecting rods of the pistons are connected to a
master rod which, in turn, is connected to the crankshaft. A bank of cylinders
on a radial engine always has an odd number of cylinders ranging from 3 to 13
or more. Operating on a four-stroke cycle, every other cylinder fires and has a
power stroke as the crankshaft rotates, giving a smooth operation. Many
medium- and large-size propeller-driven
aircraft use
radial engines.
Air Intake process
(a) Naturally Aspirated. No intake air pressure boost system.
(b) Supercharged. Intake air pressure increased with the compressor driven off of
the engine crankshaft (Fig. 1-8).
(c) Turbocharged. Intake air pressure increased with the turbine-compressor
driven by the engine exhaust gases (Fig. 1-9).
Fuel used
Gasoline. (b) Diesel Oil or Fuel Oil. (c) Gas, Natural Gas, Methane. (d) LPG. (e)
Alcohol-Ethyl, Methyl.
(f) Dual Fuel. There are a number of engines that use a combination of two or
more fuels. Some, usually large, CI engines use a combination of methane and
diesel fuel.
Type of cooling
(a) Air Cooled.
(b) Liquid Cooled, Water Cooled.

ENGINE Component
Block: Body of engine containing the cylinders, made of cast iron or aluminum. In
many older engines, the valves and valve ports were contained in the block. The
block of water-cooled engines includes a water jacket cast around the cylinders.
On air-cooled engines, the exterior surface of the block has cooling fins.
Camshaft: Rotating shaft used to push open valves at the proper time in the
engine cycle, either directly or through mechanical or hydraulic linkage
Carburetor: Venturi flow device which meters the proper amount of fuel into the
air flow by means of a pressure differential. For many decades it was the basic fuel
metering system on all automobile (and other) engines. It is still used on low-cost
small engines like lawn mowers, but is uncommon on new automobiles.
Catalytic converter: Chamber mounted in exhaust flow containing catalytic
material that promotes reduction of emissions by chemical reaction.
Connecting rod bearing: Bearing where connecting rod fastens to crankshaft.
Crankcase: Part of the engine block surrounding the rotating crankshaft. In many
engines, the oil pan makes up part of the crankcase housing.
Combustion chamber: The end of the cylinder between the head and the piston
face where combustion occurs. The size of the combustion chamber continuously
changes from a minimum volume when the piston is at TDC to a maximum when
the piston is at BDC.
Connecting rod: Rod connecting the piston with the rotating crankshaft, usually
made of steel or alloy forging in most engines but may be aluminum in some small
engines.
Crankshaft Rotating: shaft through which engine work output is supplied to
external systems. The crankshaft is connected to the engine block with the main
bearings. It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons through connecting rods
connected to the crankshaft, offset from the axis of rotation.
Cooling fins: Metal fins on the outside surfaces of cylinders and head of an air-
cooled engine. These extended surfaces cool the cylinders by conduction and
convection.
Fan: Most engines have an engine-driven fan to increase air flow through the
radiator and through the engine compartment, which increases waste heat
removal from the engine.
Flywheel: Rotating mass with a large moment of inertia connected to the crank-
shaft of the engine. The purpose of the flywheel is to store energy and furnish a
large angular momentum that keeps the engine rotating between power strokes
and smooths out engine operation.
Fuel injector: A pressurized nozzle that sprays fuel into the incoming air on SI
engines or into the cylinder on CI engines. On SI engines, fuel injectors are located
at the intake valve ports on multipoint port injector systems and upstream at the
intake manifold inlet on throttle body injector systems.
Fuel pump: Electrically or mechanically driven pump to supply fuel from the fuel
tank (reservoir) to the engine. Many modern automobiles have an electric fuel
pump mounted submerged in the fuel tank.
Glow plug: Small electrical resistance heater mounted inside the combustion
chamber ofmany CI engines, used to preheat the chamber enough so that
combustion will occur when first starting a cold engine. The glow plug is turned off
after the
engine is started.
Head: The piece which closes the end of the cylinders, usually containing part of
the clearance volume of the combustion chamber. The head is usually cast iron or
aluminum, and bolts to the engine block.
Head gasket Gasket: which serves as a sealant between the engine block and head
where they bolt together. Some engines use liquid head gaskets.
Intake manifold: Piping system which delivers incoming air to the cylinders,
usually made of cast metal, plastic, or composite material. In most SI engines, fuel
is added to the air in the intake manifold system either by fuel injectors or with a
carburetor.
Exhaust manifold: Piping system which carries exhaust gases away from the
engine cylinders, usually made of cast iron.
Main bearing: The bearings connected to the engine block in which the crankshaft
rotates. The maximum number of main bearings would be equal to the number of
pistons plus one, or one between each set of pistons plus the two ends.
Oil pan: Oil reservoir usually bolted to the bottom of the engine block, making up
part of the crankcase. Acts as the oil sump for most engines.
Oil pump: Pump used to distribute oil from the oil sump to required lubrication
points. The oil pump can be electrically driven, but is most commonly mechanically
driven by the engine. Some small engines do not have an oil pump and are
lubricated by splash distribution.
Piston: The cylindrical-shaped mass that reciprocates back and forth in the
cylinder, transmitting the pressure forces in the combustion chamber to the
rotating crankshaft. The top of the piston is called the crown and the sides are
called the skirt.
Piston rings: Metal rings that fit into circumferential grooves around the piston
and form a sliding surface against the cylinder walls. Near the top of the piston are
usually two or more compression rings made of highly polished hard chrome steel.
The purpose of these is to form a seal between the piston and cylinder walls and
to restrict the high-pressure gases in the combustion chamber from leaking past
the piston into the crankcase (blowby).
Push rods: Mechanical linkage between the camshaft and valves on overhead
valve engines with the camshaft in the crankcase. Many push rods have oil
passages through their length as part of a pressurized lubrication system.
Radiator: Liquid-to-air heat exchanger of honeycomb construction used to remove
heat from the engine coolant after the engine has been cooled.
Spark plug: Electrical device used to initiate combustion in an SI engine by creating
a high-voltage discharge across an electrode gap. Spark plugs are usually made of
metal surrounded with ceramic insulation.
Speed control-cruise control: Automatic electric-mechanical control system that
keeps the automobile operating at a constant speed by controlling engine speed.
Throttle: Butterfly valve mounted at the upstream end of the intake system, used
to control the amount of air flow into an SI engine.