This document is a report on an experiment conducted using a batch reactor. It includes sections on the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion. The introduction provides background on batch reactors and outlines the objectives of the experiment, which are to determine the reaction order and rate constant of a saponification reaction at different temperatures. The literature review discusses typical batch reactor diagrams and different types of batch reactors. The methodology section describes the experimental procedure.
This document is a report on an experiment conducted using a batch reactor. It includes sections on the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion. The introduction provides background on batch reactors and outlines the objectives of the experiment, which are to determine the reaction order and rate constant of a saponification reaction at different temperatures. The literature review discusses typical batch reactor diagrams and different types of batch reactors. The methodology section describes the experimental procedure.
This document is a report on an experiment conducted using a batch reactor. It includes sections on the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion. The introduction provides background on batch reactors and outlines the objectives of the experiment, which are to determine the reaction order and rate constant of a saponification reaction at different temperatures. The literature review discusses typical batch reactor diagrams and different types of batch reactors. The methodology section describes the experimental procedure.
This document is a report on an experiment conducted using a batch reactor. It includes sections on the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion. The introduction provides background on batch reactors and outlines the objectives of the experiment, which are to determine the reaction order and rate constant of a saponification reaction at different temperatures. The literature review discusses typical batch reactor diagrams and different types of batch reactors. The methodology section describes the experimental procedure.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 15
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
Batch Reactor
Surname and Initials : Makgahlela KL
Student Number : 220137064
Subject : Chemical engineering laboratory
Technician/s : R Mbezi, S Muthubi
Report Type : full report
Submission Date : 20 April 2023
Declaration
I Makgahlela KL 220137064, declare that the information in this report is of my own and all sources used in this practical report have been appropriately cited and acknowledged. This report is my original work, the language has been changed to be more general and references have been included
Page 1 of 15 Report Title Acknowledgements
I would like to express my appreciation for everyone's efforts in the laboratory during the practical process since without the technicians' help and the participation of my group members , this practical would not have been able to be completed.
Page 2 of 15 Report Title Executive summary
Page 3 of 15 Report Title Table of contents
Page 4 of 15 Report Title 1. Introduction
1.1 Background A batch reactor is a reactor in which the reactant is fed and left in the tank. Once the reaction is finished, the product is only taken out of the tank. In this experiment, sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate are combined in the tank. A sequential batch reactor is one of the various types of batch reactors used in chemical process industries. The majority of its applications are in the purification of water. In the pharmaceutical industry and other delicate industries, batch reactors are frequently used. Technically, slow reactions call for a high residence time, hence this is most suited.
1.2 Main objectives
The main objective of the practical is to apply the basic concepts of Chemical Engineering kinetics on a batch stirred tank.
1.3 Specific objectives
• To determine the reaction order with respect to NaOH. • To determine the reaction rate constant with respect to NaOH. • To determine the rate of the chemical reaction.
1.4 Scope This experiment aims to investigate the impact of concentration changes on the speed of a saponification reaction at specified temperatures, assess the reaction rate constant at various temperatures, and calculate the activation energy using an Arrhenius plot. Every five minutes, a conductivity sensor was used to measure the materials' conductivity, and this was continued until there was no longer any change in conductivity over time. Then, by graphing Concentration ratio against Time, the rate constants at various temperatures were determined.
Page 5 of 15 Report Title 2. Literature review
2.1 typical diagram of batch reactor
A storage tank with an agitator and an integrated heating/cooling system makes up a
standard batch reactor. These containers can range in size from a few hundred milliliters to more than 15,000 liters. Typically, they are constructed out of steel, stainless steel, glass-lined steel, glass, or rare alloys. Connections in the reactor's top cover are typically used to charge liquids and solids. Gases and vapors can also be released through connectors on top. Typically, liquids discharge from the bottom.
2.2 types of batch reactors
a) Sequential Batch Reactors (used in water treatment in mostly) Activated sludge systems used in wastewater treatment are referred to as sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), also known as sequential batch reactors. SBR systems are improvements to traditional activated sludge systems that integrate various functions into a single treatment system to reduce footprint. Reactor basins, water sludge draw-off mechanisms, effluent decanters, and process control systems are frequently found in standard SBR configurations.
Page 6 of 15 Report Title SBRs use a single fill-and-draw tank to process wastewater in batches. Five orders are used to operate each tank: fill, respond, settle, draw, and idle. In order to maximize the efficiency of their systems, some treatment facilities may use two or more batch tanks, depending on the anticipated amount of wastewater flow and the length of the treatment process. Before it reaches the reactor tanks, influent water that has passed through the SBR is sent through a series of screening and grit removal operations. Each batch reactor is partially stocked with biomass by technicians to speed up the anaerobic processes needed for water treatment. Aeration, equalization, primary and secondary clarifying, as well as other procedures are carried out on the wastewater inside batch reactors in a time-controlled order. When compared to less advanced activated sludge control systems, SBRs have a number of disadvantages, such as high prices, complicated maintenance, a greater level of technical competence, and potential defects in the equalizing and aeration processes that can necessitate extra treatment operations.
b) Fed batch reactors
Fed-batch is a production technique in between batch and continuous
fermentation. A proper feed rate, with the right component constitution is required during the process. It is mostly used in fermentation techniques and different chemical processes having long residence time.
Page 7 of 15 Report Title c) Stirred batch reactors The continuous stirred-tank reactor is known as CSTR, or commonly the stirred tank reactor (STR), and it is similar to the batch reactor. The main difference is that preparation must be made for the continuous flow of ingredients in the reactor by gravity or forced-circulation flow using a pump for the stirred tank reactor. For homogenous liquid-phase processes, a continuous stirred-tank reactor is commonly employed. We may also utilize it for a gas-phase reaction in laboratory applications in order to take quick measurements, particularly for a catalyzed reaction. When a gas reacts with a liquid phase and gas molecules move from the gas into the liquid phase, the continuous stirred-tank reactor is approved for the reaction. Under the impeller, the gas is delivered, and in a subsequent stage, the Gas-Liquid reaction takes place. A continuously stirred- tank reactor often has a large reactor volume due to the sluggish reaction rates. To achieve larger conversions, a CSTR-type reaction process—also known as a cascade of CSTR—is typically carried out in a number of reactors.
Advantages of CSTR:
Good temperature control
Continuous operation Simplicity of construction Cheap reactor Easily adapts to two-phase runs Good control
Page 8 of 15 Report Title Easy to clean Low operating (labor) cost Interior parts are easily accessed Large capacity
Disadvantages of CSTR: It has Size limitations because of motor size, weight, and shaft length. It needs shaft seals and bearings. It may have some dead zones. Reactants can bypass because of improperly positioned outlets. It has a poor conversion ratio.
d) Semi batch reactors
Semi-batch reactors function similarly to batch reactors since everything happens in a single stirred tank using similar tools. They have been altered, nevertheless, to enable reactant input and/or product removal as needed. At time t=0, the reaction starts in a typical batch reactor by adding reactants to a single stirred tank. However, a semi-batch reactor allows for the partial loading of reactants with the option to add more as needed. Batch and semi- batch reactors can assume a constant composition and temperature throughout because stirring in both types is particularly effective.
Page 9 of 15 Report Title 2.3 usage of batch rectors
There are several applications for batch reactors. They are typically employed for liquid phase reactions that demand a lengthy reaction period. When a modest quantity of the desired product is required, batch reactors are also used. Because of this, batch reactors are preferred when a process is still being tested or when the desired product is expensive. Pharmaceutical companies, which want reliable, high-quality outcomes, utilize batch reactors like the one below. It is also possible to produce various goods in one batch reactor over the course of several hours.
Page 10 of 15 Report Title 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Equipment description
• Framework of AISI 304 stainless steel with castors • 2 tanks of AISI 316 stainless steel , with capacity of 10 L, for storing reagents • Tank of AISI 316 stainless steel, with capacity of 20 L, for collecting the reaction product • Tank of borosilicate glass, with capacity of 2 L, for the neutralization solution • 2 reactors of AISI 304 stainless steel, with capacity of 3 litres/each, with variable speed stirrer and electric heater • 2 metering pumps of AISI 316 stainless steel, with flow rate of 0 to 8.4 l/h • Metering pump for the neutralization solution, with max. flow rate of 1.5 l/h • 2 electronic conductivity meters • 4 thermo resistances Pt 100 with sheath of AISI 316 stainless steel • 4 electronic temperature indicators • Switchboard IP55, complying with EC conformity mark, including plant synoptic and ELCB • Emergency button
3.2 Materials and chemicals
• Ethyl acetate • Sodium hydroxide • De-ionized water
Page 11 of 15 Report Title 3.3 Experimental procedure
It was ensured that there was enough ventilation available in the lab. The system was connected to the power supply, 220 V – 50Hz, single phase. Valves V1, V2, V5, V6, V7, V8, V9, V10, V11 were closed. E.L.C.B. was inserted and green START button was pushed. tank D1 was filled with Ethyl Acetate. The switch of pump G1 was set to position 1. When all the Ethyl Acetate was fed into the reactor, pump G1 was stopped. Tank D1 was filled with Sodium Hydroxide. • Set the switch of pump G1 to position 1 • When all the Sodium Hydroxide wasfed into the reactor, pump G1 was stopped. The motor of the impeller M1 was started up by setting the related switch to position 1. 40 mL samples were taken using 100 mL beakers by valve V6 being opened. The conductivity of the samples was measured by immersing the HM digital COM-80 conductivity meter in the samples making sure that the conductivity meter probe was rinsed in between readings. The temperature in the reactor R1 by reading the temperature TI2 was recorded and sampled. The experiment was stopped once the conductivity readings of the samples stopped reducing. The motor of the impeller M1 was stopped. The reactor was drained after use through opening valve V6. The reactor was rinsed by filling tank D1 and D2 with deionized water and pumping the water to the reactor R1. For Shut Down: remaining solutions were discarded, and the plant was rinsed with de-ionized water. The motor of the impeller M1was stopped. Pump G1 was stopped .E.L.C.B. and power supply were disconnected.
