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Using Multiple Transformations

Consider the following problem.
We have a thin metal plate shaped like a
Insulated half circle. The upper edge is insulated.
The other boundary conditions are.

𝑇 𝑥, 0 = 1 for −1 < 𝑥 < 0

𝑇 = 1° 𝑇 = 0°
𝑇 𝑥, 0 = 0 for 0 < 𝑥 < 1

𝑤 = ln 𝑧 𝑇 = 1°
𝜋𝑖

𝑇 = 0°

Using Multiple Transformations

𝑤 = ln 𝑧

𝑇 = 1°
𝜋𝑖

𝑇 = 0°

v
We have already
calculated the T* = 0 T* = 1
solution in this
case.
u
Using our knowledge of linear fractional transformations, we can transform
from one image to the other.
𝑞 = −𝑖w/2
𝑇 = 1°
𝜋𝑖
𝑇 = 0° 𝑇 = 1°

𝑇 = 0°
𝜋/2

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Using Multiple Transformations

𝑤 = ln 𝑧
𝑞 = −𝑖w/2
𝑇 = 1°
𝜋𝑖
𝑇 = 0° 𝑇 = 1°

𝑇 = 1° 𝑇 = 0° 𝑇 = 0°
𝜋/2
−𝑖 −𝑖 2
𝐹= ln 𝑧 𝐹∗ = 𝑤 F ** = q
𝜋 𝜋 
−𝑖
= ln 𝑧 + 𝑖Arg(𝑧)
𝜋
−𝑖 𝑦
= ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 tan−1 In first quadrant
𝜋 𝑥
−𝑖 𝑦
= ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 tan−1 − 𝑖𝜋 In second quadrant
𝜋 𝑥
1 𝑦 1 𝑦
𝑇= tan−1 𝑇 =1+ tan−1
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥
In first quadrant In second quadrant

MATH 5311 – Advanced Engineering Math

Fluid Flow

Section 18.4

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Two dimensional fluid flow

This section will apply to both:
Hydrodynamics – Water flow
Aerodynamics – Air flow

We will assume steady state fluid flow and that motion will be the same in all
planes parallel to the xy plane.

At any point in the fluid we can find a velocity vector,

v
We can break that vector into components.

v
 vy
vx
Then we can write the complex velocity function v(x, y ) = p(x, y ) + iq (x, y )
where at each point (x,y) v = v and Arg v = 

Two dimensional fluid flow

Assumptions
1. Assume there are no sources or sinks. This makes p(x,y) and q(x,y)
continuous functions.

2. The fluid is incompressible.

Amount Equals Amount

Entering Leaving

3. The fluid is free of viscosity. It is more like water than honey.

4. The fluid is irrotational. It has no eddies.

From physics, if the flow is irrotational, there exists a function,  , such that
v =  = x + i y
 2  2
If the fluid is incompressible  2 = 2 + 2 = 0 . So,  is a harmonic
function. x y
 is called the velocity potential.

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Two dimensional fluid flow

The curves  = C1 are called equipotentials.

v =  is perpendicular to the equipotentials.
Call the harmonic conjugate of  ,  .
The curves  = C2 are called the streamlines.
 is called the stream function.

Anytime you have a boundary, the boundary will be a streamline.

equipotentials
The complex potential is given by F =  + i

streamlines

Two dimensional fluid flow

Applying the Cauchy-Riemann equations, we can say
F ' = x − i y
and we know v = x + i y

So, v = F ' (z )

and v = F ' (z )

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Example: Straight Flow

Consider a long straight canal in which water is moving with constant velocity.
Suppose the complex potential is 𝐹 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝑖𝐴𝑦, where A is a
positive real number.
We will show that this model is consistent will our experience.

Then, 𝜙 = 𝐴𝑥 and 𝜓 = 𝐴𝑦. To find the equipotential lines, we set 𝜙 = 𝐶 for

𝐶
various constants C. So, 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐶 or 𝑥 = , a constant. To find the stream lines,
𝐴
𝐷
we set 𝜓 = 𝐷 for various constants D. So, 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐷 or 𝑦 = , a constant.
𝐴
Notice that the edges of the canal are streamlines. The velocity 𝑣 = 𝐹′ 𝑧 = 𝐴.

Example: Flow Around a Corner

Now, let’s model flow of a fluid around a corner. Assume we are close to this
corner.
Flow enters
𝑤 = 𝑧2
Flow exits

We know that here in the w-plane 𝐹 ∗ 𝑤 = 𝐴𝑤.

𝐹 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧 2
= 𝐴 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦

Equipotentials: 𝐴 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 or 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶/𝐴
Streamlines: 𝐴 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝐷 or 𝑥𝑦=D/2A
Both equipotentials and streamlines are hyperbolas.
Velocity: 𝑣 = 𝐹 𝑧 = 2𝐴𝑧 = 2𝐴𝑧ҧ
𝑣 = 𝐹 𝑧 = 2𝐴 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

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Example: Flow Around a Corner

𝜋
The same procedure could be followed for flow around any angle 𝜃 = ,
𝑛
where n is an integer.

Example: Flow Around a Cylinder

Consider the case of flow around a uniform cylinder where the axis of the
cylinder is perpendicular to the water flow.
First we notice that the problem is
Flow enters

symmetric.
Flow exits

This means we can solve the

problem for the top half of the
View from top picture and the solution for the
bottom half is just the mirror image.

𝐹 ∗ 𝑤 = 𝐴𝑤

1
𝐹 𝑧 =𝐴 𝑧+ 1
𝑧 𝑣 =𝐹 𝑧 =𝐴 1−
𝑧ҧ 2

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Example: Flow Around a Cylinder

Flow enters 1
𝐹 𝑧 =𝐴 𝑧+

Flow exits
𝑧

View from top

Let’s analyze what the equipotentials and streamlines will be. Since the
cylinder has a circular cross section, let’s use polar notation. Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 .
1 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 1 1
𝐹 𝑧 = 𝐴 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑖𝜃
= 𝐴 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + = 𝐴 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 + 𝐴𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
𝑟𝑒 𝑟 r r

1
Equipotentials: 𝐴 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 𝐶
r
1
Streamlines:𝐴 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 𝐷
r

Remember, the solution we found is for

the upper half of the image. We take
the mirror image to get the lower half.

Example: Flow Around a Cylinder

1
Streamlines:𝐴 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 𝐷
r

Let’s consider the case of one particular

streamline, the streamline where 𝐷 = 0

1 1
𝐴 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 0 or 𝐴 𝑟 − sin 𝜃 = 0
r r

1
Thus, 𝑟 − = 0 or sin 𝜃 = 0
r
Or equivalently, 𝑟 2 = 1 or 𝜃 = 0 or 𝜃 = 180
𝑟 2 = 1 is the polar formula for a circle of radius 1
𝜃 = 0 or 𝜃 = 180 are plotted as radial lines in polar coordinates
Thus this streamline outlines the borders of the region