Ch 27 ) Empire and Expansion

1) Motives for Imperialism *

-
economic :
open up markets abroad ( goods ) t access to cheap raw materials

political :
compete against other nations ( Europe / Japan
- -

I -1 be a world power
-

military :
acquire naval base

→
Alfred T .
Mahan
"
The Influence of sea Power "
talks about the significance of having a
strong
naval power

ideological : "
White burden "
•

man 's

Rev Joshi a strong

"
our country
"
claims Anglo-Saxons I should
→ .
are superior spread

protestant values to the world

2) Hawaii

1820s missionaries go to the islands to convert natives to Christianity + American planters start buying
• -

up the land Lex . Dole family )

1887 -

United States signs a treaty → establish naval base at Pearl Harbor

. t attempts to annex Hawaii

→ Queen Liliuokalani advocates that Hawaiians should control Hawaii

→ plantation owners overthrow her in 1893

William McKinley annexes Hawaii in 1398

3) Spanish American War ( 1897 -

1901 : McKinley ) → Spanish -

American war

.
Cuba -

Spanish colony
→ 9 revolts against Spanish rule → General Weyler brutally stop rebellion Lex . reconstruction camps )

United States gets involved due to 1 .

investments in sugar plantations

2. Yellow Journalism ( exaggerated reporting ) → T sympathy

3. De home letter :
Spanish official disrespect president McKinley
-

Feb 15 , 1898 : V. s .

battleship Maine explodes → accused Spain ( but Spain ✗ do it )

→ v. s . declares war against Spain in April

→ v. 5. & Cuba d Philippines vs Spain
→
Teller amendment : V. 5 . ✗ have intentions to take over Cuba

"
-

A splendid little war

"
ends in August 1898

Treaty of Paris : V. 5 acquires Guam Cuba Puerto Rico Phillip ines

.

. , , ,

impacts 1 . debate @ Congress

-
t people opposed the treaty of Paris

2. Anti -

Imperialist League -

oppose annexation of Philippines

3 .
McKinley favored expansion & Congress narrowly approved the treaty
4) Cuba after war

f÷:÷
-

Platt amendment passed in 1901 : v. s .

can intervene to restore peace I order .

→ Cuba ✗
sign treaty with foreign power that limits its independence imperialism ,

→ v. 5 .
could maintain a naval base ⑨ Guantanamo Bay .

5) Puerto Rico after war nationalism

-

Foraker Act passed in 1900 :

granted limited degree of popular government also grew at

→ ✗ full independence the same time

grant v. 5 .
citizenship in 1917
b) Philippines after war

Emilio Aguinaldo ( leader of the independence movement ) believed Philippine would receive freedom

guerilla war takes place between the U.s. and Philippines

.

independence ✗ given until 1946

7) Access to China

United States were interested in gaining access to the markets of China

→ but other nations had China -

spheres of influence ( exclusive trade )

-
John Hay announce the open Door policy -
declared all nations should have equal trading rights
→
controversy among Chinese

→ Boxer Rebellion -
Chinese attempt to remove foreign influence

3) Roosevelt 's presidency (1901-1909) → progressive , 3CS , panama canal

became president in 1901

→
Mckinley was reelected in 1900 , but assassinated in 1901

A rise of
→ in the power presidency
pursue expansionist policy
.

"
→
speak softly and carry a
big stick "

9) Panama canal *

'

would dramatically cut down travel time

•
first attempt by France -
failed

-
Roosevelt attempted to get Colombia to allow canal construction

→
rejects the treaty
→ Roosevelt secretly supports the movement for Panamanian independence from Colombia

→ Hay -

Burian -

Vanilla Treaty gives us .

right to build canal

101 Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine 11823 ) :

stay out of the western Hemisphere
-
Latin American countries owed money to European countries
.

issues Roosevelt corollary : U.s. has the rights to intervene in Latin America → imperialist

→ expands v. S .
role in Latin America

111 East Asia

Roosevelt wins a noble prize for helping negotiate a peace agreement ending the Russo-Japanese

War ( 1905 )

→ v. 5 .
concerned over the growing strength of Japan

.
Gentlemen 's Agreement 11908 ) : Californian laws discriminated Asians

→
Asian students attended segregated schools -
fear of Yellow peril

→ Japan secretly agreed to restrict Japanese emigration to the U.s .

→ Roosevelt pressure CA to repeal law

treat White Fleet ( 1907-31 : Roosevelt sends fleet around the world → demonstrate power
Ch 231 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

1) The Movement * transition

Progressive
Cause :
Industrialization Urbanization Immigration changes d
challenges for v. 5 from
-
-

, ,
.

use government power to regulated improve society agricultural

-

→
reject laissez faire ideology to industrial

save & capitalism

→
improve
.
diverse group of reformers 1.
mostly middle class men / women

2. protestant leaders demanding temperance

3. Union leaders demanding workers
'
rights
4. women demanding right to vote

5. African Americans demanding equality

2) Muckrakers *

attempted to expose problems in American society → demand for action

→ named by Roosevelt

-
Ida Tarbell
"

History of standard oil company

" -

expose business practices

.
Jacob RIIS "
How the other Half lives " -

expose horrors of life in the slums of NY

Lincoln Steffens
"
The shame of the cities " -

expose corruptions in city politics

3) Women 's role

broke down the idea of the separate spheres ( ex .

Republican motherhood )

.
National Child Labor Committee fought to ban child labor

.
National Consumer League ( Florence Kelley ) advocate for women 's rights in work

→ Muller v. Oregon 11908 ) :

restrict women 's work to 10 hours a day
.

Triangle shirtwaist Fire 11911 ) : death of 146 workers ( mostly women & immigrants )

→ calls for reforms

4) Urban Reforms

problems 1 . urban poverty & slums

2. political corruption
3. alcoholism
.

desire to take away power from political bosses by placing municipal services under

public control

→ voters electing the heads of city departments ( ex .

fine , police ,
sanitation ) + 17th amendment

5) state reform

]
-

fought against corporate control of state politics

.
Governor Robert La Follette -

9 reforms in Wisconsin

→ Wisconsin idea 1 .
regulate public utilities

2. took on railroad industries

3. adopt tax & political reforms

b) Political reform
-

wanted to 9 democracy and d trusts ( trusts have taken over the Senate )

.
Australian or secret Ballot : allowed voters to mark their choice secretly
.

,,, , .mn, ,
n.mnm.nn.an.nu, µ, ,n , ,n . mm , , ,n . µ,

.
Recall :
elected politicians could be removed from the office by voters

.
Initiative : voters could introduce laws
 Referendum : voters could directly vote on law
'

17th Amendment : voters directly vote for the senators -

A democracy
7) Temperance movement

division 1 .
wet -

against prohibition 1 Catholic immigrants 1 urban

2.
dry
-

support prohibition 1 protestant natives 1 rural

.
woman 's Christian Temperance union : woman advocate for temperance
.
Anti-Saloon League : advocate for legal prohibition of drinking
-

13th Amendment : banned alcohol

3) Theodore Roosevelt *

i
believed in 9 power of president
-

Coal Miners strike 119021

→
attempts to mediate dispute → threatens to take over the mines when owners refused

to compromise
.

square deal 13 Cs ) 1 . Control corporations

2. protect consumers

3. conservation of environment & resources

1.
Corporation
Sherman Anti Trust ineffective
'

-
was

-
Broke up the Northern Securities Company ( railroad monopoly )

→
became known for "
Trust Busting
" -

good trusts : efficient d t prices

bad trusts : hurt consumers & stifled competition

.

9 power of interstate commerce commission

.
Elkins Act 11903 ) increase penalties for rate rebates

Hepburn Act 11906 ) gave ICC the power to set maximum rates for railroads

2. Consumer

"
Upton Sinclair The intend 9 for socialism rights
Jungle
"
to support d workers
-
-

→
public focus on unsanitary nature of the meat industry
'

Meat Inspection Act ( 19001 : federal government regulate I

inspect the meat industry
-
Pure Food & Drug Act ( 19061 :
protect public against the mis tabled food & drug
→
created FDA

3 . Conservation

'

Sierra Club had been advocating for the environment

.
used the Forest Reserve Act of 1391 to protect 150 million acres of federal land

Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 to use money from selling public land for irrigation projects
9) William Howard Taft (1909-1913) -1 trust busting
i
continued Roosevelt 's progressive policies

→ broke up trusts

'

Dollar Diplomacy i
encouraged biz to invest dollar in areas of concern
 Ch 29 ) Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad

1) Division of Republicans
.

Taft supports Payne -

Aldrich Tariff 11909 ) which raised rates →

angered progressive Republicans
Pinchot Taft fires chief of the Forest Service after he criticized
Ballinger controversy
- - :

Secretary of the Interior Ballinger

→ because Ballinger opened public land for private development
2) Election of 1912

debate in Republican party → Taft wins the nomination

.
Roosevelt forms the Progressive party
→ runs a
program
"
New Nationalism " -

active federal government ,

wide variety of reforms

Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson

reform
"
→ New Freedom " -
d tariff , bank , antitrust laws

socialists nominate Eugene Debs

.

→ demonstrates the growing frustration over the slow pace of reform

→
called for more radical reforms ( ex .
public ownership of industries )

-
Wilson wins the election

3) Progressive reforms under Wilson (1913-1921)

Era → WWI ,
League of Nations ! Democrat !
'

Underwood Tariff ( 1913 ) :

lowered the rates of tariffs

Trusts 1. Federal Trade Commission ( 1914 ) :

investigate monopolies
2 .

Clayton Anti -
Trust Act 11914 ) : t power of the Sherman Anti -

Trust Act

Banking 1 .
Federal Reserve Act 11913 ) :
responsible for regulating money supply
2. 16th Amendment :
graduated income tax established

-
Federal Farm Loan Act 11916 ) : d loans for farmers

.
child labor Act :
prohibit interstate commerce of products made by children

-
Failure -

African American civil Rights

→ reformers ✗ interested in reforms for African Americans

t protests Jim Crow laws

→
against

4) African American Civil Rights + A economic situation of African Americans @ urban areas
"
'

Booker T .

Washington Atlanta Exposition speech

"

→ African Americans should acquire vocational skills to gain self -

respect al economic security

→ established Tuskegee institute

→ believed economic independence will lead to social d political independence

-
W .
E. B DUBOIS ''
souls of Black Folk "

→
ejected
1- Booker 's gradualism I demanded immediate equality

→
Niagara movement : advocate tot black tights
→
helped found the National Association tot the Advancement of the colored people in 1909

.
Ida B . Wells

→ anti
lynching campaign woman 's suffrage civil tights
-

, ,

5) women in movement

cattle Chapman Catt -

president of the National American woman suffrage Association

.
Alice Paul -

broke with NAWSA I formed the National Women 's Patty

→ demanded national amendment

.
19th Amendment 11920 ) guaranteed women right to vote
b) Wilson 's foreign policy
.
shift direction with
"
Motal Diplomacy
"

pursued less imperialistic policies →

improved relations with Panama

7) Interventions in Mexico

Mexican 1-evolution removes Potti to Diaz from power

→ U.s .
had 9 investments in Mexico

→
Huerta ( military dictator ) becomes the leader → Wilson refuses to
recognize him c aids revolutions )

Mexican officials attested American soldiers @ Tampico → U.s. navy occupied Veracruz

Pancho Villa led 1- aids across the border → killed people in Texas d New Mexico

→ Wilson sends ltenetal John J .

Pershing to attest him

8) U.s. neutrality during WWI

A connection to England
shared legal & political institutions
→
language ,

→
public opinion was anti -

Getman

→ tied by Hades & loans ( manufacturers , bankers , investors )

Get many uses unrestricted submarine warfare using U-boats

→ Lusitania ( British passenger ship ) sunk with American passengers →

tetmany apologizes but sinks

other ships
→ Wilson threatens to cut off diplomatic relations with tetmany

→ Sussex pledge :
tetmany ✗ sink mote ships without warning
9) Election of 1916

'

Wilson reminds voters

"
he kept us out of wat
" → wins reelection
 Ch 301 The wat to End wats

1) V. 5 .
entry into WWI

violations of V. 5 .

neutrality ( Germany sinking ships )

.
Zimmerman note : British intercept a Hetman proposal to Mexico for a joint alliance

→ asked Mexico to attack the b. s .

for the lost territory
-

April 1917 , Congress declares wat against Germany

2) Mobilizing fot wat

selective service Act :

organized a draft for soldiers to fight in a wat

-
Total wat effort : all aspects of country mobilize for effort

→ financed by war bonds d income taxes

•
Federal Agencies 1 . National War labor Board -

mediate labor disputes & prevent strikes

2. Wat Industries Board -

set production priorities for wat

3. U.S . Food Administration -

encouraged Americans to conserve food

4. boosted support of 18th Amendment ( temperance )

3) Silencing Dissent

'
Committee of public Information :
promote V. s . war effort through propaganda ( led by George Creel )

Espionage Act ( 1917 ) :

prohibited interference with dtaft 1 wat effort

sedition Act 11913 ) : banned anybody from criticizing the government

•
led to Anti -
German sentiments -
the Huns

.
Shenk v. V. s .
119191 : Shank attested under the Espionage Act

→ sues government for violating the 1st Amendment

→ Supreme court supports the restriction of freedom of speech ( if pose cleat d present danger )
→ national security > civil liberties during the era

4) social impact ⑨ Homefront

-

Great migration :
large migration of African Americans to northern cities from 1910

→ reasons 1 . facial relations in the South Lex . Jim Crow laws )

2. economic opportunities ( te place drafted white men )

→ t Mexicans also migrated during the era

neatly 4001000 African Americans served in segregated units

•
A tace 1- lots broke out

A role of women in wartime factories

→ 213 finally supports the 19th Amendment dating WWI

5) Wilson 's 14 points *

'

proposal for the postwar world -

prevent another world wat

through 1. guarantee freedom of the seas

2. eliminate economic trade bathers

3. military reduction

4. ✗ colonies

5. X secret treaties

b. formation of a League of Nations

'

Big Fout -

David Lloyd -

George C Btitaih ) , Vittorio Orlando ( Italy ) , George Clemenceau ( France ) , Woodrow

Wilson IV. 5.)

→ other allies were interested in punishing Germany & gaining advantage

61 Treaty of Versailles

.
most of Wilson 's proposals were rejected by the allied powers

→ Wilson get the League of Nation included , but had to get approved by the Republican controlled

Congress 1 which hated the v. s .

joining )
7) Battle over the League of Nations

•
V. s . tradition of isolationist policies
.

oppositions over Article ✗ :

nations helping other nations out

→ feat if have to deal with foreign issues

Ch 31 ) American Life in the "
Roaring Twenties "

1) Post-war fear -

Red scare (1919-1920) *

-
Bolshevik revolution : communist party come to power @ Russia

.
M strikes in 1919 ( ex .
steel strike , Boston Police strike )

→ National Guard was called out to break up strikes

race riots ⇒ resentment over competition for jobs & housing ( ex .

Chicago , 19191

bombing occur in 8 American cities

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer lead raids over radicals

2) rise of Nativism

Palmer Raids : mass arrest socialist ,

anarchist , union organizers , etc .

→ arrested because they held unpopular beliefs

hatred toward
" "
.
new immigrants

① Quota Act of 1921 : limited migration to 3 't . of those living in v. s .

as of 1910

② National Quota Act of 1924 : 2.1 . as of 1890

→ also restricted Asian immigrants

unrestricted immigration from western Hemisphere ( ex . Mexico ) → for agriculture

Sacco and venzetti case 119211

→ Italian immigrants charged with robbery & murder ⇒ sentenced to death

→ people believe ✗ receive justice

u

KKK

→ t influence in South & Midwest towards immigrants , Catholics , radicals , etc .

→ up to 5 million members ( support from white Protestant ⑨ small cities )

→ call themselves a patriotic organization

→ exert political influence

3) Mass consumption Economy *

majority live in urban areas

huge economic growth

→ stock market -

investment based upon speculation

new affordable consumer goods become available ( ex . Vacuum cleaner ,

washing machine , etc .
)

→ electricity available ⑨ homes

.
installment plan :
"
possess today and pay tomorrow " -

create 9 debt

advertising industry -

manipulate consumer demand

4) Transportation changes

Fredrick Taylor 's principles of scientific management ⇒ A productivity

-
cars become affordable ( Model T ) -

Henry Ford 's mass production

growth of industries ( ex . steel , rubber , gasoline , highway construction , etc ) .

.
airplane : Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic

5) Mass media : Radio and Movies

November 1920 -
1st radio broadcast out of Pittsburgh announce election of Harding

played key role in tying the nation ⇒ provide shared experience

.
rise of the movie industry ( Hollywood )

→ celebrity culture of the 1920s

 6) Gender in the 1920s

challenged Social Customs ( especially young women @ cities ) -

jazz music , dancing , drinking , etc .

→ labor -

saving devices Lex . Vaccum cleaner ) change roles of homemakers

→ flappers : symbol of youthful rebellion of young women

Margaret Sanger advocate for birth control

7) Fundamentalism & the scopes Monkey Trial

.
battle between modernizing cities us . rural areas

Fundamentalism : every word in the bible should be literally true

→ radio preachers ( ex .
Billy Sunday ) spoke out against drinking , dancing , jazz , gambling , etc .

→ ACLU sought to challenge the butter act -

outlawed the teaching of evolution ⑨ public schools

scopes monkey trial :

John scopes gets arrested for teaching evolution

→ demonstrate the tension between modern e traditional beliefs

8) prohibition

18th amendment : prohibited manufacture & sale of alcohol

→ passed the vote stead Act enforcing the amendment ⇒ faced fierce opposition

( but I enforcement and 9 corruption )

.
rise of organized crime ( ex . Al Capone ⑨ Chicago )

9) Black America in the 1920s

Great Migration brings African Americans into northern cities

→ spread jazz music

→ Harlem became the cultural center

Harlem Renaissance spread idea of "

New Negro
"
-
racial pride

Marcus Garvey found the UNIA "f " " " nationalist

|
.

→ called for separatism ( back to Africa )

→ " " mote black Pride , black -

own , , bug , neg ,

101 lost Generation *

F. Scott Fitzgerald , Ernest Hemingway , Sinclair Lewis

.
criticized aspects of the decade

① question the reason for fighting in WWI

② small town values

③ Fundamentalist religious views

④ Materialism
Ch 321 The politics of Boom and Bust

1) Politics of the 1920s

progressive reforms abandoned

-
business < >
government

Republican presidents ① Warren G .

Harding
-

return to normalcy

② Calvin Coolidge

③ Herbert Hoover

2) Handling Business

.pro
-

business policies : Ford hey -

Mccumber tariff ( high tariff )

→ Europe increased own tariffs ⇒ slow down global trade

→ lead to scandals & corruptions

ex ) Teapot Dome scandal : Albert Fall accepted bribes in exchange for leashing government land

to oil companies ( 1921-1923 :

Harding ) → teapot dome scandal

Warren G .

Harding dies in August 1923

3) Calvin Coolidge 11923 -

19291 → national quota act of 1924 , native American suffrage

i
continued pro -

business policies

.
"
The business of America is business "
→ laissez-faire

.
signed the national quota act of 1924

4) Farmers d Unions during the decade

union membership declined throughout 1920s

→ companies favored "

open shop " -

job open to nonunion workers

-
anti-union sentiment cred scare , Palmer raids . . .
)

.
farmers face difficulties ⇒ I demad for crops

→ development of technology ⇒ 9 production . I price

5) Herbert Hoover

•
elected in Election of 1928 ( vs .
Alfred Smith -

Democrats )

→ Smith was Catholic & opposed Prohibition ⇒ Hoover easily wins

6) International Affairs

.
✗ join the League of Nations ⇒ but still engaged in world affairs

Washington Naval Arms Conference ( 1921 ) : naval disarmament

→ promote peace & reduce defence expenditure

.
Five -
power Treaty ( V. S .
, England , France , Japan , Italy )

→ set ratios for battleships , Usd England agree ✗ fortify possessions in the Pacific

Four -

Power Treaty ( V. S .
, England , France , Japan )

→ respect each other 's territory in Pacific

-
Nine -

power Treaty ( V. S .
, England , France , Japan , Italy , Netherlands , Portugal , China )

→ all nations a conference respect the open door policy

Kellogg Briand Pact ( 1923 ) : outlawed war

→ but ✗ enforced & allowed defensive wars

7) International Finance

-
V. S .
loaned money to European Count ites ( WWI )

→ Europeans were slow to recover

→ high tariffs ⇒ weakened international trade

•
Dawes plan ( 1924 ) : adjusted German reparations payments

-1 American banks loan money ⇒ England & France pay reparation money to the U.S .

→ ends with the stock Market crash in 1929

3) Great Depression * ( 1929 -1933 : Hoover ) → the great depression

A of stock
buying ( buying borrowed price
"
.
on margin " stock with money ) ⇒

.
Black Tuesday ( Oct . 29 , 1929 ) : start of the Great Depression

16,41010301
'
→ stock sold ⇒ stock price to

→ 25.1 . unemployment , banks failed

→ people lived in shantytowns "

Hooverville S "

causes

① overproduction ( agriculture I industry ) ⇒ production > consumption

② uneven distribution of wealth

③ over reliance on credit ( over -

stimulated consumer buying )

④ international economic problems : reparations , war debts , high tariffs

9) Hoover 's response to the Great Depression

opposed government intervention

Hawley -
Smoot Tariff ( 1930 ) :
highest peacetime protective tariff

→ Europeans also enacted tariff ⇒ worsened depression

.
took federal actions

.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( 1932 ) :
gave federal money to struggling businesses ( banks , railroads ,
etc . )

→ hope would stabilize wages , reduce layoffs , etc .

101 Bonus Army

.
Veterans of War March to D.C . demanding bonus

→ Hoover sent army ( led by Douglas MacArthur ) to clear out veterans

Ch 331 The Great Depression and the New Deal

1) Election of 1932

-
Herbert Hoover ( Republican party ) vs .
Franklin Roosevelt ( Democratic party )

.
T unemployment & ✗ response from federal government ⇒ Roosevelt victory

2) Franklin Roosevelt 11933-19451 → new deal , WWI

.
from wealthy , privileged family
.
suffered from polio

.
Eleanor Roosevelt recreate the position of first lady

→ advocated for underserved groups

developed New Deal programs with Brain Trust ( advisors )

→ Frances Perkins ( secretary of labor ) : 1st woman in cabinet

31 New Deal ( a.k.a Alphabet Agencies ) * t) passed 21St amendment repeating the

•
✗ organized , planned program ⇒ based on experiment 13th amendment .

→ new laws / programs / agencies by federal government

312s

① Relief ( people )

② Recovery ( economy )

③ Reform ( situation × repeat )

Fireside chats : used radio to communicate to the American people

.
First Hundred Days ( March 4 , 1933 )

→ Congress pass a
huge number of laws designed to deal with the Great Depression

3- 11 Finance & Banking

'

Bank Holiday ( March 1933 ) -

restore confidence

Emergency Banking Relief Act ( 1933 ) : only financially stable banks could reopen

.
Glass-Steagall Act

→ invested how banks could invest a customers deposits

→ established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

.
Securities & Exchange Commission :
regulate stock market

3- 21 Unemployment Relief

created jobs ⇒ boost economic activity

-
Federal Emergency Relief Act :
gave federal money to states & local government for relief services

public works Administration :

gave federal money to states & local government for public works projects

.
civilian Conservation Corps : employed jobless men in reforestation projects 1 park maintenance / etc .

3- 3) Industrial & Agricultural Recovery

National Recovery Act : ① industrial recovery ② fair wages / hours for workers

→ drafted codes for industries -

set production
( codes for wages & hours worked

→ section 7cal allowed workers to form unions

Agricultural Adjustment Act : paid farmers to cut production

→ farmers receive subsidies for cutting production

4) Dust Bowl * → 9 internal migration

-

drought in the 1930s ⇒ problems @ Great Plains

→ caused by overuse of land & high winds

-

people from Oklahoma fled to CA looking for work

→ documented in
"
The Grapes of wrath "
by John Steinbeck

3- 4) Tennessee Valley Authority

government agency built dams , electric power plants ⇒ controlled flooding & erosion

5) Second New Deal 11935 )

.
reform & direct relief

-
Works progress Administration : employed millions of unemployed

.
Resettlement Administration : provided loans to sharecroppers / small farmers

5- 1) social security
.

social security Act of 1935 : established the principal of federal responsibility for social welfare

→ take money from employee & employer ⇒ give to people aged 65 e above

→ mothers with dependent children / Unemployment insurance / disabled were also aided

5- 2) National Labor Relations Act :

Wagner Act ( 19351 *

guaranteed the rights of organized labor

→ join a union -1 bargain collectively

.
created the National Labor Relations Boards to enforce the labor laws

6) Challenges to the New Deal

11936 ) did improve economy , but still unstable

→ FDR wins the election , but had critics ( conservatives & business owners )

-
FDR followed policies of John Maynard Keynes ( British Economist )

→ Defeat spending was needed to stimulate economic growth

-

liberal critics demand A support

① Dr . Francis Townsend :
every person 460 would receive $200 a month

② Huey long :
"
share our wealth "
program -
redistribute wealth

7) Court packing plan *

ruled two Key New Deal Programs unconstitutional

① National Recovery Act 11935 )

② Agricultural Adjustment Act

.
FDR proposed a plan that would allow him to appoint additional judges ( for every judge over 70 )

→ but critics viewed as a

"
Court packing plan
"

→ ASSUH 0h Checks and balances ( both Democrats & Republicans )

→ suffer political defeat

8) Impact

New Deal Democratic coalition of farmers , urban immigrants , union members , African Americans ,

women

→ Democratic party gets 9 support

established federal responsibility for society

.
but ✗ end the Great Depression

.
recession in 1937

→ reduced government spending

limited impact on racial 1 gender issues

 Ch 341 Franklin D . Roosevelt and shadow of war

1) FDR 's Foreign policy

opens up formal recognition of the Soviet Union ( previously ✗ because of Russian Revolution )

→ cause ① worried about Germany 's growing power

② trade with Soviet Union

.
Good Neighbor Policy : denounce armed intervention @ Latin America

→ Marines leave Haiti in 1934

→ Cuba get rid of the Platt amendment

Reciprocal Trade Agreement ( 19341 : reduction of V. S . tariffs ( if other countries do the same )

2) Rise of totalitarianism

① Italy -

Mussolini : Fascist 's party comes to power 119221

② Soviet union -

Joseph Stalin

③ Germany -
Adolf Hitler : Nazi Party ( 19331

④ Japan -
Hideki Tojo : militaristic government ( 1941 )

policies ⇒ militarize I expand borders

→ Japan conquers Manchuria & withdraws from the Leauge of Nations & build hairy

.
Nye committee 11934 ) : invested the U.s. financial interest that underlay the involvement in WWI

→ U.s. bankers e arms manufactures ⇒ enter WWI

3) V. S . Neutrality

Neutrality Acts ( 1935 , 1936,1937 ) : keep v. S . neutral in conflict

→ 11935 ) citizens ✗ sail on the ships of belligerent nations ( ex . Lusitania )

→ ✗ sales of weapon

→ ✗ loans to nations at war

4) Policy of Appeasement

Spanish Civil War : Fascist government overthrew the Loyalist government

→ ends in military dictatorship but v. s .

Can't help the Spanish

Hitler openly violated the treaty of Versailles

① occupied Rhineland 11936 ) I annexed Austria ( 1933 )

② built up German military

③ demands the Sudetenland ( Czechoslovakia )

→ Munich Conference : leaders ( England ) agree to hand over Sudetenland to Germany d Hitler

agrees not to demand more land

.
Munich Conference failed ⇒ took over the test of Czechoslovakia in 6 months

Japan invades the rest of China ( 1937 )

sinks Panay
"
→ also the U.s. gunboat "

5) World War I Begins

Germany & Soviet Union Non Aggression pact 1939 ( Hitler d

signed a in Stalin )
-
-

→ allowed Hitler attack Poland w/ 0 frontier war ⇒ secretly agree to divide Poland

Germany invades Poland on September 1st 1939

→ France & England declare war

WWI begins (1939-1945)

by June 1940 Hitler had conquered most of Europe

.
v. S . remains neutral ( but still ✗ want Axis power to A power )
6) V. 5 .
involvement

Congress amends the neutrality legislation

.
Neutrality Act ( 1939 ) : countries could buy weapons when paid in cash I carried in own ships

'
→
'
cash and carry "

→ allowed the v. s .
to help victims of Axis power

→ limits : ✗ enough cash 1 Ship

by June 1940 , most of the France is defeated

adopted 1st peacetime conscription law lsept .

1940 )

.
Battle of Britain ( Aug -1940 ) : Germany begins bombing England
. committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies : advocated helping England & the Allies

.
America First committee : isolationists ( opposed v. s . involvement )

.
Destroyers for Bases ( Sept . 1940 ) : V. 5. would give England V. S .
destroyers <→
military bases

.
Election of 1940 -
FDR wins the 3rd term

7) Lend lease Act

'

lend lease Bill 1 March 1941 ) : eliminated the cash -

carry requirements

→ would send supplies to the victim countries

→ justified through
"
the great arsenal of democracy "
( V. S . avoid fight )

.
economic declaration of war

→ factories shift to war production ⇒ ended the Great Depression

Operation Barbarossa ( June 22 , 19411 : Hitler invades the Soviet union

3) Close to war

Allied convoy system : V. S .

begins lend -
lease across the Atlantic Ocean

→ undeclared war against Germany

.
Atlantic Conference : FDR d Churchill secretly met @ Newfoundland

→ Atlantic Charter outlined postwar goals

① self determination ③ ✗ territorial gains

② free trade ④ new collective security organization

9) Beef with Japan

Roosevelt orders an embargo against Japan

Japan occupies French Indochina ( July 1941 )

.
Roosevelt orders ① all Japanese assets frozen

② ban on oil sales

→ negotiation occurs

during negotiation , Japan attacks Pearl Harbor ( Dec 7 , 1941 )

Ch 351 America in World War I

1) V. S . enters the war

attack on Pearl Harbor ends the isolationist movement → national unity o

.
already begun mobilization

① selective service Act ( peacetime draft )

② produced lend -
lease supplies for the allies

.
member of Allied power :
England , Soviet Union , V. S . , France , China , etc .

ended the Great Depression → great economic prosperity but soon led to 9 national debt

2) Federal Mobilization → I focus on the New Deal programs

-

War Productions Board : allocated resources for the war effort

.
office of Price Administration : froze prices , wages , rationed goods ( meat , gas , sugar )
+ worker Labor Board imposed price ceilings
→ black market developed but controlled by OPA

.
V. S . industrial output ⇒ allied victory

.
Office of Research & Development : contract scientists d universities to support technological

development for war

Manhattan project 119421 :

joint secret program between the v. s .
c→ England
( headed by J .
Robert Oppenheimer

tested 1945 other social aspects

→ first atomic bomb in July
'

Smith Conolly Anti -

strike Act :X
African
-

3- 1) Social Impact -
Americans strikes against government agencies
-

Double V : victory abroad & at home

'

2nd Great Migration : African Americans left south to search for jobs •
Election of law : Dewey v. FDR

→ Republicans didn't want FDR to

continue presidency , but was

→ discrimination was common ( t opportunities ) FDR attempted to elected as war situation was

favorable for the us .

recover economy
•

race riots break out in Detroit & New York ( 1943 )

→ A. Philip Randolph threatened to March if discrimination is ✗ addressed

.
Executive order 8302 -
issued by FDR : first federal action to promote equal opportunity

. A served in WWI ( segregated units )

.
pursued the Double victory campaign :
victory over fascism + victory against racism

.
membership of NAACP increase

Congress of Racial Equality ( 19421 : formed to fight against discrimination

3- 2) Mexican Americans & Native Americans

-
A demand for defense industry workers ⇒ 9 opportunities for Mexican Americans

Bursera program 11942 ) : allowed Mexican farmworkers to work in the v. s .

Without immigration
.
Zoot suit Riots 119431 : White soldiers ( mostly navy ) v. Mexican residents

.
Native American also received opportunities in work & military

→ Navajo
"
code Talkers "
Used native language to communicate

→ half ✗ return to reservation

4) social & Demographic changes

* zoo , oooh women served in the military ( noncombat roles )

* nearly 5 million women joined the workforce

} but more prominent in other allied power

.
"
Rosie the Riveter "
: symbol of opportunity

→ but still received lower pay than men I expected to leave

people head to the Midwest & west coast

→ post -
war migration to the "
Sunbelt "

-119 assimilation of ethnic groups ( except Japanese Americans )

 5) Japanese Americans
-

following the bombing -

Executive order 9006 required all Japanese descent be relocated to

internment camps

→ Nisei : 2nd -

generation Japanese Americans

→ 100,0009 Japanese were relocated

-
A Japanese population @ Hawaii was not evacuated

→ economic concerns cex . labor )

Korematsu v. v. s . 11944 ) : Supreme Court upheld relocation as necessary for national security

Japanese fought for the U.S .

6) Fighting WWI

Allies focus on the European theater C North Africa → Italy )

→ Battle of Stalingrad : Soviet stops German advance

→ D- Day ( June 6 , 1944 ) : 2nd front

•
the Big 3 ( Roosevelt , Churchill , Stalin ) meet to discuss military strategy d post -

war plans

①
Conference ( Jan 1943 ) would only end with
unconditionalsurrende.ir#
: war
-

Casablanca

(
,

② invade Sicily al Italy first → very controversial 19 resistance )

→ Roosevelt d Churchill

Tehran conference cnn.mu } ) : ① opening of the and front

② fate of Eastern Europe

→ the big three

Yalta Conference ( 1945 ) : ① Germany would be divided ( into 4)

② free elections in Eastern Europe

③ Soviets will help v. s .

against Japan

, strong naval power ④ create the United Nations later occupied several islands

7) ① acific War General MacArthur 9

Japan Also " "" " ⑨ MIDWAY

/
v.

→ Japan occupied Philippines , Indonesia , Asia + quam , parts of china

Island -

Hopping strategy : win control over territory to get closer to Japan

Potsdam Conference ( July 1945 ) : war in Europe was over , but Truman -
Stalin agree

that Japan should surrender unconditionally ( else destroyed )

.
1St atomic bomb dropped ⑨ Hiroshima ( Aug bi 19451 ⇒ 2nd bomb ⑨ Nagasaki ( Aug 8)
-
Soviet union enters war against Japan ( Aug 8 1 1945 )

. V. S . became political & military domina -1 country

Allied power v. Hitler

significant event : Battle of Atlantic ( 1943 )

Battle of El Alamein ( 19421

.
Soviet almost defeated in 1942

November 1942 :
Dwight D . Eisenhower d Allied defeat Herman -

Italian army

-
Allied power had stronger air force

-
( October 1944 ) Aachen ( ( Terman City ) fell

→ Hitler 's
"
thousand -

year Reich "

numbered

.
Soviet union captures Berlin in April 1945 ⇒ Hitler suicide

→ May 7 : unconditionally surrender & May 8 : proclaimed victory in Europe

?⃝