9

MATHEMATICS
Quarter 4 – Module 1
Illustration of the Six Trigonometric
Ratios

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Mathematics – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Illustration of the Six Trigonometric Ratios
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Writer: NORFREDA C. VALENTIN
Editors: Nolan Ryan R. Alas-as, Florencio M. Bartolo Jr., Joena P. Vidal & Teresita P. Bubole
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 9

Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 1
Illustration of the Six Trigonometric
Ratios
 What I Need to Know
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

• Illustrates the six trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine,

tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant (M9GE-IVa-1).

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

K: Define the six trigonometric ratios.

S: Illustrate the six trigonometric ratios.

A: Show perseverance in illustrating trigonometric ratios.

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 What I Know

Direction. Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer in your
answer sheet.

1. With respect to the given angle, what is the ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side?
a. sine b. cosine c. tangent d. cosecant

2. Determine the correct formula for tan ratio of ∠B?

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐵 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠
a. tan B= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 c. tan B=𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ∠𝐵
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐵 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐵
b. tan B=𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐵 d. tan B= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

3. The ratio of the side opposite the given angle to the hypotenuse is,
a. sine b. cosine c. tangent d. cosecant

4. The correct formula for cosine ratio of ∠A is,

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠
a. cos A= c. cos A= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ∠𝐴
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴
b. cos A= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 d. cos A = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

5. From the figure at the right, find the missing angle to the nearest degree.

a. 30°
b. 40°
c. 50°
d. 60°

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 ’s In

Find Us!
Inside the box are some of the Trigonometric Terms you could encounter in this module.
Try to locate them one by one in the word puzzle. Have fun!

Adjacent angle cos cosine hypotenuse length ratio

sin sine tan tangent theta triangle opposite

https://wordmint.com/public_puzzles/139953

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 ’s New

The Six Trigonometric Ratios

There are six functions that are the core of trigonometry.

There are three primary ones that you need to understand completely:
• Sine (sin)
• Cosine (cos)
• Tangent (tan)
The other three are not used as often and can be derived from the three primary
functions. Because they can easily be derived, calculators and spreadsheets do
not usually have them.
• Secant (sec)
• Cosecant (csc)
• Cotangent (cot)
All six functions have three-letter abbreviations (shown in parentheses above).

hypotenuse
opposite b c

a 𝜃
C adjacent B

Consider the right triangle above.

• a is the length of the side adjacent to theta (𝜃) or angle B.
• b is the length of the side opposite theta (𝜃) or angle B.
• c is the length of the hypotenuse.
• 𝜃 represents the measure of angle B in either degrees or radians.

For each angles, B or A, there are six functions. Each function is the ratio of two
sides of the triangle. The only difference between the six functions is which pair
of sides we use.

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 We will use the convention that angles are symbolized by capital letters, while the
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
side of 𝜃 = sin
sineopposite 𝜃 =angle
each cosecant
will carry the same letter of 𝜃in=lower
symbol, csc 𝜃case.
= 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

e.g. the side opposite ∠A is a

The primary functions:

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Sine sin x =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Cosine cos x =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Tangent tan x =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

In the following table, note how each function is the reciprocal of one of the basic functions
sin, cos, tan.
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
Cosecant csc x = csc x =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 sin 𝑥
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
Secant sec x = sec x =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 cos 𝑥
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 1
Cotangent cot x = cot x =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 tan 𝑥

SOH-CAH-TOA → is a mnemonic used for remembering the equations.

→ these 9 letters are a memory aid to remember the ratios for the three
primary functions - sin, cos and tan.
→ pronounced a bit like "soka towa".
→ their ratios are constant because the functions are a ratio of two side
lengths so they always produce the same result for a given angle, regardless of the size of the
triangle.

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 is It

Illustrating The Six Trigonometric Ratios

A. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the hypotenuse and the measure of one
acute angle.

Example. Using figure 1, solve for s, p and ∠S.

s
T P
53°

p
t =12
Figure 1

S
a. Solve for s in figure1 above. b. Solve for p in the figure 1 above.
Solutions: Solutions:
∠P is an acute angle, t is the ∠P is an acute angle, t is the
hypotenuse, s is the adjacent side to ∠P. hypotenuse, p is the adjacent side of ∠P.
Use CAH, that is Use SOH, that is
adjacent opposite
Cos 𝜃 = hypotenuse Sine 𝜃 = hypotenuse
s p
Cos P = t Sine P = t
s p
Cos 53° = 12 Sine 53° = 12

s = 12 cos 53° p = 12 sine 53°

s = 7.221780278 p = 9.583626121

c. Since m∠P + m∠T + m∠S = 180° ( angle sum in a triangle)

53° + 90° + m∠S = 180°
m∠S = 180° - 143°
m∠S = 37°

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B. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of one of the legs and the Measure of One
Acute Angle

Example: Solve for a and c in figure 2.

a.) Solve for a and c in figure 2.

Solutions:
∠𝐁 is an acute angle, b is the opposite side, and a is the side adjacent to ∠B.
Use TOA, that is

opposite b B
tan θ = =
adjacent a
67°
10.6
tan B = a
a c
10.6
tan 67° =
a

a tan 67° = 10.6 C A

10.6 b = 10.6
a = tan 67°
Figure 2
a = 4.499433052

b.) Solve for c in figure 2.

Solutions:
∠𝐁 is an acute angle, b is the opposite side and c is the hypotenuse of the given
acute angle. Use SOH, that is

opposite b 10.6 10.6

sin c = hypotenuse sin B = c sin 67° = c sin 67° = 10.6 c = sin 67°
c
c = 11.51542

C. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the Hypotenuse and a leg.

Example:
Triangle BCA is right-angled at C. If c = 23 and b = 17, find ∠A, ∠B and a. Express your
answers up to two decimal places.
Solutions:
a. Sketch a figure
b. Side b is the adjacent side of ∠A; c is the hypotenuse of right triangle BCA.

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Use CAH, that is
adjacent
cos 𝜃 = hypotenuse B

b
cos A = c C = 23
a
17
cos A = 23
C A
B = 17
cos A = 0.7391

We can use our scientific calculator to find an angle whose cosine value is 0.7391. Using a
scientific calculator, A = 42.340°

c. Since in part (a), it was already found that 𝑚∠A = 42.34°,

then 𝑚∠B = 90°- 𝑚∠A
𝑚∠B = 90°- 42.34°
𝑚∠B = 47.66°
d. Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
𝑎2 + (17)2 = (23)2
𝑎2 + 289 = 529
𝑎2 = 529 − 289
𝑎2 = 240
√𝑎2 = √240
a = 15.49

D. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the Two Legs

Example:
Triangle ACB is right-angled at C. If a = 18.5 cm and b = 14.2 cm, find c, ∠𝐴, and ∠𝐵.
Solutions: A
a. To find c, use Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
c
𝑐 2 = (18.5)2 + (14.2)2
b = 14.2 cm
𝑐 2 = 342.25 + 201.64
C B
a = 18.5 cm
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 𝑐 2 = 543.89

c = √543.89

c = 23.32

b. To find ∠𝐴, since a and b are opposite c. Based on the fact that ∠A and ∠B are
and adjacent side of ∠A respectively, then complementary, the measure of angle ∠B is
use TOA. 90° − 52° = 38°
opposite
tan 𝜃 = adjacent
a
tan A = b
18.5
tan 63° = 14.2

tan A = 1.3028
We can use our scientific calculator an
angle whose tangent is 1.3028. A = 52°

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 ’s More

Using the Calculator to Find Trigonometric Ratios

The values of the trigonometric ratios for any particular angle are
constant, regardless of the length of the sides. These values can also be found
using a calculator. Also, you can use a calculator to find an angle when you are
given a trigonometric ratio.

a. Finding a ratio given the angle

Example: To find the value of 38⁰, ensure that your calculator is

operating in degrees.

Solution:

Press sin 38 = 0.615661475

The calculator should give sin 38⁰ = 0.616, correct three decimal places.

b. Finding an angle given the ratio

In finding the size of the angle to the nearest minute, given the value of the
trigonometric ratio, just follow the steps in the examples below.

Example: sin 𝜃 = 0.725, find 𝜃 to the nearest minute

Solution:

Press 2ndF sin 0.725 = 46.46884783

To convert this to degrees/minutes/seconds mode

Press 2ndF D°𝐌′𝐒

The calculator gives you 46° 28’(nearest minute)

c. Degrees and minutes

So far, all angles have been in whole degrees. However, one degree
can be divided equally into 60 minutes. Furthermore, one minute can be divided

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equally into 60 seconds. Angle measurement can also be expressed in degree/
minute form. We can use a calculator to convert a degree measure from decimal
form to degree, minute and second form.

Example: Write 54.46⁰ in degree and minutes, giving an answer correct to the
nearest minute.

Solution:
Press 54.46° 2ndF D°𝐌′𝐒

The calculator gives 54⁰ 27’36”, or 54⁰ 28’ (nearest minute)

Try this:
1. Use your calculator to find the value of the following, correct to two
decimal places.
a. cos 85⁰ c. tan 35⁰
b. sin 7⁰ d. cos 65⁰

2. Using the degrees/minutes/seconds button on your calculator, write each of the

following in degrees and minutes, give answers to the nearest minute.
a.17.8⁰ c. 63.7⁰
b. 48.52⁰ d. 108.33⁰

3. Find the size of the angle 𝜃 (to the nearest degree) where 𝜃 is acute.
a. sin 𝜃= 0.529 c. tan 𝜃 = 1.8
b. cos 𝜃 = 0.493

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 I Have Learned

Fill –in the chart below. Write your answers on your notebook.

3 things I learned

2 things that interest me

1 application of what I’ve learned

I Can Do

Use! List! Explain!

Do the following:
1. List the trigonometric ratio or ratios of B that involve the measure of the hypotenuse.
2. Explain how to determine which trigonometric ratio to use when solving
for an unknown part of a right triangle. C

t 8

B T
15

( Note: Your output will be rated by your teacher. He/she may use the scale of 1-10 wherein 10 is
perfectly done and 1 is the least or he/she may have his/her own way of rating your output. )

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`
Using the figure below, find the remaining unknown parts of the given right triangle ABC.
1. If A = 15⁰ and c = 37, find a.
B
2. If A = 76⁰ and a = 13, find b.
3. If A = 49⁰ and a = 10, find c.
4. If a= 13 and B = 16⁰, find c.
c
5. If a= 7 and b = 12, find A a

6. If a = 8 and c = 12, find B.

C A
b

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 Trigonome-Tree

1. Look for a tree in your community then find its height using a trigonometric ratio.
2. In short bond paper, draw an illustration.
3. Show your solutions in finding the height of the tree using the trigonometric ratios.
4. Write your feedback about this activity.
(Note: The teacher may use his/her own the scaling method in rating this activity.)
Suggested Rubrics:
A. Illustration:
Precision – 5
Neatness - 5
B. Solution:
Accuracy – 10
C. Feedback:
Coherence - 5
Total……………………… 25

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 What I Know What’s More Assessment

1. D 1. 2. 3. 13
1. a. = 37 sin 15⁰ 4. c =
cos 16⁰
2. B a. 0.08 a. 17⁰ 48’ a. 𝜃 = 32⁰ 13 7
3. A b. 0.12 b. 48⁰ 31’ b. 𝜃 = 60⁰ 2. b = 5. A = tan -¹ ( )
tan 76⁰ 12
4.A c. 0.70 c. 63⁰ 42’ c. 𝜃 = 61⁰
10 8
5. C d. 0.42 d. 108⁰ 20’ 3. c = 6. B = cos-¹ ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛49⁰ 12

Reference
• Bryant, M., et al.,2014. Mathematics Grade 9 Learner’s Module First Edition, Pasig
City. DepEd.IM

• Wikipedia, Trigonometric function

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