Mathematics 9 Quarter3: MODULE 1

PRELIMINARIES
i. Title:

ii. Module overview

The word quadrilateral is derived from the Latin words ‘Quadra’ which means four and ‘Latus’ means ‘sides’. It is
not necessary that all the four sides of a quadrilateral are equal in length. Hence, we can have different types of
quadrilaterals based on sides and angles. Let us more interesting facts about quadrilaterals in this article. 
A quadrilateral can be classified into many different forms, but in this learning module you will focus on the most
important family of quadrilaterals --- trapezoids, parallelograms and kites, along with their sub-shapes. You will explore
uses of quadrilaterals in real life.

To be able to succeed in this module you need to ensure that you have a good understanding of what polygons
are, the relationship been sides and angles as well as concepts of parallel and perpendicular lines.

iii. Learning competencies

At the end of this module, the student will be able to:
1. determine the conditions that guarantee a quadrilateral is a parallelogram;
2. use properties to find measures of angles, sides and other quantities involving parallelograms; and
3. prove theorems on different kinds of parallelograms (rectangle, rhombus, square).

– INTRODUCTION
M- Mobilize and Firm up- This part takes you to a hook or a motivation and reasons why you
need to study this module.
A. EXPLORE
A.1-MOTIVATION
Below are some pictures of quadrilaterals in real life.

You see why you need to have a good knowledge of quadrilaterals. Identifying these shapes and understanding
the properties will enable you to use appropriately these shapes.

Activity 1 Four-sided everywhere!

Study the illustrations below and answer the questions that follow.

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Questions:
1. What do you see in the illustrations above?
2. Do you see parts that show quadrilaterals?
3. Can you give some significance of their designs?
4. What might happen if you change their designs?

In the following activities you will learn how to classify quadrilaterals. Doing so, will help you identify similarities and
differences between and among quadrilaterals.

II – INTERACTION

Simple map on QUADRILATERALS

PARALLELOGRAM

RECTANGLE
KITE
TRAPEZOID
RHOMBUS SQUARE

QUADRILATERALS

This module shall focus on quadrilaterals that are parallelograms, properties of a

parallelogram, theorems on the different kinds of parallelogram and how useful are the
quadrilaterals in dealing with real-life situations.

A. FIRM-UP

Lesson 1: Quadrilaterals

What’s In!

You have looked at the illustrations, determined the significance of their designs and some disadvantages that
might happen in changing their designs, and classified the different groups/sets of quadrilaterals. Now, you are
going to refresh your mind on the definition of a quadrilateral and its kinds.

Kinds Figure Definition

A Quadrilateral has four-sides, it is 2-dimensional (a

Quadrilateral Any four-sided polygon flat shape), closed (the lines join up), and
has straight sides.

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 Parallelogram A flat shape with 4 straight sides where opposite
sides are parallel or a quadrilateral with two pairs of
parallel sides.

A 4-sided flat shape with straight sides where all

Rectangle interior angles are right angles (90°).

Also opposite sides are parallel and of equal length.

Rhombus A flat shape with 4 straight sides that are all equal
length.

Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles

are equal.

It is a type of parallelogram. All rhombuses are

parallelograms, but not all parallelograms are
rhombuses.
 
A square is a regular quadrilateral, which means that
Square it has four equal sides and four equal angles
.
A square is a special type of rectangle.

All squares are rhombuses, but not all rhombuses are

squares.

Kite
A Kite is a flat shape with straight sides.
It has two pairs of equal-length adjacent (next to each
other) sides.

It feels good when refreshing some definitions taught to you before. This shall
guide you in doing Activity 2 to determine which quadrilaterals are
parallelograms.

Activity 2 Which Is Which?

Identify whether the following quadrilaterals are parallelograms or not. Put a check mark (✓) under the
appropriate column and answer the questions that follow.

Quadrilateral Parallelogram Not Parallelogram

1. Trapezoid
2. rectangle
3. rhombus
4. square

You’”ve just determined kinds of quadrilateral that are parallelograms. This time, you are ready to learn
more about quadrilaterals that are parallelograms from a deeper perspective.

You will learn in this section the conditions that guarantee that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram. After which, you
will be able to determine the properties of a parallelogram and use these to find measures of angles, sides, and other
quantities involving parallelograms.

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Let us begin by getting familiar with the different properties of a parallelogram. These are the following:

Properties of Parallelogram

 In a parallelogram, any two opposite sides are congruent.

 In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are congruent.
 In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.
 The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
 A diagonal of a parallelogram forms two congruent triangles.

But before we will study the properties of a parallelogram, do the Activity 3 below.

Activity 3 Defense! Defense! Defense!

Study the following parallelograms below and answer the questions given below each figure.
1. A 6 B

7 7

D 6 C
Questions:
What condition guarantees that the figure is a parallelogram?
• Why did you say so?
2.
115o 65o

65o 115o

Questions:
What condition/s guarantee/s that the figure is a parallelogram?
Why did you say so?

3.
E F

Questions:
What condition guarantees that the figure is a parallelogram?
Why?

4.

Questions:
What condition guarantees that the figure is a parallelogram?
Why?

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 What’s Is It!
Focus Discussion 1: CONDITIONS WHICH GUARANTEE THAT A

QUADRILATERAL A PARALLELOGRAM

FIGURE CONDITIONS THAT GUARANTEE THAT

A QUADRILATERAL A PARALLELOGRAM

1. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs

of opposite sides are congruent.

2. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs

of opposite angles are congruent.

3. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs

of opposite angles are congruent.

4. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if the

diagonals bisect each other.

5. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if one pair of

opposite sides are congruent and parallel.

6. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if each

diagonal divides a parallelogram into two
congruent triangles.

Focus Discussion 2: Properties of Parallelogram

Parallelogram Property 1
In a parallelogram, any two opposite sides are congruent.
Example:

Given the Quadrilateral HOME

If HO ≅ ME; OM ≅ HE, then, quadrilateral HOPE is a parallelogram.

Parallelogram Property 2
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In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are congruent.
Example:

Given the Quadrilateral JUST

If JUS≅ STJ;
UJT≅ TSU, then, quadrilateral JUST is a parallelogram.

Parallelogram Property 3
In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.
Example:

Given the Quadrilateral LIVE

If I and V are supplementary
V and E are supplementary
E and L are supplementary
L and I are supplementary, then, quadrilateral LIVE is a parallelogram.

Parallelogram Property 4
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Example:

Given the Quadrilateral CURE with diagonals

CR and UE.
If CR and UE bisect each other, then, quadrilateral CURE is a parallelogram.

Parallelogram Property 5
A diagonal of a parallelogram divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
Example:

Given the Quadrilateral AXIS with diagonal AI. If AXI ≅ ISA, then, quadrilateral AXIS is a parallelogram.

This time, we will now apply the properties in order to find the measures of angles, sides and other quantities involving
parallelogram.

Consider the figure below.

Given: CD = (3x + 5)cm, DE = (2y − 7)cm, EF = (x + 7)cm and CF = (y + 3)cm.

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 CD = EF
(3x + 5)cm = (x + 7)cm - write the correct equation
What is the value of x? 3x + 5 − 5 = x + 7 − 5 - addition property of equality
3𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2
2x = 2 - simplify
x = 1cm

CD = (3x + 5)cm - measure of side CD

CD = [3(1)] + 5 - substitution
How long is CD?
CD = 3 + 5 - simplify
CD =8cm

CF = DE
(y+3)cm =(2y-7)cm
y+3−3 − 2𝑦 = 2y − 2y − 7 − 3
what is the value of y?
y − 2y = −10
−y = −10
y = 10cm
CF = (y + 3)cm -measure of side CF
CF = (10 + 3) -substitution method
How long is CF? CF = 10 + 3 -simplify
𝐶𝐹 = 13cm

Given: Diagonals CE and DF meet at G. If FG is 8cm and CE is 13cm.

Since the measure of FG=8cm which is half the measure of

How long is DF? the diagonal DF.
Therefore, the measure of DF=16cm.
Since the measure of CE=13, and CG is half the measure
How long is CG? of CE, therefore the measure of CG=6.5cm.

Lesson 2: Theorems of a Parallelogram and It’s Proof

Theorems on Rectangle

Theorem 1.
If a parallelogram has a right angle, then it has four right angles and the parallelogram is a rectangle.

Example:
Given: WINS is a parallelogram with
W, a right angle.
Prove: I, N, and S are right angles.

Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. WINS is a parallelogram with 1. Given
W, a right angle.
2. W = 90 m 2. Definition of right triangle.
3. In a parallelogram, opposite angles are
3. W N congruent.
I S
4. m W = mN 4. Definition of congruent angles
m I = m S

5. m N = 90 m 5. Substitution (statement number or SN 2 & 4)

6. m W + m I = 180 6. Consecutive angles are supplementary

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 7. 90 + m I = 180 7. Substitution (statement number or SN 2 & 6)

8. 90 = 90 8. Reflexive Property

9. m I = 90 9. Subtraction Property (statement number or SN 7 & 8)

10. m S = 90 10. Substitution (SN 4 and 9)

11. I, N, and S are right angles. 11. If the measure of an angle is 90, then it is a right angle.

12. WINS 12. Definition of rectangle.

Theorem 2. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.

Example:
Given: WINS is a rectangle with diagonals WN and SI.
Prove: WN SI
Proof:
Statements Reasons

1. WINS is a rectangle with diagonals WN and 1. Given

SI.
2. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are
2. WS  IN congruent.
3. WSN and INS are right angles. 3. Theorem 1

4. WSN and INS 4. All right angles are congruent.

5. SN  NS 5. Reflexive Property

6. WSN  INS 6. SAS Congruence Postulate

7. WN  IS 7. CPCTC

Theorems on Rhombus

Theorem 3. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

Perpendicular symbol: ) means two distinct lines intersecting each other at 90° or a right angle are called
perpendicular.

Example:
Given: Rhombus ROSE
Prove: RS  OE

Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. Rhombus ROSE 1. Given
2. OS  RO 2. Definition of Rhombus
3. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
3. RS and EO bisect each other
4. H is the midpoint of RS. 4. EO bisects RS at H

5. RH  HS 5. Definition of midpoint
6. OH  OH 6. Reflexive Property
7. RHO  SHO 7. SSS Congruence Postulate

8. RHO  SHO 8. CPCTC

9. RHO and SHO are right angles. 9. RHO and SHO form a linear pair and are
congruent.
10. Perpendicular lines meet to form right angles.
10. RS  OE

Theorem 4. Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects opposite angles.

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Examples:
Given: Rhombus VWXY
Prove: 1  2
3  4

Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. Rhombus VWXY 1. Given

2. YV  VW; WX  XY 2. Definition of Rhombus

3. WY  YW 3. Reflexive Property

4. YVW  WXY 4. SSS Congruence Postulate

5.  1   2;  3   4 5. CPCTC

Below are some Postulates and Theorems used to prove:

Line Postulate: Through any two points there is exactly one line.

Alternate Interior Angles Are Congruent (AIAC):

States that, when two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
the resulting alternate interior angles are congruent.

Reflexive Property:
In geometry, the reflexive property of congruence states that an angle, line segment, or shape is always
congruent to itself.

ASA Congruence Postulate:

If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and the included side of a second
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent (CPCTC):

CPCTC is an acronym for Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent.
It means that once two triangles are proven to be congruent, then the three pairs of sides that correspond must
be congruent and the three pairs of angles that correspond must be congruent.
CPCTC is usually used at the end of a proof to show that two angles or two sides are congruent.

Same Side Interior Angles Theorem: 

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the same side interior angles are supplementary.

Supplementary Angles:
Two Angles are Supplementary when they add up to 180 degrees.
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An angle that is supplementary to one of two congruent angles is supplementary to the other also.

Alternate Interior Angles Conjecture (AIAC):

States that, if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
then alternate interior angles are congruent.

Vertical Angles Theorem:

States that vertical angles, angles that are opposite each other and
formed by two intersecting straight lines, are congruent.
Vertical angles are always congruent angles.

SAA or AAS Congruence Postulate:

If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to the two angles
and the included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Definition of Segment Bisector:

Any geometric figure that can pass through (or sit on) the line segment can form a segment bisector. A segment
bisector is a geometric figure that divides the line segment exactly in half.

SSS Congruence Postulate:

If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

CONGRATULATIONS! You have finished the lessons in this module.

A- ANALYZE, APPLY & APPRECIATE

Activity 4 10
 Yes, You Can!

A. Below is parallelogram ABCD. Consider each given information and answer the questions that follow.

1. Given: AB = (3x – 5) cm, BC = (2y – 7) cm, CD =(x + 7) cm and AD = (y + 3) cm.

a. What is the value of x? (Solve x using the equation given in AB and CD.)
b. How long is AB? (Solve it by substituting your answer in number 1 to the equation for the measure of AB)
c. What is the value of y? (Solve x using the equation given in BC and AD.)
d. How long is AD? (Solve it by substituting your answer in number 3 to the equation for the measure of AD)
e. What is the perimeter of parallelogram ABCD?
2. Diagonals AC and BD meet at E. DE is 8 cm and AC is 13 cm.
a. How long is BD?
b. How long is AE?

3. BAD measures (2a + 25)° while BCD measures (3a – 15)° .

a. What is the value of a?
b. What is m BAD?
c. What is m CBA?

D.2- Reflection Guide/ Reflective Question

Quadrilaterals: Who am I?!
Who am I?
I am a quadrilateral
Parallelogram Both pairs of my opposite sides are parallel Both pairs of my opposite sides are congruent
Both pairs of my opposite angles are congruent My consecutive angles are
supplementary
My diagonals bisect each other but my diagonals are not congruent
Who am I?
Rectangle I am a parallelogram
My diagonals are congruent
I have all right angles
Who am I?
I am a parallelogram
Rhombus My diagonals are perpendicular
All my sides are congruent
My diagonals bisect my angles
Who am I?
I am a parallelogram I am a rectangle
I am a rhombus
Square
I have four congruent sides
My diagonals are perpendicular and congruent
Who am I?
I am a quadrilateral
Trapezoid I have exactly one pair of parallel sides.
The angles that connect my bases are supplementary
Who am I?
Isosceles Trapezoid I am a trapezoid
I have one pair of my opposite sides that are congruent
Kite Who am I?
I am a quadrilateral
I have two pairs of consecutive sides that are congruent

Activity 6

I. Answer the following statements with always true, sometimes true, or never true.
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 1. A square is a rectangle. 6. A parallelogram is a rectangle.
2. A rhombus is a square. 7. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
3. A parallelogram is a square. 8. A square is a rectangle and a rhombus.
4. A rectangle is a rhombus. 9. An equilateral quadrilateral is a rhombus.
5. A parallelogram is a square. 10. An equiangular quadrilateral is a rectangle.
II. Name all the parallelograms that possess the given. The number one is done for you.
1. All sides are congruent. Answer: Rhombus, Square
2. Diagonals bisect each other. Answer: __________
3. Consecutive angles are congruent. Answer: __________
4. Opposite angles are supplementary. Answer: __________
5. The diagonals are perpendicular and congruent. Answer: _________

III. Indicate with a check (∕) mark in the table below the property that corresponds to the given quadrilateral.
Quadrilaterals
Property
Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus Square
1. All sides are congruent
2. Opposite sides are parallel
3. Opposite sides are congruent
4. Opposite angles are congruent
5. Opposite angles are supplementary
6. Diagonals are congruent
7. Diagonals bisect each other
8. Diagonals bisect opposite angles
9. Diagonals are perpendicular to each other
10. A diagonal divides a quadrilateral into two
congruent triangles

II. Refer to the given figure at the right and answer the following.

Given: MATH is a parallelogram.

1. MA 
2. MAH  M
3. MS 
4. THM 
5. ATH  A S H

6. If m MHT = 100, then m MAT

7. If m AMH = 100, then m MHT
T
8. If MH = 7, then AT =
9. If AS = 3, then AH =
10. If MT = 9, then SM =

III. Show Me! Read and Answer the problems below.

A. Directions: Complete the table below by choosing the correct answer on the clouds.
Given:

𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐷𝐶 , ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐷𝐶𝐴

Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

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 Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given
2. 𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐴𝐶 2.
3. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐷𝐴 3.
4. 𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐴𝐷 4. CPCTC
5. 5. Definition of a parallelogram

B. Four boy scouts are planning to build a rectangular tent. Scout Daryl said that the measurement from pole A
to pole C is the same as the measurement from pole B to D. Another scout doesn’t seem to agree to this,
how will scout Daryl prove that pole A to C is congruent to pole B to D, given that the two parallel sides of the
tent is also congruent?
Given: Rectangle ABCD, 𝐴𝐷 ≅ 𝐵𝐶

Prove: 𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐵𝐷

Help scout Daryl prove that 𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐵𝐷, by completing the table below.
Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given
2. 𝐷𝐶 ≅ 𝐶𝐷 2.
3. ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 and ∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 are right angles 3. Definition of a rectangle
4. ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 4. All right angles are congruent
5. ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷 5.

6. 𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐵𝐷 6.

CONGRATULATIONS! You have finished this module.

Psalms 145:18
The Lord is near to all them that call on Him, to all that call on Him in truth.

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