Harmonics Energy 2

UNIT:2
Contents
• Harmonics
• Illumination – Lux, Lumens
• Types of lighting, Efficacy
• LED Lighting And types
• Scope Of Energy conservation In Illumination
Harmonics
Unwanted higher frequency component that is an integer multiple of the fundamental
frequency. Harmonics create a distortion in the fundamental waveform.
The distortion of fundamental sinusoidal waveform supplied by any source is the Harmonics in the
electrical circuit.
Cause of Harmonics
✓Harmonics are caused by the load like:
➢Controlled Rectifiers
➢AC and DC variable Speed Drives
➢Solid State Heater Controls
➢Rectifier Transformers
➢Zero Switching Transformers
✓Linear Loads can cause harmonics during the starting.
✓Capacitors switching also causes harmonics
✓The root cause of harmonics is the non-linear current drawn by the load even after
applying linear voltage waveform.
Need of Harmonics study & Correction
• To prevent :
➢ Premature failure of power factor improving capacitors.
➢Overheating of transformers
➢Overheating of source alternators
• This causes increase in active losses
• These are supplied from prime mover resulting in “ higher specific fuel oil consumption”.
➢Harmonics in power systems result in increased heating in the equipment and conductors
and create a pulsating torque in the motors.
➢Harmonics cause increasing operating temperature and the iron losses (Hysteresis and
Eddy current losses) in the AC motors and transformers because hysteresis loss is
proportional to the frequency and eddy current loss is proportional to the square of the
frequency.
Illumination
• What is Light?
The very small part of
electromagnetic spectrum,
sandwiched between ultravoilet
and infrared radiation. The visible
portion of electromagnetic
spectrum extends from about (380-
780) nm of wavelength.
1. Luminance
• The measurement of the amount of light emitting, passing through or
reflected from a surface from a solid angle.
• It also indicates how much luminous intensity can be sensed by the
human eye.
• This means that luminance indicates the brightness of light emitted or
reflected off a surface.
• In the display industry, luminance is used to quantify the brightness of
displays.
• Candela (cd) is the unit of luminous intensity.
• (SI) unit for luminance is candela/square meter (cd/m2)
2. Illuminance
• It describes the measurement of the amount of light falling on and spreading over a
given surface area.
• Illuminance also correlates with how humans perceive the brightness of an
illuminated area.
• As a result, most people use the terms illuminance and brightness interchangeably
which leads to confusion, as brightness can also be used to describe luminance.
• To clarify the difference, illuminance refers to intensity of light falling onto a
surface, while brightness refers to the visual perceptions and physiological
sensations of light.
• Brightness is not a term used for quantitative purposes at all.
• The SI unit for illuminance is lux (lx).
3. Luminous Flux- The light energy radiated out per second from the body in the form of
luminoius light waves.
• The rate of flow of energy is sort of power unit.
• The unit of luminous flux is Lumen.
• 1 lumen = 0.0016 Watt
4. Lumen Hour- The quantity of light delivered in one hour by flux of one lumen.
5. Luminous Intensity- of a point source in any particular direction is given by luminous
flux radiated out per unit solid angle in that direction. It is the solid angular flux density
of a source in a specific direction.
• Unit is Candela (cd) or, lumen/steradian (lm/sr).
Types of Lighting
1. Ambient lighting
2. Task lighting
3. Accent lighting
1. Ambient Lighting-
1(a). Ambient Indoor Lighting- General or ambient lighting is intended to light up a
room in its entirety. It provides a uniform level of illumination throughout the space
independently of other lighting sources.
Continued...
• Types of fixtures:
Chandelier Ceiling mounted fixtures

Track light
Floor lamp
Wall-mounted Traditional recessed fixtures
Table lamp and / or LED downlights
fixture
Continued...
1(b). Ambient Outdoor Lighting-
Outdoor lighting is usually installed in
order to ensure visibility and increase
security around a building. It is also
recommended to light up the exterior of
the building, entrances and stairs to
reduce and perhaps eliminate the risk of
injury that can occur when entering and
leaving the building.
Types of fixtures:
Spotlight outdoor Hanging Garage and canopy lighting Wall lighting

Post lantern
fixture
Continued...
2. Task Lighting- Task lighting illuminates the tasks a person carries out in a given space
such as reading, cooking, computer work. A brighter light is required in a smaller focal point
of the room for these sorts of tasks. For a more pleasant illumination, it is often best to avoid
harsh lights or lighting that casts troublesome shadows. It is also practical to install a single
switch for focal lighting, independent from the room’s overall lighting switch.
Types of Fixtures:
Portable or desk
Directional gimbal Pendant lighting Slim line bar and Tape and extrusion light
lamp
recessed fixture or undercabinet
downlight
Continued...
3. Accent Lighting- Accent lighting is used mainly to focus on a specific point of
interest or to achieve a desired effect. This type of lighting gives the impression of a
larger room. It is more frequently used to highlight an architectural feature, a plant
(in outdoor layout), a sculpture, or a collection of objects.
As a general rule, effective accent lighting requires the installation of three times
more light on the focal point than ambient lighting generally provides.
Type of Fixtures:
Track light
Slim line bar and undercabinet Directional gimbal

Tape and extrusion light recessed fixture or
downlight
Wall-mounted fixture
Efficacy
• We know, For a motor, efficiency = (Power Output / Power Input)*100
• Similarly, in light, Light Out
Efficacy =
Electrical Power Input
• Unit- Lumen/Watt (Lm/W)
• Example, Efficacy = 5000 Lm/ 80 W = 62.5 Lm/W
The luminous efficacy of a typical CFL

is 50–70 lumens per watt (lm/W) and
that of a typical incandescent lamp is 10–
17 lm/W.
LEDs
Common Applications-
• Camera Flashlights
• TV
• LED displays in smartphones
• Lighting-Houses, Offices etc.
• Street lights
• Traffic signals
• Display boards (Railways etc.)
Advantages:-
• Lighting - More energy efficient than conventional bulbs
• Lifespan is more than the conventional bulbs
• Fast switching
• Small size
• better controllability (brightness of LED can be easily controlled)
• maintain a cold temperature while traditional lights generate heat and excessive heat
Types of LED lights
1. LED bulbs- The LED bulbs are energy-efficient and environment-friendly. The LED bulbs provide
flicker-free operations and provide minimum glare. Also, LEDs bulbs can be dimmed with the help of a
dimmer switch to change the ambience as per the changing mood. LED bulbs are available in different
colours and can be used as per the requirement and choice to make the look more joyful.
2. LED panel lights- LED panel lights are thin architecture masterpiece. These LED panel lights are also
energy-efficient, environment-friendly, produces less heat and maintenance-free. The durability of LED
panel light is amazing and can serve the purpose for several years. During the lifespan, the light of the LED
remains constant and never dims and gives a better output than CFLs. You can get LED panel light in warm
white, cool white and cool daylight variants.
Continued...
3) LED tube lights- LED tube lights are also energy-efficient,
environment-friendly, produces less heat, maintenance-free and
durable as compared to fluorescent tube lights. Also, LED tube lights
provide uniform lighting and offer significant savings on account of
power consumption.
Scope of energy conservation in Illumination
1. Optimization of Industrial/ Domestic Lighting (Lux Optimization)
2. Optimal Use of Natural Light
3. Lighting Control in Industries- Lights can be shut off during non-
working hours automatically.
4. Use of LED Lamps
5. Periodic survey and adequate maintenance programs

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UNIT:2

Chandelier Ceiling mounted fixtures

Spotlight outdoor Hanging Garage and canopy lighting Wall lighting

Slim line bar and undercabinet Directional gimbal

The luminous efficacy of a typical CFL

5. Periodic survey and adequate maintenance programs

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