Parentage Statistics: Strength of Genetic Evidence in Parentage Testing
Parentage Statistics: Strength of Genetic Evidence in Parentage Testing
Statistics
Strength of Genetic Evidence
In Parentage Testing
Arthur J. Eisenberg, Ph.D.
Director
DNA Identity Laboratory
UNTHealth Science Center
[email protected]
PATERNITY TESTING
MOTHER ALLEGED FATHER
CHILD
Two alleles for each
autosomal genetic marker
Typical Paternity Test
Two possible outcomes of test:
Inclusion
The obligate paternal alleles in the child all
have corresponding alleles in the Alleged Father
Exclusion
The obligate paternal alleles in the child DO
NOT have corresponding alleles in the Alleged
Father
Exclusion
Nope Nope
Results
The Tested Man is Excluded as the Biological
Father of the Child in Question
Inclusion
Results
The Tested Man Cannot be Excluded as the
Biological Father of the Child in Question
Several Statistical Values are Calculated to
Assess the Strength of the Genetic Evidence
Language of Paternity
Testing
PI Paternity Index
CPI Combined Paternity Index
W Probability of Paternity
PE Probability of Exclusion
Paternity Index
summarizes information provided by
genetic testing
• Likelihood Ratio
• Probability that some event will occur under a set of
conditions or assumptions
• Divided by the probability that the same event will
occur under a set of different mutually exclusive
conditions or assumptions
Paternity Index
• Observe three types – from a man, a woman, and a
child
• Assume true trio – the man and woman are the true
biologic parents of child
• Assume false trio – woman is the mother, man is
not the father
• In the false trio, the child’s father is a man of
unknown type, selected at random from
population (unrelated to mother and tested man)
Standard Paternity Index
• In paternity testing, the event is observing
three phenotypes, those of a woman, man and
child.
• The assumptions made for calculating the
numerator (X) is that these three persons are a
“true trio”.
• For the denominator (Y) the assumptions is
that the three persons are a “false trio”.
Paternity Analysis
Hypothetical case
DNA Analysis Results in Three
Genotypes
Mother (AB)
Child (BC)
Alleged Father (CD)
Paternity Analysis
AB CD
BC
An AB mother and a CD father can
have four possible offspring:
AC, AD, BC, BD
Standard Paternity Index
PI determination in hypothetical DNA System
PI = X / Y
Numerator
X = is the probability that (1) a woman
randomly selected from a population
is type AB, and (2) a man randomly
selected from a population is type CD,
and (3) their child is type BC.
Standard Paternity Index
PI determination in hypothetical DNA System
PI = X / Y
Denominator
Y = is the probability that (1) a woman
randomly selected from a population
is type AB, (2) a man randomly
selected and unrelated to either
mother or child is type CD, and (3)
the woman’s child, unrelated to the
randomly selected man is BC.
Standard Paternity Index
When mating is random, the probability
that the untested alternative father will
transmit a specific allele to his child is
equal to the allele frequency in his race.
a) Woman randomly selected from population is type AB
b) Man randomly selected from population is type CD, and
c) Their child is type BC
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
Numerator
0.5 0.5
BC
Probability = 2p A p B x 2p C p D x 0.5 x p C
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
0.5
PI =
p C
Hypothetical DNA Example
Probability Statements
Person Type
Mother AB
Child BC
Alleged Father CD
One might say (Incorrectly)
a) Numerator is probability that tested man is the
father, and
b) Denominator is probability that he is not the father
Hypothetical DNA Example
Probability Statement
Person Type
Mother AB
Child BC
Alleged Father CD
A Correct statement is
a) Numerator is probability of observed genotypes,
given the tested man is the father, and
b) Denominator is probability of observed genotypes,
given a random man is the father.
Incorrect Verbal Expression of the
Paternity Index?
It is (X/Y) times more likely the tested man was
the true biological father than an untested
random man was the father
Correct Verbal Expression of the
Paternity Index?
It is (X/Y) times more likely to see the genetic
results if the tested man was the true biological
father than if an untested random man was the
father
or
There is (X/Y) times more support for the genetic
results if the tested man was the true biological
father than if an untested random man was the
father
There are 15 possible
combinations of genotypes for
a paternity trio
Paternity Index
M and C share one allele
and AF is homozygous for the obligatory allele
Parents AB ? C
M AF
Child BC
C
AF can only pass C allele
Random Man has p chance of passing the C allele
PI = 1/p
PI =
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
Numerator
2
2p A p B AB C p C
0.5 1
BC
2
Probability = 2p A p B x p C x 0.5 x 1
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
Denominator
p C
0.5
BC
2
Probability = 2p A p B x p C x 0.5 x p C
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
2
2p A p B x
p C x 0.5 x 1
PI =
2p A p B x p C 2 x 0.5 x p C
1
PI =
p C
Paternity Index
M and C share both alleles and
AF is heterozygous with one of the obligatory alleles
Child AB
C
M has a 1 in 2 chance of passing A or B allele
AF has a 1 in 2 chance of passing B allele
RM has (p + q) chance of passing the A or B alleles
PI = 0.5/(p+q)
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
Numerator
0.5 A 0.5 B
AB
probability =
2p A p B x 2p B p C x (0.5 (mA) x p B + 0.5 (mB) x p A )
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
2p A p B x 2p B p C x 0.5 (mA) x 0.5 (fB)
PI =
2p A p B x 2p B p C x (0.5 (mB) x p A + 0.5 (mA) x p B )
0.25
PI =
0.5p A + 0.5p B
0.5
PI =
p A + p B
Paternity Index
M and C share both alleles and AF is
heterozygous with both of the obligatory alleles
Child AB
C
M has a 1 in 2 chance of passing A or B allele
AF has a 1 in 2 chance of passing A or B allele
RM has (p + q) chance of passing the A or B alleles
PI = 1/(p+q)
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
Numerator
Probability =
2p A p B x 2p A p B x (0.5 (mA) x 0.5 (fB) + 0.5 (mB) x 0.5 (fA) )
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
Denominator
probability =
2p A p B x 2p A p B x (0.5 (mA) x p B + 0.5 (mB) x p A )
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
2p A p B x 2p A p B x (0.5 (mA) x 0.5 (fB) + 0.5 (mB) x 0.5 (fA) )
PI =
2p A p B x 2p A p B x (0.5 (mB) x p A + 0.5 (mA) x p B )
0.5
PI =
0.5p A + 0.5p B
1
PI =
p A + p B
Paternity Index
M and C share both alleles and
AF is homozygous with one of the obligatory alleles
Parents AB ? B
M AF
Child AB
C
M has a 1 in 2 chance of passing A or B allele
AF can only pass the B allele
RM has (p + q) chance of passing the A or B alleles
PI = 1/(p+q)
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
Numerator
0.5 A 1
AB
probability =
2p A p B x p B 2 x (0.5 (mA) x p B + 0.5 (mB) x p A )
Paternity Analysis
Paternity Index
2p A p B x p B 2 x 0.5 (mA) x 1 (fB)
PI =
2p A p B x p B 2 x (0.5 (mB) x p A + 0.5 (mA) x p B )
0.5
PI =
0.5p A + 0.5p B
1
PI =
p A + p B
PI Formulas
Single locus, no null alleles, low mutation rate,
codominance
M C AF Numerator Denominator PI
A A AB 0.5 a 0.5/a
A AB AB 0.5 a 0.5/a
A AB BC 0.5 a 0.5/a
AB A AB 0.25 0.5a 0.5/a
AB A AC 0.25 0.5a 0.5/a
BC AB AB 0.25 0.5a 0.5/a
BC AB AC 0.25 0.5a 0.5/a
BD AB AC 0.25 0.5a 0.5/a
PI Formulas
Single locus, no null alleles, low mutation rate,
codominance
M C AF Numerator Denominator PI
A A A 1 a 1/a
AB A A 0.5 0.5a 1/a
B AB A 1 a 1/a
BC AB A 0.5 0.5a 1/a
PI Formulas
Single locus, no null alleles, low mutation rate,
codominance
• When multiple genetic systems are tested,
a PI is calculated for each system.
• This value is referred to as a System PI.
• If the genetic systems are inherited
independently, the Combined Paternity
Index (CPI) is the product of the System
PI’s
Combined Paternity Index
What “is” the CPI?
• The CPI is a measure of the strength of
the genetic evidence.
• It indicates whether the evidence fits
better with the hypothesis that the man is
the father or with the hypothesis that
someone else is the father.
Combined Paternity Index
• The theoretical range for the CPI is from
0 to infinity
• A CPI of 1 means the genetic tests
provides no information
• A CPI less than 1; the genetic evidence is
more consistent with nonpaternity than
paternity.
• A CPI greater than 1; the genetic
evidence supports the assertion that the
tested man is the father.
Probability of Paternity
• The probability of paternity is a measure of
the strengths of one’s belief in the hypothesis
that the tested man is the father.
• The correct probability must be based on all
of the evidence in the case.
• The nongenetic evidence comes from the
testimony of the mother, tested man, and
other witnesses.
• The genetic evidence comes from the DNA
paternity test.
Probability of Paternity
• The probability of paternity (W) is based
upon Baye’s Theorem, which provides a
method for determining a posterior
probability based upon the genetic results of
testing the mother, child, and alleged father.
In order to determine the probability of
paternity, an assumption must be made
(before testing) as to the prior probability
that the tested man is the true biological
father.
Probability of Paternity
• The prior probability of paternity is the
strength of one’s belief that the tested man is
the father based only on the nongenetic
evidence.
Probability of Paternity
CPI x P
Probability of Paternity (W) =
[CPI x P + (1 – P)]
P = Prior Probability; it is a number greater than 0
and less than or equal to 1. In many criminal
proceedings the Probability of Paternity is not
admissible. In criminal cases, the accused is
presumed innocent until proven guilty. Therefore,
the defense would argue that the Prior Probability
should be 0. You cannot calculate a posterior
Probability of Paternity with a Prior Probability of 0.
Probability of Paternity
• In the United States, the court system has
made the assumption that the prior
probability is equal to 0.5. The argument
that is presented is that the tested man is
either the true father or he is not. In the
absence of any knowledge about which was
the case, it is reasonable to give these two
possibilities equal prior probabilities.
Probability of Paternity
With a prior probability of 0.5, the
Probability of Paternity (W) =
CPI x 0.5
[CPI x 0.5 + (1 – 0.5)]
CPI
=
CPI + 1
Posterior Odds in Favor of Paternity
Posterior Odds = CPI x Prior Odds
Prior Odds = P / (1 P)
Posterior Odds in Favor of Paternity =
CPI x [P / (1 P)]
If the prior probability of paternity is 0.7, then
the prior odds favoring paternity is 7 to 3. If a
paternity test is done and the CPI is 10,000,
then the Posterior Odds in Favor of Paternity =
10,000 x (0.7 / 0.3) = 23,333
Posterior Odds in Favor of Paternity = 23,333 to 1
Probability of Exclusion
• The probability of exclusion (PE) is
defined as the probability of excluding a
random individual from the population
given the alleles of the child and the
mother.
• The genetic information of the tested man
is not considered in the determination of
the probability of exclusion
Probability of Exclusion
• The probability of exclusion (PE) is equal
to the frequency of all men in the
population who do not contain an allele
that matches the obligate paternal allele
of the child.
Probability of Exclusion
PE = 1 (a 2 + 2ab)
a = frequency of the allele the child
inherited from the biological father
(obligate paternal allele). The
frequency of the obligate allele is
determined for each of the major
racial groups, and the most common
frequency is used in the calculation.
Probability of Exclusion
(a 2 + 2ab) = Probability of Inclusion
Probability of Inclusion is equal to the
frequency of all men in the population who
contain an allele that matches the obligate
paternal allele of the child.
PE = 1 – Probability of Inclusion
Probability of Exclusion
PE = 1 (a 2 + 2ab)
b = sum of the frequency of all alleles
other than the obligate paternal allele.
b = (1 – a)
PE = 1 – [a 2 + 2a(1 – a)]
PE = 1 – [a 2 + 2a – 2a 2 ]
PE = 1 – [2a –a 2 ]
PE = 1 – 2a + a 2
PE = (1 – a) 2
Probability of Exclusion
If the Mother and Child are both phenotype
AB, men who cannot be excluded are those
who could transmit either an A or B allele (or
both). In this case the:
PE = [1 (a + b)] 2
Combined Probability of
Exclusion
The individual Probability of Exclusion is
calculated for each of the genetic systems
(loci) analyzed. The overall Probability of
Excluding (CPE) a falsely accused man in a
given case equals:
1 – [(1 – PE 1 ) x (1 – PE 2 ) x (1 – PE 3 )… x (1 – PE N )]
Paternity Trio P54534
Paternity Trio P54534
Paternity Trio P54534
Paternity Trio P54534
M C AF Allele Frequency
M C AF PI Formula
M C AF Paternity Index
M C AF PE Formula
M C AF PE
M C AF Allele Frequency
M C AF PI Formula
M C AF Paternity Index
M C AF PE Formula
M C AF PE
M C AF Allele Frequency
M C AF PI Formula
M C AF Paternity Index
M C AF PE Formula
M C AF PE
HUMTH01 7 9 8
9 = 0.1650
(11p15.5) 9 9
HUMCSF1PO 8 8 12
1/(a+b)
(5q33.3 q34) 12 12
HUMTH01 7 9 8
(11p15.5) 9 9 0.5/a
HUMCSF1PO 8 8 12
2.96
(5q33.3 q34) 12 12
HUMTH01 7 9 8
(11p15.5) 9 9 3.03
HUMCSF1PO 8 8 12
(5q33.3 q34) 12 12 [1 –(a+b)] 2
HUMTH01 7 9 8
(1 – a) 2
(11p15.5) 9 9
HUMCSF1PO 8 8 12
0.4390
(5q33.3 q34) 12 12
HUMTH01 7 9 8
0.6972
(11p15.5) 9 9
Combined Paternity Index 81,424,694
Probability of Paternity 99.99999%
Probability of Exclusion 99.99999%
Parentage Statistics in
NonTypical Cases
• Mutation/Recombination – Tested
man does not match at a single
genetic locus
• Tested Man is not the biological
father but is related to the
biological father (brother, son,
or father)
Case Scenario
A mother, child, and alleged father
have been analyzed with the 13 core
CODIS STR loci, the alleged father
cannot be excluded at 12 loci, however,
there is a single nonmatching system
(single inconsistency), the alleged
father does not contain the obligate
paternal allele found in the child at one
locus.
Three possible explanations
can be considered:
1. The alleged father is excluded as the
biological father of the child and is
unrelated to the true biological father.
2. A mutation or recombination event has
occurred altering the allele inherited
from the AF by the child.
3. The tested man is not the biological
father, but is a 1st order relative of the
true biological father, and shares the
majority of alleles contributed to the child
with the biological father.
Single Inconsistencies in
Paternity Testing
• The American Association of Blood Banks,
in their standards for parentage testing
laboratories, has recognized that mutations
are naturally occurring genetic events, and
the mutation frequency at a given locus
shall be documented (5.4.2).
• Standard 6.4.1 – An opinion of non
paternity shall not be rendered on the basis
of an exclusion at a single DNA locus
(single inconsistency).
Mutations in Paternity Testing
The “Two Exclusion Rule”
• A single inconsistency is not sufficient to render
an opinion of nonpaternity, therefore, two
inconsistencies have been traditionally considered
genetic evidence to exclude a tested man and to
issue a finding of nonpaternity. This rule has
been commonly applied in both serological
systems and RFLP testing. However, since STR
analysis often examines a battery of a dozen or
more systems it is not unexpected to occasionally
see two inconsistencies in cases were the tested
man is the true biological father.
Mutations in Paternity Testing
Calculating a Paternity Index
• In cases with a single nonmatching system, the
laboratory cannot simply ignore the inconsistent
locus. A paternity index must be calculated for
the inconsistent locus, which takes into account
the possibility of a mutation.
• The paternity index for a single inconsistency
seen in the 13 Core CODIS STR loci is a
relatively small number. The system PI is
greater than zero but substantially less than one.
Single Inconsistency
Calculating a Paternity Index
AB ? DE
Mother Alleged Father
BC
Child
Single Inconsistency
Numerator
Person Type
Mother AB
Child BC
Alleged Father DE
In order to explain this evidence the numerator must
calculate the probability that a man without a C allele
will contribute a C allele
X = P(man without C allele will contribute C allele)
= P(contributed gene will mutate) x P(mutated gene will be a C)
Single Inconsistency
Numerator
X = P(man without C will contribute C)
X = P(contributed gene will mutate)
x P(mutated gene will be a C)
m = observed rate of mutations/meiosis for the locus
P(mutated gene will be a C) ie. Frequency of C allele = c
X = m x c
Single Inconsistency
Calculating a Paternity Index
Numerator
0.5 m x c
BC
Probability = 2ab x 2de x 0.5 x m x c
Single Inconsistency
Denominator
Person Type
Mother AB
Child BC
Alleged Father DE
The AABB does not use the case specific power of exclusion,
but the mean power of exclusion (A)
Y = c . A
Single Inconsistency
Calculating a Paternity Index
Denominator
Probability = 2ab x 2de x 0.5 x c x A
Single Inconsistency
Paternity Index
2ab x 2de x 0.5 x m x c
PI =
2ab x 2de x 0.5 x c x A
m
PI =
A
Mutation Rates and Mean Power of
Exclusion for CODIS Core STR Loci
Locus Mutation Rate Mean PE
CSF1PO 0.0013 0.455
TPOX 0.0005 0.537
TH01 0.0003 0.503
vWA 0.0034 0.667
HUMTH01 7 9p 9
7m 6 3.03
12 STR without vWA
Combined Paternity Index 126,476
Probability of Paternity 99.9992%
Single Inconsistency at vWA
Combined Paternity Index 632
Probability of Paternity 99.84%
Single Inconsistencies in
Paternity Testing
A mutation may be one of the possible
explanations, the genetic results could
suggest that a close relative (such as a
brother, child or father) may be the
biological father.
Single Inconsistencies in
Paternity Testing
When considering brothers, on
average a tested man and his
brother will share 50% of their
alleles… each can contribute these
alleles in a random manner. This is
also true between a father and son of
a tested man.
Avuncular Index
AI
We can use the development of a likelihood
ratio to test two competing hypotheses:
H 1 : The tested man’s brother is the
biological father of the child
H 2 : A random man is the biological
father of the child
Avuncular Index
Numerator
H 1 : The tested man’s brother is the
biological father of the child
X + Y
H 1 =
2
H 1 = 0.5 X + 0.5 Y
Avuncular Index
Denominator
H 2 : A random man is the biological
father of the child
H 2 = Y
Avuncular Index
AI
The Avuncular Index for any system
can be written as:
0.5 X + 0.5 Y
AI =
Y
PI + 1
AI =
2
Single Inconsistency
P41411
M C AF Paternity Avuncular
Index Index
HUMCSF1PO 12 12 12 1.52 1.26
8 8 10
HUMTH01 7 9p 9
7m 6 3.03 2.02
13 Core CODIS STR Loci
Combined Paternity Index 632
Combined Avuncular Index 862
Single Inconsistency
P41411
M C AF Paternity Avuncular
Index Index
F13AO1 7 7 12 4.83 2.92
12 12
FESFPS 11 11 11 1.41 1.21
12 12
F13B 9 9 8 2.06 1.53
9
LIPOL 10 10m 13
11 13p 16.95 8.98
PENTA E 14 13p 13 3.85 2.43
15 14m 15
Paternity Trio with a Single
Inconsistency
18 STR Loci
Combined Paternity Index 578,603
Combined Avuncular Index 101,683
We can use a likelihood ratio to test two
competing hypotheses:
H 1 : The tested man (alleged father) is
the biological father of the child
H 2 : The tested man’s brother is the
biological father of the child
We can use a likelihood ratio to test two
competing hypotheses:
Combined Paternity Index
578,603
= 5.69
101,683
The observed genetic results are 5.7times more
likely to occur under the scenario that the tested
man is the father of the child, as opposed to the
scenario that the tested man was the uncle of the
child.
PowerPlex™ 16 System
Extremely Useful in Cases with
a Single NonMatching Locus
P52147 Case of Single Exclusion
P52147 Case of Single Exclusion
Single Exclusion
P52147 Case of Single Exclusion
P52147 Case of Single Exclusion
PowerPlex™ 16 System
13 STR loci minus Penta D & Penta E
Residual Combined Paternity Index 1,914
Probability of Exclusion 99.99997%
Probability of Paternity(prior=0.5) 99.95%
15 STR loci with Penta D & Penta E
Residual Combined Paternity Index 37,699
Probability of Exclusion 99.999998%
Probability of Paternity(prior=0.5) 99.997%
Popstats Cannot Correctly
Calculate Parentage Statistics
in
NonTypical Cases
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
• Observe two types – from a man and a child
• Assume true duo– the man is the father of the
child
• Assume false duo – the man is not the father of
the child (simply two individuals selected at
random)
• In the false duo the child’s father is a man of
unknown type, selected at random from
population (unrelated to tested man)
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Hypothetical case
DNA Analysis Results in Two Genotypes
Mother Not Tested
Child (AB)
Alleged Father (AC)
Motherless Paternity Index
PI determination in hypothetical DNA System
PI = X / Y
Numerator
X = is the probability that (1) a man
randomly selected from a population
is type AC, and (2) his child is type
AB.
X = Pr{AF passes A} x Pr {M passes B} +
Pr{AF passes B} x Pr{M passes A}
Motherless Paternity Index
PI determination in hypothetical DNA System
PI = X / Y
Denominator
Y = is the probability that (1) a man
randomly selected and unrelated to
tested man is type AC, and (2) a child
unrelated to the randomly selected
man is AB.
Y = Pr{RM passes A} x Pr {M passes B} +
Pr{RM passes B} x Pr{M passes A}
Motherless Paternity Index
• When the mother’s genetic data is
present, Pr{M passes A} is 0, 0.5, or 1,
and Pr{M passes B} is 0, 0.5, or 1
• Without the mother’s data, Pr {M passes
A} becomes the frequency of the gametic
allele, p and Pr {M passes B} becomes the
frequency of the gametic allele, q .
Motherless Paternity Index
So, if we have a heterozygous child AB, and a
heterozygous Alleged Father AC then
X = Pr{AF passes A} x Pr {M passes B} +
Pr{AF passes B} x Pr{M passes A}
X = Pr{AF passes A} x q + Pr{AF passes B} x p
Pr{AF passes A} = 0.5
Pr{AF passes B} = 0
X = 0.5 x q + 0 x p
X = 0.5q
Motherless Paternity Index
So, if we have a heterozygous child AB, and a
heterozygous Alleged Father AC then
Y = Pr{RM passes A} x Pr {M passes B} +
Pr{RM passes B} x Pr{M passes A}
Y = p x q + q x p
Y = 2pq
Motherless Paternity Index
So, if we have a heterozygous child AB, and a
heterozygous Alleged Father AC then
PI = X / Y
X = 0.5q
Y = 2pq
PI = 0.5q / 2pq
PI = 0.25/p
PI = 1/4p
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Parents ? AC
M AF
Child AB
C
The untested Mother could have passed either
the A or B allele
AF has a 1 in 2 chance of passing A allele
RM has (p + q) chance of passing the A or B allele
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
AC
AB
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Numerator
AC 2p A p C
p B 0.5 A
2p A p B AB
AC 2p A p C
p A + p B p A + p B
2p A p B AB
probability =
2p A p C x 2p A p B x (p (mA) x p (fB) + p (mB) x p (fA) )
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
0.5p B
PI = 2p A p B
0.25
PI = p A
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Parents ? A
M AF
Child AB
C
The untested Mother could have passed either
the A or B allele
AF can only pass A allele
RM has (p + q) chance of passing the A or B allele
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
A
AB
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Numerator
A p A 2
p B 1
2p A p B AB
A p A 2
p A + p B p A + p B
2p A p B AB
probability =
p A 2 x 2p A p B x (p (mA) x p (fB) + p (mB) x p (fA) )
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
p B
PI = 2p A p B
0.5
PI = p A
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Parents ? AB
M AF
Child AB
C
The untested Mother could have passed either
the A or B allele
AF can pass either A or B allele
RM has (p + q) chance of passing the A or B allele
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
AB
AB
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Numerator
AB 2p A p B
p A + p B 0.5 A + 0.5 B
2p A p B AB
Probability =
2p A p B x 2p A p B x (0.5 (fA) x p B + 0.5 (fB) x p A )
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Denominator
AB 2p A p B
p A + p B p A + p B
2p A p B AB
probability =
2p A p B x 2p A p B x (p (mA) x p (fB) + p (mB) x p (fA) )
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
0.5p B + 0.5p A
PI =
2p A p B
p A + p B
PI =
4p A p B
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Parents ? A
M AF
Child A
C
The untested Mother would have to pass an A allele
AF can pass only the A allele
RM has p chance of passing the A allele
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
A
A
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Numerator
A p A 2
p A 1
p A 2 A
A p A 2
p A p A
p A 2 A
p A
PI =
p A x p A
1
PI =
p A
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Parents ? AB
M AF
Child A
C
The untested Mother would have to pass an A allele
AF would have to pass the A allele
RM has p chance of passing the A allele
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
AB
A
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Numerator
AB 2p A p B
p A 0.5
p A 2 A
AB 2p A p B
p A
p A
p A 2 A
0.5p A
PI =
p A x p A
0.5
PI =
p A
Paternity Index
Only Man and Child Tested
Formulas
Single locus, no null alleles, low mutation rate,
codominance
HUMTPOX 8 8 8 = 0.54433
(2p23 2pter) 11 11 11 = 0.25369
HUMTH01 6 6 6 = 0.22660
(11p15.5) 9.3 7 9.3 = 0.30542
HUMTPOX 8 8 (a+b)/4ab
(2p23 2pter) 11 11
HUMTH01 6 6 0.25/a
(11p15.5) 9.3 7
HUMTPOX 8 8 1.44
(2p23 2pter) 11 11
HUMTH01 6 6 1.10
(11p15.5) 9.3 7
HUMTPOX 8 8 [1(a+b)] 2
(2p23 2pter) 11 11
HUMTH01 6 6 [1(a+b)] 2
(11p15.5) 9.3 7
HUMTPOX 8 8 0.0408
(2p23 2pter) 11 11
HUMTH01 6 6 0.2190
(11p15.5) 9.3 7
Combined Paternity Index 1,676
Probability of Paternity 99.94%
Probability of Exclusion 99.94%
PowerPlex™ 16 System
Extremely Useful in Cases
Where the Mother is Not Tested
(Motherless Cases)
PowerPlex™ 16
Motherless Case P54137
PowerPlex™ 16
Motherless Case P54137
PowerPlex™ 16
Motherless Case P54137
Motherless Case P54137
PowerPlex™ 16 System
13 STR loci minus Penta D & Penta E
Combined Paternity Index 1,050
Probability of Exclusion 99.98%
Probability of Paternity(prior=0.5) 99.90%
15 STR loci with Penta D & Penta E
Combined Paternity Index 12,340
Probability of Exclusion 99.997%
Probability of Paternity(prior=0.5) 99.992%
Parentage Statistics For The
Identification Of Human
Remains
Reverse Parentage Testing
Reverse Parentage Testing
Applications
Ø Unidentified remains
Ø Victims of Mass Disasters
Ø Crime Scene Evidence
Ø Kidnapped or Abandoned Babies
REVERSE PARENTAGE INDEX
BODY IDENTIFICATION
ALLEGED EVIDENCE ALLEGED
MOTHER FATHER
A
B B
C C
D
Reverse Parentage Testing
Three genotypes:
• Alleged Mother
• Child (missing)
• Alleged Father
Reverse Parentage
Analysis
Missing child scenario
AB CD
BC
Reverse Parentage Index
RPI = X / Y
Numerator
X = is the probability that (1) a woman
randomly selected from a population
is type AB, and (2) a man randomly
selected from a population is type CD,
and (3) their child is type BC.
Reverse Parentage Index
RPI = X / Y
Denominator
Y = is the probability that (1) a woman
randomly selected from a population
and unrelated to missing child is type
AB, (2) a man randomly selected from
a population and unrelated to missing
child is type CD, and (3) a child,
randomly selected from a population
is BC.
Reverse Parentage
Analysis
Missing child scenario
Numerator
0.5 0.5
BC
BC 2p B p C
Probability = 2p A p B x 2p C p D x 2p B p C
Reverse Parentage
Analysis
Missing child scenario
0.25
LR =
2p B p C
Reverse Parentage
Analysis
Missing child scenario
AB C
BC
Reverse Parentage
Analysis
Missing child scenario
Numerator
2
2p A p B AB C p C
0.5 1
BC
BC 2p B p C
2
Probability = 2p A p B x p C x 2p B p C
Reverse Parentage
Analysis
Missing child scenario
0.5
LR =
2p B p C
Reverse Parentage
Analysis
Missing child scenario
B C
BC
Reverse Parentage
Analysis
Missing child scenario
Numerator
2
p B 2 B C p C
1 1
BC
BC 2p B p C
2 2
Probability = p B x p C x 2p B p C
Reverse Parentage
Analysis
Missing child scenario
1
LR =
2p B p C
Having both parents to test in a
reverse parentage test is indeed a
luxury
Often, we are limited to one
parent or possibly even siblings
to attempt an identification