Computer Networks

Assignment-1

Vedant Trivedi 15/04/2023

BCA-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Batch-2

R252221099
500096811
Q1. What are the two types of line configuration? Explain each of it.
Solution: In computer networking, there are two main types of line configuration: point-to-
point and multipoint.
Point-to-Point Configuration:
A point-to-point configuration refers to a dedicated communication link between two devices.
In this configuration, there is only one sender and one receiver, and data flows in a single
direction. The communication link is established through a physical connection, such as a
cable, and can be either a simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex communication.
Examples of point-to-point configuration include a direct connection between two computers,
a telephone line between two phones, or a cable between two network switches. Point-to-
point connections are commonly used in businesses and homes for connecting devices and
transferring data.
Multipoint Configuration:
A multipoint configuration refers to a communication link between three or more devices. In
this configuration, multiple devices share a single communication channel, and data can flow
in multiple directions. Each device can transmit data to all other devices on the same channel,
or to a specific set of devices.
Examples of multipoint configuration include a local area network (LAN) where multiple
devices are connected to a central network switch, or a video conferencing system where
multiple participants can communicate with each other. Overall, the choice of line
configuration depends on the specific requirements of the communication system and the
number of devices that need to be connected.
Q2. Name the four basic network topologies and cite advantages of each type?
Solution: The four basic network topologies are:
Bus Topology:
In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single cable called the "bus." Data is
transmitted in both directions along the bus, and each device listens to the bus to determine if
the data is intended for it. The main advantage of a bus topology is its simplicity and low
cost, as it requires less cabling than other topologies.
Star Topology:
In a star topology, each device is connected to a central hub or switch using a separate cable.
Data is transmitted between devices via the central hub or switch. The main advantage of a
star topology is its reliability, as the failure of one device does not affect the rest of the
network.
Ring Topology:
In a ring topology, devices are connected in a closed loop, and data is transmitted around the
loop in one direction. Each device acts as a repeater to boost the signal and transmit data to
the next device. The main advantage of a ring topology is its efficiency, as each device has
equal access to the network.
Mesh Topology:
In a mesh topology, each device is connected to every other device in the network, forming a
fully interconnected network. Data can be transmitted directly between devices without going
through a central hub or switch. The main advantage of a mesh topology is its fault tolerance,
as multiple paths exist between any two devices, ensuring that data can be transmitted even if
one path is blocked. Overall, the choice of network topology depends on the specific
requirements of the network and the number of devices that need to be connected.
Q3. For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a mesh, ring,
bus and star topology?
Solution: The number of cable links required for each topology can be calculated as follows:
Mesh Topology:
In a mesh topology, each device is connected to every other device in the network, forming a
fully interconnected network. The total number of cable links required in a mesh topology
can be calculated using the formula:
N x (N-1) / 2
where N is the number of devices in the network. Therefore, for n devices in a mesh
topology, the number of cable links required would be (n x (n-1)) / 2
Ring Topology:
In a ring topology, devices are connected in a closed loop. The total number of cable links
required in a ring topology is equal to the number of devices in the network. Therefore, for n
devices in a ring topology, the number of cable links required would be n.
Bus Topology:
In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single cable called the "bus." The total
number of cable links required in a bus topology is equal to the number of devices in the
network minus one. Therefore, for n devices in a bus topology, the number of cable links
required would be n1.
Star Topology:
In a star topology, each device is connected to a central hub or switch using a separate cable.
The total number of cable links required in a star topology is equal to the number of devices
in the network. Therefore, for n devices in a star topology, the number of cable links required
would be overall, the number of cable links required for a network depends on the specific
topology used and the number of devices that need to be connected.
Q4. Draw the TCP/IP network architecture model and explain the features of various layers?
Solution: The TCP/IP network architecture model consists of four layers: the Application
layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. Each layer has a specific set
of functions and features:
Application Layer:
The Application layer provides services to user applications, such as web browsers and email
clients. This layer interacts directly with the user and provides a user-friendly interface. The
protocols used in this layer include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and Telnet.
Transport Layer:
The Transport layer provides end-to-end communication between applications on different
hosts. This layer is responsible for the reliability, flow control, and error recovery of data
transmission. The protocols used in this layer include TCP and UDP.
Internet Layer:
The Internet layer provides logical addressing and routing of data between different networks.
This layer is responsible for the fragmentation, reassembly, and forwarding of data packets.
The protocols used in this layer include IP, ICMP, and ARP.
Network Access Layer:
The Network Access layer defines the physical and electrical specifications for devices to
connect to the network. This layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of data
between the network and the physical medium. The protocols used in this layer include
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and DSL. Overall, the TCP/IP model provides a framework for the design,
implementation, and management of network protocols and services. It allows for the
interoperability of different devices and networks, and provides a standardized approach to
network communication.
Q5. Describe the differences between TCP/IP and OSI reference model?
Solution: The TCP/IP model and the OSI reference model are both networking models that
define how data is transmitted over a network, but there are some key differences between the
two:
Layer Structure:
The OSI reference model has seven layers, while the TCP/IP model has four layers. The
seven layers in the OSI model are Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session,
Presentation, and Application. The four layers in the TCP/IP model are Network Access,
Internet, Transport, and Application.
Functionality:
The OSI reference model provides a more detailed and comprehensive framework for
networking protocols, while the TCP/IP model is more focused on the practical
implementation of network protocols. The OSI model is based on a hierarchical approach,
where each layer has a specific set of functions and interacts with the layers above and below
it. The TCP/IP model, on the other hand, is based on a less structured approach, where the
four layers have more overlap in their functions.
Naming Conventions:
The OSI model uses a different naming convention for its layers, while the TCP/IP model
uses more intuitive and commonly used names. For example, the Physical layer in the OSI
model corresponds to the Network Access layer in the TCP/IP model, and the Application
layer in the OSI model corresponds to the Application layer in the TCP/IP model.
Implementation:
The OSI model is more theoretical and is used mainly for academic and research purposes,
while the TCP/IP model is more practical and is used widely in real-world network
implementations. TCP/IP is the protocol suite used for communication on the internet and is
the de facto standard for networking. Overall, both the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP
model provide a framework for understanding network protocols and services, but the TCP/IP
model is more widely used and has a simpler and more practical approach to networking.
Q6. Describe three types of transmission impairments?
Solution: Transmission impairments refer to any factors that negatively affect the quality of
data transmission over a network. There are several types of transmission impairments, but
here are three common ones:
Attenuation:
Attenuation is the loss of signal strength as it travels over a distance. It is caused by the
physical properties of the transmission medium, such as the resistance and capacitance of the
cables used to transmit the signal. Attenuation can result in a weak or distorted signal, which
can lead to errors or loss of data. To minimize attenuation, amplifiers or repeaters can be used
to boost the signal strength along the transmission path.
Interference:
Interference is the presence of unwanted signals that disrupt the transmission of data. It can
be caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other electronic devices or radio
waves, or by crosstalk between cables. Interference can result in errors or corrupted data,
which can lead to retransmission or loss of data. To minimize interference, shielding can be
used to protect cables from EMI, and proper cable management can be used to minimize
crosstalk.
Noise:
Noise is a random variation in the signal level that can be caused by environmental factors or
electronic components. It can result in errors or corrupted data, which can lead to
retransmission or loss of data. To minimize noise, noise filters can be used to eliminate
unwanted signals, and grounding can be used to reduce the impact of external noise on the
signal. Overall, transmission impairments can have a significant impact on the quality of data
transmission over a network, and it is important to identify and mitigate these impairments to
ensure reliable and efficient network performance.
Q7. A computer screen has a resolution of 1600 by 800 pixels. If each pixel uses 1024 colors,
how many bits are needed to send the complete contents of a screen?
Solution: To calculate the number of bits needed to send the complete contents of a screen,
we need to multiply the number of pixels by the number of bits per pixel.
given that the screen has a resolution of 1600 by 800 pixels, the total number of pixels is:
1600 x 800 = 1,280,000 pixels
since each pixel uses 1024 colors, the number of bits per pixel is:
log2(1024) = 10 bits per pixel
Therefore, the total number of bits needed to send the complete contents of the screen is:
1,280,000 pixels x 10 bits per pixel = 12,800,000 bits
So, 12,800,000 bits are needed to send the complete contents of the screen.
Q8. If the bandwidth of a channel is 5Kbps, how long does it take to send a frame of
1,000000 bits out of this device?
Solution: We can use the following formula to calculate the time it takes to send a frame of
data:
time = (number of bits) / (bandwidth)
In this case, the bandwidth of the channel is 5 Kbps (kilobits per second) and the number of
bits to be sent is 1,000,000.
convert the bandwidth to bits per second:
5 Kbps = 5,000 bits per second
we can plug in the values and calculate the time it takes to send the frame:
time = 1,000,000 bits / 5,000 bits per second
time = 200 seconds
Therefore, it would take 200 seconds to send a frame of 1,000,000 bits out of this device with
a bandwidth of 5 Kbps.
Q9. A line has a signal to noise ratio of 2000 and bandwidth of 5000KHz. What is the
maximum data rate supported by this line?
Solution: The maximum data rate supported by a communication line can be calculated using
the Shannon capacity formula, which is:
C = B * log2(1 + S/N)
Where C is the channel capacity in bits per second, B is the bandwidth in Hertz, and S/N is
the signal-to-noise ratio. In this case, the bandwidth of the line is 5000 KHz, which is
5,000,000 Hz. The signal-to-noise ratio is 2000. So, we can plug these values into the formula
and calculate the maximum data rate:
C = 5,000,000 * log2(1 + 2000)
C = 5,000,000 * log2(2001)
C = 5,000,000 * 10.966
C = 54,830,000 bits per second or approximately 54.8 Mbps
Therefore, the maximum data rate supported by this line is approximately 54.8 Mbps.
Q10. Briefly describe protocols of physical layer?
Solution: The physical layer is the first layer in the OSI reference model, and it is responsible
for transmitting raw bits over a communication channel. The physical layer protocols specify
the characteristics of the physical medium and the methods for transmitting bits over it. Some
common protocols of the physical layer are:
RS-232: This protocol defines the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the serial
communication between computers and other devices. It uses a single wire for data
transmission and typically supports data rates up to 115,200 bits per second.
Ethernet: This protocol is used for wired local area networks (LANs) and specifies the
physical characteristics of the transmission medium, such as the type of cables, connectors,
and signalling voltages. It supports data rates from 10 Mbps to 400 Gbps.
Wi-Fi: This protocol is used for wireless LANs and specifies the modulation, coding, and
frequency bands used for radio transmission. It supports data rates from a few Mbps to
several Gbps, depending on the standard and the frequency band used.
Bluetooth: This protocol is used for short-range wireless communication between devices,
such as mobile phones, laptops, and speakers. It uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz band and
supports data rates up to 24 Mbps.
Zigbee: This protocol is used for low-power wireless communication between devices, such
as sensors, actuators, and controllers in smart homes, industrial automation, and healthcare. It
uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz or 868/915 MHz band and supports data rates up to 250
Kbps.