Motion Your mass is 70 kilogram no matter where

you are. But your weight differs from place to

Lesson 2 place because of differences in how hard gravity
at each site pulls on you.

Scalars and vectors

What is Force?
A SCALAR is quantity that is fully
described by a magnitude only. It is described by Force is a push or pull of an object.
just a single number. A force can cause an object to accelerate,
Some examples: speed, volume, mass, slow down, remain in place, or change shape.
temperature, power, energy, and time. The unit of measure for force is the newton
(N).

A VECTOR is quantity that has both a Force can be figured out if you know the
magnitude and a direction. mass and acceleration of an object.

Some examples: force, velocity, This equation comes from Newton’s

acceleration, displacement, and momentum. Second Law of Motion.
Vector quantities are important in the study of F=ma
motion.
Where: F = Force, m = mass, and a =
acceleration.
Magnitude refers to the size or extent of
the said quantity. Direction specifies where the
quantity is pointed or directed. Type of Force
Contact force is a force that is applied by
objects in contact with each other.
Mass and Weight
Non-contact force, also called action-at-a-
MASS is a measurement of how much distance forces occur without direct contact
matter of an object is contain. It is usually between objects.
measured in kilogram (kg).
WEIGHT is the measure of the force of
gravity of an object. It is usually measured in Contact Force
newton (N= 1 kg·m/s2).
Weight = mass * g
Weight = mass * 9.81 m/s2

What is the difference between mass and

weight?
The mass of an object will never change,
but the weight of an item can change based on its
location.
Gravity
If your mass is 70 kg. Your mass is 70 kg
on Earth, on the moon, on Jupiter, on Mars… Why do you land on the ground when you
jump up instead of floating off into space?
 Why do things fall when you throw them
or drop them?
Earth’s gravity is what keeps you on the
ground and what makes things fall.
Gravity is an invisible force that pulls
objects toward each other. The word “gravity”
comes from Latin word means “weight”.
Gravity is what hold the planets in orbit
around the Sun and what keeps the Moon in orbit
around Earth.
Objects with more mass have more
gravity.
Non-Contact Force
Less massive objects have a
weaker gravitational pull.
More massive objects have a
greater gravitational pull (such as the Sun).
Gravity gets weaker with distance.
The closer the distance between
objects, the greater the gravitational pull.
The farther the distance between
objects, the weaker the gravitational pull.
Planet Earth is at the same time the largest First Law of Motion
and closest object to us, so all objects are attracted An object at rest remains at rest, and a
by its gravity. moving objects stays in motion at a constant
velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on it.
This law implies that forces can
change an object’s state of motion.
Magnetic field
Newton’s first law is often referred to as
The magnetic field is the area around a the law of inertia.
magnet in which the effect of magnetism
From the First Law, a body tends to
(attraction or repulsion) is felt.
remain at rest or in uniform motion. This property
of the body is known as inertia. Thus, inertia is
that properly of a body due to which it opposes or
Electric Field resists any change in its states of rest or uniform
An electric field is the physical field that motion.
surrounds electrically charged particles and exerts Inertia is defined as the resistance to
force on all other charged particles in the field, change in motion.
either attracting or repelling them.
Example: When you suddenly stop the car.
The car will stop but your body stills keep moving
forward.

Applications of the first law of motion

 In car safety equipment like seatbelt and
airbag.
Second Law of Motion – The acceleration of an
When there is a crash or sudden braking of object is directly proportional to the force applied
the car, the passengers are pushed forward. The but is inversely related to the mass of an object (a
top part of their bodies is still at the same velocity = F/m).
as that of the car before the crash and continues to
move forward due to inertia.
Third Law of Motion – Every action force has an
The seatbelt prevents them from lunging
equivalent reaction force of the same magnitude
forward.
but in the opposite direction.
An airbag inflates quickly in case of a
crash and prevents the driver or passenger in the
next seat from hitting the dashboard. Newton’s Law of Motion explains the Effect of
Forces on the objects motion.

Second Law of Motion

Balanced Forces
The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the force applied but its inversely Consider a physics book at rest on a table
related to the mass of an object (a = F/m). top.
This law explains why a moving truck is There are two forces acting upon the book.
more difficult to speed up or slow down than a
smaller car. 1. The Earth’s gravitational pull – exerts a
downward force.
2. The push of table on the book (referred to
as a normal force) – pushes upward on the
Third Law of Motion book.
Every action force has an equivalent Since these two forces are of equal magnitude
reaction force of the same magnitude but in the and in opposite directions, they balance each
opposite direction. other.
It implies that forces act in pairs due to the The book is said to be at equilibrium.
interaction between objects. There is no unbalanced force acting upon the book
and thus the book maintains its sate of motion.

Unbalanced Forces
Consider a book sliding from left to right
across a table top.
The book is in motion and at the moment
there is no one pushing it to the right. The force of
gravity pulling downward and the force of the
Role of Force in Newton’s Laws of Motion table pushing upwards on the book are equal
magnitude and opposite directions. These two
forces balance each other. Yet there is no force
First Law of Motion – an object at rest remains at present to balance the force friction.
rest, and a moving object stays in motion at a
constant velocity unless an unbalanced force acts As the book moves to the right, friction
on it. acts to the left to slow the book down. There is an
unbalanced force; and such, the book changes its
state of motion. The book is not at equilibrium and
subsequently accelerates.
Unbalanced forces cause acceleration.
An object is said to be acted upon by an
unbalanced force only when there is an individual
force that is NOT being balanced by a force of
equal magnitude and in the opposite direction.