SCIENCE 10 REVIEWER blood.

It causes changes in metabolic

activities and effects are prolonged.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Pituitary gland stimulates growth and
 The Nervous System transmits signals controls the functions of other glands.
between the brain and the rest of the  Thyroid gland is located d at the base of
body. the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal
Nervous System prominence.
 Thyroid gland regulates body
metabolism.
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
 Thyroid gland (Calcitonin) raises the
blood calcium levels while Parathyroid
Brain Spinal Somatic
NS
Autonomic
NS
gland (Parathormone) lowers the blood
Cord
calcium level.
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
 Parathyroid gland regulates the Ca
Cerebrum Cerebrum Brain Stem Cranial Spinal
Nerves Nerves
levels in your body.
 Thymus enables the body to produce
 The autonomic nervous system antibodies.
regulates the internal environment.  Adrenal Gland prepares the body for
 In general, afferent nerves carry sensory action and in emergency.
information to the central nervous  Adrenal Gland is located just superior to
system. the kidneys.
 The cerebral cortex covers the cerebral  Pancreas regulates blood sugar levels.
hemispheres.  Ovaries influence female traits and
 Types of Neurons: Sensory, Motor and support reproductive function.
Interneuron  Testis helps in the maturation of the
 Neuron is the basic unit of the nervous male characteristics.
system. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Neurons communicate with one  Reproductive system is an organ system
another electrically and chemically. by which humans reproduce and bear
 A nerve cell is a bundle of axons. live offspring.
 Parts of the Neuron  Ovary produces egg cells.
 Fallopian tube or Oviduct is the site of
egg fertilization.
 Uterus is the site of egg implantation.
 Testes/Testis/Testicle produces sperm
cells.
 Vas Deferens carries sperm from
urethra.
 Axon is a long fiber that carries nerve
impulses. It carries electrical impulse DNA AND RNA
from the cell body to the axon terminals  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has a
that pass the impulse to another double strand and double helix
neuron. structure.
 Cell body is the part of the cell that  In DNA, Adenine pairs with Thymine;
contains the nucleus. Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
 Nerve impulse is a combination of  DNA strands run antiparallel in relation
electrical charge and chemical reaction. to each other.
 Stimulus is any factor in the  A nucleotide in DNA is composed of
environment that may trigger a nerve deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and a
impulse. nitrogenous base.
 The nitrogenous bases are held
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM together by hydrogen bonds.
 Endocrine system secretes hormones  Nitrogenous base pair with bases that
that are transported to target cells by are complementary.
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has a single  During translation, write the tRNA sequence
strand and has a helix structure. of nucleotides arranged linearly.
 RNA molecules have higher structural
complexities. BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION
 DNA replication is the process in which  Evolution is continuous.
the DNA is copied.  Evolution refers to change.
 During replication, Okazaki fragments  Sedimentary rocks are where most of
elongate lagging strand away from the the fossils can be found.
replication fork.  Precambrian is the era that has the
 Helicase is an enzyme that separates oldest fossils.
the two strands of DNA during  Similarity in Genomic DNA is more
replication. definite characteristics to show
 Ligase is an enzyme that joins the relatedness of two organisms.
fragments of DNA together.  In Lamarck’s theory of Use and Disuse,
 DNA replication is semi-conservative body structure develops because they
and semi-discontinuous. are used extensively.
 DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in 5’ –  Extinction is necessary because:
3’ direction.  To know who is the fittest.
 Transcription is the process of copying  To let other organisms evolve
DNA sequence into RNA. and progress
 Translation is the synthesis of protein  To give for other organisms to
from a mRNA template. develop.
 Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.  The theory of natural selection explains
 Translation is the process of converting that in nature, organisms with desirable
information in mRNA into a sequence of characteristics may survive, while those
amino acids in a protein. with weaker traits may not.
 Genetic code is the sequence of  In the theory of Need, organisms evolve
nitrogenous bases in mRNA molecules and change in response to their
that codes for a protein. It is a set of environment.
three (3) nitrogenous bases (triplet  In theory of Acquired Characteristics,
code). organisms change their behavior in
 Genetic code is non-overlapping. No response to their environment and it
single bases take part in the formation will become permanent if is passed on
of more than one codon. to the next generation.
 Codon is the set of three (3)
nitrogenous bases in mRNA that
represents specific amino acid.
 Anticodon is the triplet code in tRNA. GOOD LUCK WITH YOUR EXAM! 😊
 Amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins.
 Explain the process of Central Dogma
 Mutations refers to the any change in
the DNA sequence.
 Recombinant DNA or rDNA is a form of
DNA produced by joining genetic
material form two or more different
sources of genetic engineering.

DNA molecule: A A T G C C A G T G G T

 If this strand is replicated, write the

complementary strand.
 If transcribed into an mRNA, write the
resulting strand.