AMBITION COLLEGE

SESSION: 2022-2023

MATHEMATICS PROJECT- XI

Submitted BY:

NAME: SUDARSHAN NEUPANE

CLASS: 11
SECTION: A
ROLL NO: 32

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Mahesh Bhattarai

Acknowledgement
The completion of this project undertaking could
not have been possible without the participation
and assistance of so many people whose names
may not all be enumerated. Their contributions are
sincerely appreciated and gratefully
acknowledged. I extend my most grateful and
sincere thanks to our math teacher Mr. Mahesh
Bhattarai for guiding us throughout our
assignment and for all the valuable suggestions
given to us during the assignment. A special
thanks goes to all my classmates and family
members, especially to my friends for spending
their time, helping and giving support whenever I
need it in fabricating my assignment.

-Sudarshan Neupane

Objectives:
 Studying the application of derivatives is incredibly
important for gaining an understanding of rate of change,
optimization techniques, the concept of slope, and for applying
calculus to real-world problems. A derivative allows us to
comprehend the rate of change of a function at a certain point.
With this knowledge, we can then tackle issues related to rates of
change. Furthermore, derivatives also lead to the exploration of
optimization - the process of seeking out the maximum or
minimum value of a function. But derivatives do not just stop there.
They also indicate the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the
function at a certain point. We can use this knowledge to perceive
the behavior of a function and determine its graph's shape. Finally,
derivatives can be applied to various fields, such as physics,
engineering, economics and biology, to help us solve real-world
problems. In fact, deriving calculus from the derivative leads us to
new scientific and technological breakthroughs.
Theory:
Critical point:
In calculus, a critical point is a point of great
significance on the graph of a function; a point where the derivative
is either zero or undefined. The nature of the curve changes at this
point, and the slope of the tangent line is either horizontal or
vertical. This means the function reaches either a maximum,
minimum, or point of inflection. To determine whether a critical
point is a maximum or minimum, the second derivative test can be
used. If the second derivative of the function at the critical point is
positive, the function has a local minimum. If the second derivative
is negative, the local maximum is found at this point. If the second
derivative is zero or undefined, the test is inconclusive. Critical
points within the field of calculus present immense importance; in
optimization problems, they allow the determination of a maximum
or minimum value, while in curve sketching, they allow us to identify
the shape of the graph of the function.

Maxima and Minima

Maxima and minima are of extreme importance in calculus and
optimization, allowing us to identify the highest and lowest values of a
function. Whether it's a curve on a graph, or a more complex expression,
these points of extremity - referred to as 'critical points' - are essential in
understanding the behavior of a system. Maxima and minima have wide-
ranging implications, from economics, physics and engineering to
optimization decisions. For instance, when solving an optimization problem,
it is necessary to identify the optimal solution which maximizes or
minimizes the objective function. Moreover, maxima and minima may also
be used to determine the highest and lowest points of a particular curve,
thus facilitating predictions about the future behavior of the function.
Different methods exist to locate maxima and minima of a function, each
providing certain advantages and yielding different results. Such methods
include the first derivative test, the second derivative test and optimization
techniques. These approaches are widely applied across mathematics,
paving the way to analyze and resolve problems related to extreme values.

Local Maxima :
A local maxima of a function f(x) is a point on its graph where, within a
small interval nearby, the value of the function is greater than all other
points. To put this a different way, a local maximum is a peak on the curve
of the function where, in the vicinity, it reaches its highest value, but not
necessarily its greatest value when the whole domain of the function is
taken into consideration. An example of this phenomenon is seen with the
equation f(x) = x3 - 3x2: there is a local maxima at x = 2, where the value of
the function is 2. At this point, the value of the function is greater than at
close by points, yet the value of the function is greater at other points, like
x=0, for the entire range of the function. Visually, a local maximum is
identified by a peak on the curve, encircled by points where the function's
value is reduced. At a local maximum, the slope of the function is undefined
or zero, which implies that the tangent line to the curve at the particular
point is horizontal or vertical. In calculus, working out the local maximum of
a function calls for taking the derivative of the function, setting it equal to
zero, and then checking the sign of the second derivative at that point to
guarantee that it is a local maxima.

Local Minima:
A local minimum of a function f(x), also known as a local low point, is a
point on a graph of the function where the value of the function attains a
smaller value than its neighboring points. In other words, a local minimum
is a point on the curve where the function reaches a low value in its near
vicinity, but not necessarily the lowest value over the entire domain of the
function. Graphically, this appears as a valley on the curve of the function,
surrounded by values where the function is greater. Mathematically, a local
minimum is identified when both the first and second order derivatives of
the function at the point are equal to zero. For example, consider the
function f(x) = x^3 - 3x2. This function has a local minimum at x = 1, where
f(1) = -2. The value of the function is smaller than at all nearby points within
a small interval around x = 1, and the tangent line to the curve at the point
is horizontal, indicating that the first and second derivatives are equal to
zero. Beyond this point, the function has lower values at other points, such
as x = -∞. Finding the local minimum of a function, then, involves taking
the derivative of the function, setting it equal to zero, and subsequently
checking the sign of the second derivative at that point to confirm that it is
in fact a local minimum.
The derivative of a function is to measure how much the function
changes as it’s input changes. It represents the rate at which the function
is changing at a specific point, or the slope of the tangent line to the
function at the point.

Procedure to find the local maxima and local

minima:
The following steps are to be used in finding the maxima and minima of
the function f(x) at a point.

i. Find f’(x) and f’’(x) of the given function y=f(x).

ii. Making f’(x)=0, solve for x to get stationery points. Let one of the
stationery points be a i.e. x=a
iii.Find f’’(a). if f’’(a)<0, then f(x) has maximum value at x=a and the
maximum value = f(a)
If f’’(a)>0 then f(x) has minimum value at x=a and the minimum
value =f(a)
If f’’(a)=0 and f’’’(a)≠0, then f(x) has no maximum and minimum
value at x=a
The condition for the function y=f(x) to have the maximum, minimum or
no maxima no minima at point x=a are given below.

Conditions For the function y=f(x)

Maxima Minima No max. or no min.
First order dy dy dy dy
dx
=f’(x) dx
=f’(x) dx
=f’(x) dx
=f’(x)
derivative
=0 =0 =0 ≠0
2 2 2
Second order ⅆ y =f’’(x) ⅆ y ⅆ y
2 2 =f’’(x) 2 =f’’(x)
derivative ⅆx ⅆx ⅆx
<0 >0 =0
3
Third order ⅆ y
=f’’’(x)
derivative ⅆ x3
≠0
Title:
Stating the concept of derivative of a function. Find the critical points,
local maxima, local minima and point of inflection for f(x)=2x 3-
15x2+36x+5 and represent graphically. Draw a conclusion and write a
report on it.

Solution:

F(x)=2x3-15X2+36X+5
F’(X)=6X2-30X+36
F’’(X)=12X-30
F’’’(X)=12
For stationery points
F’(x)=0
Or, 6x2+30x+36=0
Or, 6(x2-5x+6) =0
Or, x2-5x+6=0
Or, x2-2x-3+6=0
Or, x(x-2)-3(x-2) =0
Or, (x-2) (x-3) =0
Either,
x-2=0 or, x-3=0
x=2 x=3
Critical point lies on interval
At x=2, f’’(X)=12X-30
= 12 X 2 - 30
= 24-30
= -6
There is local maxima at x=2 and its value is
F(x)= 2x3-15X2+36X+5
=2 x 23 – 15 x 22 + 36 x 2 + 5
 =2 x 8 – 15 x 4 + 72 + 5
= 16 – 60 + 72 + 5
= 33
Again,
At x=3, f’’(x)= 6X2-30X+36
=6 x 32 – 30 x 3 + 36
= 6 x 27 – 90 + 36
= 108
Hence, there is local minima at x=3 and its value is
F(x)= 2x3-15X2+36X+5
=2 x 33 – 15 x 9 – 108 + 5
=54 – 135 + 108 + 5
= 32
Again,
For point of inflection
F’’(x)=0
12x – 30 = 0
12x = 30
5
X= 2
5
Therefore, x= 2 is the point of inflection where f’’’(x) ≠0
Hence,
Local maxima is 33 at x=2, local minima is 32 at x=3
5
and point of inflection is x= 2
Conclusion:
Performing projects help to get better insights
into concepts. These projects are sufficiently
engaging for us to learn the concepts with
fun. We have performed projects on local
minima, local maxima and point of inflection.
With this we can grasp the concepts with a
better understanding. It was really fun doing
this project report and aspect more project on
future. While doing this project reference were
taken from:
 OpenAI
 www.google.com