Teacher’s Resource Book

SPN21
MATHEMATICS Year

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

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 © 2013 Curriculum Development Department, Brunei Darussalam and
Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

Published by Marshall Cavendish Education

An imprint of Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
Times Centre, 1 New Industrial Road, Singapore 536196
Customer Service Hotline: (65) 6213 9444
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.marshallcavendish.com/education

First published 2013

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system

or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission
of the copyright owner. Any requests for permission should be
addressed to the Publisher.

Marshall Cavendish is a trademark of Times Publishing Limited.

The websites cited in the book were reviewed and deemed suitable at the
time of printing.

ISBN: 978-99917-2-636-6

Printed in Singapore

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 Curriculum Development Department Jabatan Perkembangan Kurikulum
New Ministry of Education Building, Bangunan Baru Kementerian Pendidikan
Ministry of Education, Kementerian Pendidikan,
Old Airport Berakas, Lapangan Terbang Lama Berakas,
Bandar Seri Begawan BB3510 Bandar Seri Begawan BB3510
Brunei Darussalam Negara Brunei Darussalam
Tel : 2384333 / 2384061 – 67 Tel : 2384333 / 2384061 – 67
Fax : 2382146 Faks : 2382146

Preface
Alhamdulilah, All praise to Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala for His favour and blessings to us in publishing the Teacher’s
Resource Package, Years 7 and 8, a joint publication by the Curriculum Development Department, Brunei
Darussalam and Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd. This accompanies the SPN21 Mathematics
Textbook for Brunei Darussalam for Years 7 and 8 respectively.

This resource package contains two components, the Teacher’s Resource Book and Teacher’s Resource CD. It aims
to provide more teaching and learning resources, to support teaching and broaden student’s learning experiences.

The Teacher’s Resource Book provides a practical guide to teachers in delivering the chapters contained in the
SPN21 Mathematics Textbook. Each chapter begins with a Chapter at a Glance that suggests a basic plan for
teaching the chapter. It proposes the pacing (time allocation) required for each sub-unit of the chapter, lesson
objectives, lesson emphasis (in terms of general learning outcomes: knowledge and understanding, problem
solving and investigation and communication skills) and references to lesson resources. This is followed by lesson
plans, which are customised to each of the sub-units. Additional teaching tips and information are also provided in
the teaching steps to enrich teachers’ delivery of the lessons. Selected teaching tools and materials are appended
at the end of each chapter to facilitate the teaching process. A list of ICT resources (in the form of weblinks)
related to each sub-unit is also given to facilitate the use of Internet resources in teaching.

The Teacher’s Resource CD effectively broadens teaching and learning experiences by providing ICT teaching
and learning materials related to the various chapters. It involves the use of animation techniques to explain
mathematical ideas and concepts. In some cases, the materials are interactive in nature. Besides including the
entire SPN21 Mathematics Textbook and the Teacher’s Resource Book, the Teacher’s Resource CD also provides
Further Practices for all chapters. In addition, the answers to the Practices and Activities for Learning, worked
solutions to challenging questions in the textbook and answers to Further Practices are found in the CD.

I hope that this resource package will enable teachers to deliver their lessons more interestingly and effectively,
besides instilling confidence among students in doing Mathematics.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Panel of Moderators for their invaluable contribution to the
publication of this series.

Wassalam

HAJI ABD RAHMAN BIN HAJI NAWI

Acting Director,
Curriculum Development Department,
Ministry of Education,
Negara Brunei Darussalam

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 Acknowledgements
The Curriculum Development Department would like to thank the members of the Panel
of Moderators for their invaluable work in moderating this series.

Chairperson : Rasidah binti Junaidi Curriculum Development Department

Secretary : Lee Kiong Pong Curriculum Development Department
Assistant : Haji Noruddin bin Haji Morshidi Curriculum Development Department
Secretary
Members : Dk Hjh Arinawati binti Pg Hj Ismail Maktab Sains Paduka Seri Begawan
Sultan
: Dr Zurina binti Harun Maktab Sains Paduka Seri Begawan
Sultan
: Hajah Haslina binti Haji Mahmud Curriculum Development Department
: Michael Yen Sekolah St. Angela’s
: Noren Kiranie binti Haji Curriculum Development Department
Mohammad Kincho
: Norliza binti Haji Adnan Sekolah Menengah Perdana Wazir
: Rosimah binti Haji Zainuddin Sekolah Menengah Sufri Bolkiah, Tutong
: Safuanny bin Haji Juned Sekolah Menengah Sayyidina Hasan
: Siti Hawa binti Abdullah Sekolah Menengah Menglait

Special thanks to Fonseka W.V. Marlini, the author of SPN21 Mathematics Teacher's
Resource Package, Year 8.

Special thanks to Brunei Art and Handicraft Training Centre for the permission to
photograph Brunei silverware and jong sarat.

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 ABOUT THE BOOK
The Teacher’s Resource Book contains:

• Chapter at a Glance — This section provides an overview of all sub-topics within

the chapter. The suggested time allocation, learning outcomes and teaching
resources at each sub-topic will be useful to teachers in the lesson planning.
• References — This lists the page references of the textbook and directs teachers
to Further Practices.
• Learning Outcomes – This defines what students will get to learn at the end of
each sub-topic.
• Prior Knowledge — This section lists a set of skills or knowledge that students
should have in order to understand the new concepts that will be taught.
• Induction — This section provides tips to teachers on how to conduct the lesson
using the chapter opener or examples given in the sub-topics. It also suggests
activities to arouse students’ creativity and engage their interest.
• Learning Experiences — This suggested set of class instructions would assist
teachers to focus on the key learning aspect of the lessons.
• Reinforcement — This suggests a series of practices for teachers to assign their
students as a classwork or homework, reinforcing the concepts taught in class.
• ICT Resources — This section suggests interesting activities and related links on
the Internet.

The Teacher’s Resource CD contains:

• Textbook and Teacher’s Resource Book — A pdf version that allows teachers to
quickly access the information required in lesson planning.
• Digital Resources — These digital tools will help teachers in the teaching of
mathematical concepts.
• Further Practices — These are worksheets in editable format that are structured
according to basic, intermediate and challenging, allowing teachers to tailor
their lessons.
• Answer Keys — These are answers to all Practices and Further Practices in the
SPN21 Mathematics Textbook and the Teacher’s Resource Book.
• Worked Solutions — These are provided for all challenging questions in the
SPN21 Mathematics Textbook and Further Practices.

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 Contents
Chapter 1 Expansion and Factorisation of
Algebraic Expressions 1
1.1 Expansion of Algebraic Expressions 2
1.1A Expansion Using Distributive Law 2
1.1B Expansion and Simplification of Special Algebraic Rules 6
1.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions 9
1.2A Simple Factorisation 9
1.2B Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions Using Special
Algebraic Rules 12

Chapter 2 Linear Equations and Algebraic Fractions 17

2.1 Linear Equations 18
2.2 Algebraic Fractions 21
2.3 Algebraic Formulae 25

Chapter 3 Everyday Arithmetic 29

3.1 Income and Expenditure 30
3.2 Profit and Loss 33
3.3 Discount 36

Chapter 4 Proportion and Speed 39

4.1 Proportion 40
4.1A Direct Proportion 40
4.1B Inverse Proportion 43
4.2 Distance, Speed and Time 46

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 Chapter 5 Indices and Standard Form 51
5.1 Indices 52
5.1A Laws of Indices, Zero Index and Negative Indices 52
5.1B Applying Laws of Indices 56
5.2 Standard Form 59
5.2A Writing Numbers in Standard Form 59
5.2B Evaluating Expressions in Standard Form 62

Chapter 6 Simultaneous Linear Equations 65

6.1 Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Unknowns 66
6.1A Elimination Method 66
6.1B Substitution Method 70
6.2 Problem-solving Using Simultaneous Equations 72

Chapter 7 Statistics 75
7.1 Histogram 76
7.2 Pie Chart 80
7.3 Statistical Averages 83
7.3A Mean 83
7.3B Median and Mode 86

Chapter 8 Geometry 91
8.1 Parallels and Transversals 92
8.2 Quadrilaterals 96
8.2A A Quadrilaterals and Their Properties 96
8.2B Constructing Quadrilaterals 99

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 Chapter 9 Polygons 103
9.1 Polygons 104
9.2 Symmetries and Polygons 107

Chapter 10 Trigonometric Ratios 113

10.1 Basic Trigonometric Ratios 114
10.1A The Tangent Ratio 114
10.1B The Sine Ratio 118
10.1C The Cosine Ratio 121
10.2 Application of Trigonometric Ratios 125

Chapter 11 Coordinate Geometry 129

11.1 Line Segment and Mid-point 130
11.1A Length of a Line Segment 130
11.1B Mid-point of a Line Segment 133
11.2 Gradient 135
11.3 Equation of a Straight Line 138
11.4 Graphs in Practical Situations 141

Chapter 12 Transformation 147

12.1 Rotation 148
12.2 Enlargement 151

Chapter 13 Surface Area and Volume of Prisms 155

13.1 Surface Area of Prisms 156
13.2 Volume of Prisms 159
13.3 Area and Volume of Cylinders 162

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