VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belgaum-590014

An Seminar Report On

“Cryogenic Technology & its Applications”

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the VIII Semester of the Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics And Communication
Engineering
By
PRAVEEN K
(1CE19EC007)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Ravindra S
Professor, Dept. of EC

CITY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Doddakallasandra, Kanakapura Road,Bengaluru-
560061

2022-2023
 CITY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Doddakallasandra, Kanakapura Road,Bengaluru-
560061
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Technical Seminar Presentation entitled “Cryogenic Technology and its
Applications” has been carried out by PRAVEEN K (1CE19EC007), bonafide student of City
Engineering College in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics
and Communication Engineering of the Visvesharaya Technological University,Belgaum during
the year 2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment
have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The Seminar Report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of seminar work prescribed for
the said Degree.

…………………… …………………… ………………………

……. Signature of ……. Signature of ….
Guide Mr. HOD Mr. Signature of Principal
Ravindra S Mallikarjun GS Dr.H N Thippeswamy
Internal guide, Dept of HOD, Dept of EC Principal
EC
 DECLARATION

I the student of 8th semester BE, Electronics and Communication Engineering, City
Engineering College hereby declare that the seminar work entitled “Cryogenic Technology
and its Applications” has been carried out by me at City Engineering College, Bengaluru and
submitted in partial fulfilment of the course requirements of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum, during the academic year 2022-2023.

Date: PRAVEEN K
Place: [1CE19EC007]
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While presenting this Seminar Report based on the work of “Cryogenic Technology and
its Applications”, I feel that it is my duty to acknowledge the help rendered to me by
various persons.

Firstly, I thank God for showering his blessings on me. I’m grateful to my institution City
Engineering College for providing me a congenial atmosphere to carryout the Technical
seminar successfully.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. H N Thippeswamy, Principal,CEC,

Bangalore, for extending his support.

I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Mallikarjun G S, HOD,

Electronics and Communication Engineering whose guidance and support was truly
invaluable.

I’m very grateful to my guide, Mr. Ravindra S Prof., Department of Electronics and
Communication, for her able guidance and valuable advice at every stage of my seminar
which helped me in the successful completion of my Technical seminar.

I would also have indebted to my Parent and Friends for their continued moral and material
support throughout the course of seminar and helping me in finalize the Technical seminar
presentation.

My hearty thanks to all those who have contributed bits, bytes and words to accomplish
this Technical seminar

PRAVEEN K (1CE19EC007)
 ABSTRACT

HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) communication protocol is a popular

industrial automation protocol. Field devices with HART are usually deployed in hazardous
environments, such as petrochemical, pharmaceutical, paint & coatings, chemical & mining
industries, etc. These devices should be highly reliable and function well to communicate with
controllers, such as programmable logic controllers or distributed control systems. If they were out
of order or needed adjustments, technicians have to enter the hazardous areas to diagnose or
reconfigure them. In order to keep the technicians safe, this paper proposes a remote HART
configurator, which is based on HAA-5191 and Raspberry Pi. The HAA-5191 is a HART modem
module manufactured by FineTek Co., Ltd. It connects the HART field device(s) with any
microcontrollers which support UART. Further, the Raspberry Pi connects the HART modem to the
Internet through Wi-Fi or Ethernet. This scheme lets users remotely configure the HART field
device(s) via the Internet.
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.No. Description Page.No.

3.1 Frequency Shift Keying 5

3.2 Two Communication channels 6

3.3 Primary and Secondary Masters 6

4.1 Connection of HART Master devices 7

4.2 Point to Point Connection 8

4.3 HART Communication via multiplexer 8

4.4 Multidrop Configuration 9

4.5 Split-range operation with two HART positioners 10

4.6 Frequency Shift Keying 10

5.1 With or without IS isolating amplifier 12

6.1 HART Interface of SAMSON Positioned 13

7.1 HART Protocol implementing the OSI Model 14

7.2 HART superimposed on the analog current signal 15

7.3 Controller output must not short circuit HART signal 17

7.4 Data exchange between master &Slave 17

8.1 HART Communication modes 18

8.2 Structure and elements of a HART telegram 19

8.3 Short frame and long frame HART address formats 20

8.4 Transmission time of a HART telegram 21

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Description Page.No.

1) Certificate
2) Declaration
3) Acknowledgement
4) Abstract
5) List of Figures
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2: Literature Survey 2

Chapter 3: Working of HART Communication

3.1 How HART Communication works 5

Chapter 4: Connection of HART Devices

Connecting HART Devices 5
Point-to-Point Connection 8
Multiplexers 8
Multidrop Configuration 9
Bus for Split Range Operation 9
FSK Bus 10
Higher level Communication 11

Chapter 5: Two-wire technique and load impedence

5.1 Two-wire technique and load impedence 12

Chapter 6: Field device interface

6.1 Field device interface 13

Chapter 7: Layers of HART Communication

HART Communication layers 14
Coding 14
Wiring 15
Plug Connectors 16
HART Compatible Features 16
 Chapter 8: Services of Layer2 18
Services of Layer2 18
Access control 18
Communication services 19
Telegram Structure 20
Noise immunity 20
Transmission Time and User Data rate Chapter

9: Conclusion 22

Chapter 10: References 23

 HART Communication Technology

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Field networks are not the only solution when plant operators want to use the advantages of smart
field devices. The HART protocol provides many possibilities even for installations thatare equipped with
the conventional 4 to 20 mA technique. HART devices communicate their dataover the transmission lines
of the 4 to20 mA system. This enables the field devices to be parameterized and started up in a flexible
manner or to read measured and stored data (records).
All these tasks require field devices based on microprocessor technology. These devices are frequently
called smart devices. Introduced in 1989, this protocol has proven successful in many industrial
applications and enables bidirectional communication even in hazardous environments. HART allows the
use of up to two masters: the engineering console in the control room and a second device for operation on
site, e.g. a PC laptop or a handheld terminal.
The most important performance features of the HART protocol include: proven inpractice, simple design,
easy to maintain and operate compatible with conventional analog instrumentation simultaneous analog and
digital communication option of point-to-point or multidrop operation flexible data access via up to two
master devices supports multivariable fielddevices sufficient response time of approx. 500 ms open de-
facto standard freely available to anymanufacturer or user.

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 HART Communication Technology

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Anish Uday Bhurke, Faruk Kazi, “Methods of Formal Analysis for ICS Protocols and HART-IP
CPN modelling”, Asian Conference on Innovation Technology(ASIANCON)
10.1109/ASIANCON51346.2021.9544603, 2021
Industrial Control System (ICS) used in critical infrastructure like energy sector, oil and natural gas,
chemical processing, waste water treatment etc. are of great importance since it serves to a larger population
and hence termed as National Critical Infrastructure (NCI). Security of such infrastructures is essential from
physical as well as from cyber point of view. Traditional approach for the security was only physical
consisting of creating SOP, access control, physical verification, etc. But due past cyber disturbing events
like Stuxnet, Blackenergy-3, Turkey pipeline explosion, Havex, New York dam attack, etc. it is realized that
the network security of the connected devices within the infrastructure is also of same importance. Various
researches in this field have helped to make the NCI immune to a certain extent as well as resilient against
cyber-attacks. One such approach is using Formal Analysis for performing security analysis of the
communication protocols used in ICS domain. In this paper a compressive review of all available methods
for formal analysis along with CPN modelling is done for analysis of valid as well as invalid states of
HART protocol. The Modelling shows various states that the protocol can take during one transaction of
communication. Further this analysis can be extended for other Fieldbus protocols for security analysis.

[2] Yun-Shuai Yu, Chun-Hung Chen, Kelvin Cheng, “Development of Device Description for
HART Field Device” IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics- Taiwan (ICCE-TW)
/10.1109/ICCE-TW46550.2019.8991696, 2019.
It is estimated that over 40 million field devices supporting HART (Highway Addressable Remote
Transducer) protocol are installed worldwide. To facilitate the communication between controllers and
HART field devices, device descriptions (DDs) are usually adopted to achieve multi-vendor
interoperability. In this paper, we introduce a general developing process of a DD for a HART field device
and validate the DD via simulations. The results prove that the DD can enable a controller to read the digital
process variables of a HART level transmitter and to change settings of the transmitter.

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 HART Communication Technology

[3] Ayushi Singh, Abhishek Mishra, Mohammed Ahmed, “Energy Efficient Routing HART
Protocol in Soil Nutrition Analysis for Agriculture” International conference on intelligent computing
and control systems (ICCS)” 10.1109/ICCS45141.2019.9065827, 2019
Wireless communications energy consumption model reveals that the energy consumed by the sensor nodes
is directly dependent on the communication distance. The basic requirement is to reduce the energy
consumption of the various sensor nodes in the networks. The concept of highway addressable remote
transducer (HART) protocol is introduced by hierarchical a routing protocol that helps to simplify the
network in the case of large scale sensor networks. Many types of sensor network to use the soil nutrition
analysis for agriculture field. In this paper the introduced to HART protocol used to soil nutrition analysis
and calculated different parameter. Using the protocol concept in wireless Sensor networks enhances
scalability and reliability of the sensor networks and provides an efficient method for prolonging the
network lifetime of sensor nodes. The HART protocol is improvement of some parameter i.e. packet
delivery ratio, throughput and delay for wireless sensor network.

[4] Chun-Hung Chen, Kelvin Cheng, Yun-Shuai Yu, “Design and implementation of a remote
HART configurator” IEEE International Conference on Applied System Invention(ICASI)
10.1109/ICASI.2018.8394299, 2018
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) communication protocol is a popular industrial
automation protocol. Field devices with HART are usually deployed in hazardous environments, such as
petrochemical, pharmaceutical, paint & coatings, chemical & mining industries, etc. These devices should
be highly reliable and function well to communicate with controllers, such as programmable logic
controllers or distributed control systems. If they were out of order or needed adjustments, technicians have
to enter the hazardous areas to diagnose or reconfigure them. In order to keep the technicians safe, this
paper proposes a remote HART configurator, which is based on HAA-5191 and Raspberry Pi. The HAA-
5191 is a HART modem module manufactured by FineTek Co., Ltd. It connects the HART field device(s)
with any microcontrollers which support UART. Further, the Raspberry Pi connects the HART modem to
the Internet through Wi-Fi or Ethernet. This scheme lets users remotely configure the HART field device(s)
via the Internet

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 HART Communication Technology

[5] Cristian Patrascioiu, Grigore Stamatescu, “Monitoring pH with HART communication”

9th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing
Systems Technology and Applications (IDAACS) 10.1109/IDAACS.2017.8095210, 2017.
The paper presents experimental research related to pH measuring and to the design of a system of pH
monitoring. The paper is structured on three parts. The first part presents the principle of measuring the pH
of a solution matter, the transducer structure and of the adaptor used. The second part is dedicated to the
experimental research effectuated aiming at the use of PACTware software environment for the
configuration and checking of the pH transducer functioning by using the HART protocol. The last part of
the article is destined to the presentation of the research work for the elaboration of the monitoring and
control system using Labview software.

[6] Yusen Li, Ye wang, Cong Ma, “Design of communication system in intelligent instrument based
on HART protocol IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA)
10.1109/ICMA.2015.7237510, 2015.
In this paper, on the HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) protocol and the system project
gives a brief introduction, and then expatiates the hardware and software design of the intelligent transmitter
based on HART protocol. Proposed a set of practical intelligent transmitter solution. The ultra-low-power
consumption microcontroller is adopted as the control core of the system. The power consumption demand
is considered continuously during device selection, circuit design and program design process. The system
low power consumption design is realized, and meet the demand of the loop powered intelligent transmitter,
while the system realized all of the common commands and part of the special commands of the HART
protocol, matched the general characters of the HART intelligent transmitter.

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 HART Communication Technology

CHAPTER 3

WORKING OF HART COMMUNICATION

3.1 HOW HART COMMUNICATION WORKS

“HART” is an acronym for Highway Addressable Remote Transducer. The HART Protocol makes
use of the Bell 202 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) standard to superimposedigital communication
signals at a low level on top of the 4-20mA.

Fig3.1 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

This enables two-way field communication to take place and makes it possible for additional
information beyond just the normal process variable to be communicated to/from a smart field instrument.
The HART Protocol communicates at 1200 bps without interrupting the 4-20mA signal and allows a host
application (master) to get two or more digital updates per second from a smart field device. As the digital
FSK signal is phase continuous, there is no interference with the 4-20mA signal.

HART technology is a master/slave protocol, which means that a smart field (slave) device only speaks when
spoken to by a master. The HART Protocol can be used in various modes such as point-to-point or multidrop
for communicating information to/from smart field instruments and central control or monitoring systems.
HART Communication occurs between two HART-enabled devices, typically a smart field device and a
control or monitoring system. Communication occurs using standard instrumentation grade wire and using
standard wiring and termination practices.
The HART Protocol provides two simultaneous communication channels: the 4-20mA analog signal and a
digital signal. The 4-20mA signal communicates the primary measured value (in the case of a field
instrument) using the 4-20mA current loop - the fastest and most reliable industry standard. Additional
device information is communicated using a digital signal that is superimposed on the analog signal.

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 HART Communication Technology

The digital signal contains information from the device including device status, diagnostics, additional
measured or calculated values, etc. Together, the two communication channels provide a low-cost and very
robust complete field communication solution that is easy to use and configure.

Fig3.2 Two Communication Channels

The HART Protocol provides for up to two masters (primary and secondary). This allows secondary
masters such as handheld communicators to be used without interfering with communications to/from the
primary master, i.e. control/monitoring system.

Fig 3.3 Primary and Secondary Masters

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 HART Communication Technology

CHAPTER 4

CONNECTION OF HART COMMUNICATION

CONNECTING HART DEVICES
Devices which support the HART protocol are grouped into master (host) and slave (field) devices.
Master devices include handheld terminals as well as PC-based work places, e.g. in the control room.
HART slave devices, on the other hand, include sensors, transmitters and various actuators. The variety
ranges from two-wire and four-wire devices to intrinsically safe versions for use in hazardous
environments.
The HART data is superimposed on the 4 to 20 mA signal via a FSK modem. This enables the devices to
communicate digitally using the HART protocol, while analog signal transmission takes place at the same
time.
Field devices and compact handheld terminals have an integrated FSK modem, whereas PC stations have a
serial interface to connect the modem externally.
Fig. 3.1 shows a typical connection scheme of a HART host device and a HART field device. HART
communication is often used for such simple point-to-point connections. Nevertheless, many more
connection variants are possible.
In extended systems, the number of accessible devices can be increased by using a multiplexer. In addition
to that, HART enables the networking of devices to suit special applications. Network variants include
multidrop, FSK bus and networks for split-range operation.

Fig4.1 Connection of HART Master devices

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 HART Communication Technology

POINT-TO-POINT CONNECTION
The HART communication shown in Fig. 3.2 is referred to as point-to-point connection, i.e., the
HART master device is connected to exactly one HART field device. This connection variant requires that
the device address of the field device be always set to zero since the operating program uses this address to

establish communication.

Fig4.2 Point to Point connection

MULTIPLEXERS
Fig. 3.2 shows the use of a multiplexer system, which enables a large number of HART devices to be
connected in a network. The user selects a particular current loop for communication via the operating
program. As long as the communication takes place, themultiplexer connects the current loop to the host.
Due to the cascaded multiplexer structure, the host can communicate with many (> 1000) devices, all with
the address zero.

Fig 4.3 HART communication via multiplexer

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 HART Communication Technology

MULTIDROP CONFIGURATION

There is also an optional "burst" communication mode where a single slave device can continuously
broadcast a standard HART reply message. Higher update rates are possible with this optional burst
communication mode and use is normally restricted to point-to-point configuration.

Fig4.4 Multidrop Configuration

BUS FOR SPLIT RANGE OPERATION

There are special applications which require that several usually two actuators receive the same
control signal. A typical example is the split-range operation of control valves. One valveoperates in the
nominal current range from 4 to 12 mA, while the other one uses the range from 12 to 20 mA. In split-
range operation, the control valves are connected in series in the current loop. When both valves have a
HART interface, the HART host device must be able to distinguish with which valve it must communicate.
To achieve this, the HART protocol revision 6 (anticipated for autumn 1999) and later will be extended by
one more network variant. As is the case for multidrop mode, each device is assigned to an address from
1 to
15. The analog 4 to 20 mA signal preserves its device-specific function, which is, for control valves, the
selection of the required travel. To be able to use HART communications also for such applications as the
split-range operation, the HART positioner from SAMSON always takes the analog current signal as a
reference variable, independent of the device address (Fig. 3.4).

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 HART Communication Technology

Fig4.5 Split-range operation with two HART positioners

FSK BUS

The HART Protocol makes use of the Bell 202 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) standard
tosuperimpose digital communication signals at a low level on top of the 4-20mA. This enables two-way
field communication to take place and makes it possible foradditional information beyond just the normal
process variable to be communicated to/from a smart field instrument. The HART Protocol communicates
at 1200 bps without interrupting the 4-20mA signal and allows a host application (master) to get two or
more digital updates per second from a smart field device. As the digital FSK signal is phase continuous,
there is no interference with the 4-20mA signal.

Fig 4.6. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

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 HART Communication Technology

HIGHER LEVEL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

HART protocol Û Field bus protocol In most cases, when complex communication tasks must be
solved, field bus systems would be the preferred choice anyway. Even without complex protocol
conversions, HART enables communication over long distances. HART signals can be transmitted over
telephone lines using HART/CCITT converters. Field devices directly connected to dedicated lines owned
by the company can thus communicate with the centralized host located many miles away. To be able to
connect a HART communication system with other communicationsystems, gateways are used. They
convert the respective protocols of the networks to be coupled.

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CHAPTER 5

TWO WIRE TECHNIQUE AND FIELD IMPEDENCE

5.1 TWO-WIRE TECHNIQUE AND LOAD IMPEDENCE

HART signals are imposed on the conventional analog current signal. Whether thedevices are
designed in four-wire technique including an additional power supply or in two-wire technique, HART
communication can be used for both cases. However, it is important to note that the maximum permissible
load of a HART device is fixed. The load of a HART device is limited by the HART specification. Another
limitation is caused .especially in older installations by the process controller. The output of the process
controller must be able to provide the power for the connected two-wire device. The higher the power
consumption of a two- wire device, the higher its load. The additional functions of a HART-
communicating device increase its power consumption .and hence the load . compared to non-HART
devices. When retrofitting HART devices into an already existing installation, the process controller must
be checked for its ability to provide the power required by the HART device. The process controller must
be able to provide atleast the load impedance of the HART device at 20 mA. The required load impedance
UB and the consumed power PW are calculated as follows:
The value of the device load is always defined for a current of 20 mA. If the process controller
cannot provide the load .including the cable resistances, etc. ., a HART-compatible IS (Intrinsic
Safety) isolating amplifier can be installed.

Fig 5.1 Point to point connection: with or without IS isolating amplifier

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 HART Communication Technology

CHAPTER 6

FIELD DEVICE INTERFACE

6.1 FIELD DEVICE INTERFACE
HART-communicating field devices require an appropriate communication interface. As
already mentioned, field devices have an integrated FSK modem. Fig. 5.1 shows the componentsof
the SAMSON Type 3780 HART Positioner in a block diagram. For signal evaluation, the following
components are important:
The analog current signal (8) is transmitted via an A/D converter to the microprocessor which is
responsible for the application, e.g. for position control.
The FSK modem feeds the received HART signals (8) to the microprocessor(5) which
computes the communication data.
The FSK modem superimposes the HART signals to be sent on the
analogcurrent signal of the 4 to 20 mA line.
Both processors, one for communication (5) and the other for application (2), exchange the
received data and the data to be sent. The other function blocks show the components (3, 4, 6 and 7)
which measure the position of the valve (1) and adjust the pneumatic pressure in the actuator as
requested by the controller

Fig 6.1 HART interface of SAMSON positioned

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 HART Communication Technology

CHAPTER 7
LAYERS OF HART COMMUNICATION

HART COMMUNICATION LAYERS

Fig 7.1 HART protocol implementing the OSI model

The HART protocol utilizes the OSI reference model. As is the case for most of the communication
systems on the field level, the HART protocol implements only the layers 1, 2and 7 of the OSI model. The
layers 3 to 6 remain empty since their services are either not required or provided by the application layer 7
(see Fig. 6.1).

CODING
Data transmission between the masters and the field devices is physically realized by superimposing an
encoded digital signal on the 4 to 20 mA current loop. Since the coding has no mean values, an analog
signal transmission taking place at the same time is not affected. This enables the HART protocol to
include the existing simplex channel transmitting the current signal (analog control device ®field
device) and an additional half-duplex channel forcommunication in both directions.

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 HART Communication Technology

Fig 7.2 HART signal superimposed on the analog current signal

The bit transmission layer defines an asynchronous half-duplex interface which operates on the
analog current signal line. To encode the bits, the FSK method (Frequency Shift Keying) based on the Bell
202 communication standard is used. The two digital values .0. and .1. are assigned to the following
frequencies (see Fig. 6.2):
logical .0.: 2200Hz
logical .1.: 1200Hz
Each individual byte of the layer-2 telegram is transmitted as eleven-bit UART character at a data
rate of 1200 bits/s.The HART specification defines that master devices send voltage signals, while the field
devices (slaves) convey their messages using load-independent currents. The current signals are converted
to voltage signals at the internal resistance of the receiver (at its load). To ensure a reliable signal reception,
the HART protocol specifies the total load of the current loop . including the cable resistance . to be
between minimum 230 ohms and maximum 1100 ohms. Usually, the upper limit is not defined by this
specification, but results from the limited power output of the power supply unit. The HART masters are
simply connected in parallel to the field devices (e.g. Fig. 4.1), so the devices can be connected and
disconnected during operation because the current loop need not be interrupted.

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 HART Communication Technology

WIRING

HART wiring in the field usually consists of twisted pair cables. If very thin and/or long cables are
used, the cable resistance increases and, hence, the total load. As a result, the signal attenuation and
distortion increases while the critical frequency of the transmission network decreases. For trouble-free
transmission, the cables must have a sufficient cross section and an appropriate length.
If interference signals are a problem, long lines must be shielded. The signal loop and the cable
shield should be grounded at one common point only. According to the specification, the following
configurations work reliably:
(1).For short distances, simple unshielded 0.2 mm2 two-wire lines are sufficient.
(2).For distances of up to 1,500 m, individually twisted 0.2 mm² wire pairs with a common
shield over the cable should be used.
(3).For distances of up to 3,000 m, individually twisted 0.5 mm2 two-wire lines shielded in pairsare
required.
Most of the wiring in the field meets these requirements and can therefore be used for digital
communication.

PLUG CONNECTORS

An essential benefit is that HART integrates the existing wires. So the HART specification does not
prescribe the use of a specific type of plug connector. Since the polarity has no influence on the frequency

evaluation, HART signals are usually connected via simple clamp terminals.

HART COMPATIBLE FEATURES

HART communication between two or more devices can function properly only when all
communication participants are able to interpret the HART sinewave signals correctly. To ensurethis, not
only the transmission lines must fulfill certain requirements (see above), also the devicesin the current loop
which are not part of the HART communication can impede or even prevent the transmission of the data.

The reason is that the inputs and outputs of these devices are specified only for the 4 to 20 mA
technology. Since the input and output resistances change with the signal frequency, suchdevices are likely
to short-circuit the higherfrequency HART signals (1200 to 2200 Hz). Inputs and outputs with an internal
resistance that falls below the FSK frequency range short-circuit the HART signals!

To prevent this, the internal resistance must be increased using an additional circuit. The RC low pass
(250 W, 1 mF) illustrated in Fig.6.3 performs this function.

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 HART Communication Technology

Fig 7.3 Controller output must not short circuit the HART signal

However, a disadvantage is that the serial resistance must additionally be powered by thecontroller.

When using the specially designed HART box, the additional load can be reduced by one fifth to 50
W. If this value is still too high, either a signal amplifier more a controller with higher power output must be
installed. Load to be powered by the controller:
RC low pass: 250 W + line resistance + load of field deviceHART box:
50 W + line resistance + load of field device

Fig7.4 Hart transaction: data exchange between master and slave

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 HART Communication Technology

CHAPTER 8

SERVICES OF LAYER2
SERVICES OF LAYER2
ACCESS CONTROL
The HART protocol operates according to the master-slave method. Any communication activity is
initiated by the master, which is either a control station or an operating device. HART accepts two masters,
the primary master , usually the control system and the secondary master , aPC laptop or handheld terminal
used in the field. HART field devices , the slaves , never send without being requested to do so. They
respond only when they have received a command message from the master (Fig. 6.4). Once a transaction,
i.e. a data exchange between the control station and the field device, is complete, the master will pause for
a fixed time period before sending another command, allowing the other master to break in. The two
masters observe a fixed time frame when taking turns communicating with the slave devices.

COMMUNICATION SERVICES

The HART protocol provides standard and broadcast command

Figure 8.1 HART communication modes

The simplest form of a transaction is a master telegram which is directly followed by a response or
acknowledgement telegram from the slave (Fig. 6.4). This communication mode is used for the normal data
exchange. When connection is established, the HART command 11 can be used to send a broadcast
message to all devices to check the system configuration. Some HART devices support the optional burst
communication mode. A single field device cyclically sends message telegrams with short 75-ms breaks,
which can alternately be read by the primary as well as the secondary master. While usually only two
transactions per second are possible, the field device can send up to four telegrams using this method.

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TELEGRAM STRUCTURE

The structure of a HART telegram is shown in Fig. 7.2. Each individual byte is send as 11-bit UART
character equipped with a start, a parity and a stop bit. In the revision 5 and later, the HART protocol
provides two telegram formats which use different forms of addressing. In addition to the short frame slave
address format containing four bits, a long frame address formathas been introduced as an alternative. This
allows more participants to be integrated, while achieving more safety in case of incorrect addressing
during transmission failures.
The elements of the HART telegram perform the following tasks: The preamble consisting of three or
more hexadecimal FF characters synchronizes the signals of the participants. The start byte indicates which
participant is sending (master, slave, slave in burst mode) and whether the short frame or the long frame
format is used.
The address field of the short frame format contains one byte (Fig. 7.3) with one bit serving to
distinguish the two masters and one bit to indicate burst-mode telegrams. For the addressing of the field
devices, 4 bits are used (addresses 0 to 15). The address field of the long frame format contains five bytes,
hence, the field device is identified using 38 bits. The command byte encodes the master commands of the
three categories, Universal, Common- practice and Device-specific commands. The significance of these
commands depends on the definitions in the application layer 7.
The byte count character indicates the message length, which is necessary since the number of data
bytes per telegram can vary from 0 to 25. This is the only way to enable the recipient to clearly identify the
telegram and the checksum. The number of bytes depends on the sum of the status and the data bytes.

Fig8.2 Structure and elements of a HART telegram

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 HART Communication Technology

The two status bytes are included only in reply messages from slaves and contain bit- coded
information. They indicate whether the received message was correct and the operational state of the field
device. When the field device operates properly, both status bytes are set to logical zero. The data can be
transmitted as unsigned integers, floating-point numbers or ASCII- coded character strings. The data
format to be used is determined by the command byte, however, not all commands or responses contain
data.

Fig8.3 Short frame and long frame HART address formats

NOISE IMMUNITY
During operation the communication participants can be added or removed withoutendangering the
components of the other devices or disrupting their communication. For interferences that can be coupled
into the transmission lines, the HART specification demands class 3 noise immunity according to IEC 801-
3 and-4. So general noise immunity requirements are met. Further protection mechanisms to detect errors in
the communication are implemented in the different communication layers. On the lower levels, the UART
and the longitudinal paritycheck reliably detect up to three corrupted bits in the transmitted telegram
(Hamming distance HD=4). Errors occurring on higher levels, such as HART commands that cannot be
interpreted and device failures, are indicated by the slave upon each transaction using the status bytes
reserved for this purpose. Polling at regular intervals enables the master device to know the state of all
connected communication participants and to react as requested by the user or the operating program.

TRANSMISSION TIME AND USER DATE RATE

The time required to transmit a telegram results from the bit data rate (1200Hz) and the number of
bits per telegram. The length of the telegram varies depending on the message length .0 to 25 characters .
and the message format. When a short frame format is used and the message contains 25 characters, a total
of 35 characters must be transmitted. Since each byte is transmitted as UART character, we obtain the
following data:

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 HART Communication Technology

Fig 8.4 Transmission time of a HART telegram

In shorter messages, the ratio between user data and control data becomes increasingly unfavorable
so that it can take up to 128 ms to transmit one user data byte. An average of 500ms is accounted for per
transaction. i.e. for both a master and a slave telegram, including additional maintenance and
synchronization times. As a result, approximately two HART transactions can be carried out per second.
These values show that the HART communication is not suitable for transmitting time-critical data. HART
can be used to determine the reference variable of a final control element in test and start-up phases, but it
is obviously not suited to solve control tasks.

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 HART Communication Technology

CHAPTER 9

9.1 CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
While there are many benefits to be gained by using HART transmitters, it is essential that they be
calibrated using a procedure that is appropriate to their function. If the transmitter is part of an application
that retrieves digital process values for monitoring or control, then the standard calibration procedures for
conventional instruments are inadequate. At a minimum, the sensor input section of each instrument must
be calibrated. If the application also uses the currentloop output, then the output section must also be
calibrated.

HART protocol provides a unique communication solution that is backward compatible with the installed
base of instrumentation in use today. This backward compatibility ensures that investments in existing
cabling and current control strategies will remain secure well into the future.

The benefits of getting two machines (or components within them), to talk to one another have been an
obvious one to Industrial automation and control experts, way before the Internet of Things (IoT) became
mainstream. The values in a temperature sensor at the heart of a crankshaft sending measurements to
control the motor drive relay etc. was clear, and one of the communication protocols used in achieving that
was the HART Protocol.

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CHAPTER 10

10.1 REFERENCES
REFERENCES

[1] Anish Uday Bhurke, Faruk Kazi, “Methods of Formal Analysis for ICS Protocols and HART-IP CPN
modelling”, Asian Conference on Innovation Technology(ASIANCON)
10.1109/ASIANCON51346.2021.9544603, 2021

[2] Yun-Shuai Yu, Chun-Hung Chen, Kelvin Cheng, “Development of Device Description for HART
Field Device” IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics- Taiwan (ICCE-TW)
/10.1109/ICCE-TW46550.2019.8991696, 2019.

[3] Ayushi Singh, Abhishek Mishra, Mohammed Ahmed, “Energy Efficient Routing HART Protocol in
Soil Nutrition Analysis for Agriculture” International conference on intelligent computing and control
systems (ICCS)” 10.1109/ICCS45141.2019.9065827, 2019

[4] Chun-Hung Chen, Kelvin Cheng, Yun-Shuai Yu, “Design and implementation of a remote HART
configurator” IEEE International Conference on Applied System Invention(ICASI)
10.1109/ICASI.2018.8394299, 2018

[5] Cristian Patrascioiu, Grigore Stamatescu, “Monitoring pH with HART communication”

9th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems
Technology and Applications (IDAACS) 10.1109/IDAACS.2017.8095210, 2017.

[6] Yusen Li, Ye wang, Cong Ma, “Design of communication system in intelligent instrument based on
HART protocol IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA)
10.1109/ICMA.2015.7237510, 2015.

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