CHAPTER 7

REDUCTION FORMULAE
4.1Reduction formulae for 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐧𝐧 𝐱𝐱 and 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐧𝐧 𝐱𝐱 :
Let In = ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Integrating by parts by taking 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 as first function and sin x as second function.
In = sinn–1x(–cosx) – ∫(𝑛𝑛 − 1) 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 . cos 𝑥𝑥 ( – cos 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= – sinn−1 𝑥𝑥cos 𝑥𝑥 + (n– 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= – sinn−1 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + (n– 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= – sinn−1 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + �n– 1� ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 – (𝑛𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
In = – sinn−1 𝑥𝑥cos 𝑥𝑥 + (n– 1) In−2 – (n – 1) In
⇒ In �1 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)� = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) In−2
–𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 (𝑛𝑛–1)
⇒ In = + In−2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
is the required reduction formula for ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑥𝑥 (𝑛𝑛–1)
Similary ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + In−2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝛑𝛑/𝟐𝟐
Derivation of formula for ∫𝟎𝟎 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐧𝐧 𝐱𝐱 𝐝𝐝 𝐱𝐱
1 𝑛𝑛–1
∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = – 𝑛𝑛 �𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛–1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥� + � 𝑛𝑛
� In−2 (By reduction formula for ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
𝜋𝜋/2 1 𝜋𝜋/2 𝑛𝑛–1 𝜋𝜋/2
∴ ∫0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = – �𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛–1 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥� + � � ∫0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛 0 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛–1 𝜋𝜋/2
=0+� � ∫0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛–1 𝜋𝜋/2
∴ In = � � In−2 (where In = ∫0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 )
𝑛𝑛
Changing n to n–2, n–4, n–6,…..in successive steps, we get
𝑛𝑛–3
In−2 = � � In−4
𝑛𝑛–2
𝑛𝑛–5
In−4 = � � In−6 and so on.
𝑛𝑛–4
𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 𝑛𝑛–5
∴ In = . . In−6
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑛𝑛–4
Case (i) If n is an even positive integer, then
𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 5 3 1 𝜋𝜋/2
In = …… , , ∫0 1 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛–2 6 4 2

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 𝜋𝜋/2 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 5 3 1 𝜋𝜋
∫0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = …… . . . , if n is even
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛–2 6 4 2 2
Case (ii) If n is an odd positive integer, then
𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 𝑛𝑛–5 4 2 𝜋𝜋/2
In = . . …… . ∫0 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑛𝑛–4 5 3
𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 𝑛𝑛–5 4 2 𝜋𝜋/2
= . . …… . �– 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐�0
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑛𝑛–4 5 3
𝜋𝜋/2 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 𝑛𝑛–5 4 2
∴ ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = . . …… . .1 , if n is odd
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑛𝑛–4 5 3
𝜋𝜋/2
Example 1 Find In = ∫0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
Solution: In = ∫0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 ( – 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 (∵ ∫0 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫0 𝑓𝑓 �𝑎𝑎– 𝑥𝑥�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
2
f is continuous function on [0,a])
𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 𝑛𝑛–5 4 2
… . . . . . 1, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝜋𝜋/2 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑛𝑛–4 5 3
= ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = �
𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 5 3 1 𝜋𝜋
….… . . , 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛–2 8 4 2 2
𝜋𝜋/2
Example 2 Evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝜋𝜋/2 �4–1� �4–3� 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
Solution: ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = (∵ n = 4 is even) =
4 �4–2� 2 16
∞ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example 3 Evaluate ∫0
(1+𝑥𝑥 2 )4
Solution: Put x = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ⇒ dx = sec2 𝜃𝜃 d𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋
When x → 0, 𝜃𝜃 → 0 and when x → ∞ , 𝜃𝜃 →
2
∴ Given integral becomes
𝜋𝜋/2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 𝜋𝜋/2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 𝜋𝜋/2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 2 𝜃𝜃
∫0 (1+ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜃𝜃)4
= ∫0
(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃)4
= ∫0
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 8 𝜃𝜃
d𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋/2 1 𝜋𝜋/2
= ∫0 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 6𝜃𝜃 = ∫0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 6 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃
�6–1� �6–3� �6–5� 𝜋𝜋 15𝜋𝜋
= =
6 �6–2��6–4� 2 32

Example 4 Obtain the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution: Let Im,n = ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑥𝑥 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥
= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 – ∫(𝑛𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 (– sin 𝑥𝑥). 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚+1 𝑚𝑚+1

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 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥
(Integrating by parts) �∵ ∫ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �
𝑚𝑚+1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1
=
𝑚𝑚+1
+
𝑚𝑚+1
∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚+2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1
=
𝑚𝑚+1
+
𝑚𝑚+1
∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1
=
𝑚𝑚+1
+
𝑚𝑚+1
∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥(1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1 �𝑛𝑛–1�
=
𝑚𝑚+1
+
𝑚𝑚+1
∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 – 𝑚𝑚+1
∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1 �𝑛𝑛–1�
Im,n= + Im,n-2 – Im,n
𝑚𝑚+1 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑚𝑚+1
𝑛𝑛–1 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1
�1 + � Im,n = + 𝐼𝐼
𝑚𝑚+1 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚,𝑛𝑛−2
m+1
⇒ Im,n (m + n) = sin x cos n−1 x + (n– 1)Im,n−2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1
⇒ Im,n=
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛
+
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛
∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑚+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1
⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛
𝜋𝜋/2
Example 5 If Un = ∫0 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and n > 1 prove that
π n−1
Un + n(n − 1)Un−2 = n � �
2
𝜋𝜋/2
Solution: Un = ∫0 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋/2 𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑– ∫2 � (𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 ) [∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ]� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋/2
= �𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 �– cos 𝑥𝑥�� 0
– ∫0 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1 (– cos 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋 𝑛𝑛 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋/2
= – �� � cos – 0� + ∫0 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 2
𝜋𝜋/2
= n ∫0 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋/2
=n �[𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ]0 – ∫0 �𝑛𝑛– 1� 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−2 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 �
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋/2
=n�𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1 sin 𝑥𝑥� – 𝑛𝑛 �𝑛𝑛– 1� ∫0 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–2 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
𝜋𝜋 𝑛𝑛–1 𝜋𝜋
⇒ Un = n �� � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 – 0� − n(n − 1)Un−2
2 2

π n−1
⇒ Un + n(n − 1)Un−2 = n � �
2
𝜋𝜋/2 4
Example 6 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋/2
Solution: 𝑈𝑈𝑛𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥𝑥 4 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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 π n−1
Now 𝑈𝑈𝑛𝑛 + n(n − 1)𝑈𝑈𝑛𝑛−2 − 2 = n � � ………(1)
2
Putting n = 4 in (1), we get
𝜋𝜋 4−1
U4 + 4(4 − 1)U4−2 = 4 � �
2
π3
⇒ U4 + 12U2 = ………(2)
2
Putting n = 2 in (1) , we get
π 2−1
U2 + 2(2 − 1)U2−2 = 2 � �
2
U2 + 2U0 = 𝜋𝜋 ………..(3)
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋/2
Now 𝑈𝑈0 = ∫0 𝑥𝑥 0 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫0 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋
= �– cos 𝑥𝑥�0 = – cos + cos 0 = 1
2
Hence equation (3) becomes
𝑈𝑈2 + 2 (1) = 𝜋𝜋
⇒ 𝑈𝑈2 = 𝜋𝜋– 2
𝜋𝜋3
∴ (2) becomes 𝑈𝑈4 + 12 (𝜋𝜋 – 2) =
2
𝜋𝜋3
𝑈𝑈4 = – 12 𝜋𝜋 + 24
2
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋3
⇒ ∫0 𝑥𝑥 4 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = – 12 𝜋𝜋 + 24
2
𝜋𝜋/2
Example 7 If 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚,𝑛𝑛 = ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 then prove that
m–1 m –3 m–5 2 1
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚,𝑛𝑛 = . . ………….. .
m+n m+n –2 m+ n–4 3+n 1+n
where m is an odd positive integer and n is a positive integer, even or odd.
Solution: ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚−1𝑥𝑥 (sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
–𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚–1 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚−1
= + ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚−2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛+1 𝑛𝑛+1
(Integrating using by parts)
–𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚–1 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚−1
= + ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 �1– 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛+1 𝑛𝑛+1
𝑚𝑚–1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚−1
⇒ �1 + � ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = – + ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛+1 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑛𝑛+1
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚−1
⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = – + ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛+1 𝑛𝑛+1
𝜋𝜋/2
Now 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚,𝑛𝑛 = ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Page | 4
 𝜋𝜋/2
–𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚–1 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚–1 𝜋𝜋/2
=� � + ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 0 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛
𝜋𝜋/2 𝑚𝑚–1 𝜋𝜋/2
⇒ ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛
𝑚𝑚–1
Hence, 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚,𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚−2,𝑛𝑛
Replacing m by m – 2, m – 4, …….,3, 2, we obtain
𝑚𝑚–3
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚−2,𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛–2 𝑚𝑚−4,𝑛𝑛
𝑚𝑚–5
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚−4,𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛–4 𝑚𝑚−6,𝑛𝑛
.
.
2
𝐼𝐼3,𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼
3+𝑛𝑛 1,𝑛𝑛
1
𝐼𝐼2,𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼
2+𝑛𝑛 0,𝑛𝑛
From these relations, we obtain
𝑚𝑚–1 𝑚𝑚–3 𝑚𝑚–5 2
…… 𝐼𝐼 , if m is odd
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 –2 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 –4 3+𝑛𝑛 1,𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚,𝑛𝑛 = �
𝑚𝑚–1 𝑚𝑚–3 𝑚𝑚–5 1
…… 𝐼𝐼 , if m is even
𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚+ 𝑛𝑛 –2 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 –4 2+𝑛𝑛 0,𝑛𝑛
Now, we have
𝜋𝜋/2
𝜋𝜋/2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑥𝑥 1
𝐼𝐼1,𝑛𝑛 = ∫0 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = – � � =
𝑛𝑛+1 0 𝑛𝑛+1
𝑛𝑛−1 𝑛𝑛−3 2
𝜋𝜋/2
… … . 1, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛−2 3
And 𝐼𝐼0,𝑛𝑛 = ∫0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �𝑛𝑛−1 𝑛𝑛−3 1 𝜋𝜋
…… . 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛−2 2 2

𝑚𝑚−1 𝑚𝑚−3 2 1
⎧ ….. .
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 –2 3+𝑛𝑛 1+𝑛𝑛
⎪𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
⎪ 𝑚𝑚–1 𝑚𝑚 –3 1 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 2
∴ 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚,𝑛𝑛 = . …… – …….
𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 –2 2+𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛–2 3
⎨
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
⎪ 𝑚𝑚–1 𝑚𝑚–3 1 𝑛𝑛–1 𝑛𝑛–3 1 𝜋𝜋
⎪ 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚+ 𝑛𝑛 –2
…….
2+𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
–
𝑛𝑛–2
……. .
2 2
⎩ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 & 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
These formulae can be expressed as a single formula

Page | 5
 𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐 �𝒎𝒎–𝟏𝟏� �𝒎𝒎 –𝟑𝟑�……………….�𝒏𝒏–𝟏𝟏��𝒏𝒏–𝟑𝟑�………..
∫𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐦𝐦 𝒙𝒙 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = (𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏) �𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏–𝟐𝟐��𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏–𝟒𝟒�…………..
𝝅𝝅
to be multiplied by when m & n both are even integers.
𝟐𝟐
𝜋𝜋/2
Example 8 Find ∫0 sin6 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 5 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution: Here m = 6 and n = 5
𝜋𝜋/2 �6–1� �6–3� �6–5� �5–1� �5–3� 8
∫0 sin6 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 5 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (6+5) �6+5–2� �6+5–4� �6+5–6��6+5–8� �6+5–10� =
693

𝜋𝜋
Example 9 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋
Solution: Let I = ∫0 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
= ∫0 �𝜋𝜋– 𝑥𝑥� 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 �𝜋𝜋– 𝑥𝑥� 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 �𝜋𝜋– 𝑥𝑥� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (∵ ∫0 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫0 𝑓𝑓�𝑎𝑎– 𝑥𝑥�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
𝜋𝜋
= ∫0 (𝜋𝜋– 𝑥𝑥)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
= 𝜋𝜋 ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 – ∫0 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋
⇒ 2I = 𝜋𝜋 ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎
𝜋𝜋/2 2𝑎𝑎 2 ∫0 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 �2𝑎𝑎–𝑥𝑥�=𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥)
= 2∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ∵ ∫0 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � �
0, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 �2𝑎𝑎 –𝑥𝑥�= –𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥)
𝜋𝜋/2
⇒ I = 𝜋𝜋 ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋 �7–1� �7–3� �7–5� �4–1��4–3� 16 𝜋𝜋
=(7 =
+4 )�7 + 4 –2��7+ 4 – 4��7+4 –6��7 + 4 –8� 385
𝜋𝜋/2
(𝑚𝑚 − 1) (𝑚𝑚 − 3) … … . (𝑛𝑛 − 1) (𝑛𝑛 − 3) … …
�𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �
(𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛) (𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛– 2) (𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛 – 4) … … … …
0
4
Example 10 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑥 3 √4𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4 4
Solution: Let I = ∫0 𝑥𝑥 3 √4𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫0 𝑥𝑥 3 �𝑥𝑥 (4 − 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4
= ∫0 𝑥𝑥 3 √𝑥𝑥 � (4 − 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4
= ∫0 𝑥𝑥 7/2 (4 – 𝑥𝑥)1/2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Putting x = 4 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 ⇒ dx = 8sin 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 d 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋/2 7/2
Hence I = ∫0 4 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝜃𝜃(4 – 4 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃)1/2 8 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 d 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋/2
= ∫0 47/2 41/2 8𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠7 𝜃𝜃 (1– 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃)1/2 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 d 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋/2
= 8. 44 ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠8 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
(8−1) (8−3) (8−5) (8−7) 𝜋𝜋 8.44 .7.5.3 𝜋𝜋
= 8.44 = = 28 𝜋𝜋
(8+2) (8+2−2)(8+2−4)(8+2−6)(8+2−8) 2 10.8.6.4.2 2

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 ∞ 𝑥𝑥 6 – 𝑥𝑥3
Example 11 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑥 2 dx
(1+𝑥𝑥 3 )5
∞ �𝑥𝑥 6 – 𝑥𝑥3 � 2
Solution: Let I = ∫0 (1+𝑥𝑥 3)5 𝑥𝑥 dx
Put 𝑥𝑥 3 = tan2 𝜃𝜃 ⇒ 3x2 dx = 2 tan 𝜃𝜃 sec2 𝜃𝜃d 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋/2 �𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡4 𝜃𝜃– 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜃𝜃� 2
Then I = ∫0
(1+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜃𝜃)5
tan 𝜃𝜃 sec 2 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃
3
2 𝜋𝜋/2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡5 𝜃𝜃 2 𝜋𝜋/2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡3 𝜃𝜃
= ∫ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 2 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 – ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 d 𝜃𝜃
3 0 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃)5 3 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃)5
2 𝜋𝜋/2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡5 𝜃𝜃 2 𝜋𝜋/2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡3 𝜃𝜃
= ∫ d𝜃𝜃 – ∫0 d 𝜃𝜃
3 0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 8 𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 8 𝜃𝜃
3
2 𝜋𝜋/2 2 𝜋𝜋/2
= ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 - 3 ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 5 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃
3 0
2 𝜋𝜋/2 2 𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
= ∫0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 – ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 � – 𝜃𝜃� 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 5 � – 𝜃𝜃� 𝑑𝑑 𝜃𝜃
3 3 2 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
2 2
= ∫02 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 – ∫02 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃
3 3
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
�∵ ∫0 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓𝑓 (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 �
=0
𝜋𝜋/2
Example 12 Evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛–1
Solution: We know ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = – + ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛–2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝜋𝜋/4
𝜋𝜋/4 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 5−1 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 5−1 𝜋𝜋/4
∴ ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = � � + ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
5 0 5
–1 𝜋𝜋/4 4 𝜋𝜋/4
= [𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 ]0 + ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
5 5
−1 1 4 1 4 𝜋𝜋/4
= �� � � �� + ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 ……..(1)
5 √2 √2 5

𝜋𝜋/4 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 3−1 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥

𝜋𝜋/4 3−1 𝜋𝜋/4
Now ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = �– � + ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
3 0 3
1 2 𝜋𝜋/4 2 𝜋𝜋/4
= –
3
[𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 ]0 + ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥
3 0
𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
1 1 2 1 2 𝜋𝜋/4
= – �� � � + �– cos 𝑥𝑥� 0
3 √2 √2 4
−1 –2 1
= � – 1�
3.2√2 4 √2
Putting this value is (1) ,we get
𝜋𝜋/4 1 1 4 1 4 –1 1 1
∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 = – �� � � + � − � – 1��
5 √2 √2 5 6√2 2 √2
–1 4 1 1 1
= – � + − �
5.4 √2 5 6√2 2√2 2

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 1 𝑥𝑥 5
Example 13 Evaluate∫0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2√1−𝑥𝑥 2
Solution: Put x= Sin 𝜃𝜃 ⇒ dx = cos𝜃𝜃 d 𝜃𝜃
Then the given integral becomes
1 𝜋𝜋/2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 5 𝜃𝜃 1 𝜋𝜋/2
∫
2 0 √1−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃
cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝜃𝜃 d𝜃𝜃
2 0
1 (5−1) (5−3) 4
= =
2 5 (5−2) (5−4) 15
𝜋𝜋/2
Example 14 Evaluate ∫−𝜋𝜋/2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃 (1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋/2
Solution:∫−𝜋𝜋/2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃 (1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫−𝜋𝜋/2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃 (1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋/2
= ∫−𝜋𝜋/2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫−𝜋𝜋/2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 + 2 ∫−𝜋𝜋/2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋/2
= 2 ∫0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2 ∫0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 + 0
2�3–1� (2−1) (3−1)
= +2
3 (3−2) (3+2) (3+2−2) �3+2–4�
4 4 8
= + =
3 15 5

Exercise7A
2𝑎𝑎 9𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎 7
1. Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑥 3 (2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )3/2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �Ans. �
16
∞ 𝑥𝑥 3 2
2. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �Ans �
(1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 )9/2 35
𝜋𝜋/2 3𝜋𝜋
3. Evaluate ∫0 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃 )3/2 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �Ans �
16√2
𝜋𝜋/2 −13
4. Evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �Ans �
35
𝑎𝑎 5𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 4
5. Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑥 2 √𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �Ans �
128
𝜋𝜋/2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃 𝜋𝜋
6. Evaluate ∫0 d𝜃𝜃 �Ans �
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃+4 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 6
𝜋𝜋 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 4 𝜃𝜃√1−cos 𝜃𝜃 64√2
7. Evaluate ∫0 d𝜃𝜃 �Ans �
(1+cos 𝜃𝜃)2 15
1 3𝜋𝜋
8. Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑥 3/2 (1 − 𝑥𝑥 )3/2 d𝑥𝑥 �Ans �
128

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