MUSIC REVIEWER  Niccolo Paganini

o 10/27/1782; Genoa, Italy; 6 children

INTRODUCTION
o 5 y/o – mandolin
 Romantic Music – Western music from 18th century –
19th century o 7 y/o – violin with different professors
 Composers and artists showed their imagination and o Most famous violin virtuoso
passion in their works o A rumor spread that he traded his soul with the
 Program Music – Main form of instrumental devil for his skills, and he has a problem with
compositions evident in concert overtures, program women and gambling.
symphonies, symphonic poems, and incidental music. o Inspired Liszt, Chopin, and Schumann
A form that portrays an idea or relays a story to the o Works:
audience. Example: Hector Berlioz’ “Symphonie  “La Campanella”
Fantastique”  24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op. 1
 Short piano pieces in ABA form that shows emotion  Concerto No. 1 in Eb, Op. 6
were developed  15 Quartets for Guitar and Strings Trio
 Nationalism is reflected in most works. Composers  “The Carnival of Venice”
incorporated their country’s native folk songs and
musical styles into their compositions. PIANO MUSIC
MUSIC OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD  Filled with innovations
 Romantic Music – cultural movement that stressed  Requires high level of virtuosity
emotion, imagination, individualism, and freedom of  Reinventions of sonatas from the Classical Era
expression  Adapted into songs. Example: Chopin’s Etude Op. 10,
 Nationalism was incorporated in the music. Example: No. 3 in E Major – “No Other Love”
Frederic Chopin’s “Polonaise” – dance composition for 1. Frederic Chopin
piano; famous in Poland  “Poet of the Piano”
 Ludwig van Beethoven – Bridged the music from  03/01/1810 (Zelazowa, Poland) – 10/17/1849 (Paris)
Classical to Romantic through the expression of  4 y/o – piano
passion and emotion in music  7 y/o – polonaise
 Paved the way for expanding the orchestra as they  Studied piano at Warsaw Conservatory under
explored various instrumentations Wilhelm Wurfel
 Piano Music – Free form such as fantasy, rhapsody,  Influenced by folk music
ballade, and nocturne  1829 – finished formal education at the higher
 Program Music – Tone poems school
 Most portray literature, history, emotions, and nature  Gave concerts in Vienna, Munich, Paris, and London
VIOLIN AND STRING MUSIC  Extensive use of piano pedal

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  1831 – arrived in Paris; met Liszt, Schumann, and  Sonata – composition for one or more solo
Felix Mendelssohn; met and married George Sand – instruments usually consisting of three or four
famous French writer, source of inspiration, and independent movements varying in key, mood, and
maternal figure tempo
 Diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis 2. Franz Liszt
 Music is characterized by its beautiful tone,  10/22/1811 – 07/31/1886
rhythmic flexibility, grace, and elegance  “Virtuosity”
 Works:  Virtuoso pianist, a composer and the busiest
o Fantasie in F minor, Op. 49 musician
o Revolutionary Etude, Op. 10, No. 12  Played and studied in Vienna and Paris
o 24 Predules, Op. 28  Born in the village Doborjan, Hungary
 Ballade – a verse form or narrative that is set to  Displayed remarkable talent and sight reading
music; 3 stanzas of 8 or 10 lines each along with a  6 y/o – father = first teacher
brief representation ending in the same one-line  heard Niccolo Paganini perform so he dedicated
refrain himself in becoming a virtuoso pianist
 Etude – composed for the development of a specific  Known for symphonic poems – translated great
technique literary works into musical compositions
 Mazurka – polish dance in triple time signature;  Made piano transcriptions of operas and famous
resembles polka; adopted as ballet form symphonies
 Nocturne – instrumental composition of a pensive,  Compositions are technically challenging pieces
dreamy mood for the piano  Generous in sharing time and money to orphans
 Polonaise – slow Polish dance in triple time that and victims of disasters, and taught music for free
consists of a march or procession; promenade by  Piano Works:
couples o “La Campanella”
 Prelude – short piece of used as a preface and o “Liebestraume No. 3”
introduction to another work or may stand on its o “Hungarian Rhapsodies” – originally written
own for solo piano, but many were arranged for
 Waltz – German dance in triple meter performed by orchestra or other combinations of
a couple who turn rhythmically around as they instruments. “Tom and Jerry” – “Cat
progress around the dance floor Concerto”
 Impromptu – short free-form musical composition o Un Sospiro
usually for a solo instrument o Sonata in B Minor
 Scherzo – musical movement of playful character, o Arrangements of the 9 Beethoven
typically in ABA form Symphonies

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 o Transcriptions of Lieder by Schubert o “Frauenliebe und Leben” (A Woman’s Love
 Orchestral Composition: and Life)
o Symphonic Poems (“Hamlet,” “Les Preludes”) o “Dichterliebe” (A Poet’s Love)
3. Robert Schumann
 06/08/1810 – 07/29/1856  Orchestral Music:
 Beautifully combined music and words o “Piano Concerto in A Minor,” Opus 54
 Composer and music critic o “Overture,” Scherzo
 1821 – went to Leipzig to study law, but spent most o “Finale,” Opus 52 – mini symphony
of the time with musical and literary circles o “Konzerstuck in F Major for Four Horns and
 Friedrich Wieck – taught how to play the piano Orchestra,” Opus 86
 1830 – lived with Wieck
 Developed a problem with hands
 1834 – founded “Journal Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik” PROGRAM MUSIC
– he edited and wrote music criticism  Instrumental composition that conveys images or
 Pseudonyms: scenes to tell a short story without text or lyrics
o Eusebius – sensitive, lyrical side  Entices the imagination of the listener
o Florestan – fiery, stormy side  Depict or suggest non-musical incidents, ideas or
 Four symphonies, one opera, and other orchestral, images
choral, and chamber works 1. Hector Berlioz
 Piano Works:  12/11/1803 – 03/08/1869
o “Abegg Variations,” Opus 1 (1830)  French composer
o “Davidsbundlertanze” (“Dances of the Band  Learned to play the guitar and flute, but was never
of David”), Opus 6 (1837) skilled in a specific musical instrument
o “Carnaval,” Opus 9 (1835) – portrait of a  Sent by his father to medical school
masked ball attended by his allies and his  “Symphonie Fantastique”
beloved Clara o 5-movement symphony
o “Phantasiestucke,” Opus 12 (1837) – series of o Showcased important features in creating
mood pieces tone color
o “Kreisleriana,” Opus 16 (1838) – fantasy on o Assembled hundreds of musicians to produce
the mad Kapellmeister a powerful sound
o “Kinderszenen,” Opus 15 (1838) – poetic o Made tone color a basic part of his musical
series of evocations of a child’s world language
 Art Songs:

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  Young, extremely sensitive musician tries to  Big fan of Mozart
kill himself with opium due to depression by  Studied composition with Anton Rubinstein
discouraged love  Became famous with “Fatum” and “Romeo and
 Dose wasn’t enough to kill him, instead, Juliet”
plunges him into a heavy sleep filled with  Composed haunting melodies
nightmares  Used a great deal of folk music in his symphonic
 His experiences, feelings, and memories are works
translated into hallucinations of musical  Died due to cholera
thoughts and images  Works:
 The girl he loves is translated to a melody o “Swan Lake”
and like a recurring theme, he meets and o “The Nutcracker”
hears everywhere o 1812 Overture
 Each movement of the symphony represents o “Sleeping Beauty”
to a different vision in the musician’s mind o Symphony no. 6 “Pathetique”
o “Romeo and Juliet”
Movement Title Tempo Form
Largo (slow o Symphony no. 2
intro) Allegro o Piano Concerto no. 1
agitato e
Reveries/Passio appasionado 3. Camille Saint-Saens
1st
n assai (agitated  10/09/1835 – 12/16/1921
and very
impassioned  Talented musician
allegro)  2 y/o – taught by his aunt
Allegro non  3 y/o – began composing
2nd A Ball troppo ABA form
Waltz  Creates elegant music, neat, clean, polished, and
3rd
Scene in the
Adagio waltz ABA Coda form never excessive
Country
March to the Allegretto non 2 different  Over 300 works, all genres
4th
Scaffold troppo themes o 3 operas (“Samson and Delilah”)
Dream of a
5th Witches
Larghetto
Most fantastic
o 5 Symphonies (“Organ Symphony”)
allegro
Sabbath o 3 Concertos for Violin and Orchestra
o 5 Concertos for Piano and Orchestra
2. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky o 2 Concertos for Cello and Orchestra
 05/07/1840 – 11/06/1893 o Organ Music
 Known for ballet music o Numerous pieces for the piano
 Studied law and was law clerk in St. Petersburg
o ~100 songs
 Studied music in a conservatory

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 o Chamber Music extended movement for a symphony orchestra; tone
o Sacred Music including Requiem poem
 Works:  Symphony – extended piece in three or more
o “Carnival of the Animals” movements for symphony orchestra
o “Danse Macabre”  Virtuoso – musician who performs with masterly
o “Symphony no. 3” ability, technique, or personal style
o “The Swan”
GLOSSARY
 Adagio – slow tempo; slower than andante, but faster
than larghetto; used chiefly as a direction for tempo
 Allegro – quick, lively tempo; faster than allegretto,
but slower than presto; used chiefly as a direction for
tempo
 Allegretto – moderately quick tempo; slightly slower
that allegro, but faster than andante; used chiefly as a
direction for tempo
 Ballet – theatrical presentation of solo/group dancing
to a musical accompaniment; with costume and scenic
effects; conveys story or theme
 Concerto – composition for an orchestra and one or
more solo instruments; three movements
 Largo – very slow tempo; slower than adagio; great
dignity; used chiefly as a direction for tempo
 Nationalism – devotion to the interests or culture of
one’s nation
 Overture – instrumental composition intended as an
introduction to an extended work like opera or oratorio
 Piano music – created for piano in print or written
format
 Rubato – rhythmic flexibility within a phrase or
measure; relaxation of strict time
 Symphonic poem – most popular in the late 19 th
century; based on extra musical theme; single

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