Name: Maturan, Renz Myko B.

Date: September 22, 2022

Subject & Section: EE 330 AC/DC Machineries – C

ASSIGNMENT 4

SELF-EXCITED COMPOUND-WOUND DC GENERATOR

In a Compound Wound Generator, there are two sets of windings on each pole. One of
the sets is connected in series with the armature winding, while the other is connected in
parallel.
The first is connected in series with few turns of thick wire, and the other is connected
in parallel. Many turns of thin, insulated wire are wound around the armature. The generator
that has both a shunt and series field is called a compound wound generator.
Generators are devices that create energy. If the flux produced by the series winding
reinforces the flux produced by the shunt winding, The machine is said to be cumulative
compounded if the series field flux opposes the shunt field flux.
The machine is then called a differential compound. It is connected in two ways. One is
a long shunt compound generator, and another is a short shunt. A generator that creates
compounds If the shunt field is connected in parallel with just the armature, then the machine
is called a shunt motor.
A short compound generator is one in which the shunt field is connected in series with
the armature. The armature is the central component of an electric generator, which produces
electricity from mechanical energy. There are two types of generators: those that use direct
current (DC), and those that use alternating current (AC).

1. The Series Generator

In a series-wound generator, the field winding is connected in series with armature

winding so that the same current flows through both windings. The armature current flows
through both the field winding and the load.
The diagram illustrates the connections of a series-wound generator. The field winding
is responsible for carrying the entire load current flows through a few turns of thick, low-
resistance wire. Series generators are seldom used except for specific purposes e.g., as
boosters.
 A series-wound generator uses field coils with very low resistance, which are made up of
a few turns of large wire.
The diameter of the wire increases as the load circuit starts drawing more current. At
low load current conditions, the current that flows in the load and through the generator is less
than the rated current. Since a small current produces a small magnetic field around the field
poles, only a small voltage is required.
The armature experiences induction. If the load's resistance decreases, the current
flowing through it increases. Under this condition, more current is flowing through the load
than before. The flow through the field generates a stronger magnetic field, which in turn
increases the output voltage.
A DC generator characteristic shows that the output voltage varies with load current.
This is not desirable in most applications. For this reason, this type of generator is seldom used
in everyday life.

2. The Shunt Generator

In a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature
winding so that the two windings are exposed to the same magnetic field.
The generator's terminal voltage is applied across it. Because the shunt field winding has
many turns of fine, high-resistance wire, only a part
Some of the armature current flows through the shunt field winding and the rest
through the load. Additionally, read the following information.
The shunt generator has several characteristics that set it apart from other types of
generators.
The image below demonstrates the linkages of a shunt-wound generator.
 The current in the field windings of a shunt-wound generator is not affected by the load
current. Since the field current is independent of the current in the branches, the branches are
also independent of each other. Strength is not weakened by load current; output voltage
remains more stable than it would otherwise.
The voltage produced by a series-wound generator. In actual use, the output voltage in
a DC shunt-wound generator varies according to the load current. As load current increases, the
voltage drop across the output voltage decreases. The resistance of an armature increases as
the current flowing through it increases.
In a series-wound generator, the output voltage is proportional to the load current. In a
shunt-wound generator, the output voltage is relatively constant regardless of load current. The
wound generator's output voltage decreases as the load current increases.
A combination of the two types can overcome the disadvantages of both. This
combination of the two types can provide the best of both worlds. The compound wound DC
generator has windings that are wrapped around an armature.
 A Short Shunt compound dc generator is one in which only the shunt field winding is in
parallel with the armature winding. Armature winding refers to the process of winding coils of
wire around an armature in order to create a magnetic field.
A Long Shunt compound dc generator has a shunt field winding that is in parallel with
both the series field winding and the armature. field and armature winding → field and
armature coil
In a compound generator, the excitation is typically supplied by the shunt field. The
shunt field is slightly weaker and the series field is considerably weaker than those of the
corresponding fields.
A machine in which the entire excitation is produced by a single shunt winding or a
single series winding. There are two types of compounds wound generators: cumulative and
differential power sources.
In wound generators where the series field augments the shunt field, the differential
winding prevents them from cancelation. The wound generators produce a field that opposes
the shunt field.

3. Compound Generator
In a compound-wound generator, there are two sets of field windings on each pole –
one is in series with the armature winding, and the other is connected in shunt with it and the
other in parallel with the armature.
As load current increases in the compound-wound generator, armature voltage
decreases. This causes the voltage applied to the shunt-field winding to decrease, as in the
shunt-wound generator which decreases the magnetic field.
Since the load current increases, it causes the series winding to have an increased
current flow, thus creating more load. The winding produces a magnetic field. By adjusting the
size of the two fields so that the decrease in the shunt field is exactly balanced. As the series
field increases, the output voltage remains unchanged.
As you can see in the characteristics of a compound wound generator, the effects can be
proportioned by varying the width of the inner winding. A compound wound generator
provides a constant output voltage under varying load and speed conditions by using two fields
(series and shunt). The load conditions can vary.
 A. Compound Field Windings

There are two important aspects to consider when it comes to the compound-wound
generator: (1) the relative direction of the current through both windings of a particular field
pole affects the magnetic effects these currents can generate.
The series and shunt windings of a single pole of a compound-wound generator are shown
in the figure below. 2. Winding (A) is the series winding through which the load current passes;
winding (B) is the shunt winding that carries the current that bypasses the load. If the load
current is in the direction illustrated in 2, the series winding will create a magnetic field.
A will help the shunt winding and increase the magnetic field's strength. The shunt's current
If the load current through the series winding is high enough, it can cause the core to become
saturated. In the direction opposite to what is illustrated in 2, its effect will be to weaken the
magnetic field.

When the series winding is connected in addition to the shunt winding, the generator is
called a cumulative. If the series winding is connected in a way that opposes the magnetic field,
it's called a compound-wound generator.
A differential compound-wound generator is a type of electrical machine that produces
direct current. The interaction between two magnetic fields can be used to improve voltage
regulation.
As you recall, a shunt generator's output voltage decreases as load is applied. Falls due
to internal resistance, armature reaction, and the voltage applied to the field reduction. If the
field strength can increase automatically in proportion to the load current as it increases, the
circuit will be more efficient. The goal in adding a voltage regulator is to keep the voltage at a
constant level, increase it, or decrease it as needed.
 As the load current increases, the series winding to the compound generator becomes
more cumulative and pronounced. The generator is connected and passes through the series
winding, which increases the flux. The additional voltage This flux induced by cutting
compensates for the voltage losses due to armature resistance and armature reaction. This
results in a lower shunt field voltage. The number of turns in the series field helps determine
the degree of compounding.
Achieved: A large number of turns in the series winding produces over-compounding (a
voltage increase at a small number of series turns produces a reduced output voltage as
compared to when the transformer is under full load.
The voltage at full load is lower than it would be without under-compounding. Flat
compound generators have the same voltage output at no load and full load. In industry, this is
known as a constant voltage generator. This type of generator is used in situations where the
distance between the generator and the load is short, and the line resistance is low. The
amount of power needed to run a machine or equipment is minimal. Over-compounding
generators are used when the transmission distance is long, as in traction. The voltage at the
end of the line must remain fairly constant, regardless of the service.
A comparison of the voltage regulation of a shunt generator and a compound generator
reveals that the compound generator is better at regulating voltage. The illustration below
shows both cumulative and differential connections.

B. Output Voltage Control

The voltage of a compound generator operating at rated speed is set by adjusting the
field. Since the compounding effect of the series field changes with speed, it's important to
operate a rheostat in order to maintain a consistent level of output. The compound generator
runs at its rated speed.
 C. Voltage Regulation

It is clear from the impact of load changes on terminal voltage that a measure of the
variation in terminal voltage with load is required. Similar to the definition used for
transformers, we define voltage regulation (VR) as

Where Vnl is the no-load voltage at the terminals of the generator and Vfl is the full-load
voltage. The voltages in the above equation may be either phase of line-line quantities, as long
as they are consistent (i.e., phase no-load and phase full-load) In the ideal case, VR will equal
0%.
In order to achieve this, the excitation voltage must be adjusted with load conditions,
i.e., the field voltage must be controlled.

D. Proper and Improper Commutations

A generator with a single loop connected to two segments of a metal ring.

As illustrated in figure 1-4, the two segments of the split metal ring are electrically
isolated from each other. The commutator in a dc generator performs the same function as the
slip rings in an ac generator.

The main difference in their construction is that the commutator mechanically reverses
the armature loop connections to the external circuit. This occurs at the same instant that the
voltage in the circuit changes polarity. The armature loop reverses, which in turn changes the
generated ac voltage to a dc voltage via the commutator.
The pulsating dc voltage is shown in figure 1-4. This is called commutation.
 The process of taking a dc voltage output from an armature that has an ac is called
commutation. The voltage induced in the generator is caused by the movement of the magnets
inside it. You should remember from our discussion of the elementary dc generator that the
voltage is produced when the magnets move past the coils of wire inside the generator.
The commutator changes the armature loop connections to the external circuit
mechanically. This happens at the at the same time that the voltage in the armature loop
reverses, a dc voltage is applied to the load. This is because the output connections are
reversed each time a commutator segment passes under a brush segment that are not
connected to each other.

E. Compensating Windings and Interpoles

Compensating Winding
All armature conductors placed under the main pole region produces electromotive
force which is at right angle (90°) to the main field EMF. This electromotive force causes
distortion in main field flux.
This is known as cross magnetizing effect. To minimize the cross-magnetizing effect
compensating winding is used. This compensating winding produces an magnetomotive force
which opposes the MMF produced by armature conductors.
 This objective. is achieved by connecting compensating winding in series with armature winding.
In absence of compensating winding, cross magnetizing effect causes sparking at the commutators and
short-circuiting the whole armature winding.

Interpoles
The cross-magnetizing effect in the interpolar region is caused by the interpoles (also
known as compoles). The commutating poles are small and placed between the main poles of
the yoke.
The compensating winding is connected in series with the armature winding and the
interpoles such that the magnetic field is canceled out. The MMF produced by them in the
interpolar region opposes the MMF produced by the armature conductor in generators.
The polarity of the interpole is the same as that of the main pole ahead, inducing an
EMF known as the commutating or reversing EMF minimizes the reactance EMF and hence
sparks. Arcs that are no longer needed are eliminated.
 Compensating winding and interpoles are used for same purpose but the difference
between them is, interpoles produce EMF for neutralizing reactance EMF whereas
compensating winding produces an MMF which opposes the MMF produced by conductors.

4. Output Voltage Control

The induced voltage is determined by the speed at which the magnetic lines of force are
cut per second. Cutting the speed of the motor or varying the strength will change the output
voltage.
The output voltage is controlled by varying the field current in most cases, with a few
exceptions with a variable resistor in the circuit. The flux density in the field poles is determined
by the field current. Therefore, the voltage output of the device is affected by changes in the
field current.
As the field current increases, the generator output also increases, until the point where
the field becomes saturated. After reaching this point, any further increase in voltage output
must come from an increase in the number of poles quickness, velocity, hastiness, swiftness,
expedition

5. Variation of Compounding

In general, compound-wound generators are designed by the manufacturer to have an over

compounding effect. The amount of compounding can be changed to any desired value by
using a diverter. A rheostat is placed in series with the field winding in fgr4, while a diverter
rheostat is connected in shunt (or parallel) with the series winding.
 If the diverter's resistance is set to a high value, the load current will pass through the series
winding. If the diverter is set at its minimum value, no load will be placed on the winding, and
the compounding effect will be maximized.
The current passes through the series winding, and the generator acts like a normal shunt
generator. By adjusting the amount of current passing through the series winding, the
generator can be made to produce more or less power.
The rheostat can be used to create any degree of compounding within certain limits.
Compounding occurs when the voltage with no load is equal to the voltage with a full load.