Definition of random variable

- A random variable is an numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome of an experiment. It is a

- A random variable is a result of chance event. that you can measure or count.

- A random variable is an quantitative which values depends on change.

Example 1:

Suppose two air are toved and we are interested to determine the Number of tails will come out let us
sure. I to represent the Nurnber of tails that will come out determine the values of the random variable
T.

Solution steps:

1. List the sample test

2. Count the number of tails in each outcome and assign this number of this outcome.

3. Conclusion

Solution: S=(HH, HT, TT)

The value of the random variable T (number 7 tails) in the experiment are 0.1 and 2

Example 2:

Theo balls are drawn in succesion without replacement from our containing 5 orange balls and voleter
balls. Let V be the value of the random variable V.

Solution steps:

1. List the sample space.

2. Count the number of violet balls in each and assign the number of this outcome

3. Conclusion.

Solution: S=(OU, OV, VU, IV)

The values of the randow variable V (number of violet bolls) in this experment are 0,1 and 2
- A random variable is a numerical quantity that is generated by a random (malate 2018)

- A random variable is descrete if it has a finite or countable number of possible outcomes can be listed.

- A random variable is called discrete if it has either a finite or a countable. number of possible valves A
random vanable is called continuous if its possible values contain a whole interval of numbers. (Malate
2018)

- A random variable is contineus if it has an uncountable number or possible outcomes represented by

Mean, Median, Mode, Range

*MEAN AND VARIANCE OF DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

- Where x is the outcome and p(x) is the probability of the outcome.

Length of confidence and Appropriate Sample size.

Definition of term

1. Confidence Interval - In statistics this refers to the probability that a population parameter will fall.
Between a set of values for a set of a sampiling method. They can take any number of probability limits
with the most common being as 95% or 99% unfidence level.

2. Narrowness of the Interval - This pertais to small width in relation to the length of the confidence
interval.

This refers to the absolute Interval difference between the upper confidence limit and the lower
confidence limit.

Formula:

LCI = LCU - LCL) = OUL

LCI = UCL - LCI

Where:

LCI = length of confidence interval

UCL = upper confidence limit

LCL = lower confidence limit

Example 1: Find the length of the confidence interval 0.275 <p< 0.360

Solution:

Steps:

thus, length of confidence is 0.085

Example 2: Find the length of the confidence interval

upper confidence limit= 0.805

lower confidence limit = 0.524

Solution:

thus, the length confidence interval is equal to 0.279

Central Limit Theorem

The standard error of the mean mean asures the degree of accurancy of the scimple mean (u = x) as an
estimate of the population mean (u). It is also known as the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the sampling distribution of the sampling mean denoted by ōx

where: σ = population standard deviation

n = sample size

Central limit theorem is important because it teaches researchers to use a limited sample to make
intelligent and accurate conclusions about a greater population. It also justifies the use of normal curve
methods for a wide range of problems

Furthermore, it justifies the use of formula

that x will take a valve within a given range in the sampling distribution of x.

where: X= is the sample mean.

U= population mean

Ō= population standard deviation

N= sample size

When do you use the formula?

study the illustrative sample problems below

1.) Assume that the variable is normally distributed, the average time it takes a group of senior high
school students to complete a certain examination is 46.2 minutes while the standard deviation is 8
minutes. What is the probability that a randomly selected senior high school students will complete the
exam ination in less than 43 minutes? Does it Seem reasonable that a senior high school students would
finish the examination in less than 43 minutes?

A. If so randomly selected senion high school students take the examination, What is the probability that
the mean time it takes the group to complete the test will be less than 43 minutes? Does it seem
reasonable that the mean of the So senior high school students could be less than 43 minutes?

Solution for #1:

Step 1: Identify the parts of the problem

X = 4 minutes

Find: P(x<43)

Step 2: Use the formula to find the Z- Score

Step 3. Use the Z- table, to look up the Z- score you calculated in step 2

Z= 0.40 has a corresponding area of 0.1554

Step 4: Draw a graph and plot the Z- score and its corresponding area then shade the part that you're
looking for:

P(X<43)

Since we are will only be the left - 0.40

Steps 5: subtract your Z- score from 0.500

P(X <431= 0.500 -0.1554

P(x = 43) = 0.3446

Step 6: Convert the decimal in steps to a percentage

P( x < 43 )=34.46%

Therefore, the probability that a random ly selected senior high school student will complete the
examination in less than 43 minutes is 34,46% Yes it is reasonable to finish the exam in less than 43
minutes. since the probability is more than 1.

Solution for #1.a:

Step 1: Identify the parts of the problem

Given: U = 46.2 minutes

O = 8 minutes

X = 93 minutes

N= 50 students
Find: P(x<43)

Step 2: Use the formula to find the Z- Score

Step 3: Use the z- table to look up Z- score you calculated in step 2

Z= -2.83 has a corresponding area of 0.4977

Step 4: Draw a graph and plot the Z- score and its corresponding area. Then, shade the part that you're
looking for: P(x <43)

Since we are looking for the probability less than 43 minutes, the shaded part will be on the left part of -
2.83

Steps 5: Subtract your Z-score from 0.500

P(X <43) = 0.500 -0.4977

P(x <43) = 0.0023

Step 6: Convert the decimal in step 5 to a percentage

P(X <43)= 0.23%

Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected so senior high school students will complete the
examination in less than 43 minutes is 0.23%. No, it's not reasonable since the probability is less than 1.

An electrical company claims that the average life of the bulbs it manufactures Is 1200 hours with a
standard deviation of 250 hours. If a random sample of 100 bulbs is choosen, what is the probability that
the sample mean will be between 1150 hours and 1250 hours?

Solutions:

Step 1: Identify the parts of the problem

Given: u = 1200 hours

n = 100 bulbs

x = 1150 and 1250 hours

Step 2: Use the formula to find the z-score

Step 3: Use the Z- table to look up the Z- score you calculated in step 2.

Z= ± 2 has a corresponding area of 0.4772

Step 4: Draw a graph and plot the 2- score and its corresponding area. Then, shade the part that you're
looking for P( 1150<x< 1250 )

Since we are looking for the probability es between 1150 hours and I250 hours, the shaded part will be
between -2 and 2.

Steps 5: Add the two Z- score values.

P(1130 < x 1250) = 0.4772 +0.4772

P(1150< x < 1250 )=0.9544

Step 6: Convert the decimal in steps to a percentage p (1150<x<1250) 95.44%

Therefore, the probability of randomly selected 100 bulbs to have a sample mean between 1150 hours
and 1250 hours is 95.44%

Random Sampling

the population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In research the population does
not always reter to. It may mean a group containing elements of anything you.... want to study, such as
objects, events, organizations; countries, species, organisms, etc.

A sample is a subret taken from a population either by random sampling or by pon- random. - sampling.
A sample is a cpresentation of the population where it is hoped that valid "conclusions will be drawn
from the population.

Random limpling is a relection. N of elements deriica from the N population, which is the
subject of an investigation of experiment where each point of the ramplewhing shay an equal
chance of being relected fr using the appropriate sampling technique:

Types of Random sampling techniques outs

1. lottery sampling is a camping technique mahmarin in which each member of the population
has an equal chance of being selected.
An instance of this is when members of the population have their names, represented by small
pieces of paper that amare than randomly mixed together and picked out. In the rample the
members selected will be included.

2. sustematic sampling is a sampling technique in which elements of the population are listed
and sample are selected at intervals called sample intervals in this technique, every with stem
in the list will be • selected from, a randomly selected → starting point for example, if we want
to. → draw a 200 sample from a population t if 2,000, we can select every 3rd person in the list.

3 Stratified random sampling is a sampling, procedure in which member of the population are
doused on the basis of their the homogeneity. This technique is used when there are number of
distinct subgroups in the population within which full representation is required."

Example

using gratified random sampling. select a sample of 400 students from the population which are
grouped pccording to the ahes they gome! from table shows the number of students per city.

Solution:

"The determine the number of m students to be taken as sample from ex each uty, we divide
the number of students per aty by total, by then (N = 28, 171) mulhew, the revult by the total
sample vize (N=400).