l<Ey

Physics 664
Exam2

Some useful equations are given below for this closed book, closed notes exam . If you have a question
raise your hand. Explain your work as you go along. If you cannot remember a relationship, clearly
state your best guess and carry on the best you can. All good wishes.

En = ;::: n 2 (particle in a box) ; Wn = n;c (mode in a box); F =U- Ul = -T In Z;

MT ) 3 /Z
2 4

nQ = ( 2,rh2 ; Loo e-ax dx =

co 2
ublackbody
rr r
= 1Sh3v3
2 2
28 28 )
91 (N1, s1 + 8)gz (Nz, Sz - 8) = (B1Bz)max exp ( -Ni - Ni ,
2
(B1Bz)max = B1(0)gz(0)exp ( -2s-
N
)
,T = ~where
hv
2.82 ks
h = 6.626 X 10
-34
/ ·s

1. (20) Consider a small system S immersed in a large reservoir R. The total system (R + S) has energy

-
Uo. Energy can flow between the system and reservoir. Let e be the system energy at a particular
instant. a) Show that P(E1)/ P(Ez) = exp[-E1h:]/ exp[-Ezh:] .

p(Li) - ~i l)D-c} I = t'f-f) [ (TLUo -£,)]

- ----------
1'1- (Vt> -ei) · I e'f-1 Lo (Uo -{I, )J
rv l i<-,J [ b-l Uo; - C 4%iv. t --]

e '/-~ lo-LUo) - £L ¼Lf v-j

e-{.1/r
- l -t.1.-/;::
b) Then show that P(Ei) = exp[-Ei/t]/Z. Note: it is also necessary to show that Z = Ls e-•s1'.
p{l J ::: !L
I e, - (_ I I~
L ~"I ~b 4 l. \
C1) 11, £ hi '1>(:

D r-
 2. A zipper has N links: each has a state in which it is closed with energy O and a state in which it is
open with energy e. The sipper can only open from the left end , so link number s can only open if all
links to the left are already open. Find the Helmholtz free energy of the zipper.
N z
s £.
I
7 _ /J -(_1-/,;__ ;/ S { - -r--r---r-\/11
c - LJe.. -=1x j s- 1 tJ\
s, c.:::"
IV
f X f { X
N Nf/
X -f A I- x. #II
/-x
I - ><

F:

:-:1:t •:'}~:!~]
3. (20) A one dimensional harmonic oscillator has an infinite series of equally spaced energy states

l"s• • ~fil : ~ ' ; ,; ; ili, :•lmh2 X7 e- i¾

£co O

t 'X f

Xt '

l -~ l - §-v l == l - 'f

/- - t I~ t -z I~ { - C- ..7-l
 4. a) Show that one mode of black body radiation that has frequency w, the entropy is a function of
the photon occupancy only:
a = (s + l)ln(s + 1) - (s)!n(s)

t :: i e,- f}h: ::: £t.- si~/\ l XS

Start by finding the partition function for a single mode.

5o
n. S 5 5

/~=--zl~I~ :::-, l/\ 1

~x

o= - ( J -: :. + J.it (-i-. I" ±.,. ) -- I{\

1
I -)< - 3-
t:. d 'I( l:t::
.).
d N,v t,, .
l ::: _J_ ~X :: _?__ - u;{ = t.lJ -i0(z,_:: l"'- )(
JX (_i-')(.')1- ..\ Jt° J'C e. 7;1 e 't

i, -
V
[·°'- - I-
I - )( -
_(;~
j( \
'x
A
I" X C
/-}
-I
);( - "' - I X l
/-)( "'- X
I - X - __,_

<~')::. -25__
2. .\'>C.
= X(l-x)- 1

(1-~)
-
1 -'
I
X
->< .)
~f-1):.
I
/ - X

ul I\, tl X-=-((S)
S +-1)

n.~, 0 Iv'\ ~5f,>- <~> I"' L( ~

5
<~+,)
:::- <+1'>l" <s1-,)-<~> L-~!,_; I

= - -4Sh .
2 4
rr VT
b) It is known that the free energy of blackbody radiation is F 3 c3
Find the entropy of the
entire gas (not for just a single mode, as you did above) ,
- - - - -~
 c) Part of the Big Bang theory is that matter and radiation decoupled when the expanding uni verse
had a temperature of ~3000 K. Use your results from a) and b) to explain (in the space below on ly)
what decoupling implies about the temperature of the universe during expansion.

//J~ tl,Wh/lv-., 1
N-Lv;r",i,,h::. a~ rh',._uf. s;; --Jt,.e
ell-kPf1) ,~ ,~'X?A.. bilA,, 1LIJ Vi;- 3
;,u,5f
al,r1 ht-- H'/..vi k tvb;e,71,,c-1)-- 12- 'f-/Jv/Z, .ft '1J 1., Lt.e,
0- [, J/ ;'~ t/I.fu 0;!, ; °? /4_.~ .5 , "!he (jf't,~~ teo(.s ,
5. (20) Calculate the partition function and pressure of a I -atom ideal gas.

t:._ - [,h_ [ ;:,

JL
/J ~(1-,Ipt,7lf-.1t1,1)
c. • 1 r-L 'l
1fl -c,1 11,.1 ,.,(ltf/ ,J/'1i l
{I e_ ')i.ll - _li_ (vt/f rl)l f tl/J :::
L
/J /J
r [ 2M~0 e

rj ::.
ll \.
wk Ti

l '1.-
-:::
[~,-[
l. M "t. L1
- ()( r\y:

e..
i

e.
-c1..11/
l
-ctvty
,
. A_'f) 'l )1,. ::: z_ r f;
I Tr
r
-- (2 n' )"'
r
3/z
lf
r-,. l f1 t z.
:::.

'? T{Zt,1
-::::
L' [ ;,

r'
1 °h 1
Tt

-- V [ /'1 C
l li h
1 1 --
@
L. V\
 6. (20) Given two spin systems of N, = N2 = 1022 spins with multiplicity functions g1(N1, s ,) and g 1(N2,
20
s - s,), the product g1g2 is relatively sharply peaked at s 1 = s1 . a) For s= I 0 , detennine the factor by
which you must you multiply (g1g2)max to make it equal to Ls, g 1 (Ni, s 1 )g 2 (N2 , s - s 1 ) . Use the
Gaussian approximation to the multiplicity function (above).

b) What fraction of the system size ( I 022 ) is this factor? State the significance of this result.

Jo -, lo •
11
p,
11
fk , lo '
1
1 4
fr (fol, .:::
0
-

j)vr £,~
ICC>
IAA lh,1,L
f'VV~ c::,
I.,,,
1/ZJ<-,

bvl"t -
/1 T }".g.e

{~, f )...,/ 5
,

e~h,
7. A star has emitted the blackbody spectrum shown below. Detennine the star' s surface-temperature.
Spoctr..,. of o sun-Hite :stel"

r~ h 'Y,,,.,-i:
l. '?'l at!,
:5
!
I
=l
14
l 6 'f.ltJ ,-\§,
))/'>t,.,. ::.
~f'l.~f
7
"

! 650 700 750 800

T I I,DOD le
450 500 550 600
Mavelenglh <n11)

f; 0