RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

ISA–RP37.2–1982 (R1995)

Guide for Specifications

and Tests for Piezoelectric
Acceleration Transducers
for Aerospace Testing

NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT
This is a copyrighted document and may not be copied or distributed in any
form or manner without the permission of ISA. This copy of the document was
made for the sole use of the person to whom ISA provided it and is subject to
the restrictions stated in ISA’s license to that person. It may not be provided to
any other person in print, electronic, or any other form. Violations of ISA’s
copyright will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law and may result in
substantial civil and criminal penalties.

Reaffirmed 29 September 1995

TM

ISA–The Instrumentation,
Systems, and
Automation Society
ISA–RP37.2–1982 (R1995)
Guide for Specifications and Tests for Piezoelectric Acceleration Transducers for Aerospace Testing

ISBN 0-87664-377-2

Copyright  1982 by the Instrument Society of America. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISA
67 Alexander Drive
P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Preface

This preface, as well as all footnotes and annexes, is included for informational purposes and is
not part of ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995).
This recommended practice has been prepared as a part of the service of ISA, the international
society for measurement and control, toward a goal of uniformity in the field of instrumentation.
To be of real value, this document should not be static, but should be subject to periodic review.
Toward this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms, and asks that they be
addressed to the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board; ISA; 67 Alexander Drive; P.O. Box
12277; Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; Telephone (919) 549-8411; Fax: (919) 549-8288;
E-mail: [email protected].
The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the
metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (SI) in particular, in the
preparation of instrumentation standards, recommended practices, and technical reports. The
Department is further aware of the benefits to USA users of ISA standards of incorporating
suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings
with other countries. Toward this end, this Department will endeavor to introduce SI-acceptable
metric units in all new and revised standards to the greatest extent possible. The Metric Practice
Guide, which has been published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers as
ANSI/IEEE Std. 268-1992, and future revisions, will be the reference guide for definitions,
symbols, abbreviations,and conversion factors.
CAUTION: The information presented within this ISA recommended practice is believed to be
accurate and reflects the current state of knowledge within the field. The information is an
interpretation and condensation of a larger volume of literature and experience, some of which is
contradictory and speculative. Therefore, application of the information to particular situations
requires the exercise of the independent professional judgment of the user. ISA is not
responsible for any results from such use of the information and shall not be liable for any
damages caused by such use.
It is the policy of ISA to encourage and welcome the participation of all concerned individuals and
interests in the development of ISA standards, recommended practices, and technical reports.
Participation in the ISA standards-making process by an individual in no way constitutes
endorsement by the employer of that individual, of ISA, or of any of the standards, recommended
practices, and technical reports that ISA develops.
The development of this recommended practice was initiated as a result of a survey conducted in
December 1960. A total of 240 questionnaires was sent out to transducer users and
manufacturers in the aerospace field. In their replies, a strong majority indicated a need for
standardization of specifications and tests of several types of commonly used aerospace test
transducers with electrical output.
On the basis of these replies, a Project Sub-Committee 8A-RP37.2, Guide for Piezoelectric
Acceleration Transducers for Aerospace Testing, was formed under the cognizance of Committee
8A-RP37, Transducers for Aerospace Testing, of the Aerospace Standards Group, and this
recommended practice was developed.

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 3
The following individuals served as members of Subcommittee 8A-RP37.2:

NAME COMPANY

T. A. Perls, Chairman Lockheed Missiles & Space Company

W. L. Vandal, Secretary McDonnell Aircraft Corporation
W. Bradley, Jr. Endevco Corporation
S. Edelman National Bureau of Standards
E. J. Kirchman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
A. W. Orlacchio Gulton Industries, Inc.

The following individuals served as members of Committee 8A-RP37 (SCOTFAST):

NAME COMPANY

H. N. Norton, Chairman General Dynamics/Astronautics

T. A. Perls, Vice-Chm. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.
A. A. Zuehlke, Secretary Bourns, Inc.
R. M. Bernstein Marketing Engineering Company
M. E. Binkley Lockheed Missiles & Space Company
D. G. Egan General Dynamics/Fort Worth
R. G. Jewell General Electric Company
P. S. Lederer National Bureau of Standards
O. L. Smith Marshall Space Flight Center
F. K. Wemer Rosemount Engineering Company

The following individuals served on the ISA Committee SP37, who reaffirmed ISA-RP37.2
in 1995:

NAME COMPANY

E. Icayan, Chairman Westinghouse Hanford Co.

J. Weiss Electric Power Research Inst.
P. Bliss, Deceased Consultant
M. Brigham The Supply System
D. Hayes LA Dept. Water & Power
M. Kopp Validyne Corp.
C. Landis Weed Fiber Optics
J. Miller Rosemount Inc.
A. Mobley 3M Co.
J. Mock Consultant
D. Norton McDermott Energy Svces Inc.
H. Norton Consultant
M. Tavares Boeing Defense & Space Group
R. Whittier Endevco
J. Wilson Consultant

4 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
This recommended practice was reaffirmed by the ISA Standards and Practices Board on
September 29, 1995.

NAME COMPANY

M. Widmeyer, Vice President Washington Public Power Supply System

H. Baumann H. D. Baumann & Associates, Inc.
D. Bishop Chevron USA Production Company
P. Brett Honeywell, Inc.
W. Calder III Foxboro Company
H. Dammeyer Phoenix Industries, Inc.
R. Dieck Pratt & Whitney
H. Hopkins Utility Products of Arizona
A. Iverson Lyondell Petrochemical Company
K. Lindner Endress + Hauser GmbH + Company
T. McAvinew Metro Wastewater Reclamation District
A. McCauley, Jr. Chagrin Valley Controls, Inc.
G. McFarland Honeywell Industrial Automation and Controls
J. Mock Consultant
E. Montgomery Fluor Daniel, Inc.
D. Rapley Rapley Engineering Services
R. Reimer Allen-Bradley Company
R. Webb Pacific Gas & Electric Company
W. Weidman Consultant
J. Weiss Electric Power Research Institute
J. Whetstone National Institute of Standards & Technology
C. Williams Eastman Kodak Company
G. Wood Graeme Wood Consulting
M. Zielinski Fisher•Rosemount

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 5
 Contents

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................ 9
2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................. 9
3 Drawing symbol ............................................................................................................... 9
3.1 General .................................................................................................................. 9
3.2 Self-checking accelerometers ............................................................................. 10
4 Characteristics ............................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Design characteristics ......................................................................................... 12
4.2 Performance characteristics ................................................................................ 13
4.3 Additional terminology ......................................................................................... 14
5 Individual acceptance tests and calibration ................................................................ 16
5.1 Visual inspection ................................................................................................. 16
5.2 Initial functional tests ........................................................................................... 16
5.3 Tests and measurements .................................................................................... 18
5.4 Final functional tests ............................................................................................ 19
6 Qualification tests .......................................................................................................... 20
6.1 Effectiveness of mounting technique ................................................................... 20
6.2 Temperature range .............................................................................................. 21
6.3 Mounted resonant frequency ............................................................................... 21
6.4 Frequency response, maximum range (see 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.) ............................. 22
6.5 Amplitude linearity ............................................................................................... 22
6.6 Strain sensitivity .......................................................................................... 23 & 28
6.7 Temperature sensitivity error ....................................................................... 23 & 28
6.8 Transient temperature error ........................................................................ 23 & 28
6.9 Acoustic sensitivity ...................................................................................... 23 & 28
6.10 Electromagnetic response .......................................................................... 24 & 28
6.11 Transducer seal immersion test (Use on all moisture sealed or hermetically
sealed transducers)...................................................................................... 24 & 29
6.12 Other environmental effects ....................................................................... 24 & 29
6.13 Sensitivity stability ...................................................................................... 24 & 29
Annex A — References ..................................................................................................... 31

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 7
1 Scope

1.1 This recommended practice covers piezoelectric acceleration transducers, primarily those
used in aerospace test instrumentation.

1.2 Terminology used in this document follows ISA-S37.1, Nomenclature and Specification
Terminology for Aerospace Test Transducers with Electrical Output, except that additional terms
considered applicable to piezoelectric vibration transducers are defined in 4.3.

2 Purpose

This recommended practice establishes the following for piezoelectric acceleration transducers:

2.1 Uniform minimum general specifications for design and performance characteristics.

2.2 Uniform minimum acceptance and qualification test methods, including calibration.

2.3 Uniform presentation of minimum test data.

2.4 A drawing symbol for use in schematics.

3 Drawing symbol

3.1 General

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 9
3.2 Self-checking accelerometers

3.2.1 Active

3.2.2 Passive

10 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
4 Characteristics

The first two paragraphs contain, in alphabetical order, the terms to be used in manufacturers'
and users' specifications for piezoelectric acceleration transducers. Some terms not already
defined in ISA-S37.1 (Nomenclature and Specification Terminology for Aerospace Test
Transducers with Electrical Output) are marked with an asterisk (*) and are defined in 4.3.
In 4.1 and 4.2, each characteristic listed is checked (or numbered with reference to Sections 5
or 6) in one or several columns to indicate the characteristics which are included in
manufacturers' literature or users' specifications as follows:
a) Basic — indicates characteristics which are normally specified for each
transducer.
b) Supplemental — indicates additional characteristics which may be specified if
desired.
The remaining three columns indicate the tests required to determine these characteristics.
a) Individual Acceptance Tests (IAT) — tests performed on each transducer.
1) Within Stated Tolerances - these tests are of the "go - no go" type with respect to
stated tolerances.
2) Measured Value - these tests provide individual measured values of the
characteristic.
b) Qualification tests — tests in addition to the IAT's performed on representative samples
of each transducer design. All IAT's are, of course, performed during a formal
qualification test program.
Some of the basic and supplemental characteristics are determined by the manufacturer's
research and development and require no additional testing.

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 11
4.1 Design characteristics

Basic Supple- Characteristics Determined During:

mental
Individual Acceptance Tests Qual. Tests
Within Measured
Stated Value
Tolerances
Cable, (integral or non-integral) or x 5.1
Connector Type
Cable, Standard, Supplied
Type x
Length x 5.3.2
Capacitance at Room Temp. x 5.3.2
Temperature Range x 6.2
Capacitance vs. Temp. x 6.7
Noise x 5.3.2
Dimensions, Configuration and Markings* x 5.1
Grounded or Ungrounded* x x
Housing Material(s) x
Insulation Resistance (minimum) at
Maximum Rated Temperature
Across Element x 6.2.1
Element to Ground (if applicable) x 6.2.1
Mounting Method (adhesive, stud, x x
separate adaptors; state thread size,
class, mounting torque, and temperature
rating, if applicable.)
Temperature Range,
Operating x 6.2
Storage x
Transducer Capacitance with Stated x 5.3.3
Cable
Transducer Seal x 5.3.1 6.11
Transduction Element
Material Type (proprietary name x
acceptable)
Sensing Mode* x
Mechanical Isolation* x
Weight (state whether cable or other x x
accessories are included)

*Defined in 4.3

12 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
4.2 Performance characteristics

Basic Supple- Characteristics Determined During:

mental
Individual Accep. Tests Qual. Tests
Within Measured
Stated Value
Tolerances
Acceleration Limit* x
Acceleration Range* x 6.5.1
Amplification Factor at Resonant x 6.3.1
Frequency*
Amplitude Linearity
Shock* x 6.5.2
Vibration* x 6.5.1
Partial Range x x
Environmental Effects
Acoustic Sensitivity* x 6.9
Electromagnetic Response x 6.10
Temperature Sensitivity Error*
–65°F to 350°F (177°C) or x 6.7
Above 350 °F. x 5.4.1
Below –65°F. x 5.4.1
Transient Temperature Error* x 6.8
Other x 6.12
Frequency, Resonant, Mounted; Nominal x 6.3
(and tolerance), or Minimum
Frequency Response*
Maximum Range x 6.4
Stated Partial Range x 5.2.2
Mounting Error x 6.1
Polarity* x 5.3.4
Reference Sensitivity, Charge or Voltage, x 5.2.1
Nominal (and tolerance)*
Sensitivity Stability x 6.13
Strain Sensitivity x 6.6
Transverse Sensitivity*
At Stated Single Freq. x 5.2.3
Over Maximum Freq. Range x 5.2.3

*Defined in 4.3

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 13
4.3 Additional terminology
(For terms not defined here, see ISA-S37.1.)

4.3.1 acceleration limit: the maximum vibration and shock acceleration which the transducer can
accept in either direction along its sensitive axis without permanent damage, usually stated as
±____g's. The acceleration limits are usually much wider than the Acceleration Range and thereby
represent a measure of the overload capability of the transducer.

4.3.2 acceleration range: the range of accelerations over which the transducer has the specified
linearity.

4.3.3 acoustic sensitivity: the output of a transducer (not due to rigid body motions) in response
to a specified acoustical environment. This is sometimes expressed as the acceleration in g rms
sufficient to produce the same output as induced by a specified sound pressure level spectrum
having an overall value of 140 db referred to 0.0002 dyne per sq. cm. rms.

4.3.4 amplification factor at resonant frequency: the ratio of the maximum sensitivity of a
transducer (at its resonant frequency to its Reference Sensitivity).

NOTE — "Amplification factor at resonant frequency" is sometimes referred to as "Q."

4.3.5 amplitude linearity, shock: closeness of sensitivity to reference sensitivity over a stated
range of acceleration amplitudes, under shock conditions, usually specified as "within
±____percent for acceleration rise times longer than ____ microseconds."

4.3.6 amplitude linearity, vibration: closeness of sensitivity over a stated range of acceleration
amplitudes, at a stated fixed frequency, usually specified as "within ±____percent."

4.3.7 electromagnetic field sensitivity: the maximum output of a transducer in response to a

specified amplitude and frequency of magnetic field, usually expressed in gauss equivalent to a
stated fraction of 1 g.

4.3.8 frequency response: the change with frequency of the sensitivity with respect to the
reference sensitivity, for a sinusoidally varying acceleration applied to a transducer within a stated
range of frequencies, usually specified as "within ±____ percent of the reference sensitivity from
____ to ____ cps." The applicable total capacitance and load resistance should be stated.

4.3.9 grounded or ungrounded: refers to the presence or absence of an electrical connection

between the "low" side of the transducer element and the portion of the transducer intended to be
in contact with the test structure. Method of ungrounding should be stated as "internally
ungrounded" or "by means of separate stud."

4.3.10 markings: information shown on the transducer itself, will normally include Manufacturer,
Model Number and Serial Number.

4.3.11 mechanical isolation of transduction element: internal construction of transducer which

allows forces (particularly bending forces and external pressures) to be applied to the transducer
case with negligible resulting forces on the transducer element.

4.3.12 polarity: the relationship between the transducer output and the direction of the applied
acceleration; taken as "standard" when a positive charge or voltage appears on the "high" side of
the transducer for an acceleration directed from the mounting surface into the body of the
accelerometer.

14 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
4.3.13 reference sensitivity (charge or voltage): the ratio of the change in charge or voltage
generated by a transducer to the change in value of the acceleration that is measured under a set
of defined conditions (amplitude, frequency, temperature, total capacitance, amplifier input
resistance, mounting torque). Deviations in sensitivity should be reported as deviations from the
reference sensitivity.

4.3.14 sensing mode of transduction element: the method used to stress the transduction
element such as compression, bending or shear.

4.3.15 sensitivity: the ratio of the change in transducer output to a change in the value of the
acceleration.

NOTES

1. Where one sensitivity under defined conditions is the basis for determining deviations
in performance, use "reference sensitivity."
2. Because the use of piezoelectric acceleration transducers for the measurement of both
shock and vibration, the acceleration is required to be known in either g peak or g rms.
A specified sensitivity in millivolts per g is to be understood as meaning "rms millivolts
per rms g" or its equivalent "peak millivolts per peak g." The use of "mixed units" such
as rms millivolts per peak is to be avoided. Note, however, that an output of 10 millivolts
rms is also approximately 14.1 millivolts peak, and an acceleration of 1 g rms is
approximately 1.41 g peak and, therefore,
mv
10 ------- mv rms mv pk mv rms mv pk
- = 10 ------------------- = 10 ---------------- = 7.07 ------------------- = 14.1 ----------------
g g rms g pk g pk g rms

4.3.16 shock: a substantial disturbance characterized by a rise and decay of acceleration from a
constant value in a short period of time.

4.3.17 strain sensitivity: the sensitivity to strains applied to the base by bending, in the absence
of any rigid body motion of the transducer. It is expressed as 10-6 times the equivalent acceleration
level in g's for a strain in the plane of the base.

4.3.18 temperature range, operating: the interval of temperatures in which the transducer is
intended to be used, specified by the limits of this interval.

4.3.19 temperature sensitivity error: the change in sensitivity of a transducer from its reference
sensitivity as a result of changes in its ambient temperature over a specified operating temperature
range.

NOTE — If changes in voltage sensitivity are specified, the total associated capacitance
must be stated.

4.3.20 transient temperature error: the output of a transducer as a result of a specified transient
temperature change within a specified operating temperature range.

NOTE — The associated capacitance and load resistance, as well as the time, after the
applied transient, at which the amplitude peak occurs must be specified.

4.3.21 transverse sensitivity: the maximum sensitivity of a uniaxial transducer to a transverse

acceleration, within a specified frequency range, usually expressed in percent of the reference
sensitivity in the intended measuring direction.

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 15
5 Individual acceptance tests and calibration

Tests are listed in the order they are to be performed.

5.1 Visual inspection

Conduct a complete visual examination for conformance to stated configuration and markings.
Determine weight, dimensions, thread size, and class utilizing standard inspection instruments.
Check mating of accessory cable (if any) by attaching and removing the cable. Note any
discrepancy.

5.2 Initial functional tests

5.2.1 Reference charge or voltage sensitivity
For most applications, it is recommended that the sensitivity of a transducer be determined by
comparison with a standard calibrated transducer. This method is described in ANSI-S2.2-1959.
The frequency of the driving signal should be in the range of 40 to 100 cycles per second and
should be monitored continuously by a properly calibrated electronic counter.
Charge sensitivity can be determined by multiplying the voltage sensitivity in volts per g by the
total capacitance of the system in pico-farads, providing charge sensitivity in pico-coulombs per g.
A system consisting of a transducer, cable, and amplifier should be calibrated as a unit. The
sensitivity will be that recorded at the output of the amplifier, in volts/g. Specifications should
include transducer sensitivity with cable, capacitance, and amplifier gain.
If a standard transducer with calibration traceable to NBS is not available, a reasonably
dependable sensitivity can be determined by methods described in ANSI-S2.2-1959. The chatter
method, described in the Kissinger reference, see Annex A, is the simplest to use and is the most
dependable for reasonable accuracy.
The temperature of the transducers should be measured and recorded.

NOTES

1. The standard transducer used should have a calibration traceable (see ISA-S37.1) to
a calibration performed at the National Bureau of Standards within the normal calibration
period of one year. The transducer used as a standard should be reserved for this
purpose only; it should not be exposed to large values of shock, vibration or temperature
extremes; and its calibration should be checked periodically by either of the referenced
methods.
2. The surface on which each transducer is mounted and the part of the transducer base
which touches that surface should be clean and flat, with a surface finish of
64 microinches or less. If oil or grease is used as a gasketing material, it should be
clean, freshly applied to both surfaces just before the test, and completely removed
immediately afterwards.
3. The signal used to excite the motion of the transducers should be as nearly sinusoidal
as possible. The wave shape of the output signal of both transducers should be
observed frequently throughout the test and no perceptible distortion should be allowed.
Preferably, a distortion meter should be used, and the distortion kept below 3%.

16 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
 4. Screw-attached transducers should be mounted with the torque recommended by the
manufacturer, using a good grade torque wrench. A preliminary observation of the
wave shape and amplitude on an oscilloscope should be made when the transducer is
mounted with a torque about 10% less than recommended. Then the recommended
torque should be applied. A calibration is not valid if a small increase in mounting torque
changes the wave shape or amplitude of the output appreciably. Torque larger than
recommended should never be used unless it is certain that no damage will result. The
torque used should be reported with the results of the test.
5. The plate, on opposite sides of which the transducers are mounted, should be thick
enough so that no appreciable flexure occurs and thin enough so that both pickups
have the same motion.
6. The motion applied to the two transducers should be far enough above the noise level
so that the system noise represents a minor error in the calibration. A signal-to-noise
ratio of 40 db is desirable. Increasing the motion beyond this level is not desirable on
most vibration test equipment because it increases the chance of distortion and
non-axial motion. The acceleration level should be reported with the results of the test.

5.2.2 Frequency Response

Frequency response is determined by using the method described for reference sensitivity
(5.2.1) at a number of frequencies over the range of interest. The frequency response of the
standard in this range must be known.
For acceptance testing, ten frequencies should be chosen at which the output ratios are
measured. If equally spaced on a logarithmic frequency scale, these frequency points should
adequately determine the frequency response curve.

NOTES

1. The plate on which the two transducers are mounted should be made of a high-modulus
material such as a machinable tungsten alloy.
2. If the signal from one transducer is applied to one set of plates of an oscilloscope, and
the signal from the other transducer is applied to the other set of plates, rotation of the
resulting Lissajous figure as the driving frequency is increased from very low to high
frequencies indicates the onset of difference in the motion of the transducers. Distortion
of the figure indicates bad motion or other cause for investigation. The test should be
repeated with the transducer positions interchanged. A calibration is not valid if
interchanging positions changes results by more than 3% (5% above 5,000 cps).

5.2.3 Transverse sensitivity

Mount the transducer in a suitable test arrangement such that the known vibratory motion in a
plane perpendicular to the sensing axis is at least 100 times the motion in the direction of the
sensing axis. The frequency and amplitude of the motion should be stated and should be within
the rated frequency and amplitude ranges of the transducer. Rotate the mounted transducer
about the sensing axis through 360 degrees to determine the transverse direction of maximum
sensitivity.
Express the output at this maximum sensitivity as a percentage of the output which would be
obtained if the known motion were applied in the direction of the sensing axis.

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 17
5.3 Tests and measurements
5.3.1 Transducer seal immersion test
Use water at room temperature in a transparent container such as a Pyrex® beaker. Heat the
water to approximately 200°F. Remove detachable cables and connectors from the transducer.
Immerse the transducer beneath the surface of the heated water. Any stream of air bubbles
released from the transducer indicates leakage and constitutes failure. Dry the transducer
without application of heat and measure the insulation resistance of the element. The minimum
insulation resistance shall be met.

5.3.2 Coaxial cable

5.3.2.1 Length and capacitance

Measure the length of cable between the end faces of the connectors. It is acceptable, if within
±1/4 inch or ±2 percent of specified length, whichever is larger. For detachable cables, measure
the capacitance with a capacitance bridge at 1000 cps and record.

5.3.2.2 Test for cable noise

The output noise of a standard length of cable (usually 3 or 4 feet) should be specified as "less
than ____mv (peak to peak)" when tested with instrumentation shown in this paragraph. (This
test is adapted from the Perls reference, see Annex A, but is somewhat more severe).
The instrumentation shall include a standard shielded capacitor (1000 pfd) connected across the
cable; a weight equal to the weight of 40 feet of the test cable, in two half-cylindrical shapes that
are clamped or taped to the outer jacket of the cable; a preamplifier or cathode follower with at
least 10 megohms input impedance; and an oscilloscope or recorder with a capability of
providing a full scale deflection from a 1 mv signal generated by the cable.

Connect the cable electrically as shown in the schematic. Clamp the cable between pieces of
wood to the two anchor points, allowing a 3-inch sag in the center of the cable. Clamp weight (B)
to cable at center of anchored span. Raise the cable by the weight to maximum height (3 inches
above its neutral position) and drop. Monitor output noise of the cable on the oscilloscope.
Repeat test 3 times. Record the maximum value in mv peak to peak.

18 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
5.3.3 Transducer capacitance
Measure capacitance of transducer with cable attached by means of a capacitance bridge at
1000 cps; measure capacitance of transducer cable at 1000 cps. Subtract cable capacitance
from total capacitance to obtain transducer capacitance. Temperature should be 70°F to 85°F.

5.3.4 Polarity (use either the transient method or the comparison method.)

5.3.4.1 Transient method

Check (with a battery or other DC voltage source) the transducer preamplifier and oscilloscope
readout to determine the direction of scope deflection for a positive voltage input to the
preamplifier.
Connect the transducer to the preamplifier and apply a transient acceleration to the transducer.
The initial voltage output from the transducer should be positive for:
a) Uniaxial transducers with force applied against the base of the transducer
b) Triaxial transducers with force applied in the direction of arrows shown on the transducer
for the axes involved

5.3.4.2 Comparison method

Compare the test accelerometer with a standard accelerometer on an electrodynamic vibration
exciter operating at a frequency below 1000 cps.
Use a phase meter or oscilloscope to indicate the phase angle between the standard and test
accelerometers. Select the preamplifiers used on both the standard and test accelerometers so
that their phase shifts between input and output are the same. The test accelerometer should
have approximately zero phase shift.

NOTE — Back-to-back mounting results in opposite motions being applied to the two
accelerometers at any instant.

5.4 Final functional tests

5.4.1 Temperature sensitivity error at maximum or minimum rated temperature
Determine transducer capacitance at room temperature (Ctrt).
Mount the transducer on a calibration exciter in a temperature chamber. Determine the voltage
output Ert at room temperature at a frequency below 1000 cps with a known external capacitance
Cext. Maintain the vibration amplitude and frequency constant throughout the entire test.
Stabilize the transducer at the rated temperature for 15 minutes. Measure the following:
a) Voltage output Emt at rated temperature with the known external capacitance Cext.
b) Transducer capacitance at rated temperature (Ctmt).
c) Transducer resistance at rated temperature.

CAUTIONS and NOTES

1. The standard which is used to establish the vibration amplitude must be known to be
suitable under all test conditions.
2. Measure capacitances at 1000 cps with a capacitance bridge, without motion applied
to the transducer.

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 19
 3. Measure resistance with a megohmmeter. Test voltage should be 50 vdc unless
otherwise specified.
4. Allowance may have to be made for changes in cable resistance and/or cable
capacitance throughout the transducer temperature range.
5. Monitor the output waveform of the transducer with an oscilloscope to insure that it
appears sinusoidal.
6. Do not leave the transducer in an open circuit condition while the temperature is being
changed; it should be shorted or connected to a preamplifier.
Repeat the room temperature tests as above at the conclusion of the final functional tests.
If applicable, compute the percentage change in transducer voltage sensitivity at rated
temperature compared with room temperature.
If applicable, compute the percentage change in transducer charge sensitivity at rated
temperature compared with room temperature:
( C tmt + C ext ) E mt – ( C trt + C ext ) E rt
100 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( C trt + C ext ) E rt

Low resistance or excessive sensitivity change with temperature may constitute failure.
Nonrepeatability of room temperature output before and after the test may constitute failure.

5.4.2 Reference voltage or charge sensitivity

Repeat 5.2.1

5.4.3 Frequency response

Repeat 5.2.2

5.4.4 Transverse sensitivity

Repeat 5.2.3

6 Qualification tests

Tests which are performed on representative transducers in addition to the Individual Acceptance
Tests.

6.1 Effectiveness of mounting technique

6.1.1 With thread-mounted transducers, determine the sensitivity at a frequency between 40 and
100 cps for various thread torques in the region of the recommended mounting torque. This
determines the care which must be used in installing the transducer. Do not exceed a maximum
torque rating, if such a rating exists.

6.1.2 With electrically insulated mounting studs, apply the rated maximum mounting torque to the
stud several times; reject if there is visible evidence of mechanical damage. Use the tested
mounting stud if possible when conducting the final frequency response test. (See 5.4.3).

20 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
6.2 Temperature range
6.2.1 Resistance and Capacitance at Maximum Rated Temperature (delete if rated higher than
350°F as measured in 5.4.1).
Insert transducer with cable attached into an oven with the temperature sensing thermocouple in
contact with or adjacent to the base of the transducer. Short the open end of the cable. Increase
oven temperature and stabilize at the maximum rated temperature for 15 minutes. Remove short
and measure the resistance of the transducer-cable combination using a 50 volt megohmmeter.
Measure the capacitance at 1000 cps with a capacitance bridge. Again short the open end of the
cable and return to room temperature. If the resistance is not acceptable, re-run the test with the
cable alone to determine whether the cause of low resistance is within the transducer or the
cable assembly.
In the same way measure the insulation resistance from both sides of the element to ground for
ungrounded transducers.

NOTE — All connectors should be wiped with clean alcohol and a dry cloth before the test.

6.2.2 Soak Test

Soak the transducer and associated cable for one hour each at the minimum and maximum rated
temperatures (the transducer should be shorted during the test). Measure the reference
sensitivity before and after the test, in accordance with 5.2.1. Reject if the apparent change in
reference sensitivity exceeds an allowable limit.

6.3 Mounted resonant frequency

The frequency response of a piezoelectric accelerometer depends on the value of the (lowest)
resonant frequency of the instrument when mounted on the structure to be tested. It is shown in
the Schloss and the Lederer references (see Annex A) that this frequency is not only a function of
the mass of the structure, but also of the compliance at the contact between structure and
accelerometer. It does not appear possible to specify a test which will determine this frequency
for all installations of a given transducer. It is therefore suggested that a test be specified which
will give an indication of transducer resonant frequency under a set of standard, reproducible
conditions, with the understanding that the resonant frequency in actual use will in all probability
be appreciably different (generally lower, by a factor depending on the mass and compliance of
the test structure).
The resonant frequency is to be determined with the transducer mounted on a small plate or anvil
made of a high modulus material such as a machinable tungsten alloy. (Normally acceptable
dimensions for damped natural frequencies below 50,000 cps approximate a one-inch cube. In
general, the mass of the plate or anvil should be approximately ten times the active mass of the
transducers.) Determine the resonant frequency by the Sinusoidal Method or the damped natural
frequency by the Shock Method. State method used. [Impedance methods are applicable only to
certain accelerometer designs, and it is shown in the Lederer and Clements references (see
Annex A) that they do not reliably establish the lowest mounted resonant frequency]. Use the
Sinusoidal Method, if it is known that the resonant frequency of the vibration exciter is above that
of the accelerometer; otherwise use the Shock Method. It may not be practical to obtain good
results from the Shock Method when the accelerometer has additional resonances near its
resonant frequency. (See ISA-S37.1 for definitions. In practice, for transducers with low
damping, the resonant, damped natural, and undamped natural frequencies are essentially the
same.)

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 21
6.3.1 Sinusoidal method
Measure the accelerometer output using the comparison method throughout the frequency range
including and above the resonant frequency of the accelerometer. The resonant frequency is the
frequency of maximum sensitivity. The phase angle relative to the standard accelerometer
changes by almost 180 degrees in the range of frequencies near the resonant frequency of the
accelerometer.
The standard accelerometer should be built into the exciter. The resonant frequency of the
exciter is determined by measuring the transfer impedance between the driver coil current and
the standard accelerometer output. Use a dummy mass load to simulate a transducer during the
transfer impedance test. Use the exciter only throughout the range up to 95 percent of its
resonant frequency.

NOTE — The low-frequency rigid-body rise in amplitude and change in phase may be
ignored.

The resonant frequency of the exciter may also be determined with an accelerometer whose
damped natural frequency has been determined by the Shock Method and found to be above the
exciter resonant frequency.

6.3.2 Shock method

The damped natural frequency should be determined by mechanical excitation by a short
transient impact whose pulse duration is about three times the natural period of the
accelerometer. The damped natural frequency is established by the frequency of the ringing
which occurs on the transducer output; the ringing should be presented on a photograph of an
oscilloscope trace or on a memory oscilloscope.

6.4 Frequency response, maximum range (see 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.)

Special care and/or special techniques may be required in the frequency range of 1 to 20 cps and
at frequencies exceeding 2000 cps.
6.5 Amplitude linearity
The Vibration Linearity or Shock Linearity methods may be used. It is necessary to use the
Shock Linearity Method, if the acceleration range exceeds the attainable acceleration on
resonant beams or rods. Calibration efforts in linearity tests often exceed 2%. In these cases, it
should be stated that the test indicated no deviations from linearity greater than the calibration
errors.
6.5.1 Vibration linearity
Amplitude linearity is performed using the comparison method with a standard accelerometer.
Transversely resonant beams may be used at frequencies up to 1000 cps and longitudinally
resonant rods up to 10,000 cps to obtain the desired acceleration. The beams and rods are
attached rigidly to the exciter and tuned to their fundamental free-free resonant transverse and
longitudinal modes, respectively. When using the resonant rod, care is taken to mount both the
standard and test accelerometers in close proximity on the same end and at a location far from
the node point. The ratio of the two outputs is measured throughout the range of applied
accelerations as determined from the standard accelerometer.
The standard accelerometer must be calibrated over the applied acceleration range by the Shock
Linearity method, 6.5.2, or by the Reference Voltage or Charge Sensitivity method, 5.2.1, or by
one of the absolute calibration methods listed in ANSI-S2.2-1959.

22 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
6.5.2 Shock linearity
Use a ballistic impact or comparison technique similar to that outlined in ANSI-S2.2-1959,
Sections 4.6 and 5, respectively. Measure and record the basic sensitivity before and after the
shock linearity tests.
6.6 Strain sensitivity
The technique used to measure strain sensitivity of an accelerometer meets the requirement of
ANSI- Z24.21-1957 reference, paragraph 3.1.3.7. The accelerometer is mounted on a simple
cantilever beam. The radius of curvature at the point where the accelerometer is mounted is
1000 inches when the measurements are taken.
A steel beam is held as a cantilever in a vice bolted to a concrete floor. The beam is 3.0" wide by
0.5" thick and 60" long. (The free length is approximately 57 inches.) The natural frequency is
very close to 5 cps. Four strain gages are bonded to the beam adjacent to the accelerometer
mounting hole (two each, top and bottom, about 1.5" from the edge of the clamp.) A two-channel
recorder is used to record the output of both the strain gage bridge and the accelerometer under
test.
The system is excited by manually deflecting the free end of the beam and allowing it to vibrate
freely. The output of the accelerometer is taken from the oscillograph record at a point where the
strain in the surface of the beam is 250 x 10–6 inch per inch. (This is equivalent to a radius of
curvature of 1000 inches.) The strain sensitivity, in g's, for a strain of 10–6 inch per inch is found
by dividing the above accelerometer output by 250 times the accelerometer sensitivity in millivolts
per g.

6.7 Temperature sensitivity error

To determine the temperature response at each temperature of interest, follow procedures given
in 5.4.1 but do not repeat room temperature test.
6.8 Transient temperature error
Mount the transducer on a one-inch cube of aluminum. Adjust the external capacitance to be
approximately equal to the capacitance of the specified cable (or use the actual cable). Connect
the transducer to a DC amplifier whose input resistance is approximately 108 ohms. Immerse the
transducer in water whose temperature is approximately 50°F above room temperature.
Measure and record the maximum quasi-DC voltage which is generated by the transducer and
the time from the start of the transient at which this maximum voltage is reached. If the voltage
reverses within the first two seconds and reaches a peak in the opposite polarity, record the
amplitude and the time of the peak also. Convert these voltages to equivalent g's based upon the
transducer reference voltage sensitivity with the specified cable.
6.9 Acoustic sensitivity
Place the acceleration transducer in a reverberant acoustical test chamber. The transducer shall
be mounted or suspended with a system whose undamped natural frequency is 25 cps or less.
Subject the transducer to a specified sound pressure level spectrum covering the frequency
range from 75 cps to 9600 cps. Either a swept sinusoid or a random acoustic input may be
employed. Measure the rms electrical output of the acceleration transducer (using a suitable
preamplifier) and convert to equivalent rms g's based upon the reference sensitivity of the
transducer and corrected for external capacitance, preamplifier gain, etc. Report the maximum
transducer output in equivalent rms g's; the frequency of this maximum output, if evident; and the
specified sound pressure level spectrum.

NOTE — The acoustic sensitivity of piezoelectric accelerometers is negligible in almost all

applications except possibly where vibration is to be measured on vibration-isolated
components which are subjected to high-intensity airborne noise. Even in these cases,

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 23
 the sound pressure reaching the transducer generally causes vibratory accelerations of
the structure to which the accelerometer is attached of sufficient magnitude to make
negligible any output due to pressure changes alone. Tests for acoustic sensitivity, including
the one suggested here, tend to be conservative in that they yield an electrical output which
is too large because it includes signals due to rigid-body motions of the accelerometer.

6.10 Electromagnetic response

Mount the transducer on a 10 to 15 lb. plate of nonmagnetic material such as lead. Place the
mounted transducer in a known 60 or 400 cps magnetic field so that the sensitive axis of the
transducer points toward the source of electromagnetic energy and the plate is away from the
source. Rotate the transducer and plate about the sensitive axis of the transducer recording the
maximum transducer electrical output. Record as equivalent g per gauss based on reference
sensitivity corresponding to the external capacity used in the electromagnetic test. Specify test
frequency or frequencies.

NOTE — Induced mechanical vibrations and electrical ground loops must be eliminated
from the test set up.

6.11 Transducer seal immersion test (Use on all moisture sealed or hermetically sealed
transducers).
De-aerate several inches of water at 70°F in a closed transparent container by reducing the
absolute pressure to about 2 psi. Return the pressure to normal and immediately immerse the
transducer beneath the surface. Reduce the absolute pressure to about 2 psi. Air leakage from
the transducer constitutes failure. Let the pressure return to normal atmospheric with the
transducer still submerged. Dry the transducer without the application of heat and measure the
insulation resistance of the element. The minimum insulation resistance shall be met.

6.12 Other environmental effects

Special tests, as dictated by the user's needs, may include, but are not limited to:
• Altitude
• Explosion
• Fungus
• Humidity
• Nuclear Radiation
• Radio Interference
• Salt Fog
• Sand and Dust

6.13 Sensitivity stability

Measure the Reference Sensitivity of three transducers as in 5.2.1. Then perform the following:
a) Soak each transducer at maximum rated temperature for one hour. Return to room
temperature by allowing to cool for 24 hours. Measure and record new reference
sensitivity for each.
b) Impact each transducer three times in succession at maximum rated acceleration.
Measure and record the new reference sensitivity of each 24 hours later.

24 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
 c) Soak each transducer at minimum rated temperature for one hour. Return to room
temperature by allowing to warm for 24 hours. Measure and record new reference
sensitivity for each.
For each transducer, note the maximum percentage change from the original reference sensitivity
anywhere during the above tests, and calculate the arithmetical average of these for the three
transducers. This is a measure of the average Sensitivity Stability of the transducer.

NOTE — The manufacturer may have data on stability sensitivity of any transducer design
based on long term measurements. These measurements are compiled over years' time by
periodic (monthly) reference sensitivity measurements on transducers not otherwise in use.

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 25
Model No. Part No.

Manufacturer Serial No.

INDIVIDUAL ACCEPTANCE TESTS &
CALIBRATIONS FOR PIEZOELECTRIC Transducer Element
ACCELERATION TRANSDUCERS
Case Material

1. VISUAL (5.1): Dimensions T Weight T Finish T Markings T Cable T Receptacle T

2. ELECTRICAL: Transducer Capacitance (5.3.3)______pf; Cable Capacitance (5.3.2)______pf
Cable Length (5.3.2)______ft.; Cable Noise (5.3.2) less than _______mv
3. TRANSDUCER SEAL (5.3.1):
4. POLARITY (5.3.5):
5. MAXIMUM TRANSVERSE SENSITIVITY (5.2.3):______%
6. REFERENCE CHARGE OR VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY (5.2.1): ______ at ______ cps at ______ °F
Frequency Response (5.2.2)__________% max Temperature Sensitivity Error (5.4.1) at __________ cps, ________ g.

Reference
Frequency Amplitude Output T1 T2 T3 T4
Sensitivity Temp.
cps g’s mv or pc* °F °F °F °F
°F

Resistance meg
ohm

Transducer
Capacitance pf

Cable
Capacitance pf

System
Capacitance pf

Output mv

% Change

BY______________________DATE_________________APPROVED_____________________
NOTE—Numbers in parentheses refer to sections in ISA-RP37.2.
APPROVED___________________________________________________________________
STAMP

*pc stands for pico-coloumbs

26 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
 Model No. Part No.

Manufacturer QUALIFICATION TESTS FOR Serial No.

PIEZOELECTRIC ACCELERATION
TRANSDUCERS Transducer Element

Case Material

REFERENCE SENSITIVITY ___________ at __________ cps at __________°F.

Transducer capacitance __________ pf; Cable capacitance __________ pf

6.1 Mounting technique

Preamplifier Model _________ Gain _________ Cable capacitance ________ pf

Transducer:
Torque Sensitivity at ____ cps
Maximum
Rated
75% Rated
50% Rated
Stud: Maximum Torque Rating ________________ Evidence of Damage _____________

6.2 Temperature range

Resistance at top rated temperature of ____ °F across element ____meg Ω; to
ground ____ meg Ω.
Capacitance at top rated temperature across element _____ pf.

Transducer: Reference Sensitivity at _______cps.

Reference Sensitivity after maximum temperature of _____°F: ______
Reference Sensitivity after minimum temperature of _____°F: ______

Stud: Evidence of damage due to maximum and minimum temperature ______

Cable: Evidence of damage due to maximum and minimum temperature ______

6.3 Mounted resonant frequency

__________ Kc Measured by _____________ Method with/without mounting stud

6.4 Frequency response

See Individual Acceptance Test (5.2.2)

NOTE — Bold numbers and numbers in parentheses refer to sections in ISA-RP37.2.

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 27
6.5 Amplitude linearity
Preamplifier Model ________________ Gain _________________
Cable Capacitance __________________ pf

VIBRATION SHOCK
Amplitude Signal Sensitivity Deviation from Amplitude Signal Sensitivity Deviation from
Ref. Sens. Ref. Sens.

6.6 Strain sensitivity

____g x 10-6 for a strain in the plane of the base.

6.7 Temperature sensitivity error

See Individual Acceptance Test (5.4.1)

6.8 Transient temperature error

DC Amplifier Model #______ Input Resistance _______ ohms
Ambient Temperature of Aluminum Block _____°F; Water Temperature ____°F
Cable capacitance ______ pf; Amplifier Gain ________
Maximum DC voltage generated: __________ volts and __________g/°F

6.9 Acoustic sensitivity

Preamplifier Model # ________ Gain ________ Cable Capacitance________ pf

Frequency Band SPL mv (rms) Equivalent g

28 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
 6.10 Electromagnetic response
Preamplifier Model ________ Gain ________ Cable Capacitance __________ pf
Mounting Material _________ Weight __________
Magnetic field level __________gauss at _________ cps
Transducer output __________ mv _____________ g/gauss
6.11 Transducer seal
Water Temperature ________ °F
Pressure ________ psia
Air Leakage?
Insulation Resistance across Element _______ meg Ω; to ground _______ meg Ω
6.12 Other environmental effects
Give details of tests and results of measurements.

6.13 Sensitivity stability

Stability Tests:
a) Soak Temperature: _____°F; Time: _____ hr; Cooling time: _____hrs.
b) Impact Acceleration: _____ g applied _____ times.
c) Soak Temperature: _____°F; time: _____ hr; warming time: _____ hrs.
Reference Sensitivity measured at ______ cps, ______ °F.

REFERENCE SENSITIVITY IN MV/G

Serial No. Before Tests After (1) 24 hrs. after (2) After (3)

Serial No. Before Tests After (1) 24 hrs. after (2) After (3)

TRANSDUCER
CAPACITANCE (pf)

CABLE
CAPACITANCE (pf)

BY______________________DATE_________________APPROVED______________________
NOTE—Test numbers and numbers in parentheses refer to procedures in ISA-RP37.2.
APPROVED_____________________________________________________________________
STAMP

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 29
Annex A — References

ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (ASA)

Jones, E., Edelman, S., Sizemore, K. O., "Calibration of Vibration Pickups at Large
Amplitudes, " Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 33, p. 1462, November
1961.

Nisbet, J. S., Brennan, J. N., and Tarpley, H. I., "High Frequency Strain Gage and
Accelerometer Calibration," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32, p. 71,
Jan. 1960.

Schloss, Fred, "Inherent Limitations of Accelerometers for High-Frequency

Vibration Measurements," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 33, p. 531,
April 1961.

Schmidt, V. A., Edelman, S., Smith, E. R., and Pierce, E. T., "Modulated
Photoelectric Measurement of Vibration," Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America, 34, p. 355, April 1962.

Available from: ASA

120 Wall Street, 32nd Floor
New York, NY 10005-3993 Tel. (212) 248-0373

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)

S2.2-1959 American Standard Methods for the Calibration of Shock and

Vibration Pickups

S2.4-1960 Auxiliary Equipment for Shock and Vibration Measurements,

Method for Specifying the Charateristics of

Z24.21-1957 Specifying the Characteristics of Pickups for Shock and Vibration

Measurement, Method for,

Available from: ANSI

11 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036 Tel. (212) 642-4900

ISA

ISA-RP31.1-1977 Terminology and Specifications for Turbine-Type Flow

Transducers

ISA-S37.1-1982 Nomenclature and Specification Terminology for Aero-

Space Test Transducers

Conrad, R. W., and Vigness, Irwin, "Calibration of Accelerometers by Impact

Techniques," Proceedings of ISA, Vol. 8, 1953.

Kissinger, C. W., "Determination of Sinusoidal Acceleration at Peak Levels Near

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 31
 That of Gravity by the 'Chatter' Method," Proceedings of ISA, Vol. 9, Part V, 1954,
(Paper 50-40-1).

Perls, T. A., and Kissinger, C. W., "High-g Accelerometer Calibrations by Impact

Methods with Ballistic Pendulum, Air Gun, and Inclined Trough", Proceedings of
ISA, Vol. 9, Part V, 1954, 6 pp. (Paper 54-40-2).
Unholtz, Karl, "The Calibration of Vibration Pickups to 2,000 cps," Proceedings of
ISA, Vol. 7, 1952, (Paper 52-26-3).

Available from: ISA

67 Alexander Drive
PO Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, NC 27707 Tel. (919) 990-9200

MISCELLANEOUS

Bouche, R. R., "The Absolute Calibration of Pickups on a Drop-Ball Shock Machine

of the Ballistic Type," Proceedings of the Institute of Environmental Sciences,
p. 115, April 1961.

Clements, E. W., and Stone, M. G., "Techniques for the Rapid Estimation of
Accelerometer Natural Frequencies," Report No. 5681, U. S. Naval Research
Laboratory, October 1961.
Den Hartog, J. P., Mechanical Vibrations , New York, Mc Graw-Hill, 1947, Chapter
II, Section 9.10

Harris, Cyril M. and Crede, Charles E., Shock and Vibration Handbook, 1961,
3 volumes

Harrison, M., Sykes, A. O., and Marcotte, P. G., The Reciprocity Calibration of
Piezoelectric Accelerometers, Washington, D. C., David Taylor Model Basin,
March 1952, (Report R-811).

Jansen, J. H., "Calibration of Small Vibration Pickups," Acustica, Vol. 8, p. 179,

1958.

Lane, Kerwin, "Equipment and Techniques used in Calibrating Vibration Measuring

Transducers to 10,000 cps," Proceedings of the Institute of Environmental
Sciences, p. 109, April 1961.
Massa, F., "Vibration Measurements for the Frequency Range 10 Cycles to 20
Kilocycles," Instruments, November 1948.

Orlacchio, A. W., "Measurements of Shock and Vibrations Under Extreme

Environmental Conditions," Electrical Manufacturing, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 78-81,
January 1957.

Perls, T. A., "A Simple Objective Test for Cable Noise Due to Shock, Vibration or
Transient Pressures," PB 121583, Office of Technical Services, U. S. Government
Printing Office, 1955.

Perls, T. A., Kissinger, C. W., Paquette, D. R., "Steady-State Calibration of

Vibration Transducers at Accelerations up to ±4000g," Bulletin of American
Physical Society, Vol. 30, No. 3, p. 35, Program of 1955 Washington Meeting;
(Paper KA 13).

32 ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)
 Roberts, H. C., Mechanical Measurements by Electrical Methods, Pittsburgh,
Instruments Publishing, p. 357,1946.

Shchedrovitskic, S. S., "Methods and Equipment for Calibration and Checking of

Accelerometers," Measurement Techniques, Vol. 6, p. 720,1958. (Translated from
Russian.)

Tukker, J. C., "Report on Calibration and Use of Some Piezoelectric

Accelerometers," Report No. 59061, Technisch Physische Dieust T.N.O., Ent. H.
Delft, Holland, Dec. 1959.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST)

Lederer, P. S., "Resonant Frequencies of Piezoelectric Accelerometers and the

Evaluation of an Electrical Technique for their Determination," Report 7566,
National Bureau of Standards, 1962, (also to be published in abstract in Technical
News Bulletin of National Bureau of Standards)
Levy, S., and Bouche, R. R., "Calibration of Vibration Pickups by the Reciprocity
Method," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 57, No. 4,
pp. 227-243, October 1956 (Research Paper 2714).

Levy, S., and Kroll, W. D., "Response of Accelerometers to Transient

Accelerations," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 45,
No. 4, pp. 303-309, October 1950, (Research Paper 2138).

Available from: NIST

Room A163 Bldg 411
Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Tel. (301) 975-2000

ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995) 33
Developing and promulgating technically sound consensus standards,
recommended practices, and technical reports is one of ISA's primary
goals. To achieve this goal the Standards and Practices Department
relies on the technical expertise and efforts of volunteer committee
members, chairmen, and reviewers.
ISA is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited
organization. ISA administers United States Technical Advisory
Groups (USTAGs) and provides secretariat support for International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) committees that develop process measurement
and control standards. To obtain additional information on the
Society's standards program, please write:

ISA
Attn: Standards Department
67 Alexander Drive
P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

ISBN: 0-87664-377-2