CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

THE EFFECT OF LONG TERM SLEEP DEPRIVATION TO THE COGNITIVE

A Research Submitted to the Faculty

of the Central Luzon College of Science and Technology

Olongapo City, Inc.

In a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Practical Research 2

Peregrino, Jan Ronald

Combenido, Sofia Marie

Sabio, Kate Ritchel

Sanchez, Nicole Andrea

Surail, Caryl Joy

Tan, Jhie Andrea

OCTOBER 2022

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

LOCAL STUDIES

It was seen that the most common reason of students in sleep deprivation is by using

gadgets at night. By this factor almost half of students say that they feel tired throughout the

school day. The researchers recommend to future researchers to identify the factors that the

respondents experience in sleep deprivation, Give specific respondents to have better results

of data, focus on the negative effect of sleep deprivation to the academic performance of

students, and also use suitable instruments conducting data the interview and survey

questionnaire. (Afable, Fermin, Gordola, & Sandoy, 2020) The above study had come to

findings that the most common reason for sleep deprivation is using gadgets. This study will

further study the other possible causes and evaluate the effects of it to the cognitive skills of

the teenagers. This will help teenagers to know the reasons why they should avoid this

causes due to the presented deleterious effects of long-term sleep deprivation.

The study intends to distinguish factors that assist the development of sleep

deprivation of the students, and will attempt to determine connections regarding sleep

deprivation. Further, the statistical test Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient was used to

measure the strength of the relationship between sleep deprivation and the student’s

academic performance. Results revealed that the students’ general weighted average (GWA)

is not affected by the number of sleeping hours. Hence, there is a negligible correlation

between sleep and cognitive performance.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Nonetheless, there are other factors considered to influence cognitive function, thereby

consequently affecting one’s academic performance. These factors may include

distractions, study habits, memory retention level, attention span, level of concentration,

and stress. (Arzadon, et al., 2021) Unlike the aforementioned studies, this study above

states that sleeping hours doesn’t affect the GWA of the Medical Technology students.

GWA of a student is connected to his/her cognitive skills. However a cognitive skill

doesn’t only revolve in GWAs or GPAs of students this includes other brain-based skills of

a student. This study will not only focus to the academic performance of teenagers but will

also examine and observe the respondents’ way of reacting to things, how fast they react,

and their reasoning as part of their cognitive skills.

The top three outcomes of sleep deprivation are exhaustion, fatigue, and pessimism and

succeeded by health risks, as well as a decline in thinking. Thus, to minimize having debt

in sleep is to have time management, establish a comfortable sleeping environment, and

less time on social media. The study concludes that there is no correlation between sleep

and academic performance. (Sygaco, 2021) The outcome of sleep deprivation as stated in

this study includes exhaustion, fatigue and pessimism together with health risks and

decline in thinking. This obtained findings shows that the cognitive skills are affected by

sleep deprivation. However the effect depends on how severe the sleep deprivation is. In

long-term sleep deprivation, it is expected that cognitive skills will be severely affected.

It also focused on the sleep deprivation among nurses along with medication errors,

documentation, and attitude towards handling patient care, relationship with colleagues,

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

unable to identify patients correctly, equipment-related injuries, and health-related harms.

The modern 24-hour shifts progressively involve nursing staff working more than 40 hours

a week, and few nurses sleep less than six hours before their change. Sleep deprivation

impedes the performance that requires intensive and prolonged attention, which increases

the number of errors in patient care, and nurses were subject to increased risk of health and

safety concerns during work. Few sleep-deprived members of the nursing staff were at risk

of obesity, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disease, and risk factors for

breast cancer and a significantly higher risk for colorectal carcinoma. Furthermore,

measures and strategies are recommended to prevent the long-term effects of sleep

deprivation. (Sison, 2022) Medication errors, documentation, and attitude towards handling

patient care are one of the effects of sleep deprivation seen among nurses. It is seen that

their cognitive health is affected by sleep deprivation. If professionals like nurses are

experiencing the harmful effects of sleep deprivation, teenagers, who are younger, will also

suffer through various effects.

This study determined the effects of sleep deprivation on the academic performance

of 2nd-year education students of the University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines. The results showed that as the number of hours of sleep increased, students’

academic performance in Eng111 and Educ 90 get better. Furthermore, a significant

difference in both subjects and grades was found. With all the variables taken in this study,

it can be inferred that without proper sleep, the brain's function such as the ability to

concentrate, store data, and other cognitive activities will be hampered and/or paralyzed.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

(Embang, 2021) As stated above, the cognitive skills of the college students are affected by

lack of sleep. In contrary, their grades in various subjects have seen to increase when they

get enough hours of sleep. This study will evaluate the effects of long-term lack of sleep to

cognitive skills of teenagers.

FOREIGN STUDIES

Sleep deprivation is common among university students, and has been associated

with poor academic performance and physical dysfunction. Reaction time and vascular

response to exercise were significantly affected by sleep deprivation in university students,

whilst other cognitive and cardiopulmonary measures showed no significant changes.

These findings indicate that acute sleep deprivation can have an impact on physical but not

cognitive ability in young healthy university students. Further research is needed to

identify mechanisms of change and the impact of longer term sleep deprivation in this

population. (Yusuf, et al., 2017) The above mentioned study states that acute sleep

deprivation has little to no impact to the cognitive skills of the university students. In

contrary, this study will focus on the teenagers who are sleep deprived in a long time. This

is to find out and evaluate the effects that long-term sleep deprivation has on the cognitive

skills of teens. This study also will focus to the cognitive skills only.

With a high significance the number of hours of sleep that a college student

receives does have effect on their GPA. It was found that the more sleep that the student

receives, the higher their GPA will be. There was also a high significance showing that

graduate students reported a higher average GPA than did undergraduate students.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

However, the average amount of sleep received per night was the same between both sets of

students and the researcher found no significance with the interaction of class level and

sleep on GPA. (Hampton, 2005) In contrast to the findings above, this research study will to

find out the significant effect of long-term sleep deprivation to the cognitive skills of

teenagers.. If the above findings state that students with higher hours of sleep have higher

GPA than those with lower hours of sleep, this study, in contrast, will evaluate the effects

that long-term sleep deprivation has on teenagers.

Sleep deprivation led to increased variability on objective performance measures.

There were between-subjects differences in response to sleep loss that were task-specific,

suggesting that adolescents may not only vary in terms of the degree to which they are

affected by sleep loss but also the domains in which they are affected. These findings

suggest that one night of total sleep deprivation has significant deleterious effects upon

neurobehavioral performance and subjective sleepiness. These factors impair daytime

functioning in adolescents, leaving them at greater risk of poor academic and social

functioning and accidents and injuries. (Louca & Short, 2014) The findings above state that

one night of sleep deprivation can already cause harmful and dangerous effects upon

neurobehavioral performance and subjective sleepiness to adolescents. This is upon one

night sleep deprivation only. So, the researchers assume that if teenagers will suffer through

long-term sleep deprivation, the effects could even be more harmful to them specifically to

their cognitive skills.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
This study assessed the effects of modest sleep restriction and extension on

children's neurobehavioral functioning (NBF). The sleep of 77 children (age: M=10.6

years; range=9.1–12.2 years) was monitored for 5 nights with activity monitors. These

children (39 boys and 38 girls) were all attending regular 4th- and 6th-grade classes. Their

NBF was assessed using computerized tests on the 2nd day of their normal sleep schedule.

On the 3rd evening, the children were asked to extend or restrict their sleep by an hour on

the following 3 nights. Their NBF was reassessed on the 6th day following the experimental

sleep manipulation. Sleep restriction led to improved sleep quality and to reduced reported

alertness. The sleep manipulation led to significant differential effects on NBF measures.

These effects may have significant developmental and clinical implications. (Sadeh, Gruber,

& Raviv, 2003) Sleep deprivation is crucial to children as well as teens. It is the stage of

one’s lives where one has to undergo a lot of changes in order to be fully grown. This study

will provide concrete reasons as to why teens should avoid sleep deprivation through

evaluating the effects of it to the cognitive health of teenagers.

More than half of student pharmacists obtained less than 7 hours of sleep at night

during a typical school week (54.7%) and a large majority on the night prior to an

examination (81.7%). Almost half (47.8%) felt daytime sleepiness almost every day. Longer

sleep duration the night prior to an examination was associated with higher course grades

and semester grade point averages (GPAs). A majority of student pharmacists had

suboptimal durations of sleep, defined as fewer than 7 hours. Adequate sleep the night prior

to an examination was positively associated with student course grades and semester GPAs.

The above study shows that sleep affects students’ academic performance.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
It is stated that students get higher GPAs when they get enough sleep and lower GPAs when

they don’t. Similarly, this study will find out the different effects of long-term sleep

deprivation to students’ cognitive skills. School or academic performance is under cognitive

skills so the researchers will also have to assess the school performance of the students who

are said to be sleep-deprived.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Sleep is an essential function that allows your body and mind to recharge, leaving

you refreshed and alert when you wake up. Healthy sleep also helps the body remain healthy

and stave off diseases. Without enough sleep, the brain cannot function properly. This can

impair your abilities to concentrate, think clearly, and process memories. Most adults

require between seven and nine hours of nightly sleep. Children and teenagers need

substantially more sleep, particularly if they are younger than five years of age. A healthy

diet and positive lifestyle habits can help ensure an adequate amount of sleep each night –

but for some, chronic lack of sleep may be the first sign of a sleep disorder. According to the

2016 Healthy Living Index Survey, Filipinos have one of the highest rates of sleep

deprivation in Asia; 46% of Filipinos do not get enough sleep while 32% said they sleep for

less than six hours. (National Nutrition Council, 2021) Sleep is crucial to the health of our

brain. If we don’t get enough sleep, our brain would have difficulty in performing tasks such

as concentration, reasoning, and other cognitive abilities. This study will examine the

teenagers and observe the effect of sleep deprivation to their cognitive skills.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Students need about eight hours of sleep before an examination for better

performance. Adding a nap in the afternoon will also improve memory. In one study

according to Medical News from the United States, school stress keeps 68 percent of

students awake after their head hits the pillow. Only 30 percent of students sleep eight hours

a night, the average recommended amount of sleep for young adults. Twenty percent of

students pull an all-nighter at least once a month. Many of the students used technology at

night, not studying but messaging their friends using the Internet. Sleep loss affects also

how we utilize food. When people are sleep-deprived, their ability to use the food they have

eaten is reduced by about 30 percent, which also results in decreased insulin production as

well as extraction of energy from glucose, a critical brain food. While this metabolic process

is going on, the body is stressed and increases the production of cortisol, which further

complicates the body chemistry and results in a faster aging process. (Leonidas, 2014) Lack

of sleep is harmful to us. As stated above, students need eight hours of sleep before an

examination for better performance. This proves that enough sleep can improve our

cognitive capacities but lack of sleep will surely have a negative effect on our cognitive

skills.

MANILA, Philippines – A study has found that a majority of Filipino teenagers 15

to 18 years of age spend only four to six hours of sleep at night during the pandemic. The

study also found that 34.5% within the age group sleep at 3 a.m. or past since the COVID-

19 broke out in March last year. Meanwhile, 32.7% sleep at 1 a.m. to 2 a.m. while the rest

turn in from 9 p.m. to 12 a.m. Fifty-five respondents took part in the online survey. The

survey was conducted from February 17 to 25 this year. Asked if they would say their

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
sleeping habits have been healthy during the pandemic, 85.5% said no. Meanwhile, only

14.5% said they maintain a healthy sleeping pattern. (Philstar.com, 2021) The above text

stated that sleep deprivation among teenagers have become severe since the pandemic and

lockdown. Many teens haven’t fixed their sleeping pattern since then. This study will be

conducted as an evaluation of the seen effects in the cognitive health of teenagers. This will

show the respondents and other teens about what could be the possible effects of long-term

sleep deprivation.

(CNN) — American teenagers aren't getting enough sleep these days, and author

Lisa L. Lewis refuses to snooze on the issue anymore. Lewis, a mother of two, helped spark

the first law in the nation requiring healthy school start times for adolescents — a law that

will be put into action in California later this summer. Her new book, "The Sleep-Deprived

Teen: Why Our Teenagers Are So Tired, and How Parents and Schools Can Help Them

Thrive," was released June 7 and details so many things parents and caregivers need to

know about teenagers and sleep. Lisa L. Lewis' book "The Sleep-Deprived Teen" will be

released June 7. Lewis shared why sleep is so important for teenagers, how much sleep

teens should be getting, and why they need to sleep more than adults. She touches on all the

factors that can negatively affect teen sleep: technology, gender, sexual identity and

socioeconomic status, to name a few. CNN recently talked with Lewis to discuss her work,

and to learn more about how parents and caregivers can get their children more sleep. This

conversation has been edited and condensed for clarity. (Villano, 2022) Sleep deprivation

has become a major problem in teenagers of today. Many studies are conducted to show

how dangerous it is.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
This study will contribute to the knowledge about the possible effects of sleep deprivation

among teenagers. The text above will be one of the researcher’s basis and reference to

conducting this study.

Many neglect the importance of sleep when it is one of the most important routines

to prioritize. According to statistics, Filipinos have one of the highest rates of sleep

deprivation in Asia—about 46 percent do not get enough sleep while 32 percent sleep for

less than six hours. Because Filipinos have little knowledge about the impact of sleep

deprivation, it has now become a social issue and a public health epidemic. (SunsStar, 2020)

For most of the teenagers today, sleep deprivation is a trend that the “cool” ones should join.

As stated above, Filipinos have little knowledge about sleep deprivation; it has now become

a health concern and social issue. Due to lacking of knowledge about its impacts, sleep

deprivation has become rampant among Filipino teens. This study will contribute to the

knowledge about the impacts of sleep deprivation to raise more concern.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Lack of sufficient sleep--a rampant problem among teens--appears to put adolescents

at risk for cognitive and emotional difficulties, poor school performance, accidents and

psychopathology, research suggests. (Carpenter, 2001) As stated in the text above, sleep

deprivation impacts the cognitive skills of teenagers together with physical and emotional

aspects. This research study will further the various effects of sleep deprivation towards

teenagers’ cognitive skills.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Adolescents throughout the world do not obtain adequate sleep. A recent

proliferation of experimental and quasi-experimental studies on teens concur in finding that

multiple successive nights of restricted sleep can impair multiple cognitive functions. (Lo &

Chee, 2019) Adolescence is a major stage of development. It is when sufficient amount of

sleep is mostly needed. However due to different reasons, teenagers are lacking of sleep and

it is seen that is affects their overall wellbeing especially in their cognitive skills which are

crucial during this stage of development. This study will evaluate the effects of long-term

lack of sleep to teenagers and their cognitive skills as a reason why they should have to have

sufficient amount of sleep.

Sleep deprivation increases the likelihood teens will suffer myriad negative

consequences, including an inability to concentrate, poor grades, drowsy-driving incidents,

anxiety, depression, thoughts of suicide and even suicide attempts. (Richter, 2015) The text

above also states that sleep deprivation can cause teenagers mental illnesses such as

depression and anxiety. Due to lack of sleep, teenagers are more likely to suffer from these

effects. Effects of sleep deprivation must be known by teenagers so that they could take

precautionary measures to avoid lacking of sleep.

Sleep is an important time for the brain. Levels of brain activity change in each stage

of sleep — including both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep — and

evidence increasingly suggests that sleep enhances most types of cognitive function. Getting

enough hours of high-quality sleep fosters attention and concentration, which are a

prerequisite for most learning.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Sleep also supports numerous other aspects of thinking including memory, problem-solving,

creativity, emotional processing, and judgment. For people with sleep deprivation,

insomnia, sleep apnea, or other conditions that prevent getting adequate rest, short-term

daytime cognitive impairment is common. In addition, multiple studies have linked poor

sleep with longer-term cognitive decline, including the development of dementia and

Alzheimer’s dementia. Thankfully, there is evidence that improving sleep can boost both

short- and long-term cognitive performance. Better sleep can promote sharper thinking and

may reduce the likelihood of age-related cognitive decline. (Suni & Vyas, 2022) Sleep is

crucial for our health, sleep can boost our cognitive abilities but can also impair it if we lack

in sleep. Long-term sleep deprivation is harmful to the health of teenagers especially to their

cognitive abilities. Sleep deprivation can have long-term effects in our cognitive skills.

Thus, solutions should be sought to aid this.

Sleep curtailment in adolescents is a serious problem in many societies, but

insufficient action is being taken to stem this tide. Approximately 75% of adolescents in the

US1 and more than 90% in Korea2 and Japan3 sleep less than the recommended 8–10 h a

night.4 previously, the maturational delay in bedtime combined with early morning school

were the principal reasons for shortened sleep in adolescence. In highly competitive

societies in East Asia where voluntary sleep curtailment is most prevalent, there is

widespread belief that greater effort and more time spent studying, perhaps at the expense of

sleep, is mandatory for acceptable academic performance.7 This viewpoint is sustained by

the higher scores achieved on standardized tests by students from East Asian countries8

who, on average, sleep 1 to 2 h less than their European 9, 10 or Australian10 counterparts.

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 CENTRAL LUZON COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
#01 Upper CBMU, Upper Kalaklan, Olongapo City, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Although three decades of observational and experimental studies on sleep curtailment in

adolescents have provided clear evidence for increased daytime sleepiness, the case for

objective cognitive performance degradation following partial sleep deprivation has been

less compelling,6,11 prompting the current study. (Lo, Ong, Leong, Gooley, & Chee, 2016)

Sleep curtailment affects the cognitive health of teenagers and it is rampant among teens due

to the belief that high grades and academic performance must be obtained in expense of

their sleeping hours. This study will break this belief by evaluating the effects of long-term

sleep deprivation to the cognitive skills of teenagers. It will show that sleep deprivation is

harmful and no grades should be prioritizing over sleep and rest.

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