what is space complexcity expalin in detail

In computer science, space complexity refers to the amount of memory or space required by an
algorithm to solve a problem based on its input size. It is an important aspect of algorithm design
and analysis, along with time complexity, which refers to the amount of time required by an
algorithm to solve a problem.

Space complexity is usually expressed in terms of the amount of memory required by an algorithm,
often measured in bytes or bits. It can be broken down into two components: auxiliary space
complexity and input space complexity.

Auxiliary space complexity: This refers to the amount of memory required by an algorithm for its
internal operations, such as storing intermediate values or data structures. It excludes the space
required for the input itself.

Input space complexity: This refers to the amount of memory required by an algorithm to store the
input itself.

The space complexity of an algorithm can be calculated by analyzing its memory usage and
identifying the data structures used by the algorithm, as well as the size of each data structure.

The space complexity of an algorithm can be represented using Big O notation, just like time
complexity. For example, an algorithm with space complexity O(1) requires a constant amount of
memory, regardless of the input size. An algorithm with space complexity O(n) requires memory
proportional to the input size, and an algorithm with space complexity O(n^2) requires memory
proportional to the square of the input size.

In practice, it is often necessary to balance time complexity and space complexity when designing
algorithms. An algorithm that uses less memory may require more time to complete, while an
algorithm that uses more memory may be faster. As a result, it is important to carefully analyze the
requirements of a problem and choose the most appropriate algorithm based on its time and space
complexity.
explain time complexcity in detail
Time complexity is a measure of how much time an algorithm takes to solve a problem, as a function
of the input size. It is an important aspect of algorithm design and analysis, along with space
complexity, which refers to the amount of memory used by an algorithm.

Time complexity is usually expressed in terms of the number of operations or steps required by an
algorithm to solve a problem, as a function of the input size. It can be broken down into two
components: the best-case time complexity, which represents the minimum number of operations
required by the algorithm to solve a problem; and the worst-case time complexity, which represents
the maximum number of operations required by the algorithm to solve a problem.

The time complexity of an algorithm can be calculated by analyzing the number of basic operations
required to execute the algorithm, such as arithmetic operations, comparisons, and assignments.
The execution time of an algorithm is typically measured in terms of the number of these basic
operations.

The time complexity of an algorithm can be represented using Big O notation, which provides an
upper bound on the growth rate of the number of operations as the input size increases. For
example, an algorithm with time complexity O(1) requires a constant number of operations,
regardless of the input size. An algorithm with time complexity O(n) requires a number of operations
proportional to the input size, and an algorithm with time complexity O(n^2) requires a number of
operations proportional to the square of the input size.

In practice, it is often necessary to balance time complexity and space complexity when designing
algorithms. An algorithm that is faster may use more memory, while an algorithm that uses less
memory may be slower. As a result, it is important to carefully analyze the requirements of a
problem and choose the most appropriate algorithm based on its time and space complexity.

*What is analysis of algorithm? Explain various

notations used while analyzing an algorithm.
(Big O, omega, theta notation)
Algorithm analysis is the process of evaluating the performance of an algorithm in terms of its
running time, memory usage, and other resources consumed. It involves analyzing the behavior of
an algorithm as the input size increases, and determining how the algorithm scales with respect to
the size of the input.

One of the most important aspects of algorithm analysis is determining the time complexity of an
algorithm. Time complexity refers to the amount of time required by an algorithm to solve a
problem, as a function of the input size. Time complexity can be expressed using various notations,
including Big O, omega, and theta notation.

Big O notation: Big O notation provides an upper bound on the growth rate of an algorithm's time
complexity as the input size increases. It is used to describe the worst-case time complexity of an
algorithm, which represents the maximum number of operations required to solve a problem. For
example, an algorithm with time complexity O(n) requires a number of operations proportional to
the input size, and an algorithm with time complexity O(n^2) requires a number of operations
proportional to the square of the input size.

Omega notation: Omega notation provides a lower bound on the growth rate of an algorithm's time
complexity as the input size increases. It is used to describe the best-case time complexity of an
algorithm, which represents the minimum number of operations required to solve a problem. For
example, an algorithm with time complexity omega(1) requires a constant number of operations,
regardless of the input size.

Theta notation: Theta notation provides a tight bound on the growth rate of an algorithm's time
complexity as the input size increases. It is used to describe the average-case time complexity of an
algorithm, which represents the typical number of operations required to solve a problem. For
example, an algorithm with time complexity theta(n) requires a number of operations proportional
to the input size on average.

explain bubble with algorithm and working order

Bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list to be sorted,
compares each pair of adjacent items, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. The algorithm
gets its name from the way smaller elements "bubble" to the top of the list as it iterates through the
data.

Here is the algorithm of Bubble sort:

Here is how Bubble sort works:

The algorithm takes an array A as input and initializes the length of the array to n.
The outer loop iterates through the array from 0 to n-1.
The inner loop iterates through the array from 0 to n-i-1, where i is the current iteration of the outer
loop.
For each pair of adjacent elements, if the element on the left is greater than the element on the
right, then they are swapped.
After the inner loop has completed, the largest element in the array is now at the end of the array.
The outer loop continues until all elements have been sorted in ascending order.
The sorted array is returned as output.

The time complexity of Bubble sort is O(n^2), where n is the length of the array. This means that the
time taken to sort the array increases quadratically as the size of the array increases. Bubble sort is
not recommended for large arrays or data sets because of its poor time complexity. However, it is a
simple and easy-to-understand algorithm, which makes it useful for educational purposes or for
small data sets where performance is not a critical factor.

Explain insertion sort with algorithm

Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time. It is
much less efficient on large lists than more advanced algorithms such as quicksort, heapsort, or
merge sort. However, insertion sort provides several advantages:

Simple implementation
Efficient for small data sets
Adaptive, i.e., efficient for data sets that are already substantially sorted
Here's an example of how Insertion sort works on an array of numbers:

The time complexity of Insertion sort is O(n^2), where n is the length of the array. However, in the
best case scenario where the array is already sorted, the time complexity can be reduced to O(n).
This is because the inner loop will never execute and the algorithm will simply iterate through the
array once. Insertion sort is a good choice for small data sets or when the array is already
substantially sorted. However, it is not recommended for large data sets or when performance is a
critical factor.

Explain radix sort with example

Radix sort is a non-comparative intger sorting algorithm that sorts data with integer keys by
grouping the keys by individual digits that share the same significant position and value. Radix sort
can be used for data with variable length of keys, unlike counting sort and bucket sort, which are
only useful for data with fixed length of keys.

The time complexity of Radix sort is O(d * (n + k)), where n is the number of elements in the array, d
is the maximum number of digits in the largest element in the array, and k is the radix of the
numbers (usually 10 for decimal numbers). Radix sort has linear time complexity for fixed-length
integers, but can be slower than comparison-based sorting algorithms for variable-length integers or
large input sizes. Nonetheless, it is

explain quick sort with algorithm

Quick sort is a divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm that works by selecting a "pivot" element from
the array and partitioning the other elements into two sub-arrays, according to whether they are
less than or greater than the pivot. The sub-arrays are then sorted recursively, and combined with
the pivot element to produce the sorted array. Here is how Quick sort works on an array of
numbers:

The time complexity of Quick sort depends on the choice of pivot element and the partitioning
scheme used. The worst-case time complexity is O(n^2), which occurs when the pivot element is
consistently chosen as the smallest or largest element in the array. However, the average-case time
complexity is O(n log n), and Quick sort is widely used in practice due to its efficiency and simplicity.
The space complexity of Quick sort is O(log n) for the recursive call stack.

Explain merge sort in detail

Merge sort is a popular sorting algorithm that uses the divide-and-conquer technique to sort a list of
elements. It works by dividing the list into two halves, sorting each half recursively, and then
merging the sorted halves to produce a fully sorted list. The basic idea behind the algorithm is that it
is easier to merge two sorted lists than to sort an unsorted list.

Here's how the merge sort algorithm works:

Divide the unsorted list into two halves.

Sort each half recursively using the merge sort algorithm.
Merge the two sorted halves to produce a fully sorted list.
The time complexity of Merge sort is O(n log n) in the worst case, where n is the number of elements
in the array. The space complexity of Merge sort is O(n) due to the need to create temporary arrays
during the merge step. However, Merge sort is efficient in practice and is widely used in applications
that require stable sorting or sorting of large data sets.

explain selection sort in detail

Selection sort is a simple sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly finding the minimum element
from an unsorted portion of the list and swapping it with the first element of the unsorted portion.
The algorithm works in-place, meaning that it does not require any additional memory to perform
the sorting.

Here's how the selection sort algorithm works:

Set the first element of the list as the minimum value.

Scan the remaining elements of the list to find the minimum value.
If the minimum value is found, swap it with the first element of the unsorted portion.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the list is sorted.

The time complexity of the selection sort algorithm is O(n^2), as it involves scanning the list n-1
times and performing n-1 comparisons on each scan. However, the algorithm has the advantage of
being easy to implement and having a space complexity of O(1), making it suitable for sorting small
lists or lists with limited memory resources.

Explain shell sort

Shell sort is an in-place comparison sorting algorithm that improves upon the insertion sort
algorithm. It was invented by Donald Shell in 1959, and it works by first sorting elements that are far
apart from each other, then progressively reducing the gap between the elements to be sorted until
the gap is 1, which is equivalent to an insertion sort.

The algorithm works by dividing the list into smaller sublists of elements that are equally spaced
apart. The sublists are then sorted using an insertion sort, with the gap between the elements
gradually decreasing until the gap is 1.

Here's how the shell sort algorithm works:

Choose a gap sequence of integers, h1, h2, ..., hk, such that hi > hj for i < j and hk = 1.
For each gap size hi, perform an insertion sort on the subarray consisting of every hi-th element of
the list.
The time complexity of the shell sort algorithm depends on the gap sequence used, but it is generally
faster than the insertion sort algorithm for large lists. The worst-case time complexity is O(n^2), but
for some gap sequences, the time complexity can be improved to O(n log n). The space complexity
of the algorithm is O(1), as it operates in-place.

explain linear search in detail

Linear search is a simple search algorithm that searches through an array or list of elements in a
linear fashion to find a target element. It works by iterating through each element in the array one
by one, comparing each element to the target element until a match is found, or the entire array is
searched and the target element is not found.

Here's how the linear search algorithm works:

Start at the first element of the array.

Compare the current element to the target element.
If the current element matches the target element, return the index of the current element.
If the current element does not match the target element, move to the next element and repeat
steps 2 and 3.
If the entire array has been searched and the target element has not been found, return -1 to
indicate that the element is not in the array.

The time complexity of the linear search algorithm is O(n), where n is the number of elements in the
array. This means that the worst-case scenario is when the target element is not in the array and the
algorithm has to search through every element in the array. The space complexity of the algorithm is
O(1), as it does not require any extra storage space beyond the input array.

explain binary search in detail

Binary search is a search algorithm that works by repeatedly dividing a sorted array in half until the
target element is found. It is a fast and efficient algorithm, with a time complexity of O(log n), where
n is the number of elements in the array.

Here's how the binary search algorithm works:

Start with the middle element of the sorted array.

Compare the middle element to the target element.
If the middle element matches the target element, return the index of the middle element.
If the middle element is greater than the target element, repeat steps 1-3 with the left half of the
array.
If the middle element is less than the target element, repeat steps 1-3 with the right half of the
array.
If the entire array has been searched and the target element has not been found, return -1 to
indicate that the element is not in the array.
The time complexity of the binary search algorithm is O(log n), where n is the number of elements in
the array. This is because each iteration of the algorithm reduces the search range by half, which
means that the number of iterations required is proportional to the logarithm of the size of the
array. The space complexity of the algorithm is O(1), as it does not require any extra storage space
beyond the input array.
explain hashing in detail
Hashing is the process of taking an input message or data and passing it through a hash function to
produce a fixed-size output, typically a sequence of bytes or bits. The output of the hash function is
known as a hash code or message digest and is a unique representation of the input message.

Hashing is widely used in various applications such as data storage, digital signatures, password
protection, and network security. One of the key benefits of hashing is that it enables efficient and
secure storage and retrieval of large amounts of data. Instead of storing the entire input message,
which can be time-consuming and expensive, only the hash code is stored. When retrieving the data,
the hash code can be used to quickly identify and retrieve the corresponding message.

The process of hashing involves three main steps:

Preprocessing: The input message is first preprocessed to ensure that it's in a standard format and
ready to be hashed. This may involve adding padding, appending metadata, or converting the input
message to a standardized character encoding.

Hash Function: The preprocessed input message is then passed through a hash function. The hash
function is a mathematical algorithm that takes the input message as its input and produces a fixed-
size output, typically a sequence of bytes or bits.

Output: The output of the hash function is the hash code or message digest. The hash code is a
unique representation of the input message and can be used for various purposes such as data
storage, digital signatures, and password protection.

explain collision in detail

Collision in hashing occurs when two or more keys are mapped to the same hash value. Hashing is a
technique that is commonly used to store and retrieve data quickly from a hash table. The process of
hashing involves applying a hash function to a key to generate an index into the hash table where
the corresponding data is stored. The hash function should produce a unique index for each key, but
this is not always possible due to the limited number of possible hash values and the potentially
large number of keys.

When a collision occurs, the hash function produces the same index for two or more keys, which
means that they will be stored in the same slot in the hash table. Collisions can cause problems in
the hash table because they can slow down the time it takes to retrieve data and can cause data to
be overwritten or lost.

There are several factors that can cause collisions to occur, including:

Poor hash function: If the hash function does not distribute the keys uniformly across the hash
table, it can lead to more collisions. A good hash function should distribute the keys as evenly as
possible across the hash table to minimize collisions.
Large number of keys: The more keys there are in the hash table, the more likely it is that collisions
will occur. This is because the number of possible hash values is limited and there are more keys
than there are hash values.

Small hash table: If the hash table is too small, it can lead to more collisions because there are
fewer slots to store the keys. A larger hash table can reduce the number of collisions by providing
more slots for the keys.

To deal with collisions, various collision resolution techniques are used. These techniques include
open addressing, chaining, cuckoo hashing, and Robin Hood hashing, among others. The choice of
collision resolution technique depends on the specific requirements of the application and the data
being stored.

explain rehashing
Rehashing is a technique used in hashing to avoid or reduce collisions that occur when the load
factor of the hash table becomes too high. The load factor is the ratio of the number of keys stored
in the hash table to the number of slots available in the table. When the load factor exceeds a
certain threshold, collisions become more likely, which can slow down the performance of the hash
table.

Rehashing involves creating a new, larger hash table and then rehashing all of the keys in the old
hash table into the new one. This is done by applying the hash function to each key in the old hash
table and inserting it into the new hash table at the appropriate slot. The size of the new hash table
is usually chosen to be a prime number larger than the old hash table to ensure that the new slots
are more evenly distributed.

Rehashing can be triggered automatically when the load factor of the hash table exceeds a certain
threshold, or it can be done manually by the programmer. When rehashing is done automatically,
the size of the new hash table is usually chosen based on a formula that takes into account the
current load factor and the desired load factor.

Rehashing can be an expensive operation, as it requires copying all of the keys from the old hash
table to the new one. However, it can be a necessary step to maintain the performance of the hash
table and prevent collisions from occurring. Rehashing can also be used to resize the hash table if
the number of keys being stored in the table changes over time.

In summary, rehashing is a technique used in hashing to avoid or reduce collisions by creating a new,
larger hash table and rehashing all of the keys from the old hash table into the new one. Rehashing
can be triggered automatically when the load factor exceeds a certain threshold, and it can be an
important step in maintaining the performance of a hash table.
explain stack with all algorithm push pop peep
A stack is a linear data structure in which elements are inserted and removed from only one end,
called the top. The elements are stored in a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) order, which means that the last
element inserted into the stack will be the first one to be removed.

Push operation: The push operation is used to insert an element into the stack. It involves adding an
element to the top of the stack. The algorithm for the push operation is as follows:

Check if the stack is full.

If the stack is full, return an error.
If the stack is not full, increment the top pointer.
Add the new element to the location pointed by the top pointer.

Pop operation: The pop operation is used to remove an element from the top of the stack. It
involves removing the element from the top of the stack. The algorithm for the pop operation is as
follows:

Check if the stack is empty.

If the stack is empty, return an error.
If the stack is not empty, remove the element pointed to by the top pointer.
Decrement the top pointer.

Peek operation: The peek operation is used to get the value of the element at the top of the stack
without removing it. The algorithm for the peek operation is as follows:

Check if the stack is empty.

If the stack is empty, return an error.
If the stack is not empty, return the element pointed to by the top pointer.

code
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Stack {

private:

int* stack;

int top;

int max_size;
public:

Stack(int size) {

stack = new int[size];

top = -1;

max_size = size;

~Stack() {

delete[] stack;

void push(int value) {

if (top == max_size - 1) {

cout << "Error: Stack full." << endl;

return;

top++;

stack[top] = value;

int pop() {

if (top == -1) {

cout << "Error: Stack empty." << endl;

return -1;

int value = stack[top];

stack[top] = 0;

top--;

return value;

}
 int peek() {

if (top == -1) {

cout << "Error: Stack empty." << endl;

return -1;

return stack[top];

bool is_full() {

return top == max_size - 1;

bool is_empty() {

return top == -1;

};

int main() {

Stack stack(5);

stack.push(1);

stack.push(2);

stack.push(3);

stack.push(4);

stack.push(5);

stack.push(6); // Error: Stack full.

cout << stack.pop() << endl; // 5

cout << stack.pop() << endl; // 4

cout << stack.peek() << endl; // 3

cout << stack.is_full() << endl; // 1 (true)

cout << stack.is_empty() << endl; // 0 (false)

 return 0;

explain singly doubly and circular linked list in detail

Linked list is a data structure in which elements are stored in a sequence and each element points to
the next element in the sequence. Linked list can be classified into three types: singly linked list,
doubly linked list, and circular linked list.

Singly Linked List:

A singly linked list is a linked list in which each node contains a data field and a pointer field called
the next pointer, which points to the next node in the list. The last node in the list points to a null
reference.
In a singly linked list, insertion and deletion can be done easily at the beginning or end of the list, but
it is difficult to do at the middle of the list.

Doubly Linked List:

A doubly linked list is a linked list in which each node contains a data field and two pointer fields
called the next pointer and the previous pointer. The next pointer points to the next node in the list,
and the previous pointer points to the previous node in the list.
In a doubly linked list, insertion and deletion can be done easily at any position in the list, as we have
access to both the previous and the next nodes. However, a doubly linked list requires more
memory as it stores two pointers per node instead of one.

Circular Linked List:

A circular linked list is a linked list in which the last node points to the first node, creating a loop. In a
circular linked list, the next pointer of the last node points to the first node instead of a null
reference.
Circular linked lists can be either singly or doubly linked, and they can be used in situations where
we need to traverse the list repeatedly or perform operations that require the last element to be
connected to the first element.

Code
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Node {

public:
 int data;

Node* next;

Node(int value) {

data = value;

next = nullptr;

};

class LinkedList {

public:

Node* head;

LinkedList() {

head = nullptr;

void insert(int value) {

Node* new_node = new Node(value);

if (head == nullptr) {

head = new_node;

else {

Node* current_node = head;

while (current_node->next != nullptr) {

current_node = current_node->next;

current_node->next = new_node;

void delete_node(int value) {

if (head == nullptr) {

return;

}
 if (head->data == value) {

Node* temp = head;

head = head->next;

delete temp;

return;

Node* current_node = head;

while (current_node->next != nullptr) {

if (current_node->next->data == value) {

Node* temp = current_node->next;

current_node->next = current_node->next->next;

delete temp;

return;

current_node = current_node->next;

};

int main() {

LinkedList list;

list.insert(5);

list.insert(2);

list.insert(8);

list.insert(1);

list.insert(9);

list.delete_node(8);

return 0;

}
Explain queue in detail

A queue is a linear data structure that follows the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle. In a queue,
elements are inserted at the back and removed from the front. A queue can be visualized as a pipe
where elements are inserted at one end and removed from the other end.

The two primary operations in a queue are:

Enqueue: It adds an element to the back of the queue.

Dequeue: It removes an element from the front of the queue.
The front of the queue is also called the head or front pointer, and the back of the queue is called
the tail or rear pointer. When an element is enqueued, it is added to the tail of the queue, and when
an element is dequeued, it is removed from the head of the queue.

A queue can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. In an array implementation, a circular
queue is used to avoid wasting space when elements are dequeued. In a linked list implementation,
each node contains a data field and a pointer field called the next pointer, which points to the next
node in the queue.

Some other operations that can be performed on a queue are:

Peek: It returns the value of the element at the front of the queue without removing it.
Size: It returns the number of elements in the queue.
isEmpty: It returns true if the queue is empty, and false otherwise.
Binary Search Tree- Definition, Operation, Implementation
A binary search tree (BST) is a type of binary tree in which every node has at most two
children, and the value of each node's key is greater than or equal to the values of all the
keys in the left sub-tree, and less than or equal to the values of all the keys in the right sub-
tree.

The following are the basic operations that can be performed on a binary search tree:

Insertion: To insert a new node into the BST, we compare the key of the new node with the
key of the root node. If the key is less than the root node's key, we recursively insert it into
the left sub-tree, otherwise, we insert it into the right sub-tree.

Deletion: To delete a node from the BST, we first search for the node. If the node is a leaf
node, we simply remove it. If the node has one child, we replace the node with its child. If
the node has two children, we find the node's in-order successor (the smallest node in the
right sub-tree), swap its value with the node to be deleted, and then delete the in-order
successor.
Search: To search for a node with a specific key, we start at the root node and compare the
key with the root node's key. If the key is less than the root node's key, we search in the left
sub-tree, otherwise, we search in the right sub-tree.

Traversal: There are three main ways to traverse a binary search tree: in-order, pre-order,
and post-order. In-order traversal visits the nodes in ascending order of their keys, pre-order
traversal visits the root node first, and post-order traversal visits the root node last.

Binary Tree- Definition, Insertion and Deletion into binary tree,

A binary tree is a data structure in which each node has at most two children, referred to as
the left child and the right child. Each child of a node is also the root of a binary tree. Binary
trees are used in many applications such as expression trees, decision trees, and search
trees.

Insertion in Binary Tree:

To insert a new node into a binary tree, follow these steps:

Create a new node with the given data.
If the tree is empty, make the new node the root of the tree.
Otherwise, traverse the tree to find the appropriate location to insert the new node. If the
data in the new node is less than the data in the current node, go left. Otherwise, go right.
When you reach a null node, insert the new node there.

Deletion in Binary Tree:

To delete a node from a binary tree, there are several cases to consider:
If the node is a leaf (has no children), simply remove it from the tree.
If the node has only one child, replace the node with its child.
If the node has two children, find the successor (the node with the smallest value in the
right subtree), replace the node with the successor, and delete the successor.

General Tree- Definition, Insertion and Deletion into general tree,

A general tree is a tree data structure in which each node can have an arbitrary number of
children. In contrast to a binary tree, where each node can have at most two children, a
general tree can have any number of children.
Insertion in General Tree:

To insert a new node into a general tree, follow these steps:

Create a new node with the given data.

Determine the parent node of the new node.
Add the new node as a child of the parent node.

Deletion in General Tree:

To delete a node from a general tree, there are several cases to consider:

If the node is a leaf (has no children), simply remove it from its parent's list of children.
If the node has one child, replace the node with its child.
If the node has multiple children, choose a new root for the subtree rooted at the deleted
node.

Huffman tree, in detail

The Huffman tree is a binary tree data structure used for data compression. It was
developed by David A. Huffman in 1952 while he was a student at MIT.

The basic idea of the Huffman tree is to create a binary code for each character in a text file,
such that the code for each character is unique and has the shortest possible length. This is
achieved by constructing a binary tree in which the characters to be encoded are the leaves
of the tree, and each internal node has a weight equal to the sum of the weights of its two
children.

Here's how the Huffman tree is constructed:

Compute the frequency of each character in the text file.

Create a leaf node for each character, with the frequency of that character as its weight.
Sort the leaf nodes in ascending order of weight.
Take the two nodes with the smallest weights, and create a new internal node whose
weight is the sum of the weights of the two nodes. Make the two nodes children of the new
node.
Remove the two nodes from the list of leaf nodes, and add the new internal node to the list.
Repeat steps 4-5 until there is only one node left in the list. This node is the root of the
Huffman tree.
Once the Huffman tree has been constructed, the binary code for each character is obtained
by traversing the tree from the root to the leaf corresponding to the character. Each time a
left child is traversed, a 0 is added to the code; each time a right child is traversed, a 1 is
added to the code.

Expression tree in detail

An expression tree is a binary tree data structure that is used to represent mathematical
expressions. In an expression tree, each node of the tree represents either an operand or an
operator of the expression. The leaves of the tree are the operands, and the internal nodes
are the operators. The expression tree is built from a mathematical expression, such as an
arithmetic expression or a boolean expression.

To construct an expression tree from an expression, we use a process called expression tree
construction. Here are the steps to construct an expression tree:

Convert the infix expression to postfix notation. This is done using the infix to postfix
algorithm, which converts the expression from infix notation to postfix notation by using a
stack.
Create an empty stack to store the nodes of the expression tree.
Scan the postfix expression from left to right. For each symbol in the postfix expression:
If the symbol is an operand, create a new leaf node for that operand and push it onto the
stack.
If the symbol is an operator, pop two nodes from the stack, create a new internal node with
the operator as the value of the node, and make the two popped nodes children of the new
node. Then push the new node onto the stack.
When the entire postfix expression has been scanned, the stack will contain only one node,
which is the root of the expression tree.
Here's an example of constructing an expression tree from the infix expression "3 + 4 * 2 -
5":

Convert the infix expression to postfix notation: "3 4 2 * + 5 -"

Create an empty stack.
Scan the postfix expression from left to right:
Push a node with value 3 onto the stack.
Push a node with value 4 onto the stack.
Push a node with value 2 onto the stack.
Pop two nodes from the stack (2 and 4), create a new node with value "*", and make the
two popped nodes its children. Push the new node onto the stack.
Pop two nodes from the stack (3 and the previous new node), create a new node with value
"+", and make the two popped nodes its children. Push the new node onto the stack.
Push a node with value 5 onto the stack.
Pop two nodes from the stack (5 and the previous new node), create a new node with value
"-", and make the two popped nodes its children. Push the new node onto the stack.
The stack now contains only one node, which is the root of the expression tree.