3

2 Fig. 2.1 shows an athlete crossing the finishing line in a race. As she crosses the finishing line, her
speed is 10.0 m / s. She slows down to a speed of 4.0 m / s.

Fig. 2.1

(a) The mass of the athlete is 71 kg. Calculate the impulse applied to her as she slows down.

impulse = ........................................................ [3]

(b) (i) Define impulse in terms of force and time.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The athlete takes 1.2 s to slow down from a speed of 10.0 m / s to a speed of 4.0 m / s.

Calculate the average resultant force applied to the athlete as she slows down.

force = ........................................................ [2]

(c) Calculate the force required to give a mass of 71 kg an acceleration of 6.4 m / s2.

force = ........................................................ [2]

[Total: 8]
 6

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a shooting competition, where air rifles fire soft metal pellets at distant targets.

target

air rifle

Fig. 3.1

When an air rifle is fired, it exerts an impulse of 0.019 N s on the pellet.

(a) Define impulse.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The pellet has a mass of 1.1 × 10–4 kg.

Determine:

(i) the speed with which the pellet leaves the rifle

speed = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) the kinetic energy of the pellet as it leaves the rifle.

kinetic energy = ........................................................ [3]

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a model fire engine. Its brakes are applied.

model fire engine

jet of water
FIRE

Fig. 2.1

0.80 kg of water is emitted in the jet every 6.0 s at a velocity of 0.72 m / s relative to the model.

(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the water that is ejected in 6.0 s.

momentum = ........................................................ [2]

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on the model because of the jet of water.

force = ........................................................ [2]

(c) The brakes of the model are released.

State and explain the direction of the acceleration of the model.

Statement .................................................................................................................................

Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) In (c) the model contains a water tank, which is initially full.

State and explain any change in the magnitude of the initial acceleration if the brakes are first
released when the tank is nearly empty.

Statement .................................................................................................................................

Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 9]
 6

3 (a) The velocity of an object of mass m increases from u to v.

State, in terms of m, u and v, the change of momentum of the object.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) In a game of tennis, a player hits a stationary ball with his racquet.

(i) The racquet is in contact with the ball for 6.0 ms. The average force on the ball during
this time is 400 N.

Calculate the impulse on the tennis ball.

impulse = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) The mass of the ball is 0.056 kg.

Calculate the speed with which the ball leaves the racquet.

speed = ...........................................................[2]

(iii) State the energy transfer that takes place:

1. as the ball changes shape during the contact between the racquet and the ball

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. as the ball leaves the racquet.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]
 3

2 (a) Complete Fig. 2.1 by writing in the right-hand column the name of the quantity given by the
product in the left-hand column.

product quantity

mass × acceleration

force × time

[2]
Fig. 2.1

(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a man hitting a ball with a golf club.

golf club ball

Fig. 2.2

The ball has a mass of 0.046 kg. The golf club is in contact with the ball for 5.0 × 10–4 s and
the ball leaves the golf club at a speed of 65 m / s.

(i) Calculate:

1. the momentum of the ball as it leaves the golf club

momentum = ...........................................................[2]

2. the average resultant force acting on the ball while it is in contact with the golf club.

average force = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) While the golf club is in contact with the ball, the ball becomes compressed and changes
shape.

State the type of energy stored in the ball during its contact with the golf club.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 7]
 4

2 (a) Explain why momentum is a vector quantity.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The crumple zone at the front of a car is designed to collapse during a collision.

concrete wall
crumple
zone

Fig. 2.1

In a laboratory test, a car of mass 1200 kg is driven into a concrete wall, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

A video recording of the test shows that the car is brought to rest in 0.36 s when it collides
with the wall. The speed of the car before the collision is 7.5 m / s.

Calculate

(i) the change of momentum of the car,

change of momentum = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the average force acting on the car.

average force = ...........................................................[2]

3 (a) Underline the pair of quantities which must be multiplied together to calculate impulse.

force and mass force and velocity mass and time

time and velocity weight and velocity force and time [1]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a collision between two blocks A and B on a smooth, horizontal surface.

A B A B
3.0 m / s v
2.4 kg 1.2 kg

before collision after collision

Fig. 3.1

Before the collision, block A, of mass 2.4 kg, is moving at 3.0 m / s. Block B, of mass 1.2 kg, is
at rest.

After the collision, blocks A and B stick together and move with velocity v.

(i) Calculate

1. the momentum of block A before the collision,

momentum = ...........................................................[2]

2. the velocity v,

velocity = ...........................................................[2]

3. the impulse experienced by block B during the collision.

impulse = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) Suggest why the total kinetic energy of blocks A and B after the collision is less than the
kinetic energy of block A before the collision.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
 3

2 (a) State the word equation that defines momentum.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A metal block A, travelling in a straight line at 4.0 m / s on a smooth surface, collides with a
second metal block B which is at rest. Fig. 2.1 shows the two metal blocks A and B before
and after the collision.

3.2 kg 1.6 kg
4.0 m / s at rest
before collision A B

1.5 m / s v
after collision A B

Fig. 2.1

The mass of A is 3.2 kg. The mass of B is 1.6 kg.

Calculate

(i) the momentum of A before the collision,

momentum = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the velocity v of B after the collision.

v = ...........................................................[3]