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General Chemistry 2 — Grade 11 STEM

Learner Activity Sheets
Quarter 3 — Week 3a: Colligative Properties of Solutions
First Edition, 2021

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Development Team of the Learners' Activity Sheets

Writer: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

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Edna E. Trinidad

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Edna E. Trinidad, Science Education Program Supervisor

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
General Chemistry 2, Quarter 3 , Week 3a

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Learning Objectives:
❖ Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of electrolyte
solutions STEM_GC11CB-IIId-F-116
❖ Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a
solute in a solution STEM_GC11CB-IIId-F-117
❖ Calculate molar mass from colligative property data STEM_GC11CB-IIId-F-118
❖ Describe laboratory procedures in determining concentration of solutions
STEM_GC11CB-IIId-F-119

Time allotment: 2 hours

Specific Objectives:
❖ Identify electrolyte from nonelectrolyte
❖ describe the colligative properties of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions
❖ describe how acid-base titrations can be used in determining unknown concentrations of
solutions
❖ carry out calculations involving boiling point elevation and freezing point depression
❖ use colligative properties to determine molar mass of compounds
❖ recognize the applications of colligative properties of solutions

Key Concepts

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

● Colligative Properties are properties of solutions that depend only on the number of
solute particles and not on the identity of the solute. The colligative properties of
solutions are boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure
lowering and osmotic pressure.
● Electrolytes are particles that ionize in a solution. Ionic compounds (e.g., NaCl),
strong acids (e.g., HCl) and strong bases (e.g., NaOH) are strong electrolytes. Strong
electrolytes conduct electricity because the solute dissociates completely into ions as it
dissolves.
● Nonelectrolytes are particles that do not ionize in solution. As a result, they do not
conduct electricity. Polar covalent compounds like table sugar dissolved as a molecule
and not as ions, thus, they are considered as nonelectrolytes.

Boiling Point Elevation

● Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the
atmospheric pressure.
● Boiling point is also affected by the presence of solute. Addition of nonvolatile solute,
substance whose vapor pressure is too low to measure readily, lowers the vapor
pressure of a solution. This means, that the solution must be heated to a higher
temperature than the boiling point of a pure solvent to reach the vapor pressure of 1
atm.

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 Figure 1. Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature

● Boiling Point Elevation (∆Tb) is the difference in temperature between the boiling
point of the solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent. The boiling point of a
solution is always greaterthan the boiling point of the pure solvent. In mathematical
terms,

∆Tb=Kbm

where Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant

m = molal concentration of the solution

● The boiling point of the solution can be computed by adding the computed ∆Tb to the
boiling point of pure solvent.
Tb, solution = Tb, solvent + ∆Tb
Tb, solution = Tb, solvent + Kbm

Sample Problem:

When sugar is added to water it will boil at a higher temperature than pure
water. What is the boiling point of the solution if 500 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) is added
to 1000g of water. For water, Kb is 0.52 C˚/m.

Solution:

Given:
mass of solute 500 g C12H22O11
mass of solvent 1000 g H2O
Kb 0.52 C˚/m
Convert the mass of solute to the number of moles
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 𝐻 𝑂
500 g C12H22O11 𝑥 342.3 𝑔 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11 = 1.46 mol C12H22O11
12 22 11

Calculate the molality

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
molality =
𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
1.46 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶12 𝐻22𝑂11
= 1 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 = 1.46 mol / kg or 1.46 m

Determine the boiling point elevation

∆Tb = Kbm
= 0.52 C˚/m x 1.46 m
= 0.76 C˚

Determine the boiling point of the solution

Tb, solution = Tb, solvent + ∆Tb
= 0.76 C˚ + 100.0 C˚
= 100.76 C˚

The boiling point of the solution would be 0.76 C˚ higher than the boiling point
of pure water. Thus, the boiling point of the solution would be 100.76 C˚

Freezing Point Depression

● Freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which vapor pressure of the solid
and liquid phase are the same.
● Freezing Point Depression (∆Tf) is the difference in temperature between the freezing
point of a solution and the freezing point of the pure solvent. The freezing point of a
solution is always lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent.

Figure 2. Phase Diagram of Solvent and Solution

Source: CK-12 Foundation, “Freezing Point Depression,” CK-12, 2018, https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-
chemistry-concepts-intermediate/section/16.14/.

● The figure above shows that a solution has a lower freezing point as compared to a
pure solvent. Addition of a solute lowers the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. In
mathematical terms, it is expressed as

∆Tf=Kfm

where Kf = molal freezing point depression constant

m = molal concentration of the solution

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 ● Since the freezing point of the solution is lower than that of a pure solvent, the
equation can be written as:
Tf, solution = Tf, solvent - ∆Tf
Tf, solution = Tf, solvent – Kfm

Sample Problem:

While antifreeze protects a car from freezing (as its name implies), it also
protects it from overheating. Calculate the freezing point of a solution of 200 g ethylene
glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze in 750 g of water. Kf for water is 1.86 C˚/m.

Solution:

Given:
mass of solute 200 g C2H6O2
mass of solvent 750 g H2O
Kf 1.86 C˚/m
Convert the mass of solute to the number of moles
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 𝐻 𝑂
200 g C2H6O2 𝑥 62.0 𝑔 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2 = 3.23 mol C2H6O2
2 6 2

Calculate the molality

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
molality = 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
3.23 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶2 𝐻6𝑂2
=
0.750 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
= 4.30 mol / kg or 4.30 m

Determine the freezing point depression

∆Tf = Kfm
= 1.86 C˚/m x 4.30 m
= 8.00 C˚

Determine the freezing point of solution

∆Tf = Tf, solvent – Kfm
= 0.0C˚/m - 8.00 C˚
= -8.00 C˚

Addition of antifreeze lowers the freezing point of water by 8.00 C˚. Thus, the freezing
point of the solution is -8.00 C˚.

Electrolytic Solutions

● The examples presented earlier on boiling point elevation and freezing point depression
deal with solutions of nonelectrolyte solute. Calculations of electrolytic solutions are
almost similar except that the dissociation of electrolytic solute is included in the
equation.
∆Tb = iKbm ; ∆Tf = iKfm

where i (van’t Hoff factor) denotes the number of ions in one formula unit

● Consider the dissociation in each of the equations below:

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 (electrolyte) NaCl (s)  Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 2 dissolved particles

(nonelectrolyte) C6H12O6 (s)  C6H12O6 (aq) 1 dissolved particle

● The first equation shows that NaCl, an ionic compound, will dissociate into 2 ions
while the second equation shows that C6H12O6 will not dissociate into ions. In
electrolytic solutions the van’t Hoff factor (i) is being considered which is equal to the
number of ions in one formula unit. This means that NaCl will have i equal to 2 (Na+
and Cl-). NaCl will have twice as many dissolved particles than C 6H12O6 which implies
that the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression of the solvent in NaCl
solution (electrolyte) will be twice as much as that of the solvent in the glucose
solution.

Sample Problem:

Calculate the boiling point elevation of a solution prepared by adding 100 g of

sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) to 400 mL of water? The Kb for water is 0.52 C°/m.
(𝜌𝐻2𝑂=1𝑔/𝑚𝐿 , molar mass of NaCH3COO=82.034 g/mol)

Solution:

Given:
mass of solute 100 g NaCH3COO
volume solvent 400 mL H2O
molar mass 82.034 g/mol
Kb 0.52 C˚/m

Convert the mass of solute to the number of moles

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂
100 g NaCH3COO 𝑥 82.034 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂 = 1.22 mol NaCH3COO
3

Convert volume of solvent to mass in kilograms

1𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
400 mL H2O 𝑥 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 1000 𝑔 = 0.4 kg H2O

Calculate the molality

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
molality = 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
1.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂
=
0.400 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
= 3.05 mol / kg or 3.05 m

Determine i,

NaCH3COO  Na+ + CH3COO-

therefore, i = 2 (2 moles of ions per mole of electrolyte)

Determine the boiling point elevation

∆Tb = iKbm
= (2)(0.52 C˚/m)(3.05m)
= 3.172 C˚

Applications of Colligative Properties

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 - Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), a major ingredient in car antifreeze lowers the freezing point
of water in winter and raises its boiling point in summer.
- Glycerol (C3H8O3), structurally similar to ethylene glycol allows some fish, insects,
housefly to survive during winter by lowering the freezing point of their blood.
- Ice creams sold by street vendors use a mixture of ice and salt. Addition of salt lowers
the freezing point of ice which makes the ice cream colder and faster.

Calculate Molar Mass from Colligative Properties Data

● Each colligative property is proportional to solute concentration. By measuring the

freezing point depression and boiling point elevation, we can always work backward to
determine the molar mass of an unknown substance.

Sample Problem:

Suppose a 5.00 g sample of an unknown compound is dissolved in 0.050 kg of

water. The boiling point of the solution is elevated to 4.33 C˚ above the normal boiling
point of pure water. What is the molar mass of the unknown substance? For water, K b
is 0.52 C˚/m.
Given:
mass of solute 5.00 g C2H6O2
mass of solvent 0.050 kg H2O
∆Tb 4.33 C˚
Kb 0.52 C˚/m
Using the given information, solve for molality. Rewrite the equation to solve for
molality.
∆Tb = Kbm
∆𝑇
m = 𝐾𝑏
𝑏
4.33 𝐶˚
=
0.52 𝐶˚/𝑚
= 0.83 m or 0.83 mol/kg
Molality can be calculated from the number of moles per kilogram of solvent. Since we
already know the value of molality and the number of kilogram of solvent, the only
unknown left is the moles of solute.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
molality = 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

Given:
molality 0.83 mol/kg
mass of solvent 0.050 kg H2O
mole of solute ?

Rewrite the equation and solve for the unknown.

mol solute = m x kg solvent

= 0.83 mol/kg x 0.050 kg
= 0.0415 mol

The number of moles of a substance can also be calculated from the mass of
the solute divided by the molar mass of the substance.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 From this, we can rearrange the equation to get the molar mass of the
unknown substance.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
5.00 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 0.0415 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 120 g/mol

Vapor Pressure Lowering

● Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor when it is at equilibrium with the
liquid (that is, when the rate of vaporization equals the rate of condensation).
● When a nonvolatile solute is present, the vapor pressure of the solvent is lower than
the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
● The vapor pressure of a volatile solvent above a solution containing a nonvolatile
solute is proportional to the solvent’s concentration in the solution.
● Raoult’s law, which states that the partial pressure exerted by solvent vapor above the
solution, Psolution, equals the product of the mole fraction of the solvent, Xsolvent, times
the vapor pressure of the pure solvent:

Psolution = Xsolvent P°solvent

● The vapor-pressure lowering, ΔP, is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the
solute, Xsolute:
ΔP = Xsolute P°solvent

Osmotic Pressure

 Certain materials, including many membranes in biological systems and synthetic

substances such as cellophane, are semipermeable. When in contact with a
solution, these materials allow only small molecules––water molecules, for
instance––to pass through their network of tiny pores.
 Consider a situation in which only solvent molecules are able to pass through a
semipermeable membrane placed between two solutions of different concentrations.

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
  The rate at which the solvent passes from the less concentrated solution (lower
solute concentration but higher solvent concentration) to the more concentrated
solution (higher solute concentration but lower solvent concentration) is greater
than the rate in the opposite direction.
 Thus, there is a net movement of solvent molecules from the solution with a lower
solute concentration into the one with a higher solute concentration. In this
process, called osmosis.
 Osmosis, the net movement of solvent is always toward the solution with the higher
solute concentration, as if the solutions were driven to attain equal concentrations.
 The pressure required to stop osmosis from a pure solvent to a solution is the
osmotic pressure of the solution
 The osmotic pressure obeys a law similar in form to the ideal-gas law, ΠV=nRT,
where is the osmotic pressure, V is the volume of the solution, n is the number of
moles of solute, R is the ideal-gas constant, and T is the Kelvin temperature. From
this equation, we can write

𝑛
𝜋 = ( ) 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑀𝑅𝑇
𝑉
where M is the molarity of the solution. Because the osmotic pressure for any solution
depends on the solution concentration, osmotic pressure is a colligative property.

 If two solutions of identical osmotic pressure are separated by a semipermeable

membrane, no osmosis will occur. The two solutions are isotonic with respect to
each other.
 If one solution is of lower osmotic pressure, it is hypotonic with respect to the more
concentrated solution. The more concentrated solution is hypertonic with respect to
the dilute solution.

Activity 1. Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte

Objectives: Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of
electrolyte solutions
What you need: Pen, Paper and Periodic Table of Elements

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 What to do: Identify which of the following substances are electrolyte or nonelectrolyte
when mixed with water. Answer the guide questions that follows.

Electrolyte/Nonelectrolyte
Ex: HCl Electrolyte
1. C12H22O11
2. H2SO4
3. HF
4. Ba(OH)2
5. CH3OH

Guide Questions
1. Which of the following substances are strong electrolytes? weak electrolytes?
2. Which of the following substances listed above will greatly affect the boiling point
of water?
3. Which would decrease more the freezing point of water: salt or sugar? Why?

Activity 2. Count my i

Objectives: Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of

electrolyte solutions
What you need: Pen, Paper and Periodic Table of Elements
What to do: Identify the ions present and determine the i in each of the following
compounds.

Compounds Ions van’t Hoff factor (i)

Example Na+ , Cl- 2
1. MgCl2
2. FeCl3
3. NaOH
4. KCl
5. AgCl

Activity 3. Solve Me

Objectives: Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the
concentration of a solute in a solution. Calculate molar mass from colligative property
data.
What you need: Pen, Paper, Periodic Table of Elements and Calculator.
What to do: Solve the following problems. Write your solutions in a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Calculate the freezing point and boiling point of the solution when you add 1.00 kg of
ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze to 4450 g of water in your car’s radiator.
Kb = 0.512C°/m; Kf = 1.86C°/m
2. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 50.0 g of NaCl in 5000 mL of
water. Kf for water is 1.86 C˚/m
3. Calculate the molar mass of sucrose in a solution prepared by dissolving 4.27 grams
glucose in 50.0 grams water. The solution boils at 100.13 °C which is above the
normal boiling point of pure water. Kb = 0.512C°/m

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 4. The vapor pressure of pure water at is 1070 torr. A solution of ethylene glycol and
water has a vapor pressure of 1.00 atm at . Assuming that Raoult’s law is obeyed,
what is the mole fraction of ethylene glycol in the solution?
5. A sample of 2.05 g of polystyrene of uniform polymer chain length was dissolved in
enough toluene to form 0.100 L of solution. The osmotic pressure of this solution was
found to be 1.21 kPa at . Calculate the molar mass of the polystyrene.

Reflection

When are colligative properties considered beneficial to life? Write your answers in
a separate sheet of paper. Be guided on the following rubrics.

RUBRICS
3 2 1 0
High level of Moderate level of Low level of science No explanation at
science concept science concept concept all.
understanding is understanding is understanding is
apparent in the apparent in the apparent
explanation with explanation with with
no misconceptions. minimal misconceptions.
misconceptions.

References for learners

“Freezing Point Depression,” CK-12, 2018, https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-

concepts-intermediate/section/16.14/.

Bayquen, Aristea V., and Gardee T. Peña. 2016. General Chemistry 1. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.

Patalinghug, Wyona C., Vic Marie I. Camacho, Fortunato B. Sevilla III, and Maria Cristina
D. Singson. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 1.
Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education.

Silberberg, Martin S., and Amateis, Patricia. 2018. Chemistry: the Molecular Nature of Matter and
Change: Advanced Topics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Answer Key

Activity 1.
Electrolyte/Nonelectrolyte
1. C12H22O11 Nonelectrolyte
2. H2SO4 Electrolyte

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 3. HF Electrolyte
4. Ba(OH)2 Electrolyte
5. CH3OH Nonelectrolyte

Activity 2.

Compounds Ions van’t Hoff factor (i)

1. MgCl2 Mg2+ , 2 Cl- 3
2. FeCl3 Fe3+ , 3 Cl- 4
3. NaOH Na+ , OH- 2
4. KCl K+ , Cl- 2
5. AgCl Ag+, Cl- 2

Activity 3.
1. Tb,solution = 101.85°C ; Tf,solution = −6.73°C
2. -1.02 °C
3. 342 g/mol
4. 0.290
5. 4.20 x 104 g/mol

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]