JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCEINCE

DEPARTMENT OF LAW AND GOVERNENCE
GLOBAL AFFAIRS
A term paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the course Global Affairs.
GROUP MEMBERS:
Name ID
1. Abdurehim Mustefa RU 3808/13
2. Abreham Nega RU 3001/12
3. Dagim Abreham RU 2388/13
4. Nega Kenaw RU 1551/13
5. Melese Mihretu RU 1176/13
6. Saron Wondmagegn RU 0152/13
7. Tolera Desta RU 3885/13

SECTION 6
SECOND SEMESTER
SUBMITTED TO MR. Amanuel Seifu
Jimma, January 2022
 LIST OF CONTENTS
I. What is migration?
II. What do we mean by international migration?
III. What are the causes of international migration?
IV. And the Effect of international migration?
V. Summary
 INTRODUCTION
International migration and refugee (including asylum seekers and Internally Displace
Peoples) have become more prominent on the international agenda in recent years both because
of their increasing scale and growing impact on international affairs. Several factors account for
these developments. First, the number of states in the international system has steadily increased
since the end of the First World War. As the number of international boundaries containing the
new state has increased, so too has the volume of international migrants and refugee. Second,
there has also been a rapid increase in the world’s population, and it continues to grow. A growth
of population has led to over exploitation of regional resources, leading on occasions to
catastrophic famine and population movement. Third, the revolution in communications and
transportation has made people aware of conditions and opportunities in other parts of the world,
as well as making travel to those areas easier. Finally, the turmoil and uncertainty of the
turbulent and unstable world place an important role in motivating people to search abroad for a
better life.
Until recently, migration and refugee were not seen as central political issues by most
governments in the world. It was only in the 1980s, as the effects of past migrations and refugee
crises begun to be felt both domestically and internationally, and as their pressures on developed
states increased, that the issues rose to the top of the international political agenda and also
became of increasing concern to the international community. In the 1980s, many industrialized
countries were in severe recession. As always, with deterioration in the economic climate
resulting in high levels of unemployment and social instability, attention started to focus on
immigration and refugee. Nowadays, migrants and refugees to most advanced countries are
becoming the target of animosity from right-wing groups e.g. Le Pen in France, Neo Nazis in
Germany and Austria and extreme-rightist in Britain who blamed them for the high level of
unemployment and decline in general living standard. The inability of states to maintain
complete control of entry to their territory, or to prevent the formation of migrants and refugees
with extra-territorial connections and affiliations, is also pointing to an erosion of sovereignty.
States are no longer able to exert control over their own destinies.

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 I. WHAT IS MIGRATION?

Human migration involves the movement of people from the place to another with
of intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic
regional). The movement often occurs over long distance and from one country to
another. A migrant, therefore is a person whose last usual place of residence is
different from the present place of enumeration, People have migrated and
continue to migrate for a range of reasons, but the most common motivation for
relocation has long been the desire for a better life.

There are different types of migration such as counter-urbanization,

emigration, immigration, internal migration, international migration and rural-
urban migration. Though are the two major types of migration: Internal migration,
which takes place within a country and International migration that takes place
across international boundaries.

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II. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION?

International migration occurs when people cross state boundaries and

stay in the hast state for some minimum length of time. Some people move in
search of work or economic opportunities. To join family, or to study. Others move
to escape conflict, preservation, terrorism, or human rights violations. Still others
move in response to the adverse offends of climate change, natural disasters, or
other environmental factors.
The US, Germany and Saudi Arabia are the top destinations for
international Migrants. Most international migrants in Asia and Africa move within
the region in which they were born, Cross border significant is pronounced and
complex in Africa.
As noted above, people migrate for a range of different reasons, nut over
the letter half of the 20th country, it became possible to identify three main types of
international migration: labor and temporary migrants, including illegal migration,
forced migration (refugee movement) and international retirement migration
(IRM).

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 III. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION?
The world Migration report and the migration data portal focus on the fact that
migrants embark on a journey because they can. Informational technology makes
communication possible and information readily available, both of which facilitate
migrants’ journeys enormously, and new modes of transportation also makes the
possibility of migration an achievable reality. Moreover, higher incomes because
of remittances or economic growth in the origin countries also lend to migration
because the journey becomes affordable. So, People migrate for many reasons, and
they don’t act independently from each other. Let’s talk about some of them:
1) Escaping hardship, conflict, and presentation.
Perhaps the most covered by the media: a large number of migrants are fleeing
war and hardship. Migrants feeing presentation based on race, religion and
membership to a particular group may apply for asylum or refugee states
elsewhere, and international law strongly encourages countries to accept asylum
seekers and refugees. However, there is no state holding countries accountable if
they deny seekers entry, causing many immigrants to remain in uncertainty or to
return to their conflict, stricken countries.
2) Seeking a better life.
Even those that are not necessarily facing war or explicit violence seek to
relocate for better opportunities.

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 3) Displacement because of environmental factors.
Each year since 2008, more than 25 million people become displaced due to
natural disasters, five times more than those displaced by violence climate
stressing such as changing rainfall, heavy folding, and sea level rise, put pressure
on people to leave their homes and livelihoods behind. It makes their homes
uninhabitable.
4) Family reunification.
Since many family members are pressured to migrate to send remittances back
home, families are often separated. When the first in the family to migrate deems it
suitable, either because they became properly documentaries or reached a certain
economic level, they usually start the process to bring the root of the family.
5) Employment
When unemployment is very common in one’s country, people tend to migrate to
another one. 2013 data indicates that there were around migrate 150 million
migrant worker’s world side, almost 2/3rds of the global migrant stock of that year.
6) Studies
Internationally mobile students differ from ‘foreign students’ and
‘credit-mobile students’ in that they migrate for the main purpose of studying
elsewhere, ‘Foreign students’ refer mostly to those who migrated for other reasons
(i.e. parents’ work, asylum) and thus study in a different country by defense, and
‘credit-mobile students’ are those that study abroad for a shorter pending time, and
mot usually towards a degree qualification. It’s very common that students get out
of the country saying it’s for study and work on staying there permanently,
common in our Ethiopia too.
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 7) Following cultures of migration
Children in origin countries grow up either around migrating people, or
receiving remittances from migrants in other countries, this creates a culture of
migration in countries like Eritrea and Ethiopia, migration has become
normalized to the extent start staying in the country has become stigmatized.

8) Economic reasons remittances.

Having a migrant family member living abroad is normal, and many families
pressure other members to migrate, mostly males of working age (15-60) that are
able to send remittance back home.

9) Because it is facilitated.
One big factor influencing migration is the increased case of doing it. Most
migrants would rather open for regular pathways instead of irregular movements in
order to settle and work elsewhere, and this is facilitated via bilateral and
international agreements regarding movement. Therefore, making it easier for
migrants will in turn make it more likely that they will choose to migrate.

10) The ‘Trust because’ or ‘why not’ factors.

Even when all the previous reasons are present are present, there is still an
almost of ‘just because’ or ‘why if’ that fuels migrants’ decisions.
‘Just because’ is not a whimsical thought, it encompasses the idea of uncertainty
that migrants face, that when paned with a nation that they either (1) have nothing
to lose, or (2) can always come back, leads to a ‘why not’.

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 IV. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION?
When discussing the effects of international migration, unbelievably it has a
positive side and of course a negative one.
- Positive effects of international migration.
*About those countries that are losing people, it’s advantages due to:
-Money sent home by migrants, remittances.
-Decreases pressure on jobs and resources
-Migrants may return with new style
*For the host country:
-A richer and more defense culture will come to occur.
-Helps to reduce any labor shortage.
-Migrants are more prepared to take on low the skilled jobs rather than the
citizens of the country: even the in favored spot to work will be covered too.
-Boost to the economy.
->Negative effects of international migration
 Loss of young power in the population:
When youngsters tend to migrate due to different reasons, the country will be
negatively affected by reducing the size of the country’s potential work force.
 Gender imbalances are caused as its typically men who seek to find
employment elsewhere. Women and children are left.

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-Brain drash is a problem described as the process in which a country loses its most
educated and talented workers to other countries.
 Loss of tax revenues
Now that people are moving out of the country, the tax paid will be loss, due to this
the income gain by the government through taxation will reduce. This leads to
having problems building schools, hospitals for the citizens.

 Receiving country:

* Increasing in the population, with adverse effects on existing social

institution.
* Displacements of national from occupations in the countryside and in the
cities.
*Increases in demand for goods and services.
*Increases in the size of the informal sector of the national economy.
*Determination in the salary structures of the informed sector of the national
economy
*Transculturation: A process of cultural transformation marked by the
information of new culture elements and the loss or alternate of existing
one’s.
*Occasional loss of customs and traditions by the local populations.
*The introduction of diseases and social problems.

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 V. SUMMARY
We tried to judge international migration coming up with different perspectives;
Migration all in all is affecting our planet. Today more people than ever live in
a country other than the one in which they were born. According to the IOM
world migration report 2020, as of June 2019 the number of international
migrants was estimated to be almost 272 million globally, 51 million more than
in 2010. Although it has positive sides like remittance and many other more.
We should mainly give hope to our citizens, try to make it suitable to live in;
taking care of as heritages, building the spirit of nationalism, by using many
other mechanisms.

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 Sources
o Global Affairs 2019 student module
o International Migration and Development
Contributions and Recommendations of the
International System
Coordinated by UNPPA and IOM
o And last but not least, The internet

THANK YOU
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